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Journal articles on the topic 'Spanish Empire'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 March 2023

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1

Box, Zira. "Spanish Imperial Destiny." Contributions to the History of Concepts 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/choc.2013.080105.

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The aim of this article is to analyze the meaning of the concept of empire during the first years of the Francoist regime and try to clarify the different meanings that the various political and ideological groups that were part of the dictatorship gave to this concept. As will be explained, it is possible to find two main meanings for the concept of empire. The first one was linked to the notion of Hispanidad and was developed by the Catholic and counter-revolutionary groups; in this case, empire was defined through the Catholic religion and the missionary role that Spain had played in the discovery of America, the moment that marked the beginning of the Spanish Empire. The second meaning was developed inside the Falangist party. It contained fascist values and was linked to an ideal of expansionism that would support specific policies. The aim here is to differentiate these meanings by paying attention to the different contexts in which they were produced.

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2

Fernández Albaladejo, Pablo. "‘Spanish Atlanteans’: Crisis of Empire and reconstruction of Spanish Monarchy (1672-1740)." Culture & History Digital Journal 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): e022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2015.022.

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3

Kumar, Krishan. "The time of empire." Thesis Eleven 139, no. 1 (April 2017): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513617701919.

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General and comparative studies of empire – like those of revolution – often suffer from insufficient attention to chronology. Time expresses itself both in the form that empires occur, often in succession to each other – the Roman, the Holy Roman, the Spanish, etc. – and, equally, in an awareness that this succession links empires in a genealogical sense, as part of a family of empires. This article explores the implications of taking time seriously, so that empires are not considered simply as like ‘cases’ of a general phenomenon of empire but are treated as both ‘the same and different’. Concentrating on the European empires since the time of Rome, the article shows the extent to which empires were conscious of each other, seeking both to imitate admired features as well as to escape from those thought less desirable. It also shows the difference between ancient and modern empires, considered not so much as different types as in the differences caused by their location in different points in historical time. Comparative studies of empire, the article concludes, must pay attention to both continuity and change, both similarity and difference.

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Kirk, Stephanie. "Nuns navigating the Spanish Empire." Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue canadienne des études latino-américaines et caraïbes 44, no. 2 (April 29, 2019): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2019.1599586.

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5

Schneider, Elena. "African Slavery and Spanish Empire." Journal of Early American History 5, no. 1 (April 6, 2015): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00501002.

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This article traces a philosophical shift that opened the door to a new departure in eighteenth-century Spanish empire: a newly emerging sense that the slave trade and African slavery were essential to the wealth of nations. Contextualizing this ideological reconfiguration within mid-eighteenth century debates, this article draws upon the works of political economists and royal councilors in Madrid and puts them in conversation with the words and actions of individuals in and from Cuba, including people of African descent themselves. Because of the central place of the island in eighteenth-century imperial rivalry and reform, as well as its particular demographic situation, Cuba served as a catalyst for these debates about the place of African slavery and the transatlantic slave trade in Spanish empire. Ultimately, between the mid-eighteenth century and the turn of the nineteenth, this new mode of thought would lead to dramatic transformations in the institution of racial slavery and Spanish imperial political economy.

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6

Flynn, Dennis O., and Arturo Giráldez. "China and the Spanish Empire." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 14, no. 2 (September 1996): 309–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900006066.

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RESUMENEn este artículo argumentamos que Ming China desempeñó un papel fundamental en el auge y decadencia del Imperio español. La demanda china de plata permitió elevados beneficios hasta 1640. El descenso de estos beneficios llevó a la reducción de la producción y la Monarquía se enfrentó a una grave crisis financiera. La consecuencia fue una presión fiscal creciente con objeto de compensar la pérdida de los ingresos externos procedentes de América.

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7

Dillehay, Tom, and Kathleen Deagan. "The Spanish quest for Empire." Antiquity 66, no. 250 (March 1992): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00081126.

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Observance of the Columbus Quincentenary has greatest relevance when focused on historical processes at a global scale. Nevertheless, American events and circumstances of the contact period have not received from archaeologists the attention given to the more pre-Hispanic Aztec and Inca.The 16th-century efforts of Spain, and other western European powers, to extend empire overseas into the Americas led to a frontier-state expansion and confrontation among vastly different cultures. Colliding with each other and with powerful indigenous societies, the Spanish established the most extensive empire in the New World (FIGURE 1). The outcome shaped the destiny of America, Spain and the world.

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8

Mehl, Eva Maria. "Nuns Navigating the Spanish Empire." Hispanic American Historical Review 99, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-7370368.

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9

Allen, Heather. "Nuns Navigating the Spanish Empire." Letras Femeninas 43, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/letrfeme.43.2.0212.

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10

Brownrigg-Gleeson, José. "Fighting an Empire for the Good of the Empire?" Radical History Review 2022, no. 143 (May 1, 2022): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9566076.

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Abstract This article traces Irish responses to the crisis of the Hispanic monarchy (1808–25) and the struggle for sovereignty in Spanish America, comparing reactions in Ireland to those of the Irish diasporic community in the United States. It argues that although the Irish were overwhelmingly sympathetic to the cause of the insurgents in Spanish America, their support took different forms and meanings. Whereas contemporaries in Ireland saw the benefits of Spanish American independence for the prosperity and security of the British Empire, Irish radical exiles in New York or Philadelphia viewed the struggle as an opportunity to emphasize the validity of revolutionary and republican principles across the New World. In stressing the relevance of the geopolitical context and of transnational interactions to the development of contradicting imperial and anticolonial views, the article moves beyond prevailing narratives of military involvement and highlights the richness of the Irish experience of the Age of Revolutions.

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11

Macinnes, Allan I., and Jean-François Dunyach. "Introduction: Enlightenment and Empire." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 38, no. 1 (May 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2018.0230.

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The Enlightenment is here located in the global transmission of goods, people and ideas. The Scottish participation in Empires is explored through four distinctive themes. The first scrutinises how Whig and Jacobite perspectives on Enlightenment affected Scottish engagement with the British and other Empires. The second relates to the impact of Enlightenment thinking on the reputed decline of Spanish Empire on Scottish commercial access to Latin America. The third deals with enlightened critiques of Empire that were not necessarily sustained by observation and practical experience. The fourth explores through case studies the application of Enlightenment in North America and India. Most of the contributions were primarily given as papers to the Eighteenth Century Scottish Studies Society Conference held in Paris Sorbonne in July 2013 with the Adam Smith Society and the Centre Roland Mousnier (Sorbonne) on ‘Scotland, Europe and Empire in the Age of Adam Smith and Beyond’. This volume is published with the financial support of the Centre Roland Mousnier, Sorbonne University.

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12

Rodríguez Lago, José Ramón. "From the Ruins of Empire." Journal of Religion in Africa 52, no. 3-4 (September 7, 2022): 421–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340237.

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Abstract After Spain lost its overseas territories, Spanish priests increased their presence in Africa. From an analysis of the bibliography and the press of the time as well as of the different documents issued by the nunciature of Madrid, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, and the Secretariat of State of the Vatican, it is possible to draw some significant conclusions about the evolution of Spanish missions in the Protectorate of Morocco and Spanish Guinea in the four decades that separate the so-called Disaster and the propagandistic myth of the Crusade represented by Francoists – and Africanists – during the civil war.

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Rodriguez Lago, José Ramón. "From the Ruins of Empire." Journal of Religion in Africa 52, no. 1-2 (June 3, 2022): 80–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340227.

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Abstract After Spain lost its overseas territories, Spanish priests increased their presence in Africa. From an analysis of the bibliography and the press of the time as well as of the different documents issued by the nunciature of Madrid, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and the Secretariat of State of the Vatican, it is possible to draw some significant conclusions about the evolution of Spanish missions in the Protectorate of Morocco and Spanish Guinea in the four decades which separate the so-called Disaster and the propagandistic myth of the Crusade represented by Francoists – and Africanists – during the Civil War.

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14

Crawford, Matthew James. "Domesticating Empire: Enlightenment in Spanish America." Hispanic American Historical Review 96, no. 3 (July 26, 2016): 567–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-3601766.

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15

Chalcraft, Tony. "The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia." Reference Reviews 31, no. 2 (February 20, 2017): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr-01-2017-0005.

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16

Haralambos Symeonidis. "Spanish and Empire (review)." Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies 12, no. 1 (2009): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hcs.0.0013.

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17

Barbón, María S. "Domesticating Empire: Enlightenment in Spanish America." Colonial Latin American Review 24, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 446–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10609164.2015.1096461.

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18

Pharies, David. "Spanish and Empire (review)." Hispanófila 154, no. 1 (2009): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hsf.2009.0014.

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19

McClure, Julia. "The Charitable Bonds of the Spanish Empire: the Casa De Contratación as an Institution of Charity." New Global Studies 12, no. 2 (August 28, 2018): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ngs-2018-0026.

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Abstract In the sixteenth century Spain developed Europe’s first global empire, an empire underpinned by the beliefs and structures of Catholicism, and driven by pursuits of God and of gold. The Casa de Contratación became the commercial and administrative hub of the Spanish Empire, a position which made it an important node in the network of the charitable spiritual economy. This article will show that charity was an important part of the daily business of the Casa de Contratación and that this charity was important to the fabric of the Spanish Empire in three ways. Firstly, charity is a mechanism for maintaining social order and the crown used the Casa de Contratación to give a benevolent face to empire and prevent unrest. Secondly, the bonds of charity were at the foundation of Christian communities, and by administering long-range charity the Casa de Contratación helped to maintain these communities across the empire, forming the new global Catholic communities of the Spanish Empire. Thirdly, the Casa de Contratación provided a legal framework for people within the empire to claim that they were poor and access resources by requesting different types of charity.

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20

Palerm-Viqueira, Jacinta. "A comparative history, from the 16th to 20th centuries, of irrigation water management in Spain, Mexico, Chile, Mendoza (Argentina) and Peru." Water Policy 12, no. 6 (March 24, 2010): 779–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.110.

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This paper explores the long-term development of irrigation system management, and looks at the influence of legislation, irrigation system size, scalar stress and polarized land tenure in the existence and success of self-management. The case studies are drawn from regions of the former Spanish Empire. Hispanic America, between the 16th and early 19th centuries, as part of the Spanish Empire, had a common legal framework; however, in the 19th and early 20th centuries (after the break up of the Spanish Empire), new and diverse country-based legislation developed and, in some cases, this new legislation favoured self-management.

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21

Mumford, Jeremy. "The Taki Onqoy and the Andean Nation: Sources and Interpretations." Latin American Research Review 33, no. 1 (1998): 150–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100035792.

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In the 1530s, a handful of Spaniards conquered an immense Andean empire. Thirty years later, some Andean subjects of what was by then an immense Spanish empire resolved not to worship the Spaniards' God. Their resistance was associated with a Quechua ritual phrase, “Taki Onqoy,” usually translated literally as “disease of the dance.” This movement was suppressed rapidly by Spanish authority and left no traces except in a few Spanish documents.

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22

GASCH-TOMÁS, JOSÉ L. "GLOBALISATION, MARKET FORMATION AND COMMODITISATION IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE. CONSUMER DEMAND FOR ASIAN GOODS IN MEXICO CITY AND SEVILLE, C. 1571-1630." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 32, no. 2 (August 26, 2014): 189–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261091400010x.

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ABSTRACTThis article aims to shed light on the process and mechanisms through which Asian manufactured goods (Chinese silk and porcelain, among others) were commoditised and how markets for such goods were formed in the Spanish Empire. After the opening of the Manila Galleon route in 1571 supply of and demand for Asian goods grew in the Spanish Empire, but retail means of supply of such goods were scantly developed. The article offers an econometric model which, when applied to data on a sample of probate inventories of elites of Mexico City and Seville, determines the influence of belonging to private, familial global networks in consumer demand expansion for Asian manufactures throughout the Spanish Empire.

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23

Domínguez, Freddy C. "Ireland and the Spanish Empire, 1600–1825." International History Review 33, no. 2 (June 2011): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2011.592300.

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24

Loureiro, Angel G. "Spanish nationalism and the ghost of empire." Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies 4, no. 1 (March 2003): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1463620032000058686.

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25

Ruiz, Bernat. "The Fall of the Spanish Publishing Empire." Logos 26, no. 1 (June 16, 2015): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878-4712-11112059.

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26

Grafe, Regina. "Empires of Charity: Imperial Legitimacy and Profitable Charity in Colonial Spanish America." New Global Studies 12, no. 2 (August 28, 2018): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ngs-2018-0027.

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Abstract This article investigates the institutionalization and the practices of charity that sustained imperial rule in the early modern Spanish Empire. The article proposes that the polycentric Spanish Empire of the 16th to 18th centuries faced a fundamental challenge in terms of justifying the extension of power beyond its original territory of legitimization through custom and (invented) history. This challenge was dealt with through recourse to an ideology of good governance in corporate society. It institutionalized differences across race/caste, urban/rural, professional, gender and other categories in collectives that held part of a layered and fragmented sovereignty. But unlike its modern successor empires and nation states, it did not have to rely systematically on the essentialization of difference. Thus, good governance could legitimize the extension of hegemony beyond the original territory of political legitimization and charity played a central role in this. A material caritative complex sui generis linked the moral economy of charity, which legitimized local elites, with their own financing needs and those of the imperial polity via the financial acumen of religious and charitable institutions.

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27

Gabriel, Lisa-Marie. "Neuzeitliche Kolonialismen: Das Kolonialreich Spanien. Der Aufstieg des spanischen Kolonialreiches an der Wende zur Frühen Neuzeit." historia.scribere, no. 8 (June 14, 2016): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.8.476.

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The following seminar-paper deals with the early modern colonialism by the example of the Spanish Empire. In this context the paper works on the question how and why the formerly small kingdom Castile-Aragón was successful in conquering the so called ‘new world’ and as a result in establishing one of the largest empires from global extent in world history from the 15th to the 16th century. Therefor the paper examines the conditions on the Iberian Peninsula at that time as well as the backgrounds of the oversea-conquest, including the impact on the indigenous population, to finally clarify the question of how the spanish colonialism was designed.

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28

Prakke, Lucas. "On the rise and Decline of the Monarchical Principle: Constitutional Vicissitudes in Spain and Germany." European Constitutional Law Review 6, no. 2 (June 2010): 268–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019610200068.

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Nation-state formation – Holy Roman Empire – Dissolution and realignment – Spain, fragmented – Reconquista – Charles V – Wars of succession – Centralisation under house of Bourbon – Napoleon – Spanish war of independence – History of the Cortes – Constitution of Cádiz – Weakness of Spanish Constitutionalism – German Confederation – Monarchical principle in Vienna Final Act – Old and new ideas of sovereignty – Metternich and fear of revolution – March revolution – Bismarckian empire as constitutional monarchy – Degeneration of the Reich – Exit the Kings – Enter Juan Carlos

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29

Skowronek, Russell K. "End of the Empire: The Spanish Philippines and Puerto Rico in the Nineteenth Century." Itinerario 21, no. 2 (July 1997): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511530002283x.

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AbstractAs we pass the Quincentennial of the founding of the Spanish empire we stand within two years of marking the centennial of its demise in Asia and the New World in 1998. In recent years, much research has focused on the changes wrought on indigenous populations at the time of initial contact, but little consideration has been given to the material legacy of this empire. This study will examine the material aspects of two Spanish colonies, the Philippines and Puerto Rico at the end of nearly four centuries of Spanish colonization. Archaeological evidence from the two colonies is compared and contextualised within the economic order of the nineteenth century in order to better evaluate the nature of the physical manifestation of late Spanish colonialism.

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Schmidt-Nowara, Christopher. "The Specter of Las Casas: José Antonio Saco and the Persistence of Spanish Colonialism in Cuba." Itinerario 25, no. 2 (July 2001): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300008846.

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The empire of absolutist Spain haunted the debates over the empire of liberal Spain. To take one example, José Arias y Miranda, an unemployed civil servant who would later work as the librarian for the Ministerio de Ultramar (Overseas Ministry), responded to the Real Academia de la Historia's query on the effects of the American empire on Spain's economy and society in words that would have been familiar to a seventeenth-century arbitrista. After reviewing America's drain on the sparse Spanish population and the corrupting effects of gold, silver, and land on Spanish work habits, Arias y Miranda concluded ‘that America was […] the determining cause of Spain's decadence’.

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31

Shacillo, Vyacheslav. "Russian Diplomacy and the USA’s Seizure of the Phillipine Islands." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021545-8.

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The article examines the main aspects of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire concerning the seizure of the Philippine Islands by the United States during the Spanish-American War of 1898. This event did not affect the vital interests of the Russian Empire and Russia during this war avoided taking any steps that could damage the friendly relations with the United States. On the other hand, while pursuing an active foreign policy in the Pacific region in those years, St. Petersburg feared the strengthening of the positions of the British and German Empires in the Far East. That is why the seizure of the Philippine Archipelago by the United States Russian diplomacy met with understanding and this step did not cause any objections in Saint Petersburg.

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32

González Martínez, Nelson. "Mail concessions for a global empire: correos mayores in the Spanish Empire in America (1514-1620)." Fronteras de la Historia 27, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 283–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.22380/20274688.2328.

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The nature of mail concessions awarded to private parties in order to enable the distribution of information within the Spanish Empire in the sixteenth century is examined. I propose the hypothesis that several versions of mail concessions coexisted within the Spanish Empire. Likewise, I question the notion that these mail concessions were intended to gain monopoly control. The analysis concentrates on correos mayores, through which contracts were negotiated and entered into with the crown for the rights to distribute correspondence in several communication epicenters. By means of a comparison between the situations in Sevilla, the Royal Court, Mexico, and Guatemala, the article shows that “gifts” by various means, as well as auctions, were the main models for allocating mail concessions.

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33

De Vos, Paula S. "Research, Development, and Empire: State Support of Science in the Later Spanish Empire*." Colonial Latin American Review 15, no. 1 (June 2006): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10609160600607432.

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34

Hagler, Anderson. "Idolatry and the Construction of the Spanish Empire." Ethnohistory 68, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-8802038.

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35

Vitulli, Juan. "Idolatry and the Construction of the Spanish Empire." Calíope 27, no. 1 (April 2022): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/caliope.27.1.0122.

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36

Church, Donna. "Book Review: The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia." Reference & User Services Quarterly 57, no. 1 (October 9, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.57.1.6462.

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Although a small, fractured kingdom during the fifteenth century, Spain’s interest in exploration and expanding resources led to a more unified kingdom and later the largest Empire in the world. This early history has shaped the world significantly. The exchange of foods, animals, and natural resources throughout the world, the introduction of diseases to new territories, and the blending of indigenous and European cultures continues to shape our world in unique ways.

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37

Koskenniemi, Martti. "EMPIRE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE REAL SPANISH CONTRIBUTION." University of Toronto Law Journal 61, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utlj.61.1.001.

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38

Greene, Nathanael. "Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire, 1402–1975." History: Reviews of New Books 21, no. 1 (July 1992): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1992.9950708.

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39

Fuchs, Barbara, and Yuen-Gen Liang. "A FORGOTTEN EMPIRE: THE SPANISH-NORTH AFRICAN BORDERLANDS." Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies 12, no. 3 (September 2011): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636204.2011.658695.

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40

Payne, Stanley G., and Sebastian Balfour. "The End of the Spanish Empire, 1898-1923." Journal of Military History 62, no. 2 (April 1998): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120743.

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41

Burkholder, Mark A., and James S. Olson. "Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire, 1402-1975." Hispanic American Historical Review 72, no. 4 (November 1992): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516668.

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42

Torodash, Martin, and Ursula Lamb. "Cosmographers and Pilots of the Spanish Maritime Empire." Hispanic American Historical Review 77, no. 3 (August 1997): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516715.

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Burkholder, Mark A. "Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire, 1402-1975." Hispanic American Historical Review 72, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-72.4.600.

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Torodash, Martin. "Cosmographers and Pilots of the Spanish Maritime Empire." Hispanic American Historical Review 77, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 486–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-77.3.486.

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45

Holler, Jacqueline. "Sarah E. Owens. Nuns Navigating the Spanish Empire." American Historical Review 124, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 622–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz149.

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46

Duggan, Marie Christine. "With and Without an Empire." Pacific Historical Review 85, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 23–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2016.85.1.23.

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Conventional wisdom has it that, in the eighteenth century, California’s mission Indians labored without recompense to support the Spanish military and other costs of imperial administration. This article challenges this conventional wisdom, arguing that it was not until the Spanish empire unraveled in the nineteenth century that Indians labored at missions with little compensation. Spain stopped subsidizing California in 1810, at which point the systematic non-payment of Christian Indians for goods supplied to the California military was implemented as an emergency measure. In 1825, independent Mexico finally sent a new governor to California, but military payroll was never reinstated in its entirety. Not surprisingly, most accounts of military confrontation between California Indians and combined mission/military forces date from the 1810 to 1824 period. By investigating an underutilized source—account books of exports and imports for four missions—the article explores two issues: first, the processes of cooptation inside missions up to 1809, and secondly, the way that Spain’s cessation of financing in 1810 affected the relationship with Indians.

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Prado, Fabrício. "Trans-Imperial Networks in the Crisis of the Spanish Monarchy: The Rio de Janeiro-Montevideo Connection, 1778–1805." Americas 73, no. 2 (April 2016): 211–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2016.37.

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The late eighteenth century brought deep changes to the Atlantic World. Imperial competition, warfare, revolutions and a general increase in transatlantic commerce changed the balance of power among European empires and their overseas territories. The Spanish empire in particular faced multiple challenges, especially intermittent warfare and economic crises, which many historians regard as having paved the way for the Spanish American independence movements after 1808. Warfare in Europe and in the Atlantic weakened Spain's economy and its control over trade and administration in its American territories. Military conflicts in the 1790s and 1800s disrupted the commercial routes connecting the Peninsula and the colonies, forcing the opening of the colonial economies to foreign agents. Because of the perils faced by Spanish vessels crossing the Atlantic, the Castilian crown allowed colonial merchants to trade directly with foreign neutral nations. Apart from legal commerce, contraband trade also flourished.

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48

Grafe, Regina, and Maria Alejandra Irigoin. "The Spanish Empire and its legacy: fiscal redistribution and political conflict in colonial and post-colonial Spanish America." Journal of Global History 1, no. 2 (July 2006): 241–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022806000155.

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The comparative history of the Americas has been used to identify factors determining longterm economic growth. One approach, new institutional economics (NIE), claims that the colonial origins of respective institutional structures explain North American success and Spanish American failure. Another argues that differences in resources encountered by Europeans fostered divergent levels of equality impacting on institutions and growth. This paper challenges the theoretical premises and historical evidence of both views offering a historicized, statistically and economically validated explanation for the institutional and economic development of Spanish America. First, it revises the structure of the fiscal system challenging the characterization of Spain as an absolutist ruler. Secondly, an analysis of fiscal data at regional levels assesses the performance of the Imperial state. It shows the existence of massive revenue redistribution within the colonies, disputing the notion of a predatory extractive empire based on endowments as the source of original inequality. Finally, we discuss how a contingent event, the imprisonment of the Spanish king in 1808, contributed to the disintegration of a 300-year-old empire. The crisis of legitimacy in the empire turned fiscal interdependence between regions into beggar-thy-neighbour strategies and internecine conflict. We conclude by arguing for a reversal of the causality from weak institutions causing economic failure to fiscal (and economic) failure leading to political instability.

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Li, Qingya, and Xiaojia Zang. "A Study on Empire Consciousness in The Plague." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 8, no. 1 (March 2022): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2022.8.1.321.

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The Plague written by Camus tells the story of fighting against the plague. The anti-epidemic organizations gathered around the hero, Dr. Rieux struggle against the plague during the closure of Oran. Throughout the story, whether it’s the process from the occurrence of plague to the real confirmation, or the process of the anti-epidemic teams being organized, the indigenous inhabitants of Oran City—the Arabs are all marginalized objects and silent “others”. In addition, the Arab lands are full of French-style life and management methods, and Spanish-style building. These are the revelation of Camus's deep-rooted imperial consciousness.

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De Vito, Christian G. "Punitive Entanglements: Connected Histories of Penal Transportation, Deportation, and Incarceration in the Spanish Empire (1830s-1898)." International Review of Social History 63, S26 (June 11, 2018): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859018000275.

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AbstractThis article features a connected history of punitive relocations in the Spanish Empire, from the independence of Spanish America to the “loss” of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines in 1898. Three levels of entanglement are highlighted here: the article looks simultaneously at punitive flows stemming from the colonies and from the metropole; it brings together the study of penal transportation, administrative deportation, and military deportation; and it discusses the relationship between punitive relocations and imprisonment. As part of this special issue, foregrounding “perspectives from the colonies”, I start with an analysis of the punitive flows that stemmed from the overseas provinces. I then address punishment in the metropole through the colonial lens, before highlighting the entanglements of penal transportation and deportation in the nineteenth-century Spanish Empire as a whole.

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