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1
Livingstone, Victoria. "BETWEEN THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY AND THE LATIN AMERICAN “BOOM”:." Belas Infiéis 4, no. 2 (October 8, 2015): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/belasinfieis.v4.n2.2015.11340.
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This article studies the translation of Brazilian literature in the United States between 1930 and the end of the 1960s. It analyzes political, historical and economic factors that influenced the publishing market for translations in the U.S., focusing on the editorial project of Alfred A. Knopf, the most influential publisher for Latin American literature in the U.S. during this period, and Harriet de Onís, who translated approximately 40 works from Spanish and Portuguese into English. In addition to translating authors such as João Guimarães Rosa and Jorge Amado, de Onís worked as a reader for Knopf, recommending texts for translation. The translator’s choices reflected the demands of the market and contributed to forming the canon of Brazilian literature translated in the United States.
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Carter, Phillip M., and Tonya E. Wolford. "Grammatical change in borderlands Spanish: A variationist analysis of copula variation and progressive expansion in a South Texas bilingual enclave community." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 11, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2018-0001.
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Abstract This study investigates variation in the grammatical system of Spanish in the speech of three generations of Mexican Americans living in a community in South Texas, United States, characterized by high levels of bilingualism and long-term, sustained contact between languages. Two variables are studied using quantitative methods: (1) the extension of the copula verb estar into domains traditionally confined to ser and (2) the expansion of progressive forms at the expense of the simple present. The data reported here suggest changes-in-progress that appear to be accelerated by the linguistic and sociocultural conditions of the community including, especially, lack of access to formal education in Spanish. The sociolinguistic patterning for these variables is compared to patterning for the same variables reported in the literature in both monolingual communities in Spain and Latin America and bilingual communities in the United States.
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Nolen, David S. "Publication and Language Trends of References in Spanish and Latin American Literature." College & Research Libraries 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl12-372.
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This study examined references found in three journals in the field of Spanish and Latin American literary studies. Few previous studies have examined types of publishers producing highly cited/referenced books. The data indicate that the primary publishers of scholarly monographs referenced in the journals are U.S. university presses, foreign academic trade presses, and foreign popular trade presses. U.S. university presses, foreign academic trade presses, and government entities published most of the volumes of collected essays referenced. Scholarly monographs published outside the U.S. represented the largest proportions of references, with large growth in references to volumes of collected essays published in the United States. References to English-language materials increased significantly from 1970 to 2000.
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Brickhouse, Anna. "The Black Legend of Texas." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 3 (May 2016): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.3.735.
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Among The Many Significant Contributions of Raúl Coronado's A World Not to Come: A History Of Latino Writing and Print Culture is its vivid account of a lost Latino public sphere, a little-known milieu of hispanophone intellectual culture dating back to the early nineteenth century and formed in the historical interstices of Spanish American colonies, emergent Latin American nations, and the early imperial interests of the United States. In this respect, the book builds on the foundational work of Kirsten Silva Gruesz's Ambassadors of Culture: The Transamerican Origins of Latino Writing, which gave definitive shape to the field of early Latino studies by addressing what were then (and in some ways still are) the “methodological problems of proposing to locate the ‘origins’ of Latino writing in the nineteenth century.” Gruesz unfolded a vast panorama of forgotten Spanish-language print culture throughout the United States, from Philadelphia and New York to New Orleans and California, in which letters, stories, essays, and above all poetry bequeathed what she showed convincingly were “important, even crucial, ways of understanding the world” that had been largely lost to history (x). Coronado's book carries forward this project of recovery, exploring a particular scene of early Latino writing centered in Texas during its last revolutionary decades as one of the Interior Provinces of New Spain, its abrupt transition to an independent republic, and its eventual annexation by the United States. As a “history of textuality” rather than a study of literary culture per se (28), the book tells the story of the first printing presses in Texas but also evinces the importance of manuscript circulation as well as private and sometimes unfinished texts. A World Not to Come concerns both print culture and origins but refuses to fetishize either, attending to the past not to “the degree that it is a measure of the future,” as Rosaura Sánchez once put it, but for the very opposite reason: because it portended a future that was never realized (qtd. in Gruesz, Ambassadors xi).
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Pinzon-Perez, Helda, and Leoncio Vásquez Santos. "Indigenous Communities From Oaxaca, Mexico. Health Problems, Opportunities And Challenges In Public Health With Special Attention In Mental Health." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana 21, no. 3 (June 18, 2021): 684–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25176/rfmh.v21i3.3929.
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Objectives: To present an instrument in Mixtec, Zapotec, and Spanish to assess the mental health of indigenous Oaxacan communities from Mexico. To provide suggestions on how this instrument could be useful for indigenous communities in other Latin American regions. Methods: This manuscript includes a literature review of articles published in mental health among communities originating from Oaxaca, Mexico and presents the process followed in the development of a culturally appropriate mental health instrument. The instrument was created by a Spanish speaking Advanced Practice Nurse and translated by a university student public health worker and a professional nurse from Oaxaca, Mexico whose native languages are Mixtec and Zapotec. Results: A culturally appropriate instrument was developed to assess the mental health of people with Oaxacan origin. This instrument includes some questions related with Covid-19. It was translated into Spanish, Mixtec, and Zapotec. The Spanish version is available in the written form but the Mixtec and Zapotec versions are available only in the audio form since they are languages of oral tradition. Conclusions: The mental health needs of Oaxacan communities living in the United States and other parts of Latin America are pressing and even more in the domain of mental health. The mental health instrument here discussed is a contribution to the understanding and solution of the identified relevant problems.
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Gomez-Aguinaga, Barbara, Ana L. Oaxaca, Matt A. Barreto, and Gabriel R. Sanchez. "Spanish-Language News Consumption and Latino Reactions to COVID-19." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 9629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189629.
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While the literature on infectious disease outbreaks has examined the extent to which communication inequalities during public health emergencies exacerbate negative outcomes among disadvantaged individuals, the implications of ethnic media consumption among minority groups during these crises are underexplored. Making use of the first nationally representative survey of US Latinos (N = 1200) on the impact and reactions to COVID-19, this study examines the implications of Spanish-language news media consumption on source credibility and attitude formation during the COVID-19 pandemic among Latinos and immigrants from Latin America. Through a series of statistical analyses, this study finds that ethnic news consumption is strongly associated with trust in Spanish-language journalists, whereas mainstream media consumption is not associated with trust in English-language journalists. More importantly, this study finds that source credibility, particularly in Spanish-language journalists, matters for Latinos as it is associated with more positive assessments of state and local officials providing adequate information about COVID-19. This study illuminates the importance of non-traditional media among racial minorities, who account for almost 40% of the US population, and highlights the importance of shared backgrounds in source credibility among linguistically diverse groups in the United States during a public health crisis.
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Babaee, Ruzbeh. "Realities of Graphic Novels: An Interview with Frederick Aldama." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 5, no. 3 (July 31, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.5n.3p.1.
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The trend about producing and reading graphic novels has grown since the late twentieth century. These books with comic backgrounds seem to have a miraculous energy. They have been even appealing to unenthusiastic readers. They tempt people of different age groups, races and genders. They are also used for teaching ESL courses, e-learning activities, designing reality games, and teaching creative writing. If you talk to its followers, you may get the feedback that graphic novels can fulfil your demands and dreams from writing your assignments to taking you to the moon. Although many researchers have investigated the benefits of graphic novels, many faculties and librarians are still reluctant to include graphic novels in their curricula. Perhaps it is simply the attitude of many teachers and librarians that graphic novels look like a comic book, and simply are not “real” books. They have too few words, too many pictures, and lack quality to be seriously considered as literature. In the following, I, Ruzbeh Babaee, did an interview with Distinguished Professor Frederick Luis Aldama on realities of graphic novels.Aldama is a distinguished scholar and Professor of English at The Ohio State University, United States. In the departments of English and Spanish & Portuguese he is involved in teaching courses on US Latino and Latin American cultural phenomena, literature, film, music, video games, and comic books. He has founded and directed the White House Hispanic Bright Spot awarded LASER/Latino and Latin American Space for Enrichment Research. Professor Aldama won the Ohio Education Summit Award for Founding & Directing LASER in 2016. In April 2017, Aldama was awarded OSU’s Alumni Award for Distinguished Teaching and inducted into the Academy of Teaching. He is the author, co-author, and editor of 30 books, including his first book of fiction/graphic fiction, Long Stories Cut Short: Fictions from the Borderlands.
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BETHELL, LESLIE. "Brazil and ‘Latin America’." Journal of Latin American Studies 42, no. 3 (August 2010): 457–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x1000088x.
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AbstractThis essay, part history of ideas and part history of international relations, examines Brazil's relationship with Latin America in historical perspective. For more than a century after independence, neither Spanish American intellectuals nor Spanish American governments considered Brazil part of ‘América Latina’. For their part, Brazilian intellectuals and Brazilian governments only had eyes for Europe and increasingly, after 1889, the United States, except for a strong interest in the Río de la Plata. When, especially during the Cold War, the United States, and by extension the rest of the world, began to regard and treat Brazil as part of ‘Latin America’, Brazilian governments and Brazilian intellectuals, apart from some on the Left, still did not think of Brazil as an integral part of the region. Since the end of the Cold War, however, Brazil has for the first time pursued a policy of engagement with its neighbours – in South America.
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Dantas, Rodrigo Assis Neves, Daniele Vieira Dantas, Gilson De Vasconcelos Torres, Ana Elza Oliveira De Mendonça, and Rosemary Alvares De Medeiros. "Work related accidents in the pre-hospital emergency care: a systematic review." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 5, no. 7 (August 20, 2011): 1777. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.1262-12560-1-le.0507201128.
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ABSTRACTObjective: to analyse the scientific literature on work related accidents and pre-hospital emergency care, published from 2005 through 2010, in the databases of the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences (LILACS), International Literature in Health Sciences (MEDLINE), Database of Nursing (BENF) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), indexed in the Virtual Library on Health / Regional Medical Library (BVS / BIREME). Method: it is a literature research with a quantitative approach. 37 articles were selected in accordance to the follow inclusion criteria: studies published from 2005-2010, in English, Portuguese and Spanish, as full text. Articles that did not attend the purpose of this study were excluded. The form used for collecting data considered the year of publication, study type, approach used, language and main thematic of the articles. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in tables. Results: 29.73% of the articles were published in 2008, as a descriptive study (62.16%), with a quantitative approach (51.35%), in English (78.38%), mainly accidents involving biological materials (37.84 %) and in the United States of America (43.24%). Conclusions: it seems that is priority to continue to carry out research on the theme and make more research on occupational hazards to which professionals of pre-hospital care are more vulnerable. Descriptors: accidents at work; pre-hospital emergency care; publications; nursing.RESUMOObjetivo: analisar a produção científica, envolvendo os acidentes de trabalho e os atendimentos de emergência pré-hospitalares, publicados no período de 2005 a 2010, nas bases de dados da Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Literatura Internacional em Ciências da Saúde (MEDLINE), Base de dados em Enfermagem (BENF) e na Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), indexados na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde/Biblioteca Regional de Medicina (BVS/BIREME). Método: Pesquisa bibliográfica com abordagem quantitativa. Foram selecionados 37 trabalhos, a partir dos critérios de inclusão: estudos entre 2005-2010, em português, inglês e espanhol, em texto completo. Foram excluídos os estudos que não respondessem ao objetivo. O formulário para coleta de dados continha ano de publicação, tipo de estudo, abordagem, idioma e temática central. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se estatística descritiva e apresentados em tabelas. Resultados: 29,73% foram publicados em 2008, com estudo descritivo (62,16%), abordagem quantitativa (51,35%), em inglês (78,38%), destacando-se acidentes com materiais biológicos (37,84%) e nos Estados Unidos da América (43,24%). Conclusões: é prioritário dar continuidade à realização de investigações nessa temática e investir em pesquisas sobre riscos ocupacionais a que os profissionais do atendimento pré-hospitalar estão sujeitos. Descritores: acidentes de trabalho; atendimento pré-hospitalar de emergência; publicações; enfermagem.RESUMENObjetivo: analisar la literatura científica sobre accidentes de trabajo y la atención pre-hospitalaria de emergencia, publicada desde 2005 hasta 2010 en las bases de datos de la América Latina y el Caribe de Información en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), Literatura Internacional en Ciencias de la Salud (MEDLINE), Base de Datos de Enfermería (BENF) y Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), indexada en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud / Biblioteca Regional de Medicina (BVS / BIREME). Método: se trata de una investigación de la literatura con un enfoque cuantitativo. Los 37 artículos fueron seleccionados de acuerdo con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: estudios publicados entre 2005-2010, en Inglés, portugués y español, texto completo. Los artículos que no respondieron a la finalidad de este estudio fueron excluidos. El formulário para la recogida de datos tuvo el año de publicación, tipo de estudio, el enfoque, el lenguaje y la temática principal de los artículos. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando estadística descriptiva y se presentan en tablas. Resultados: 29,73% de los artículos fueron publicados en 2008, con estudio descriptivo (62,16%), enfoque cuantitativo (51,35%), en Inglés (78,38%), abordan especialmente los accidentes con material biológico (37,84 %) en los Estados Unidos de América (43,24%). Conclusiones: parece que es la prioridad seguir para llevar a cabo la investigación sobre el tema y hacer más investigaciones sobre los riesgos profesionales a que los trabajadores de la atención pre-hospitalaria están sujetos. Descriptores: accidentes de trabajo; atención pre-hospitalaria de emergencia; publicaciones; enfermería.
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Conaway, Roger N., and William J. Wardrope. "Communication in Latin America." Business Communication Quarterly 67, no. 4 (December 2004): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1080569904270986.
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The format and structure of 150 Spanish-language letters written by business administrators in Guatemalan firms were analyzed to help determine how Latin American business writers organize and present information in various types of routine letters. Findings suggest that Latin American businesspeople follow some, but not all, of the format conventions typical of those used in the United States; that they tend not to use buffers to present bad news; and that they do not consistently place topic sentences at any particular part of business letters. Understanding the differences between U.S. and Latin American business communication practices as illustrated by this study should help instructors to prepare their students to communicate successfully with their future counterparts in all parts of the Western Hemisphere.
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Pollack, Sarah. "After Bolaño: Rethinking the Politics of Latin American Literature in Translation." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no. 3 (May 2013): 660–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.3.660.
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On 25 november 2012, when the united states novelist jonathan franzen opened mexico's feria internacional del libro de guadalajara, he spoke of his experience of reading Latin American fiction. Asked about the region's representation through literature in English translation, Franzen stated that, magic realism having now “run its course,” Roberto Bolaño had become the “new face of Latin America.” Franzen's words echo what has almost become a commonplace in the United States over the last five years: naming Bolaño “the Gabriel García Márquez of our time” (Moore), after the publication by Farrar, Straus and Giroux of the translations of Los detectives salvajes (1998; The Savage Detectives [2007]) and his posthumous 2666 (2004; 2666 [2008]). Bolaño is also considered by many writers, critics, and readers in Latin America to be “reigning as the new paradigm” (Volpi, sec. 3). If in the United States market, through the synecdoche of literary commodification, García Márquez's revolutionary Cien años de soledad (1967; One Hundred Years of Solitude [1970]) and, specifically, the magic realism of his fictional Macondo came to stand in for the diverse literary projects of Latin American authors in the 1960s, one must ask if a similar operation is taking place with Bolaño. While the number of translated Latin American literary works continues to be limited and most “go virtually unnoticed” (“Translation Database”), the significance of Bolaño's place at the center of a new canon in translation is magnified and necessitates inquiring into how his critical success in the United States market may be shifting the politics of translation of other texts. As a critic announced in 2011, “a second Latin American literature Boom is happening … [that] probably owes its existence to the explosion of the late-Chilean author Roberto Bolaño, whose popularity re-opened the door to North American publishing houses for Latin American authors” (Rosenthal).
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Sokov, Il'ya A. "Justice, Power and Policy towards the Ethnics in the Sunbelt region of the USA. Review of the collective monograph: Chase, R.T., ed. Caging Borders and Carceral States: Incarcerations, Immigration Detentions, and Resistance. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019." Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history 4, no. 4 (2020): 1419–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2020-4-3-11.
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The work is devoted to the analysis of a collection prepared by a group of American researchers on the historical past and present of the situation of Hispanic population in the United States of America, which raises the problem of segregation of Hispanics at the federal level. In the 21st century, ethnic Hispanics are becoming one of the largest population groups in the United States, and Spanish is the second most widely used language after English in this country, which makes the issue raised in the monograph under review very relevant. The authors of the collection focused their research on the features of segregation of Latin Americans in the states of the Sunbelt, thereby clearly limiting the regional scope of their research. By their publications, they prove that the southern states of the United States have turned into carceral states for Latin Americans.
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Chew Sánchez, Martha I. "From the “Pink Tide” to “Soft Coup d’État” in Latin America: the Case of Bolivia." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 19, no. 5-6 (February 4, 2021): 597–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341573.
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Abstract This article addresses the impact of settler colonialism by the Spanish and United States in the American continent in forming the base, development, and power of capitalism in the West. It provides a general overview of the United States’ unequal economic relationships with Latin American countries since the end of the nineteenth century to the present. It highlights the role evangelist groups have in changing the way coup d’états have been taking place in the region, in particular, to countries that had democratically elected presidents who were part of the “Pink Tide” and had a program to counterbalance neoliberal policies that were contributing to unprecedented economic inequality in their societies. One of the central questions in this work is the role of coloniality within Latin American countries and between the US and Latin America in the coup d’état against Evo Morales in Bolivia on November 10, 2019.
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Henson, Pamela M. "Invading Arcadia: Women Scientists in the Field in Latin America, 1900-1950." Americas 58, no. 4 (April 2002): 577–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2002.0045.
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Let us keep a place where real research men can find quiet, keen intellectual stimulation, freedom from any outside distraction." This was the response of a prominent North American naturalist opposed to a 1924 proposal to build facilities for women at the Barro Colorado Island Biological Laboratory in Panama. In the first decades of the twentieth-century, in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War and as the United States built the Panama Canal, the American tropics became a major focus for North American politics and natural history, with government funding and logistical support from the military for scientific expeditions. As the North American western frontier closed, the New World tropics—or Neotropics—assumed the role that the West had played for an earlier generation of nineteenth-century explorers. In a post-Darwinian world, a field trip to the tropics with its rich biodiversity had become a rite of passage and a route to fame for young North American naturalists. And in the decades during and after the successful campaign for women's suffrage in the United States, tensions between men and women ran high, in the home, at the ballot box, and at the field station.
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Rathke, Alex Augusto Timm, Verônica de Fátima Santana, Isabel Maria Estima Costa Lourenço, and Flávia Zóboli Dalmácio. "International Financial Reporting Standards and Earnings Management in Latin America." Revista de Administração Contemporânea 20, no. 3 (June 2016): 368–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2016140035.
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Abstract This study analyzes the level of earnings management in Latin America after the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and analyzes the role of cross-listing in the United States. The literature on earnings management in less developed countries is still under construction, and few studies focus on this issue, especially with respect to Latin America, despite its relevant role in the global economy. This paper fills this gap in the literature as it analyzes the level of IFRS earnings management regarding the first and main Latin American countries applying IFRS (Brazil and Chile), when compared to the main Anglo-Saxon countries with IFRS tradition (United Kingdom and Australia), and with the main Continental European economies (France and Germany). The results show that Latin American firms present a higher level of earnings management than Continental European and Anglo-Saxon firms, and this opportunistic behavior remains significant when only global players with cross-listing in the United States are analyzed. Thus, even with a unique set of high quality accounting standards (IFRS) and strong reporting incentives, countries' specific characteristics still play an important role in the way IFRS is implemented in each country.
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Muller, Dalia Antonia. "Latin America and the Question of Cuban Independence." Americas 68, no. 02 (October 2011): 209–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500006751.
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In a famous account of his travels, titled El destino de un continente, the Argentine writer Manuel Ugarte describes his somewhat disconcerting encounter with the Cuban ex-president José Miguel Gómez while traveling through Latin America during the 1920s. Ugarte, a committed advocate of panhispanismo—the idea that Spanish America was and should be unified by its shared Spanish heritage, especially in light of the “threat” from Anglo- Saxon culture—had come to Cuba to give a series of lectures. Shortly after one of his presentations, the Argentine was introduced to Gómez, who took Ugarte to task for his criticism of Cuba's close relationship to the United States. “You reproach us,” Gómez said, “for not defending our legacy of Spanish civilization, but what have all of you [Latin Americans] done to encourage us, to support us, to make us feel that we are not alone?” Taken aback and made suddenly self-conscious by the accusation, Ugarte concluded that the Cuban was admonishing him for failing to uphold the very principles he was espousing in his lectures. “It seemed as if, through the voice of her representative, all Cuba was saying, ‘It is not we who broke the link; it was you who broke it in allowing it to be cut.’” After some time and much thought, Ugarte came to the realization that “Cuba was not alone responsible for the Cuban situation. Some responsibility was also borne by Latin America.” Through his encounter with Gómez, Ugarte was forced to recognize the limitations of framing what he referred to as the “Cuban situation” exclusively in the context of a cultural war between the United States and Spain. Indeed, the expresident's challenge inspired him to reconsider Cuba's nineteenth-century struggles with both Spanish colonialism and U.S. imperialism in a distinctly inter-Latin American context.
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Arias, Arturo. "From the Cold War to the Cruelty of Violence: Jean Franco's Critical Trajectory from The Decline and Fall of the Lettered City to Cruel Modernity." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 3 (May 2016): 701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.3.701.
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The Cuban Revolution Generated a New Communist Paranoia in the United States. Interest in Latin America Grew Dramatically after Castro's rise to power in 1959 and was partly responsible for the explosive growth in the number of scholars specializing in hemispheric issues during the 1960s. Latin Americans, in turn, saw this phase of the Cold War as a furthering of imperial aggression by the United States. The Eisenhower administration's authoritarian diplomatic maneuvers to isolate Guatemala by accusing the country's democratically elected president, Jacobo Arbenz (1950-54), of being a communist and by pressuring members of the Organization of American States to do likewise had already alarmed intellectuals and artists in Latin America five years before. On 17 June 1954, Carlos Castillo Armas and a band of a few hundred mercenaries invaded the country from Honduras with logistical support from the Central Intelligence Agency in an operation code-named PBSUCCESS, authorized by President Eisenhower in August 1953. By 1 July 1954 the so-called Movement of National Liberation had taken over Guatemala. Angela Fillingim's research evidences how the United States officially viewed Guatemala as “Pre-Western,” according to “pre-established criteria,” because the Latin American country had failed to eliminate its indigenous population (5-6). Implicitly, the model was that of the nineteenth-century American West. As a solution, the State Department proposed “finishing the Conquest.”
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Davenport, Lauren. "The Fluidity of Racial Classifications." Annual Review of Political Science 23, no. 1 (May 11, 2020): 221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-060418-042801.
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In this article, I review the social science literature on racial fluidity, the idea that race is flexible and impermanent. I trace the ongoing evolution of racial classifications and boundaries in the United States and Latin America, two regions that share a history of European colonization, slavery, and high levels of race mixing but that have espoused very different racial ideologies. Traditionally, for many groups in the United States, race was seen as unchangeable and determined by ancestry; in contrast, parts of Latin America have lacked strict classification rules and embraced race mixing. However, recent research has shown that race in the United States can change across time and context, particularly for populations socially defined as more ambiguous, while some Latin American racial boundaries are becoming more stringent. I argue that the fluidity of race has redefined our understanding of racial identities, and propose several directions for future political science scholarship that bridges disciplines and methodological approaches.
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Preuss, Ori. "Discovering "os ianques do sul": towards an entangled Luso-Hispanic history of Latin America." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 56, no. 2 (December 2013): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-73292013000200009.
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The article reconstructs the largely forgotten role of key Brazilian intellectuals in the Latins-versus-Anglo-Saxons debates that developed around 1898, emphasizing the embeddedness of their thinking in the transnational crossings of men and ideas within South America. It thus challenges the common depiction of late-nineteenth-century Latin Americanism as a purely Spanish American phenomenon and of the United States as its major catalyst, allowing a more nuanced understanding of this movement' s nature.
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Lyubyshkina, Irina. "Spenglish as a modern linguistic phenomenon in the USA." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 36 (2019): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2019.36.13.
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Some native Spanish speakers speak a little English, while others are confident biliguals, speaking both languages at a relatively equal level. Some are able to understand Spanish, but speak with considerable difficulties, while others are unlikely to understand or speak Spanish. All potential combinations between Spanish and English are possible. The heterogeneity in the command and use of Spanish is partly due to the development of an interlingual dialect, commonly known as Spanglish, a mixture of Spanish and English, found in an oral speech of Spanish and Latin American communities in the United States. The article is devoted to the analysis of the Spanglish language phenomenon existed in the United States of America as a mean of oral communication. In the article are investigated social reasons for the appearance of Spanglish as well as the usage in the speech and its identification in the world today. The subtypes and structure of the language phenomenon are described in accordance with the types of speakers, their place of residence and the adaptation of lexical units at the phonetic, morphological and lexical levels of the language.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 86, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2012): 109–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002427.
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The African Diaspora: A History Through Culture, by Patrick Manning (reviewed by Joseph C. Miller) Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, by David Eltis & David Richardson (reviewed by Ted Maris-Wolf) Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery, by Seymour Drescher (reviewed by Gregory E. O’Malley) Paths to Freedom: Manumission in the Atlantic World, edited by Rosemary Brana-Shute & Randy J. Sparks (reviewed by Matthew Mason) You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery, by Jeremy D. Popkin (reviewed by Philippe R. Girard) Fighting for Honor: The History of African Martial Arts in the Atlantic World, by T .J. Desch Obi (reviewed by Flávio Gomes & Antonio Liberac Cardoso Simões Pires) Working the Diaspora: The Impact of African Labor on the Anglo-American World, 1650-1850, by Frederick C. Knight (reviewed by Walter Hawthorne) The Akan Diaspora in the Americas, by Kwasi Konadu (reviewed by Ray Kea) Tradition and the Black Atlantic: Critical Theory in the African Diaspora, by Henry Louis Gates Jr. (reviewed by Deborah A. Thomas) From Africa to Jamaica: The Making of an Atlantic Slave Society, 1775-1807, by Audra A. Diptee (reviewed by D.A. Dunkley) Elections, Violence and the Democratic Process in Jamaica 1944-2007, by Amanda Sives (reviewed by Douglas Midgett) Caciques and Cemi Idols: The Web Spun by Taino Rulers between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, by José R. Oliver (reviewed by Brian D. Bates) The Latin American Identity and the African Diaspora: Ethnogenesis in Context, by Antonio Olliz Boyd (reviewed by Dawn F. Stinchcomb) Reconstructing Racial Identity and the African Past in the Dominican Republic, by Kimberly Eison Simmons (reviewed by Ginetta E.B. Candelario) Haiti and the Haitian Diaspora in the Wider Caribbean, edited by Philippe Zacaïr (reviewed by Catherine Benoît) Duvalier’s Ghosts: Race, Diaspora, and U.S. Imperialism in Haitian Literatures, by Jana Evans Braziel (reviewed by J. Michael Dash) Mainland Passage: The Cultural Anomaly of Puerto Rico, by Ramón E. Soto-Crespo (reviewed by Guillermo B. Irizarry) Report on the Island and Diocese of Puerto Rico (1647), by Diego de Torres y Vargas (reviewed by David A. Badillo) Land Reform in Puerto Rico: Modernizing the Colonial State, 1941-1969, by Ismael García-Colón (reviewed by Ricardo Pérez) Land: Its Occupation, Management, Use and Conceptualization. The Case of the Akawaio and Arekuna of the Upper Mazaruni District, Guyana, by Audrey J. Butt Colson (reviewed by Christopher Carrico) Caribbean Religious History: An Introduction, by Ennis B. Edmonds & Michelle A . Gonzalez (reviewed by N. Samuel Murrell) The Cross and the Machete: Native Baptists of Jamaica – Identity, Ministry and Legacy, by Devon Dick (reviewed by John W. Pulis) Swimming the Christian Atlantic: Judeoconversos, Afroiberians and Amerindians in the Seventeenth Century, by Jonathan Schorsch (reviewed by Richard L. Kagan) Kosmos und Kommunikation: Weltkonzeptionen in der südamerikanischen Sprachfamilie der Cariben, by Ernst Halbmayer (reviewed by Eithne B. Carlin) That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: The United States and the Cuban Revolution, by Lars Schoultz (reviewed by Antoni Kapcia) Voice of the Leopard: African Secret Societies and Cuba, by Ivor L. Miller (reviewed by Elizabeth Pérez) Guantánamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution, by Jana K. Lipman (reviewed by Barry Carr) Packaged Vacations: Tourism Development in the Spanish Caribbean, by Evan R. Ward (reviewed by Polly Pattullo) Afro-Greeks: Dialogues Between Anglophone Caribbean Literature and Classics in the Twentieth Century, by Emily Greenwood (reviewed by Gregson Davis) Caribbean Culture: Soundings on Kamau Brathwaite, edited by Annie Paul (reviewed by Paget Henry) Libertad en cadenas: Sacrificio, aporías y perdón en las letras cubanas, by Aída Beaupied (reviewed by Stephen Fay) The Trickster Comes West: Pan-African Influence in Early Black Diasporan Narratives, by Babacar M’baye (reviewed by Olabode Ibironke) Cheddi Jagan and the Politics of Power: British Guiana’s Struggle for Independence, by Colin A. Palmer (reviewed by Jay R. Mandle) A Language of Song: Journeys in the Musical World of the African Diaspora, by Samuel Charters (reviewed by Kenneth Bilby) Man Vibes: Masculinities in Jamaican Dancehall, by Donna P. Hope (reviewed by Eric Bindler)
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Tippey, Brett. "Richard Neutra's Search for the Southland: California, Latin America and Spain." Architectural History 59 (2016): 311–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/arh.2016.10.
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AbstractDuring the twentieth century, diverse cultures from around the globe served as vital sources for architects who attempted to merge Modernist ideas with traditional values. Richard Neutra (1892–1970) absorbed ideas from Japan, the American Middle West and his own native Austria, and eventually his study of these regions deeply affected his work. By analysing archival sources and period publications, this article reveals that even before emigrating to the United States (1923), and throughout his career, the cultures of California, Latin America and Spain were also sources for Neutra's work. He travelled extensively throughout these regions, he researched their local customs and architecture and he deftly and purposefully incorporated vernacular elements, such as sun-shading devices, ventilation strategies and interior patios, into his own work. For his Latin American and Spanish colleagues, his work exemplified a successful fusion between their own traditions and Modernist principles.
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Sahni, Varun. "Not Quite British: A Study of External Influences on the Argentine Navy." Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 3 (October 1993): 489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00006647.
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Political studies of military institutions in Latin America have tended to lay heavy stress on their external linkages, with a good deal of emphasis being placed upon the ‘differential degrees of dependence upon other countries for supplies, parts, training and equipment by the various service branches’. This particularly the case when scholars attempt to explain why two military institutions differ in their political behaviour and ideological orientation. Thus, we find Lieuwen asserting that[t]he aristocratic tendencies of [Latin American] naval officers… often were moderated by the democratic views of the British and United States officers who were their professional advisers. Conversely, before World War II, authoritarian attitudes of some Latin American armies were reinforced by the influence of German, Spanish, and Italian military missions.
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Graham-Jones, Jean. "Latin American(ist) Theatre History: Bridging the Divides." Theatre Survey 47, no. 2 (September 12, 2006): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557406000172.
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In October 2004, I edited Theatre Journal's special issue on Latin American theatre. In addition to five essays on subjects ranging from sixteenth-century Amerindian performance to a twenty-first-century Mexican adaptation of an Irish play, that issue included a forum on the state of Latin American theatre and performance studies in the United States today. Even though the thirteen respondents resided, independently or as affiliates, in different disciplinary homes (theatre, performance, languages, and literature) and took multiple points of departure, a common thread ran throughout their comments: the need for the U.S. academy to study and teach the diversity that is known as Latin America.1 Tamara Underiner succinctly notes that “Latin America has never answered easily as an object of inquiry for theatre studies.”2 Indeed, studying Latin American theatre and performance poses very specific challenges: the region encompasses some twenty countries whose national borders obscure larger geographical, cultural, religious, political, and socioeconomic networks; a multiplicity of languages—European, dialectal, and indigenous to the hemisphere—are still spoken, written, and performed; and numerous intersecting histories extend back far beyond the five hundred years since the Europeans arrived and precipitated what today we euphemistically refer to as “contact.” Latin America does not terminate at the U.S.–Mexican border; thus although I'm cognizant of the attendant complications when including the U.S. latino/a communities in a discussion of Latin American theatre, the cultural network is such that I consider any arbitrary separation counter to the purposes of this reflection. Otherwise, how can we take into account the larger networks navigated by such U.S.-based playwrights as Guillermo Reyes (born in Chile but raised in the United States and the author of plays about Chilean history as well as specifically U.S. identities) or Ariel Dorfman (born in Argentina, raised in New York City and Santiago, Chile, now a professor at Duke, and author of English-language plays whose subject matter is frequently authoritarian Latin America)?
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Getchell, Michelle Denise. "Revisiting the 1954 Coup in Guatemala: The Soviet Union, the United Nations, and “Hemispheric Solidarity”." Journal of Cold War Studies 17, no. 2 (April 2015): 73–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00549.
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This article reevaluates the U.S.-backed coup in 1954 that overthrew Guatemala's democratically elected president, Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán. The coup is generally portrayed as the opening shot of the Cold War in the Western Hemisphere and a watershed moment for U.S.–Latin American relations, when the United States supplanted its Good Neighbor Policy with a hardline anti-Communist approach. Despite the extensive literature on the coup, the Soviet Union's perspectives on the matter have received scant discussion. Using Soviet-bloc and United Nations (UN) archival sources, this article shows that Latin American Communists and Soviet sympathizers were hugely influential in shaping Moscow's perceptions of hemispheric relations. Although regional Communists petitioned the Soviet Union to provide support to Árbenz, officials in Moscow were unwilling to prop up what they considered a “bourgeois-democratic” revolution tottering under the weight of U.S. military pressure. Soviet leaders were, however, keen to use their position on the UN Security Council to challenge the authority of the Organization of American States and undermine U.S. conceptions of “hemispheric solidarity.” The coup, moreover, revealed the force of anti-U.S. nationalism in Latin America during a period in which Soviet foreign policy was in flux and the Cold War was becoming globalized.
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Aquino, André Carlos Busanelli de, Eugenio Caperchione, Ricardo Lopes Cardoso, and Ileana Steccolini. "Influências estrangeiras no desenvolvimento e inovações recentes em contabilidade e finanças do setor público na América Latina." Revista de Administração Pública 54, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200057.
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Abstract The idea for this special issue was to contribute to the international literature on public sector accounting from a Latin-American perspective, exploring which forces influence Public Sector Accounting and Finance (PSA&F) artifacts and concepts in Latin America, and how they occur. There is evidence that later influences from countries such as Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, and New Zealand played a role in PSA&F developments in Latin-America. However, the roots and the associated effects (e.g., recent innovations, resistances, decoupling) of PSA&F are still unanswered questions. Such ‘recent innovations’ on public financial management processes include but are not limited to accrual accounting, convergence towards IPSAS, risk assessment, auditing, and budgeting. This special issue contains four articles capturing different perspectives of influences and mechanisms of PSA&F in the region.
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Aquino, André Carlos Busanelli de, Eugenio Caperchione, Ricardo Lopes Cardoso, and Ileana Steccolini. "Overseas influences on the development and recent innovations on public sector accounting and finance in Latin America." Revista de Administração Pública 54, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200057x.
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Abstract The idea for this special issue was to contribute to the international literature on public sector accounting from a Latin-American perspective, exploring which forces influence Public Sector Accounting and Finance (PSA&F) artifacts and concepts in Latin America, and how they occur. There is evidence that later influences from countries such as Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, and New Zealand played a role in PSA&F developments in Latin-America. However, the roots and the associated effects (e.g., recent innovations, resistances, decoupling) of PSA&F are still unanswered questions. Such ‘recent innovations’ on public financial management processes include but are not limited to accrual accounting, convergence towards IPSAS, risk assessment, auditing, and budgeting. This special issue contains four articles capturing different perspectives of influences and mechanisms of PSA&F in the region.
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Viguera-Ruiz, Rebeca. "The Late Spanish Translation of The Federalist Papers and the concept of Federalism in Argentina at the time." International Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 3 (April 1, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i3.4188.
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Throughout the second half of the 19th century a process took place in Latin America in order to recover the original concept of federalism for the first time mentioned in the United States at the end of 18th century. This paper seeks to better understand how the Spanish translation of The Federalist-Argentina, 1868-would have been an attempt to look back at the North American model and to restore the original meaning of the concept, not only from the semantic perspective but also through its practical implementation as a political system in the specific case of Argentina.
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Williams, John Hoyt, and Ivan Musicant. "The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish-American War to the Invasion of Panama." Journal of American History 78, no. 2 (September 1991): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2079625.
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Brooks, David C., and Ivan Musicant. "The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish-American War to the Invasion of Panama." Journal of Military History 56, no. 1 (January 1992): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1985725.
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Lane, Kris. "Epitaph of a Small Winner: My First 50 Years in Academe. An Interview with Judith Ewell." Americas 75, no. 2 (April 2018): 381–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2018.2.
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Judith Ewell has been a major figure in modern Latin American history, both as a research scholar and as a teacher. Just before receiving her PhD at the University of New Mexico in 1972, Ewell began teaching at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, from which she retired in 2004. Ewell's books include The Indictment of a Dictator: The Extradition and Trial of Marcos Pérez Jiménez (1981); Venezuela: A Century of Change (1984); and Venezuela and the United States: From Monroe's Hemisphere to Petroleum's Empire (1996, Spanish ed. 1998). Ewell has also published numerous articles and book chapters on modern Latin American history and women's history. She is co-editor of the much-loved biographical essay collection, The Human Tradition in Latin America (Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries) with William H. Beezley, with whom she served on the editorial board of Scholarly Resources Press (now Rowman & Littlefield). Most importantly, Ewell served as chief editor of this journal, The Americas, from 1998 to 2003.
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Imoberdorf, Sebastian. "Beyond the Margins: Human Rights Against Undocumented Persons, Homosexuals, And Women in Inter-American Narrative." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, no. 81 (2020): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2020.81.07.
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This study is greatly based on article 7 of the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” that states: “All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law.” Latin America is viewed as a place where injustices and atrocities tend to be the order of the day: violent processes of conquest and colonization, military dictatorships, drug trafficking, kidnappings, the increase in crime and insecurity, etc. Such violations have generated frequent waves of emigration (often irregular) to the United States where they seek protection and freedom but, too often, they find neither, thus producing a vicious cycle in the inter-American literature of US Latino authors. The focus is to examine three distinct groups: immigrants, homosexuals and women.
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Hess, Carol A. "Copland in Argentina." Journal of the American Musicological Society 66, no. 1 (2013): 191–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2013.66.1.191.
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Abstract Perhaps more than any other US composer, Aaron Copland is associated with Pan Americanism, a contradictory and often unbalanced set of practices promoting North-South economic and affective ties since the nineteenth century. Copland visited Latin America on behalf of the US government four times over the course of his career. He also befriended and taught Latin American composers, wrote about Latin American music, and composed several Latin-American—themed works, including the well-known El salón México. Focusing on one such encounter—Copland's three visits to Argentina (1941, 1947, 1963)—this article examines in detail Latin American opinion on Copland's cultural diplomacy, thus challenging the prevalent one-sided and largely US perspective. My analysis of these Spanish-language sources yields new biographical data on Copland while questioning recent assessments of his Latin American experience. I also illuminate the composer's conflicted approach to modernism, intimately connected to his desire to communicate with a broad public and to assert national identity. The crisis of modernism not only played itself out in some surprising ways in Argentina but also informed Copland's profoundly antimodernist vision of Latin American music, one rooted in essentialism and folkloric nationalism and which ultimately prevailed in the United States throughout the late twentieth century.
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Guzmán-Valenzuela, Carolina, Andrés Rojas-Murphy Tagle, and Carolina Gómez-González. "Polifonía epistémica de la investigación sobre las experiencias estudiantiles: El caso Latinoamericano." education policy analysis archives 28 (June 22, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.28.4919.
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In this article, the production of knowledge about what is known in the international literature as ‘the student experience’ is examined. This construct has been researched in the United Kingdom while, in the United States, the “student engagement” has gained traction. Although in Latin America the production of knowledge in higher education has been increasing in the last decade, studies on student experiences are rather scarce, although there are abundant literatures on higher education in general. By means of a bibliometric analysis and a content analysis of articles published between 2000 and 2017 by Latin American authors in two recognized indexes (Web of Science and SciELO), this article examines the production of knowledge about higher education students' experiences from a geopolitics of knowledge perspective. The results show that, in Latin America, there is a diverse production of knowledge about higher education students, and given this plurality, the concept of “epistemic polyphony” is proposed. On the one hand, there is an epistemic predominance of Anglo-Saxon influences but, on the other hand, it also presents specific features related to higher education systems in the region. The article ends with a reflection on the ways in which knowledge is produced in the Latin American region and how such production has an impact on policies.
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Desposato, Scott, and Barbara Norrander. "The Gender Gap in Latin America: Contextual and Individual Influences on Gender and Political Participation." British Journal of Political Science 39, no. 1 (January 2009): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123408000458.
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While a substantial literature explores gender differences in participation in the United States, Commonwealth countries and Western Europe, little attention has been given to gender’s impact on participation in the developing world. These countries have diverse experiences with gender politics: some have been leaders in suffrage reforms and equal rights, while, in others, divorce has only recently been legalized. This article examines the relationship between gender and participation in seventeen Latin American countries. Many core results from research in the developed world hold in Latin America as well. Surprisingly, however, there is no evidence that economic development provides an impetus for more equal levels of participation. Instead, the most important contextual factors are civil liberties and women’s presence among the visible political elite.
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Morello SJ, Gustavo, Catalina Romero, Hugo Rabbia, and Néstor Da Costa. "An enchanted modernity: Making sense of Latin America’s religious landscape." Critical Research on Religion 5, no. 3 (September 20, 2017): 308–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050303217732131.
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This is an interpretative, critical, and selective review of scholarly contributions that explore Latin America’s religious landscape. We present data, both qualitative and quantitative, from Latin America and analyze the explanations given to make sense of it. After assessing the literature that uses either secularization theory or the “religious economy” approach, we study explanations that highlight a Latin American style of “popular religiosity.” These three models, in different ways, put the emphasis on religious institutions—their vitality, commands, competition, and authority. We propose, instead, a focus on the religious practices of regular believers. We speculate that embarking from that focus, the idea of an “enchanted modernity” will help make sense of Latin America’s religious landscape. Nuanced elucidation of Latin America’s religious particularities will situate them in dialogue with other regions of the world, like western Europe and the United States, while also acknowledging the fact that Latin America is experiencing a modernization process distinct from the North Atlantic one.
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Rodríguez O., Jaime E. "Two Revolutions: France 1789 and Mexico 1810." Americas 47, no. 2 (October 1990): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007370.
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It is sometimes alleged that “history is written by the victors.” Perhaps, it is more accurate to say that “history is written by the rich.” The wealthy nations of the North Atlantic world, which have tended to dominate scholarship in modern times, have molded events in their own image. Thus, when considering the eighteenth century transformations, scholars with “global” vision such as Peter Gay, Jacques Godechot, and R.R. Palmer have interpreted the “Enlightenment” and the “Age of Democratic Revolutions” broadly, including both the experience of the United States and of select Western European nations. Yet these cosmopolitan scholars find no place for Spain or Latin America in their works. Gay describes Spain as the “other side of the eighteenth century,” while both Godechot and Palmer end the age of revolutions in 1799, thus excluding the Spanish and the Spanish American revolutions which occurred in the early nineteenth century.
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Navarro Bulgarelli, Mauricio Javier. "Vocational counseling and the aspiration of achieving a university admission of students with a migratory background in The United States, Latin America, and South Europe. A systematic literature review." EDUCATIONAL REFLECTIVE PRACTICES, no. 2 (July 2021): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/erp2-2021oa12118.
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There is limited research that considers students with migratory background cultural characteristics within vocational counseling processes in high schools of the United States, Latin America, and South Europe. A systematic literature review was made, guided by the question: In young migrants and second-generation migrants, how vocational counseling influences the achievement of being admitted into a university, comparing their life trajectories during secondary and high school? A total of ten articles, out of three hundred eleven initially found, were selected based on a protocol for the literature review (available on request). All these articles belong to the United States context. One also considered the Spain reality. Based on the protocol used, neither another Southern Europe article, nor any article on the Latin American context was selected. All the analyzed articles pointed up the central role of counseling processes regarding students' vocational decisions. Nonetheless, there is not much attention to counseling processes given to students with a migratory background and their specific needs. Among others, this fact reveals one of the failures of the system in giving post-secondary opportunities to these students. Limitations and recommendations to improve the vocational counseling processes and their influence on the achievement of admission into a university for these students are presented. Besides, some gender differences and the transcendental role of families in the vocational decisions of students are analyzed within the literature review.
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Adorno, Rolena. "On Western Waters: Anglo-American Nonfictional Narrative in the Nineteenth Century." Daedalus 141, no. 1 (January 2012): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00129.
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Anglo-American westward expansion provided a major impulse to the development of the young United States' narrative tradition. Early U.S. writers also looked to the South, that is, to the Spanish New World and, in some cases, to Spain itself. Washington Irving's “A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus” (1828), the first full-length biography of the admiral in English, inaugurated the trend, and Mark Twain's “Life on the Mississippi” (1883) transformed it by focusing on the life and lives of the Mississippi River Valley and using an approach informed by Miguel de Cervantes's “Don Quijote de la Mancha.” From Irving's “discovery of America” to Twain's tribute to the disappearing era of steamboat travel and commerce on the Mississippi, the tales about “western waters,” told via their authors' varied engagements with Spanish history and literature, constitute a seldom acknowledged dimension in Anglo-America's nonfictional narrative literary history.
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Yaremko, Jason M. "Protestant Missions, Cuban Nationalism and the Machadato." Americas 56, no. 3 (January 2000): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500029527.
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Before the Spanish-Cuban-American War of 1898, Protestantism and Cuban nationalism coexisted relatively comfortably and even naturally, the function of a Protestant movement under Spanish colonialism that, unlike the rest of Latin America, was run not by North American or English missionaries, but by Cuban ministers. After United States intervention in 1898, U.S. interests were imposed on virtually every sector of Cuban society, including organized Protestantism, influencing Cuba's development for at least the next half-century. Preempted by U.S. intervention, Cuban nationalism, in both its ecclesiastical and secular dimensions, endured and intensified with the deepening of Cubans' dependency on the U.S. Politically, Cuban nationalism was expressed in growing protests and demands for a more genuine independence by abrogating the Platt Amendment and otherwise ending U.S. interventionism. Ecclesiastically, Cubans pushed for a greater role in Protestant church affairs, and toward Cubanization of the Church. Protestant missions thus confronted a rising nationalism within and outside the Church. By 1920, eastern Cuba, the cradle of Cuban independence, became the epicenter of this struggle.
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Cecilio, Sumaya Giarola, Andréa Tayse de Lima Gomes, Clarissa Fernandes Goulart, Letícia Gonçalves Vieira, and Maria Flávia Gazzinelli. "Teaching strategies used in the training of the nurse-educator: an integrative review." Rev Rene 22 (February 23, 2021): e61210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.20212261210.
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Objective: to investigate which teaching strategies are used in the training of the nurse-educator in nursing undergraduate courses at a national and international level. Methods: an integrative review carried out in the databases Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Current Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Web of Science, SCOPUS. No time limits were determined. Results: Based on the seven selected articles, different teaching strategies used in the training of nurse-educators in Nursing courses were identified in countries such as Brazil, United States of America, United Kingdom, Spain and Germany. The strategies identified were: Digital Teaching Materials, Role Playing Game, Problematization, Poetry, Practical Experience, Educational Games and Educational Action Formulation and Development. Conclusion: the strategies identified relate to the Modern-Traditional and Modern-Dialogical benchmarks, with little or no openness to sensitive, ethical-aesthetic-political experimentation in the fields of action that relate to Health Education.
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Smith, Paul Julian. "Screenings." Film Quarterly 71, no. 3 (2018): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2018.71.3.72.
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Italian television scholar Milly Buonanno has often complained that, in this second Golden Age of TV, academic attention is focused almost exclusively on the United States. Even in a country like Spain, newspapers dutifully recap each episode of American premium-cable and streaming-service series while ignoring their own local productions. Hence, the importance of Buonanno's new collection Television Antiheroines: Women Behaving Badly in Crime and Prison Drama, which tracks its female figures on screens from Italy and France to Australia and Brazil. Smith examines two prominent Spanish language TV shows featuring women in prison and concludes that Buonanno's invaluable book shows it is no longer necessary to ask where the female Tony Sopranos or Walter Whites may be. And, thanks to the compelling examples of Capadocia (HBO Latin America, 2008–12) and Spain's Vis a vis (Antena 3/Fox, 2015–), it is now clear that difficult women can speak Spanish as well as English on global TV screens, even as they are confined within them to the smallest of prison cells.
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Miotti, Renzo. "Variety of pronunciation models in European and American teaching or (self-)learning manuals of pronunciation for non-native speakers of Spanish." Loquens 5, no. 1 (September 4, 2018): 049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2018.049.
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This paper analyses a corpus of Spanish pronunciation manuals published in Europe (Spain and Italy) and in the Americas (United States, Canada, and Brazil) from the 1970s onwards, which are aimed at second-language learners.
The aim is to answer the following questions: Which pronunciation model is adopted in (self-)learning pronunciation manuals for non-native speakers of Spanish in Europe and America? Is it possible to observe a convergence towards a unique model or do these manuals reflect a plurality of different models? What is the role of the Castilian norm? Is it still the only reference model in Europe? Is it still viewed as a prestige model in non-Spanish speaking parts of the American continent, as it has been for a long time? Finally, what are the phonetic and phonological characteristics of the pronunciation norms employed in these manuals?
The results of the analysis show that the manuals in the corpus reflect a plurality of different pronunciation models. The Castilian norm, which distinguishes between /θ/ and /s/, and in most manuals also between /ʎ/ and /ʝ/, still has an undisputed primary role in Europe. In America, by contrast, three basic models can be observed, namely a neutral American— which in its main features coincides with the Spanish of Latin American highlands—, the European one, and Buenos Aires Spanish. Moreover, it must be pointed out that in American manuals the European model is always an alternative to the neutral American one and it is never proposed as a unique reference standard. Brazilian manuals, on the other hand, represent an anomalous case due to the lack of a unique reference standard as the teaching model. In this case, the three mentioned reference models represent alternative options based on characteristics of different kinds, as discussed in the article.
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Ogliastri, Enrique, John Ickis, and Ramiro Casó. "Integrative/ distributive negotiations in Latin America: latent class analysis." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 33, no. 3/4 (August 3, 2020): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-04-2020-0084.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to test the universality of the behavioral theory of negotiation developed in the United States, particularly the integrative/distributive models, and to find negotiators' prototypes in international negotiations conducted in a Latin American country.Design/methodology/approachAn open questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of 104 resident foreigners (expatriates) who reported the negotiation patterns of Costa Ricans. The qualitative data were coded in 52 variables (inte-rater reliability Fleiss' Kappa K= 0.65). A total of ten variables were selected to measure distributive/integrative patterns of negotiations. Latent class analysis (LCA) uncovered the latent structure of negotiations.Findings(1) The distributive (70% found in the sample) and integrative (30%) negotiation models hold in this culture. (2) The incorporation of handling emotions and interpersonal orientation in the integrative model seem to be an important theoretical and practical trend.Research limitations/implications(1) A larger sample size is needed to compare with data from other countries of the region and the world. (2) The use of emotions and interpersonal orientation in the integrative negotiation paradigm require further investigation. As practical implications, detailed negotiation advice is offered to Costa Ricans as well as to expatriates working there.Originality/valueTo identify negotiation patterns in an understudied region of the world, the distributive/integrative models of the behavioral theory of negotiations are a key focus with which to extend the literature. There are important elements of culture within the negotiation patterns, in line with trends of an evolving paradigm of integrative crosscultural negotiations.
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Negrón-Muntaner, Frances. "Bridging Islands: Gloria Anzaldúa and the Caribbean." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 121, no. 1 (January 2006): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081206x129792.
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In time, the Texas-born and California-rooted Gloria E. Anzaldúa (1942–2004) may be regarded as a key American writer of our late twentieth century. In the interim, she is a foundational figure for the fields, markets, and affects known as Latina/o—studies, literature, theory, and metaphysics. Her most traveled concepts, such as “borderlands,” have also made a good impression in more legitimized areas of intellectual inquiry, including postcolonial theory and cultural studies. This last achievement has led the critic Frances R. Aparicio to note that the notion of “border subject” elaborated by Anzaldúa and others has “been the most important concept that Latino studies has contributed to cultural studies in the United States, Europe, and Latin America” (13).
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Rey-Rodriguez, Diana V., José Moreno-Montoya, and Cristina Álvarez-Peregrina. "Prevalence of Myopia in America." Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular 19, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/sv.vol19.iss1.6.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, prevalence of myopia in the world has increased significantly. The aim of this research work is to consider the combined prevalence of myopia in America, according to the following categories: age, race, gender, and region. Such research will be done also in harmony with the reports found in scientific literature. A systematic review of the literature found in the following databases was carried out: medline, embase, and lilacs. The aim was searching cross-sectional studies containing myopia prevalence information. To find the combined prevalence, the double arc sine method of fixed or random effects by Freeman-Tukey was used. 15 research studies that included 45.349 individuals from the United States, Brazil, and Paraguay, were identified in the literature; studies of subjects aged 0-96 years old. The prevalence of myopia varied from 1,2% to 48% with differences between male and female of 18,4% [95% CI: 13,9-22,8] and 19,8% [95% CI: 18,9-20,7], respectively. The global prevalence of myopia in rural areas was 1,4% [95% CI: 1,3-1,5], and in urban areas 14,3% [95% CI: 13,3-15,2]. At the same time, some differences were identified based on race. In the case of the white race 15,4% [95% CI: 14,4-16,3], Afrodescendants 20,6% [95% CI: 19,6-21,5] and other races (Spanish, non-Spanish, and African American) 2,9% [95% CI: 1,97-3,82]. The lowest figures of myopia prevalence were identified in rural areas in pre-school children (14,1%). There is, probably, a relationship in use and exposure time to electronic items such as screens, in contrast with the development of other indoor activities as outdoor exposure as an environmental factor to slow myopia.
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Zhou, Min, and Rennie Lee. "Transnationalism and Community Building." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 647, no. 1 (April 5, 2013): 22–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716212472456.
Full textAbstract:
An emergent literature on transnationalism has been burgeoning since the 1990s to examine new patterns of immigrant settlement. Research to date has emphasized the effects of transnationalism on the development in sending countries rather than receiving countries, focused on immigrant groups from Latin America rather than Asia, and examined individuals rather than immigrant organizations as units of analysis. As a consequence, we do not have reliable knowledge about the impacts of transnationalism on immigrant communities in the host society and the extent and sources of intergroup variations. To fill this gap and to supplement knowledge gained from Latin American experiences, this article offers a conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between transnationalism and community building by examining Chinese ethnic organizations in the United States. We show that immigrants often engage their ancestral homelands via organizations and that organizational transnationalism contributes to strengthening the infrastructure and symbolic systems of the ethnic community and enhancing the community’s capacity to generate resources conducive to immigrant incorporation.
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Kieh, George Klay. "The American style of development aid to Liberia." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 44, no. 2 (January 30, 2015): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/71.
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There is a growing corpus of literature on the critical issue of the various styles used by donors in giving development aid to recipient states in various parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. This article seeks to contribute to the body of literature by examining the nature and dynamics of the American style of development aid to Liberia and the resulting implications for the latter’s social and economic development. Using the realpolitik model as its analytical framework, the article situates the American style of development aid giving within the broader context of Liberia-United States (US) relations. Based on this foundation, the article then interrogated the flows of US development aid to Liberia from 1946–2013. The findings indicate that the American style of aid giving is ostensibly designed to serve the economic, political, military and strategic interests of the US. In this vein, Liberia is required to serve as a foot soldier in the promotion of American national interests in the former and elsewhere. Accordingly, in terms of the implications for social and economic development, for the past six decades American development aid has not helped to advance the material conditions of Liberia’s subaltern classes. However, in order to change this situation, the US would need to rethink the realpolitik foundation of its development aid programme and the Liberian government would need to press for such a policy rethinking. However, both of these possibilities are highly unlikely, given the US’ determination to prosecute its imperial project and its clientelist relationship with the Liberian government.
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Campos, Ana Cristina Espíndola, Arthur Treuherz, Renato Toshiyuki Murasaki, Diego Gonzalez, and Oscar J. Mújica. "New Health Sciences Descriptors to classify and retrieve information on equity." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 45 (July 1, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2021.78.
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The Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) vocabulary establishes a unique and common language that allows the organization and facilitates the search and retrieval of technical and scientific literature on health available in the information sources of the Virtual Health Library. The DeCS, created by the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (BIREME), a specialized center of the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), is the translation and extension of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vocabulary, maintained by the United States National Library of Medicine. BIREME, in coordination with experts from Latin America and the Caribbean, has included in the DeCS the topics of equity, gender, ethnicity and human rights—cross-cutting themes in the programmatic framework of PAHO/WHO technical cooperation—to ensure better retrieval and use of scientific information and evidence related to these topics. The objective of this article is to describe the methodology used during the terminology review of the DeCS and to report the results obtained and the impacts of the terminology expansion in the field of equity, which included the inclusion of 35 new descriptors.
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Ramos, José Manuel, Gregorio González-Alcaide, Joaquín Gascón, and Félix Gutiérrez. "Mapping of Chagas disease research: analysis of publications in the period between 1940 and 2009." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 44, no. 6 (November 21, 2011): 708–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822011005000060.
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INTRODUCTION: Publications are often used as a measure of success in research work. Chagas disease occurs in Central and Southern America. However, during the past years, the disease has been occurring outside Latin America due to migration from endemic zones. This article describes a bibliometric review of the literature on Chagas disease research indexed in PubMed during a 70-year period. METHODS: Medline was used via the PubMed online service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine from 1940 to 2009. The search strategy was: Chagas disease [MeSH] OR Trypanosoma cruzi [MeSH]. RESULTS: A total of 13,989 references were retrieved. The number of publications increased steadily over time from 1,361 (1940-1969) to 5,430 (2000-2009) (coefficient of determination for linear fit, R²=0.910). Eight journals contained 25% of the Chagas disease literature. Of the publications, 64.2% came from endemic countries. Brazil was the predominant country (37%), followed by the United States (17.6%) and Argentina (14%). The ranking in production changed when the number of publications was normalized by estimated cases of Chagas disease (Panama and Uruguay), population (Argentina and Uruguay), and gross domestic product (Bolivia and Brazil). CONCLUSIONS: Several Latin American countries, where the prevalence of T. cruzi infection was not very high, were the main producers of the Chagas disease literature, after adjusting for economic and population indexes. The countries with more estimated cases of Chagas disease produced less research on Chagas disease than some developed countries.