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Irimia, Monica Alexandrina, and Anna Pineda. "Differential object marking and Scales: insights from diachrony." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 4, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v4i1.4561.
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This paper addresses a generally ignored counterexample to the Scales, comparing Old Catalan and Old Romanian on the one hand to Old Spanish on the other hand. Contrary to widely assumed marking hierarchies, Old Catalan/Old Romanian 3rd person pronouns show differential object marking, to the exclusion of or to a higher degree than 1st/2nd persons. We propose these patterns can be straightforwardly derived once we pin down micro-parameters in the composition of Romance DPs and the consequences various types of perspectival/sentience features have on the syntactic licensing of arguments.
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Oleart, Oriol. "From Legal Compilations to Legal Codes: A Catalan Legal History Approach (18th–20th Centuries)." International Journal of Legal Information 42, no. 1 (2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500028225.
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This contribution deals with the evolution of the traditional Catalan legal system after the end of the Spanish War of Succession (early 18th-Century) up to the late 20th-Century. It shows how the traditional Catalan legal system survived and evolved through the end of the Old Regime to the 19th-Century constitutional system, and focuses on the traditional Catalan legal system (and law compilations) that survives beside the brand new Spanish Civil code, along with other Spanish existing regional legal regulations (due to historical surviving legal systems from pre-existing kingdoms).
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Elsig, Martin. "New insights into an old form: A variationist analysis of the pleonastic possessive in Guatemalan Spanish." Language Variation and Change 29, no. 2 (July 2017): 157–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394517000114.
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AbstractRomance languages differ as regards the adjectival or article-like status of prenominal possessives. While in Italian, Portuguese, Catalan, and Old Spanish, they pattern like adjectives and co-occur with articles, and in French and Modern Spanish, they compete with the latter for the same structural position. The different distribution of possessives is claimed to reflect distinct stages on a grammaticalization cline (Alexiadou, 2004). This paper focuses on a variety of Central American Spanish where the Old Spanish co-occurrence of an (indefinite) article and a possessive in the prenominal domain has been maintained (as in una mi amiga ‘a my friend’). Based on a variationist study of interview data extracted from the Project for the Sociolinguistic Study of Spanish for Spain and America (PRESEEA) Guatemala corpus, I will argue that it is indeed the indefinite article that shows signs of retarded grammaticalization. Yet, rather than extending to the variety as a whole, this retardation is context-specific.
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SÁNCHEZ, LAURA. "L2 activation and blending in third language acquisition: Evidence of crosslinguistic influence from the L2 in a longitudinal study on the acquisition of L3 English." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 2 (August 14, 2014): 252–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000091.
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This paper reports the findings of a four-year longitudinal study that examined the role of prior linguistic knowledge on the written L3 production of 93 Spanish/Catalan learners. Two research questions guided the study: the first asked whether a background language (L1s Spanish/Catalan, L2 German) would activate in parallel with L3 English during word construction attempts involving verbal forms, and if so, which would be the source language of blending. The second addressed the progressive readjustments of L2 activation and blending in the course of the first 200 hours of instruction. The elicitation technique was a written narrative based on a story telling task. Data were collected first when the learners were on average 9.9 years old (T1), and again at the ages of 10.9 (T2), 11.9 (T3) and 12.9 (T4). The focus of analysis was on word construction attempts that involved verbal forms. The results suggest that a background language, the L2, did indeed activate, especially at early stages of L3 acquisition.
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Garachana. "The History of the Spanish Preposition Mediante. Beyond the Theory of Grammaticalization." Languages 4, no. 2 (April 25, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4020026.
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The most generally accepted diachrony of mediante assumes a grammaticalization path that started in an absolute clause, which first evolved into a preposition, and later into conjunction. However, data reveals that its development is not connected to an evolution in terms of grammaticalization. Indeed, mediante was introduced in Spanish in the fourteenth century as a consequence of syntactic borrowing from Medieval Latin. More specifically, this borrowing entered Old Spanish through Aragonese and Catalan (languages spoken in the east of the Iberian Peninsula). Since its first examples, mediante has acted as a preposition, and its form, connected to present participles, would give texts a cultured and Latinising air that was well-suited to the rhetorical guidelines of the European Renaissance and pre-Renaissance. Thus, this paper shows that the writer and rhetorical rules have become a key factor in the evolution of grammar.
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Hann, John H. "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries." Americas 46, no. 4 (April 1990): 417–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006866.
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The early European presence in California and in the American Southwest in general is identified with missions. Although missions were equally important in Spanish Florida and at an earlier date, the average American does not associate missions with Florida or Georgia. Indeed, as David Hurst Thomas observed in a recent monograph on the archaeological exploration of a site of the Franciscan mission of Santa Catalina de Guale on Georgia's St. Catherines Island, the numerous missions of Spanish Florida have remained little known even in scholarly circles. And as Charles Hudson has noted, this ignorance or amnesia has extended to awareness of the native peoples who inhabited those Southeastern missions or were in contact with them, even though these aboriginal inhabitants of the Southeast “possessed the richest culture of any of the native people north of Mexico … by almost any measure.” Fortunately, as Thomas remarked in the above-mentioned monograph, “a new wave of interest in mission archaeology is sweeping the American Southeast.” This recent and ongoing work holds the promise of having a more lasting impact than its historical counterpart of a half-century or so ago in the work of Herbert E. Bolton, Fr. Maynard Geiger, OFM, Mary Ross, and John Tate Lanning. Over the fifty odd years since Lanning's Spanish Missions of Georgia appeared, historians and archaeologists have made significant contributions to knowledge about sites in Spanish Florida where missions or mission outstations and forts or European settlements were established. But to date no one has compiled a comprehensive listing from a historian's perspective of the mission sites among them to which one may turn for the total number of such establishments, their general location, time of foundation, length of occupation, moving, circumstances of their demise and the tribal affiliation of the natives whom they served. This catalog and its sketches attempt to meet that need.
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Batllo, J., and P. Bormann. "A Catalog of Old Spanish Seismographs." Seismological Research Letters 71, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 570–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.71.5.570.
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Bosch, Laura, and Marta Ramon-Casas. "First translation equivalents in bilingual toddlers’ expressive vocabulary." International Journal of Behavioral Development 38, no. 4 (June 4, 2014): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025414532559.
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Translation equivalents (TEs) characterize the lexicon of bilinguals from the early stages of acquisition, as reported in studies involving English and other languages in which most cross-language synonyms are dissimilar in phonological form. This research explores the emergence of TEs in Spanish-Catalan bilinguals who are acquiring two languages with many cognate words and thus languages with many cross-language synonyms with identical or similar phonological forms. Expressive vocabulary was obtained in two 18-month-old groups (monolingual and bilingual, N = 24 each) through parental report using a bilingual questionnaire. Four different vocabulary size measures were computed in bilinguals, correcting for different types of phonological overlap in words across their two languages. Bilinguals were found comparable to monolinguals in every measure except for Total Vocabulary Size (Spanish + Catalan words) in which they outscored monolinguals due to the high number of form-identical cross-language elements in their expressive vocabularies. Form-similar and dissimilar TEs accounted for less than 2% of the words produced and were only present in infants with larger vocabularies. Results support the hypothesis that phonological form proximity between words across bilinguals' two languages facilitates early lexical acquisition.
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BRITO, NATALIE H., NÚRIA SEBASTIÁN-GALLÉS, and RACHEL BARR. "Differences in Language Exposure and its Effects on Memory Flexibility in Monolingual, Bilingual, and Trilingual Infants." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 4 (November 11, 2014): 670–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000789.
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Bilingual advantages in memory flexibility, indexed using a memory generalization task, have been reported (Brito & Barr, 2012; 2014), and the present study examines what factors may influence memory performance. The first experiment examines the role of language similarity; bilingual 18-month-old infants exposed to two similar languages (Spanish–Catalan) or two more different (English–Spanish) languages were tested on a memory generalization task and compared to monolingual 18-month-olds. The second experiment compares performance by trilingual 18-month-olds to monolingual and bilingual infants’ performance from the first experiment. The bilingual advantage in memory flexibility was robust; both bilingual groups outperformed the monolingual groups, with no significant differences between bilingual groups. Interestingly, an advantage was not found for infants exposed to three languages. These findings demonstrate early emerging differences in memory flexibility, and have important implications for our understanding of how early environmental variations shape the trajectory of memory development.
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Mendes, Joseane Elza Tonussi, Kjell Nikus, Raimundo Barbosa-Barros, and Andrés Ricardo Pérez-Riera. "The numerous denominations of the Brugada syndrome and proposal about how to put an end to an old controversy - a historical-critical perspective." Journal of Human Growth and Development 30, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 480–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v30.11118.
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Backgroung: The eponymous Brugada Syndrome (BrS) in honor of its discovery as an independent entity by the Spanish/ Catalan Brugada brothers, Pedro and Josep, has deserved numerous denominations derived mainly from the clinical genotype/phenotype correlation. The purpose of this manuscript is to present and analyze the nomenclatures that this intriguing and challenging syndrome has received over the past 28 years. We also compared the main features between cases from the first report of the Brugada brothers and an article by Martini et al. The nomenclatures used by these authors are closely linked to the BrS, but the cases (except one) presented in the article by Martini et al do not present the type 1 Brugada ECG pattern, which is mandatory for the diagnosis of BrS.
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Bigné, Enrique, Carla Ruiz, and Silvia Sanz. "Key Drivers of Mobile Commerce Adoption. An Exploratory Study of Spanish Mobile Users." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer2020013.
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Despite dramatic differences between non-store shoppers were discovered, very limited research has been conducted to examine them. This paper analyses the background of M-commerce and key drivers of future Mcommerce decision among Spanish mobile users. Our objective is two-fold: (1) to determine the influence of relations with the Mobile (frequency of Mobile use, length of Mobile use and Mobile affinity), demographics, non-store shopping previous experience (mail, catalogue, Television and Internet) and attitude to M-commerce and its influence on the M-commerce decision and (2) to identify key drivers of future M-commerce intention. We examined data from 606 personal interviews given to Spanish mobile users (270 Mobile shoppers and 336 non Mobile-shoppers) over 14 years old. Data analysis shows that age, attitude towards M-commerce, Internet shopping previous experience and relations with the Mobile (frequency, length of Mobile use and Mobile affinity) are the main predictors of M-commerce decision while age, length of Mobile use, Mobile affinity, consumer attitude towards M-commerce and previous M-commerce experience are the most relevant factors influencing future M-commerce intention. Based on these empirical results this research enables companies to know the key drivers influencing M-commerce adoption and, therefore, what aspects to highlight in their marketing strategies.
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Pruttskov, Grigory, and Igor Govriakov. "The Catalans National Identity Through the Prism of Science-Based Journalism: a Bibliography Study." Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 9, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 700–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2020.9(4).700-712.
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In the context of the recent years’ events, the problem of Catalonia’s national identity is relevant not only for Spain but for Europe in general. The long-lasting academic debate between supporters of Catalonia’s independence and those who advocate its integration with the titular people of Spain has led to emergence of a large number of researches and journalistic works that analyze nationalism, inter-ethnic cooperation, public relations, features of propaganda and crowd manipulation, and other important issues. The article describes and analyzes the various approaches to studying the problem of the Catalans’ national identity, the dynamic of the thought and its national features in Spanish academic discourse in the period from early 2000s to the present. In that period, Spanish academic community formed several schools of thought focusing on the problem of national identity of particular regions. Although the schools have opposing views on the problem, they all take into account political, economic, social, cultural and linguistic factors that are able to generate scenarios of the nation’s development and face modern challenges. What makes the approaches different is interpretation of the ways and models of people unification, and analysis of the centuries-old traditions. The division of the research works on Catalan’s nationalism by the language criteria into Spanish-written and Catalan-written ones is almost equal. However, there is a stable trend to political or ideological biasing of academic texts, which results in them acquiring elements of journalistic style.
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del Valle, José. "La historificación de la lingüística histórica." Historiographia Linguistica 24, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1997): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.24.1-2.12val.
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Summary The main tenet of this article is that Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal’s (1869–1968) theoretical approach to the history of the language, as developed in his Manual de gramática histórica española (1904) and in Orígenes del español (1926), was a result not only of a highly original interpretation of the linguistic theories available to him and a need to improve their explanatory power, but also from an interplay between this theory and the ideological context from which it emerged. This ideological context, which I maintain is critical for the understanding of the full implications of Menéndez Pidal’s linguistic approach, has been assumed by traditional historiography to be outside the scope of linguistics. It is claimed here that the Spanish philologist’s scholarly accomplishments, justly praised by his disciples and hispanists in general, did not occur in a social vacuum, but were instead well entrenched in a specific intellectual, social, and historical context. Menéndez Pidal lived and worked in a period in which Spain, like other 19th-century liberal democracies, was building its identity as a nation-state. In this period, the construction of the Spanish nation was threatened by centrifugal forces (e.g., the articulation of Basque, Catalan, and Galician nationalisms) that challenged Spain’s unitary political and cultural identity. It is precisely against the backdrop of this socio-political landscape that Menéndez Pidal’s use of the neogrammarian model of convergence in the Manual, his scrupulous philological examination of old documents in Orígenes is interpreted – which, for him, offered proof of Castile’s destiny as the leading force in the history of Spain, including his integrative reworking of the phonetic law converting it into a means by which to perceive the unity underlying dialectal variation.
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Pons, Ferran, and David J. Lewkowicz. "Infant perception of audiovisual synchrony in fluent speech." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646587.
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It is known that perception of audio–visual (A–V) temporal relations is affected by the type of stimulus used. This includes differences in A–V temporal processing of speech and non-speech events and of native vs. non-native speech. Similar differences have been found early in life, but no studies have investigated infant response to A–V temporal relations in fluent speech. Extant studies (Lewkowicz, 2010) investigating infant response to isolated syllables have found that infants can detect an A–V asynchrony (auditory leading visual) of 666 ms but not lower. Here, we investigated infant response to A–V asynchrony in fluent speech and whether linguistic experience plays a role in responsiveness. To do so, we tested 24 monolingual Spanish-learning and 24 monolingual Catalan-learning 8-month-old infants. First, we habituated the infants to an audiovisually synchronous video clip of a person speaking in Spanish and then tested them in separate test trials for detection of different degrees of A–V asynchrony (audio preceding video by 366, 500 or 666 ms). We found that infants detected A–V asynchronies of 666 and 500 ms and that they did so regardless of linguistic background. Thus, compared to previous results from infant studies with isolated audiovisual syllables, here we found that infants are more sensitive to A–V temporal relations inherent in fluent speech. Furthermore, given that responsiveness to non-native speech narrows during the first year of life, the absence of a language effect suggests that perceptual narrowing of A–V synchrony detection has not completed by 8 months of age.
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Sheehan, Michelle. "The Development of Exceptional Case Marking in Romance with a Particular Focus on French." Probus 32, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 367–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2020-0002.
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AbstractThis paper traces the development of so-called Exceptional Case Marking (ECM) under perception, permissive and causative verbs in Romance. Synchronically, we can observe various patterns in the distribution of ECM complements under these verbs. In Portuguese and Spanish, ECM is often possible under all permissive and causative verbs, whereas in French, Catalan and Italian it is usually restricted to perception and permissive verbs. A detail that has not been much discussed is the fact that, for many speakers, ECM with a given verb is often restricted to contexts in which the embedded ‘subject’ is a clitic. Some speakers of Modern French display this pattern with the verb faire ‘make’, for example (Abeillé, Anne, Danièle Godard & Philip Miller. 1997. Les causatives en français : Un cas de compétition syntaxique. Langue Française 115. 62–74. https://doi.org/10.3406/lfr.1997.6222). In this paper, I claim that laisser ‘let’ probably also displayed this pattern in Middle French. In Old French, however, what appears to be the opposite pattern is observed. Following (Pearce, Elizabeth. 1990. Parameters in Old French syntax: Infinitival complements. Dordrecht: Kluwer), I attribute this to the morphological variability of dative case in Old French. I propose a case-based analysis of the clitic ECM pattern, whereby ECM complements in Romance are phases unlike clause union complements (see Sheehan, Michelle & Sonia Cyrino. 2018. Why do some ECM verbs resist passivisation? A phase-based explanation. In Sherry Hucklebridge & Max Nelson (eds.), Proceedings of NELS 48 (vol 3), 81–90. University of Massachusetts). Where such complements are embedded under light verbs, the Phase Impenetrability Condition (Chomsky, Noam. 2001. Derivation by phase. In Michael Kenstowicz (ed.), Ken hale: A life in language, 1–52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) prevents accusative case from being assigned to the lower subject except in instances of cliticization. When the matrix verb is reanalysed as a full verb, however, v becomes the case-assigning head and so ECM becomes generally available, regardless of the clitic/non-clitic status of the causee.
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Orlov, A. A. "FEATURES OF PRE-ROMAN HISTORY OF SPAIN AND MODERN TIME: WHERE ARE SOURCES OF SEPARATISM?" MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(31) (August 28, 2013): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-4-31-177-186.
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Presently in collective consciousness there was a steady perception of Spain as the safe state entering into group of the countries, being a support of the European integration. The impression was made that Spain, despite difficulties of its historical development, at last found the national identity, having created from regions and national lands making it the new multicultural community fastened in a whole by a tolerant, educated and authoritative monarchy. However the world economic crisis which has begun in 2008 destroyed the Spanish idyll, having aggravated old and having generated new contradictions. Traditionally painful problem for Spain was existence of centrifugal tendencies at the heart of which two main reasons lay: manifestations of the nationalism peculiar to those areas where Catalan, Basque and Galician nationalities historically lived, and a regionalism caused by aspiration of local elite to bigger distance from Madrid. Considering features of pre-Roman history of Spain, the author seeks to understand, whether sources of modern separatism can originate in an extreme antiquity. Following the results of research the conclusion is drawn that most boldly "link of times" is traced on the example of Basques, the part of which intellectual elite seeks to use features of origin and historical development of these people for a reinforcement of current nationalist and separatist trends. The author considers that the history has to serve as the bridge between the people, instead of put up between them a new wall.
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Gras, Airy, Teresa Garnatje, Jon Marín, Montse Parada, Ester Sala, Marc Talavera, and Joan Vallès. "The Power of Wild Plants in Feeding Humanity: A Meta-Analytic Ethnobotanical Approach in the Catalan Linguistic Area." Foods 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010061.
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Wild food plants (WFP) have always been present in our kitchen, although they have not always been given the same importance as crops. In the Catalan linguistic area (CLA), covered in this paper, WFP were of great importance as a subsistence food not only during the years of the Spanish civil war (1936–1939) and World War II (1939–1945), but also long before these periods and in the years thereafter. The CLA has been well studied at the level of traditional knowledge on plant biodiversity, and much of this information is collected in a database by the EtnoBioFiC research group. The aim of this work is to carry out a meta-analysis of the WFP dataset of the CLA (only regarding edible uses, drinks excluded) and to identify the most quoted plants, and the information associated with them. With data from 1659 informants, we recorded 10,078 use reports of 291 taxa (278 of which at specific or subspecific levels and 13 only determined at generic level) belonging to 67 families. The most reported taxa, also with highest cultural importance indexes, are Thymus vulgaris, Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum, Laurus nobilis, Rubus ulmifolius and Mentha spicata. The ethnobotanicity index for food plants is 6.62% and the informant consensus factor, also for food uses, is a very high 0.97, supporting the robustness of the information. The results provided and discussed in this work concern a significant part of the edible resources in the territory considered, which is, often and mainly, underestimated and underutilised. Its consideration could be an opportunity to promote closer and more sustainable agriculture. From the state-of-the-art of this question, it is possible to propose old, in some cases forgotten foods that could be newly introduced onto the market, first, but not only, at a local level, which could be interesting for new crop development in the frame of a valorisation of territorial identity.
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Münster, Irene, and Rita Saccal. "The Library of the Seminario Rabínico Latinoamericano (Latin-American Rabbinical Seminary)." Judaica Librarianship 9, no. 1 (December 31, 1995): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14263/2330-2976.1195.
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The history, organization, and current financial situation of the Library of the Seminario Rabínico Latinoamericano in Buenos Aires, Argentina, are described. Besides a card catalog for books, the Library maintains an analytical catalog for journals and collections. Sample entries from the two catalogs, as well as an excerpt from the authority list of Spanish subject headings, illustrate the paper.
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Orlov, A. "KEY PROBLEMS OF MODERN SPAIN." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-1-9-14.
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Adoption in 1978 of the new Constitution became a watershed between two Spains - old, dictatorial and modern, socially oriented, democratic. As a result of shown by leaders of the main political parties, labor unions and pragmatic part of the armed forces responsibility for the future of the country, the compromise solutions of a number of burning issues have been found that created necessary conditions for stable development of Spain for three next decades. Nevertheless over the years there were new problem knots which were distinctly shown during the financial and economic crisis 2008 which painfully struck across Spain, and the long-term depression which followed it. After the national elections to General Courts which took place on December 20, 2015 it became obvious that actually two-party system existing throughout the most part of the post-Franco period in Spain consigned to the past. It was succeeded by four-party system that excessively complicates process of formation of the stable government. In the practical plane there is a question of need to make changes into the existing Constitution of Spain (country federalization, fixing in the Fundamental law of the new civil and political rights and freedoms, revision of bases of an electoral system, reform of the Senate, etc.). The Catalan nationalism / separatism and corruption in the top echelons of power are distinguished from the burning issues of modern Spain. In article the conclusion is drawn that Spain faces a responsible choice today, on what way to go: or to continue the inertial movement on the route offered by the Spanish conservatives or to decide on changes, to initiate something similar to «the second transit» for what can call the left forces.
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Hunsucker, R. Laval. "Master’s Students in History Could Benefit from a Greater Library Sensitivity and Commitment to Interdisciplinarity, and from More Efficient Document Delivery." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 6, no. 3 (September 14, 2011): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8xk81.
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Objective – This study sought to determine the characteristics of research materials used by history students in preparing their master’s theses. Of which information resources formats did such students make use, and in what proportions? What was the age distribution of resources used? What was the dispersal over journal titles and over subject classification, i.e., the degree of interdisciplinarity? To what extent did the master’s students make use of non-English-language materials? To what extent did their institution’s library hold the resources in question?
The investigator was especially interested in finding quantitative support for what he terms two “hypotheses.” The first of these is that historical research depends to a high degree on monographs, journal articles being far less important to it than they are to research in, especially, the natural sciences and technology. The second is that the age distribution of resources important to historical research is much flatter and longer than that of resources upon which researchers in the natural sciences and technology rely.
Design – Citation analysis, supplemented with comprehensive catalogue searches.
Setting – Southern Connecticut State University (SCSU), a mid-sized public university located in New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Subjects – MA and MS theses (N=47) successfully submitted to the Department of History over the period from academic year 1998/1999 through academic year 2007/2008, inclusive.
Methods – The investigator initially identified the theses through a search of the online catalogue (“Consuls”) of the Connecticut State University system, and retrieved all of them in either electronic or hard-copy form. He then subjected all citations (N=3,498) listed in the references sections of these theses to an examination in order to identify for each cited resource the format, the age, the language, and, in the case of scholarly journal articles, the journal of publication. He carried out bibliographic searches in order to rectify any citations which he had noted to be faulty or incomplete. The study took no account of possible additional citations in footnotes or endnotes or in the text, and did not measure citation intensity (whether, for instance, a thesis referred only once, or perhaps many times, to a given resource). Duplicates “were ignored.” He furthermore performed systematic searches in Consuls and in the Library of Congress (LC) online catalogue in order to establish, insofar as possible, into which assigned LC Classification class each resource fell, and whether it belonged to the holdings of the SCSU library. “Holdings,” as used here, includes physical resources owned, as well as those resources to which the library has licensed access. Not marked as either “held” or “not held” were: resources available online without restriction or charge, items not identified in either Consuls or the LC catalogue, and all government documents. Ages of cited resources were calculated based on the edition or version date actually given in a student’s citation, without any consideration of a possible earlier date of the original version of the publication or document concerned.
Main Results – Format, age distribution, and journal frequency. The local citation analysis found that 53.2% of all cited resources were monographs, 7.8% were scholarly articles, 5.3% were contributed chapters in books, and 0.6% were dissertations or theses. Non-scholarly periodicals accounted for 15.7%, government documents for 6.7%, and freely available web documents for 4.1%. The remainder, approximately 6.5%, comprised archival papers, judicial documents, directories, interviews, posters, audiovisual materials, and 13 other formats. Cited resources, measured back from the date of acceptance of the citing thesis, ranged from 0 to 479 years old; the mode was 3 years, but the median was “25” (p. 170) or “26” (p. 177) years. Just over 70% (i.e., 2,500 cited resources) were more than ten years old. Almost one thousand of the cited resources were fifty or more years old. The 274 scholarly journal articles included in the references sections were spread over 153 distinct journal titles, of which 105 titles made only one appearance, and 136 titles three or fewer appearances. The mean was 1.8 appearances.
Subject dispersal and language. Of the 2,084 cited resources for which LC classification was locatable, 51.5% had a classification other than history, i.e., other than class C, D, E, or F. Nearly two thirds (66.0%) of the cited scholarly journal articles had appeared in journals with a focus other than history. (Note: table 4 is incorrect, precisely reversing the actual ratio.) Of all cited items, 98.5% were in the English language. Half (27) of the non-English-language resources cited were in Korean, all cited in the same thesis. Books (i.e., monographs plus compilations from which contributed chapters were cited) accounted for 87.0% of foreign-language citations. More than four fifths of the examined theses (83.0%) cited not a single non-English-language resource.
Local holdings. Of all 3,498 cited items, 3,022 could be coded as either “held” or “not held” by the SCSU library. Of the items so coded (not, as indicated on p. 180, of all cited items), scarcely two fifths (41.0%) belonged to the library’s holdings. The holdings percentage was highest (72.6%) for the 274 scholarly journal articles cited, followed by the 186 contributed chapters (50.0%), the 550 non-scholarly periodical items (49.5%), and the 1,861 monographs (46.8%). For other cited formats, the percentage was much lower, and in some cases, e.g., for the 55 archival and the 44 judicial documents, it was 0.0%. Of the 54 foreign-language resources cited, the institution’s library held only two.
Conclusion – The investigator concludes that his study’s findings do indeed lend quantitative support to his two “hypotheses.” This outcome will surprise few, if any, librarians; it is in accord with what Koenig (1978) long ago saw as a matter of “intuition” and “all conventional wisdom,” something that many subsequent studies have confirmed. Sherriff accordingly recommends, firstly, that collections which strive to support historical research should, in matters of acquisition policy and budget allocation, take serious account of that field’s relatively strong dependence on monographs. Secondly, the data on age distribution carry obvious implications for librarians’ decision-making on matters such as de-accessioning and weeding, relegation to remote storage, and retrospective acquisitions. This finding should also be considered, for instance, in connection with preservation policy and the maintaining of special collections. He even suggests that librarians “need to teach students the value of reviewing literature historically and showing them how to do so effectively” (p. 177).
Sherriff considers a number of further (tentative) conclusions to be warranted or suggested by the results of this study. First of all, that historical research is now characteristically an interdisciplinary matter, in the sense that it requires extensive access to information resources, including journals, which libraries have traditionally not classified as belonging to the discipline of history itself. For a library supporting such research, this phenomenon “has implications for matters including collection budgets, reference work, bibliographic instruction, and the location of collections and departmental libraries” (p. 168). It also means “that librarians working with history students and history collections need to be aware of the relevant resources in other disciplines. This can improve reference work, research assistance, and bibliographic instruction; it may also help the coordination of acquisitions across departmental lines” (p. 179). Secondly, one may conclude that “there is no ‘core’ collection of journals for history” (p. 178) which will be able to satisfy a large proportion of master’s students’ research needs. Thirdly, the fact that a library such as SCSU’s holds significantly less than half of what master’s students require for preparing their theses “may exercise a narrowing effect on students’ awareness of the existing literature on their topics” (p. 180), “increases the importance of departmental faculty, reference librarians, and subject specialist librarians drawing students’ attention to resources beyond the library’s catalogues and collections” (p. 180), and requires that the library give serious attention to effective document delivery arrangements. Finally, this study’s finding that only a small percentage of master’s students in history made use of non-English-language materials, but then in certain cases used them rather extensively (27 Korean items cited in one thesis, ten Italian in another, nine Spanish in yet another), suggests that acquisition, or at least proactive acquisition, of such materials needn’t be a priority, as long as, once again, the students concerned have easy access to efficient and affordable document delivery services. Sherriff does concede, however, that his finding could indicate “that students are unaware of relevant resources in other languages or are aware of them but lack the language skills necessary to use them” (p. 179).
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Canfield, Jane. "Not Just in English: Government Information in Other Languages." DttP: Documents to the People 47, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v47i2.7031.
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In a 1995 response letter to a request from Senator Richard Shelby to identify how many government documents are published in languages other than English, the General Accounting Office (GAO) identified 265 documents published from 1990 to 1994. Of those documents, 50 had been published by the Social Security Administration, and 83 percent were written in Spanish. Today, a quick search in the Catalog of Government Publications (CGP) identifies 7,047 documents in Spanish.
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Muntaner-Mas, Adrià, Josep Vidal-Conti, Jo Salmon, and Pere Palou-Sampol. "Associations of Heart Rate Measures during Physical Education with Academic Performance and Executive Function in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124307.
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The current evidence for a relation between children’s heart rate measures and their academic performance and executive functioning is infancy. Despite several studies observing dose-response effects of physical activity on academic performance and executive function in children, further research using objective measures of the relative intensity of physical activity (e.g., heart rate) is warranted. The present study aimed to inspect associations between heart rate response and various academic performance indicators and executive function domains. A total of 130 schoolchildren between the ages of 9 and 13 years (M = 10.69, SD 0.96 years old; 56.9% boys) participated in a cross-sectional study. Children’s heart rate data were collected through participation in physical education classes using the polar TeamTM hardware and software. One week before heart rate measures, academic performance was obtained from the school records in maths, Spanish language, Catalan language, physical education, and Grade point average. Executive function was measured by two domains, cognitive flexibility with the Trail Making Test and inhibition with the Stroop test. Associations between children’s heart rate data and academic performance and executive function were analyzed using regression models. Academic performance was found to be positively related to four heart rate measures (β range, 0.191 to 0.275; all p < 0.040). Additionally, the hard heart rate intensity level was positively related to two academic indicators (β range, 0.183 to 0.192; all p < 0.044). Three heart rate measures were associated with two cognitive flexibility subdomains (β range, −0.248 to 0.195; all p < 0.043), and three heart rate measures were related to one inhibition subdomain (β range, 0.198 to 0.278; all p < 0.028). The results showed slight associations of heart rate responses during physical education lessons with academic performance but did not clearly indicate associations with executive function. Future experimental studies testing associations between different bouts of intensity levels are needed to disentangle the relationship with brain function during childhood.
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Bosque, Ignacio, and Ángel J. Gallego. "Reconsidering Subextraction: Evidence from Spanish." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 3, no. 2 (November 10, 2014): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.3.2.2943.
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<p>This paper argues that so-called subextraction (e.g., <em>Who<sub>i</sub> has John seen a picture of t<sub>i</sub> ?</em>; cf. Corver 2006 for recent discussion) does not involve movement of a wh-phrase to a DP internal escape hatch position before reaching the CP layer. Instead, we claim that apparently subextracted wh-phrases are actually direct dependents of the verb after a process of reanalysis (or readjustment; cf. Chomsky 1977, Kayne 2002) applies. Our proposal rethinks an old (Bach & Horn 1976) idea, reframes it in modern terms and argues against the cyclic status of DPs (cf. Bruening 2009, Leu 2008, Ott 2008, and references therein), by leaning on new evidence from Spanish. The non-cyclic status of DPs is a fairly standard idea ever since clausal properties were assumed to hold for nominal domains (cf. Chomsky 1970, Brame 1982, Abney 1987, and much subsequent literature).</p>
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Olin, Jacqueline S., and J. Emlen Myers. "Old and New World Spanish Majolica Technology." MRS Bulletin 17, no. 1 (January 1992): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400043232.
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Majolica pottery is an earthenware covered with lead glaze opacified and whitened by adding a small percentage of tin oxide. The technology of majolica production, a Muslim contribution, was introduced into Spain and then diffused to the Western Hemisphere in the course of colonization very soon after the Spanish arrival in Mexico in 1521. (See Table I for Majolica production sources and excavation sites.)In the 1980s there were two references on the organization of majolica production in both Spain and the New World. Descriptions of the layouts of the potters' workshops, of the sources of the clays, how the kilns were used, and how the glazes were made are taken from historical and ethnographic sources. These authors also discuss the interesting and important effect of the presence of Italian potters in both Seville and the New World. However, little has been written based on archaeologically excavated material from Seville, the main source of supply to the New World, or from known Puebia or Mexico City production.In the 1970s a project involving neutron activation analysis of Spanish majolica ceramics was developed through the cooperative efforts of Malcolm Watkins and Richard Ahlborn of the National Museum of American History, Charles Fairbanks of the University of Florida, and Jacqueline Olin. Neutron activation analysis provides precise simultaneous determination of the concentrations of up to 35 elements. Two chemically distinct groups of ceramics were identified among sherds excavated at New World sites. They could be stylistically divided between Spanish and Mexican production with some important exceptions.
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Coloma, Germán. "Argentine Spanish." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 48, no. 2 (July 13, 2017): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100317000275.
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Although Spanish is a relatively unified language, in the sense that people from very distant locations manage to understand each other well, there are several phonetic phenomena that distinguish geographically separated varieties. The total number of native speakers of Spanish is above 400 million, and roughly 10% of them live in Argentina (Instituto Cervantes 2014). The accent described below corresponds to formal Spanish spoken in Buenos Aires, and the main allophones are indicated by parentheses in the Consonant Table. The recordings are from a 49-year-old college-educated male speaker, who has lived all his life in either the city of Buenos Aires or the province of Buenos Aires.
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McCabe, Allyssa, and Lynn S. Bliss. "Narratives from Spanish-Speaking Children with Impaired and Typical Language Development." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 24, no. 4 (June 2005): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cjq8-8c9g-05lg-0c2m.
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The personal narratives of Spanish-speaking children with typical and impaired language development were compared across several narrative features. Thirty-nine eight- to eleven-year-old children produced narratives in English and in Spanish. Children with typical language development produced longer narratives in both English and in Spanish than children with impaired development. Narratives in Spanish produced by children with typical language development contained more actions and orientation than those produced by the children with language impairment. Significant correlations between the English and Spanish narratives were obtained for number of utterances, orientations, and actions. Bilingual aspects of narration and clinical applications are presented.
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Drummond, Richard Henry. "Missiological Lessons—From Events New and Old." Missiology: An International Review 22, no. 1 (January 1994): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969402200103.
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The quincentennial celebrations of Columbus' arrival in the Americas have occasioned incisive reflections on the effects of that event. Peoples in Asia are also reflecting freshly on their experiences with European explorers. This article focuses on Japan's encounter. Different from other peoples in Asia or the Americas, the Japanese were not a people that could be conquered by military force from outside. They were quite comparable to the Portuguese and Spanish in cultural sophistication. Yet the Roman Catholic missionary work initiated by Francis Xavier in 1549 manifested remarkable numerical success, then ended in the following century with startling reversals. This is an account of heroic dedication, creative innovations, and tragic mistakes, with important lessons for the present and future of the Christian world mission.
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Martínez Ruiz, María A., and María J. Hernández-Amorós. "Aspiring to break away from the same old Spanish educational leadership model." Journal of Educational Administration 56, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-09-2016-0102.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to seek insights into the demands and challenges faced by school principals in Spain, especially in their dealings with local education authorities. Design/methodology/approach In all, 100 principals from public infant, primary and secondary schools in Alicante (Spain) participated in the study, which was carried out from a qualitative research perspective using deductive content analysis. Findings Most participants noted the need to improve channels of communication with, and support from, the local education authority. They also stressed the desirability of increasing their autonomy, reducing bureaucratic tasks and improving working conditions, which is in line with the international framework. Their narratives make it clear that they remain tied to a management leadership model but actually aspire to an instructive leadership. Research limitations/implications An absence of triangulation and the use of a single data collection technique are the limitations of this paper. Practical implications These participants are practising professionals who are proposing ways to improve aspects of their working lives based on actual experience. Acknowledging their voices could inspire the design of policies aimed at improving the principal’s role in Spain. Originality/value Knowledge is contributed to the area of study into proposals for improving the role of the principal, but with new and contextualised insights.
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Casciaro, Raffaele. "Recensione a Montañés, maestro de maestros, catalogo della mostra a cura di Ignacio Cano Rivero, Ignacio Hermoso Romero e María del Valme Muñoz Rubio." Storia della critica d'arte: annuario della S.I.S.C.A. 1 (2020): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.48294/s2020.001.
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The critical review, recent restorations and an excellent photographic campaign have allowed a new reading of the work of Juan Martínez Montañés, the greatest wood sculptor of the Andalusian Renaissance. The Seville exhibition and its catalog explored themes such as the role of the wood arts in 16th and 17th century Andalusia, the contextual meaning of the art of the retable and the importance of polychromy in Montañés’s sculpture. Some attributions appear less convincing and a summary biographical profile that would have facilitated the reading of the essays and catalog entries is missing. This paper takes its cue from the theme of the exhibition to compare the Italian and Spanish critical tradition on polychrome wood sculpture. In Spain the high consideration for this sector of artistic production has always kept it at the center of the interests of the client and critics, unlike what has happened in Italy.
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Urban, S. E., and G. L. Wycoff. "Densifying the Optical Reference Frame: The Tycho-2 Catalog of 2.5 Million Stars." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 180 (March 2000): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100000130.
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AbstractSince the establishment of the Hipparcos Catalog as the defining source of the optical reference frame, densification beyond its ≈ 120,000 stars has been made possible by the utilization of the Tycho-1 Catalog. The ACT, combining the old Astrographic Catalog (AC) data with the Tycho-1 positions, is the best known example of this. The Tycho-2 consortium, led by E. Høg, has performed new reductions on the Tycho data. This not only has increased the astrometric and photometric accuracies of the original 1 million Tycho-1 stars, but also has added an additional 1.5 million stars. The U.S. Naval Observatory led the effort to compute the proper motions of these 2.5 million stars. They are based not only on the AC data but also include over 140 other ground-based catalogs, all directly reduced to the Hipparcos system. The result of these efforts is the Tycho-2 Catalog, available since February 2000. Positions, proper motions, and BT and VT magnitudes are given for 2.5 million stars. The catalog is 99% complete to V=11.0, and 90% complete to V=11.5. Positional accuracies at the mean epochs vary from < 10 mas for stars V < 9 to just under 100 mas for V > 12. Proper motion accuracies are estimated to be 1.3 mas/year to 3.0 mas/year for the same magnitude ranges. Photometric accuracies range from 0.02 magnitudes for the brightest stars to 0.25 magnitudes for the faintest.
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Wireback, Kenneth. "On Syncope, Metathesis, and the Development of /nVr/ from Latin to Old Spanish." Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 91, no. 6 (January 2014): 559–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bhs.2014.35.
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Lima, Silvia Bandeira da Silva, Walcir Ferreira-Lima, Flávia Évelin Bandeira Lima, Fellipe Bandeira Lima, Amanda Santos, Carlos Alexandre Molena Fernandes, and Juan Pedro Fuentes. "Sleep Hours: Risk behavior in adolescents from different countries." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 25, no. 3 (March 2020): 957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020253.15722018.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to verify sleep hours and associated factors among Brazilian and Spanish students. A cross-sectional study with students aged 11 to 16 years-old was carried out in Paranavaí, Brasil (n = 264) and Cáceres, Spain (n = 233) between 2013 and 2015. Sleeping hours were verified regarding time in minutes, sleep in weekdays, weekends and after lunch/Siesta. All data were checked for normality by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test (X2) and Odds Ratio estimates were used (p < 0.05). High prevalence in both groups of sleeping 8 hours or more a night at the weekend. The prevalence of sleeping on weekdays, > 8 hours, 6 to 8 hours and < 6 hours among Spanish and Brazilian students, respectively. Nearly a quarter of each group responded that makes the siesta. Spanish students had 3 times higher chance to sleep < 8 hours a night in weekdays, among students from 14 to 16 years old and among the underactive. At the weekends the chance of sleeping < 8 hours is 2 times greater among the Spanish students. Simple guidelines could help so that sleep habits do not affect school development, such as practicing physical activity regularly, sleeping at least 8 hours a night, avoid excessive access to technology at night.
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Ivezić, Ž., D. G. Monet, N. Bond, M. Jurić, B. Sesar, J. A. Munn, R. H. Lupton, et al. "Astrometry with digital sky surveys: from SDSS to LSST." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S248 (October 2007): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308020103.
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AbstractMajor advances in our understanding of the Universe have historically come from dramatic improvements in our ability to accurately measure astronomical quantities. The astrometric observations obtained by modern digital sky surveys are enabling unprecedentedly massive and robust studies of the kinematics of the Milky Way. For example, the astrometric data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), together with half a century old astrometry from the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS), have enabled the construction of a catalog that includes absolute proper motions as accurate as 3 mas/year for about 20 million stars brighter than V=20, and for 80,000 spectroscopically confirmed quasars which provide exquisite error assessment. We discuss here several ongoing studies of Milky Way kinematics based on this catalog. The upcoming next-generation surveys will maintain this revolutionary progress. For example, we show using realistic simulations that the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will measure proper motions accurate to 1 mas/year to a limit 4 magnitude fainter than possible with SDSS and POSS catalogs, or with the Gaia survey. LSST will also obtain geometric parallaxes with accuracy similar to Gaia's at its faint end (0.3 mas at V=20), and extend them to V=24 with an accuracy of 3 mas. We discuss the impact that these LSST measurements will have on studies of the Milky Way kinematics, and potential synergies with the Gaia survey.
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LLEÓ, CONXITA. "Aspects of the Phonology of Spanish as a Heritage Language: from Incomplete Acquisition to Transfer." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, no. 4 (August 7, 2017): 732–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728917000165.
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The present study analyzes percentages of target-like production of Spanish spirantization and assimilation of coda nasals place of articulation, in three groups of bilingual children simultaneously acquiring German and Spanish: two very young groups, one living in Germany and another one in Spain, and a group of 7-year-old bilinguals from Germany. There were monolingual Spanish and monolingual German control groups. The comparison between groups shows that the Spanish of bilinguals is different from that of monolinguals; and the Spanish of bilinguals in Germany is different from that of bilinguals in Spain. Results lead to the conclusion that the Spanish competence of the bilinguals from Germany is still incomplete, and influenced by transfer of the majority language (German). Only bilingual children living in Germany show influence of the majority language onto the heritage language, whereas transfer does not operate on the Spanish competence of the bilingual children from Spain.
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Rini, Joel. "Spanish quepo: the untold story." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 136, no. 3 (September 11, 2020): 730–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2020-0038.
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AbstractThe pres. ind. paradigm of Sp. caber ‘to fit’ exhibits a synchronically irregular form in the 1st pers. sg., i.e., quepo, instead of a synchronically regular form derived from the infinitive, i.e., caber → *cabo. However, quepo is not considered at all historically irregular. Since the first historical grammar of Spanish, quepo has been understood to be a direct continuation of Lat. capiō, which apparently evolved through regular phonetic development, like pres. subj. capiam > quepa, sapiam > sepa. Nonetheless, one may question why quepo has not been replaced by *cabo in Modern Spanish given its extremely low frequency of occurrence, as forms of a language that occur infrequently are often regularized. A historical look at quepo reveals the following surprising facts: (1) Although pres. subj. quepa is attested from the earliest Old Spanish texts onward, quepo is absent from the written record throughout the Old and Medieval Spanish periods and does not appear until the end of the sixteenth century; (2) Regularized cabo served as the first person singular of the present indicative until then. The present study attempts to explain through well-established processes of historical morphology the late appearance of quepo and its continued existence in Modern Spanish.
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Serrano-Parra, Maria Dolores, Margarita Garrido-Abejar, Blanca Notario-Pacheco, Raquel Bartolomé-Gutierrez, Montserrat Solera-Martínez, and Vicente Martínez-Vizcaino. "Validity of the Connor Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) in people from 60-to-75 years old." International Journal of Psychological Research 5, no. 2 (December 30, 2012): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.736.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the CD-RISC in community dwelling older people, and compare its factorial structure with the original one. We used the following scales: CD-RISC (resilience), PSS (perceived stress), the mental component of the SF-12, GDS (Geriatric Depression) and MOS (social support). It was finally a scale with three dimensions including 17 items. Convergent validity was performed to test whether the means of the variables used are significantly associated with resilience and global scores of Spanish version of CD-RISC scale were directly correlated with the scores of MOS and mental component of SF-12, and inversely related with the scores of PSS and GDS scales. In conclusion the Spanish CD-RISC scale includes 17 items divided into three dimensions, shows acceptable psychometric properties and correlates with social support, perceived stress, depression and mental component of quality of life.
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García, Carlos. "Spanish Football Managers and Zonal Marking in the Nineties: From Wise Old Men to Football Engineers." Sociología del Deporte 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/socioldeporte.5884.
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This research aims to improve current knowledge on managers’ professional culture and practices through the study of how tactical requirements, and specifically the introduction of zonal marking in the 80’s and 90’s, transformed professional football managers training methods, their professional competences and requirements. In order to do so, 23 semi-estructured interviews were conducted with Spanish first división La Liga professional managers and footballers. Spanish managers in the 80’s enjoyed a traditional authority and disregarded formal instruction and knowledge. However, the tactical complexity emerged through the zonal marking system and the training methods evolution from physical to tactically focused generated a new kind of abstract knowledge and new pedagogical and group managing skills mandatory to achieve success and manage the group.
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CUETOS, FERNANDO, and PAZ SUÁREZ-COALLA. "From grapheme to word in reading acquisition in Spanish." Applied Psycholinguistics 30, no. 4 (October 2009): 583–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716409990038.
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ABSTRACTThe relationship between written words and their pronunciation varies considerably among different orthographic systems, and these variations have repercussions on learning to read. Children whose languages have deep orthographies must learn to pronounce larger units, such as rhymes, morphemes, or whole words, to achieve the correct pronunciation of some words. However, children whose languages have transparent orthographies need only learn to pronounce graphemes to be able to read any word. In this study, the reading evolution of Spanish-speaking children was investigated for the purpose of discovering when and for what types of stimuli lexical information is used in Spanish. Five- to 10-year-old children were presented with lists of stimuli in which lexicality, frequency, and length were manipulated. The results in terms of reading accuracy and speed showed that the influence of stimulus length is great in the early grades and later diminishes, and just the opposite is the case for lexicality and frequency. These data suggest that reading acquisition in Spanish constitutes a continuum that ranges from phonological recoding to the use of lexical strategies, and that this transition is made at a very early stage, at least for the most frequent words.
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Girelli, Giacomo, Micol Bolzonella, and Andrea Cimatti. "Massive and old quiescent galaxies at high redshift." Astronomy & Astrophysics 632 (December 2019): A80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834547.
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Aims. Questions of how massive quiescent galaxies rapidly assembled and how abundant they are at high redshift are increasingly important in the study of galaxy formation. Looking at these systems can shed light on the processes of galaxy mass assembly and quenching of the star formation at early epochs. In order to address these questions, we aim to identify and characterize massive quiescent galaxies from z ∼ 2.5 out to the highest redshifts at which these systems can be found. The final purpose is to compare the results with the predictions of state-of-the-art semi-analytical models of galaxy formation and evolution. Methods. We defined observer-frame color–color diagrams to optimally select quiescent galaxies at z > 2.5 and applied them to the COSMOS2015 catalog. We refined the spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting analysis for the selected candidates to confirm their quiescent nature, then derived their number density, mass density, and stellar mass functions. Finally, we compared the results with previous observations and some current semi-analytic models. Results. We selected candidates for quiescent galaxies in the redshift range 2.5 ≲ z ≲ 4.5 from the COSMOS2015 catalog by means of two color–color diagrams. The additional SED fitting analysis allowed us to select 128 galaxies, consistent with being massive (log(M*/M⊙)≥10.6), old (ages ≳0.5 Gyr), and quiescent (log(sSFR [yr−1]) ≤ −10.5) objects at high redshift (2.5 < z < 4.5). Their number and mass densities are in fair agreement with previous observations and, if confirmed, show a discrepancy with current semi-analytical models of galaxy formation and evolution, that underpredict the number of massive quiescent systems up to a factor of ∼12 at 2.5 ≤ z < 3.0 and ∼10 at z ∼ 4.0. The evolution of the stellar mass functions (SMFs) of these systems is similar to previous estimates and indicates a disagreement with models, particularly with regard to the shape of the SMF. Conclusions. The present results add further evidence to the possibility that massive and quiescent galaxies can exist out to at least z ∼ 4. If future spectroscopic observations carried out with, for example, the James Webb Space Telecope (JWST), confirm the substantial presence of such a population, further work on modeling the stellar mass assembly, as well as supermassive black hole accretion and feedback processes at early cosmic epochs, is needed to understand how these systems formed, evolved, and quenched their star formation.
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Gänger, Stefanie. "World Trade in Medicinal Plants from Spanish America, 1717–1815." Medical History 59, no. 1 (December 11, 2014): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2014.70.
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AbstractThis article outlines the history of the commerce in medicinal plants and plant-based remedies from the Spanish American territories in the eighteenth century. It maps the routes used to transport the plants from Spanish America to Europe and, along the arteries of European commerce, colonialism and proselytism, into societies across the Americas, Asia and Africa. Inquiring into the causes of the global ‘spread’ of American remedies, it argues that medicinal plants like ipecacuanha, guaiacum, sarsaparilla, jalap root and cinchona moved with relative ease into Parisian medicine chests, Moroccan court pharmacies and Manila dispensaries alike, because of their ‘exotic’ charisma, the force of centuries-old medical habits, and the increasingly measurable effectiveness of many of these plants by the late eighteenth century. Ultimately and primarily, however, it was because the disease environments of these widely separated places, their medical systems and materia medica had long become entangled by the eighteenth century.
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Yuan, Ye, Fan Li, Yanning Fu, and Shulin Ren. "New precise positions in 2013–2019 and a catalog of ground-based astrometric observations of 11 Neptunian satellites (1847–2019) based on Gaia-DR2." Astronomy & Astrophysics 645 (January 2021): A48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038776.
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Context. Developing high-precision ephemerides for Neptunian satellites requires not only the continuation of observing campaigns but also the collection and improvement of existing observations. So far, no complete catalogs of observations of Neptunian satellites are available. Aims. We aim to provide new, precise positions, and to compile a catalog including all available ground-based astrometric observations of Neptunian satellites. The observations are tabulated in a single and consistent format and given in the same timescale, the Terrestrial Time (TT), and reference system, the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS), including necessary changes and corrections. Methods. New CCD observations of Triton and Nereid were made at Lijiang 2.4-m and Yaoan 0.8-m telescopes in 2013–2019, and then reduced based on Gaia-DR2. Furthermore, a catalog called OCNS2019 (Observational Catalog of Neptunian Satellites (2019 version)) was compiled, after recognizing and correcting errors and omissions. Furthermore, in addition to what was considered for the COSS08 catalog for eight main Saturnian satellites, all observed absolute and relative coordinates were converted to the ICRS with corrections for star catalog biases with respect to Gaia-DR2. New debiasing tables for both the modern and old star catalogs, which were previously not provided based on Gaia-DR2, are developed and applied. Treatment of missing positions of comparison bodies in conversions of observed relative coordinates are proposed. Results. OCNS2019 and the new debiasing tables are publicly available online. OCNS2019 includes 24996 observed coordinates of 11 Neptunian satellites obtained over 3741 nights from 1847 to 2019. All observations are given in TT and ICRS. The star catalog biases are removed, which are significant for Nereid and outer satellites. We obtained 880 (5% of total now available) new coordinates for Triton over 41 nights (1% of total observation nights so far), and 790 (14%) for Nereid over 47 nights (10%). The dispersions of these new positions are about 0.″03 for Triton and 0.″06 for Nereid. Conclusions. OCNS2019 should be useful in improving ephemerides for the above-mentioned objects.
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Yuan, Ye, Fan Li, Yanning Fu, and Shulin Ren. "New precise positions in 2013–2019 and a catalog of ground-based astrometric observations of 11 Neptunian satellites (1847–2019) based on Gaia-DR2." Astronomy & Astrophysics 645 (January 2021): A48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038776.
Full textAbstract:
Context. Developing high-precision ephemerides for Neptunian satellites requires not only the continuation of observing campaigns but also the collection and improvement of existing observations. So far, no complete catalogs of observations of Neptunian satellites are available. Aims. We aim to provide new, precise positions, and to compile a catalog including all available ground-based astrometric observations of Neptunian satellites. The observations are tabulated in a single and consistent format and given in the same timescale, the Terrestrial Time (TT), and reference system, the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS), including necessary changes and corrections. Methods. New CCD observations of Triton and Nereid were made at Lijiang 2.4-m and Yaoan 0.8-m telescopes in 2013–2019, and then reduced based on Gaia-DR2. Furthermore, a catalog called OCNS2019 (Observational Catalog of Neptunian Satellites (2019 version)) was compiled, after recognizing and correcting errors and omissions. Furthermore, in addition to what was considered for the COSS08 catalog for eight main Saturnian satellites, all observed absolute and relative coordinates were converted to the ICRS with corrections for star catalog biases with respect to Gaia-DR2. New debiasing tables for both the modern and old star catalogs, which were previously not provided based on Gaia-DR2, are developed and applied. Treatment of missing positions of comparison bodies in conversions of observed relative coordinates are proposed. Results. OCNS2019 and the new debiasing tables are publicly available online. OCNS2019 includes 24996 observed coordinates of 11 Neptunian satellites obtained over 3741 nights from 1847 to 2019. All observations are given in TT and ICRS. The star catalog biases are removed, which are significant for Nereid and outer satellites. We obtained 880 (5% of total now available) new coordinates for Triton over 41 nights (1% of total observation nights so far), and 790 (14%) for Nereid over 47 nights (10%). The dispersions of these new positions are about 0.″03 for Triton and 0.″06 for Nereid. Conclusions. OCNS2019 should be useful in improving ephemerides for the above-mentioned objects.
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Gutiérrez, César. "The relationship between palatalisation and labial consonants in Castilian Spanish." Loquens 7, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): e071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2020.071.
Full textAbstract:
In spite of the many studies devoted to the palatal outcomes of the Latin clusters PL and FL in Old Spanish, some other clusters and sequences composed of labial consonants such as -PUL-, -BVL-, -BE,I-, -VE,I- and -MI- have received little attention. The aim of this paper is to analyze the phonetic aspects of the diachronic evolution of these clusters and sequences into their Old Spanish outcomes [ʎ], [ɟ] y [ɲtʃ]. To this end, experimental, dialectal and comparative data from Old Spanish as well as from other Romance languages will be used. This will lead to the conclusion that the sound changes in both [Clabial + l] and [Clabial + j] clusters were based on the same articulatory mechanisms: a strengthening of the segment following the labial consonant and the later deletion of the labial, if it was a stop, or its assimilation to the point of articulation of the palatal, if it was a nasal. The implications of these conclusions for the evolution of pl and fl clusters in Old Spanish, as well as for the methodology in historical phonetics, will be pointed out.
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García-Ascaso, Marta Taida, Susana Ares Segura, Purificación Ros Pérez, Roi Piñeiro Pérez, and Marta Alfageme Zubillaga. "Thyroid Volume Assessment in 3–14 Year-Old Spanish Children from an Iodine-Replete Area." European Thyroid Journal 8, no. 4 (2019): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000499103.
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Au-Yeung, James, Isabel Vallejo Gomez, and Peter Howell. "Exchange of Disfluency With Age From Function Words to Content Words in Spanish Speakers Who Stutter." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 46, no. 3 (June 2003): 754–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/060).
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The main purpose of the present study was to examine whether the developmental change in loci of disfluency from mainly function words to mainly content words, observed for English speakers who stutter (P. Howell, J. Au-Yeung, & S. Sackin, 1999), also occurs for comparable Spanish speakers who stutter. The participants were divided into 5 age groups. There were 7 participants in Group 1, from 3 to 5 years old; 11 in Group 2, from 6 to 9 years old; 10 in Group 3, from 10 to 11 years old; 9 in Group 4, from 12 to 16 years old; and 9 in Group 5, from 20 to 68 years old. Across all groups, 36 of the 46 participants were male. The study method involved segmenting speech into phonological words (PWs) that consist of an obligatory content word with optional function words that precede and follow it. The initial function words in the PWs were examined to establish whether they have a higher disfluency rate than the final ones (J. Au-Yeung, P. Howell, & L. Pilgrim, 1998). Disfluency on function words in a PW was higher when the word occurred before a content word rather than after a content word for all age groups. Disfluencies on function and content words were then examined to determine whether they change over age groups in the same way as for English speakers who stutter (Howell et al., 1999). The rate of disfluency on function words was higher than that on content words, particularly in the youngest speakers. Function word disfluency rate dropped off and content word disfluency rate increased across age groups. These patterns are similar to those reported for English. Possible explanations for these similarities across the two languages are discussed.
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Graham, Lamar A. "On clitic placement and gradience of strength of FP in Western Ibero-Romance." Languages in Contrast 21, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.18001.gra.
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Abstract Old (Medieval and Classical) Spanish permitted finite enclisis and as such is classified as a strong-F language, as are many archaic varieties of Romance languages. Notable about Old Spanish is that, prior to the 1500s, interpolation arrangements were acceptable and rather common, as is still the case of Galician and some dialects of Portuguese. However, from the 1500s onward, interpolation in Old Spanish was no longer productive, much like modern Asturian. This is evidence that the “strong-weak” dichotomy of FP is insufficient to explain the situation of the languages. I argue that the strength of FP should be described as not only “weak” or “strong,” but instead on a gradient scale to distinguish languages that permit a range of possible clitic arrangements.
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Nevado, Miguel. "Structural Reliability of Spanish Softwoods. A New Answer for an Old Problem." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 1056–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.1056.
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A group of databases making a total of ca. 9.000 beams from coniferous trees from Spain, tested according EN 384 and visually graded according Spanish standards were analyzed. The main goal was to reach a detailed comprehension about the true state of nature of the three reference structural material properties (density, MOR and MOE), in the conditions it reaches the real market. Provided the existing beams (reasonably) came from the same populations, the use of reliability updating technics is a meaningful approach to the problem of conjecturing its resistant behavior. Distribution parameters for the target species have been proposed. Spanish softwood (with the exception of p. radiata) has proved to be extremely dense and quite stiff related to its resistance, compared with usual North American, Central or North European coniferous trees. Hence, the basic information of these last species should not be used when dealing with Spanish historical timbers, as it leads to rather uneconomical conjectures (as deformation and joints use to be design governing factors). Also therere significant differences related to the current Probabilistic Model Code suggestion on the topic (as the Code itself warns of).
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Magazzini, Tina, and Stefano Piemontese. "Roma migration in the EU: the case of Spain between ‘new’ and ‘old’ minorities." Migration Letters 13, no. 2 (March 16, 2016): 228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v13i2.304.
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The 2004 and 2007 EU Eastern enlargements facilitated the mobility of citizens from CEE countries, including European citizens of Roma ethnicity, which in turn contributed to the Europeanization of the ‘Roma issue’. This article examines the politics of Roma ethnicity by giving a synthetic, yet we hope comprehensive, overview of how recent Roma migrations from EU Member States (particularly from Romania) to the Spanish state can be understood and analysed in relation to both pre-existing policies for the Spanish Gitano communities and to wider European dynamics and structures.
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Almaráz, Félix D. "San Antonio's Old Franciscan Missions: Material Decline and Secular Avarice in the Transition from Hispanic to Mexican Control." Americas 44, no. 1 (July 1987): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006846.
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In the twilight years of the eighteenth century, Spanish authorities of church and state resolved that the original Franciscan missions of Texas had achieved the goal of their early foundation, namely conversion of indigenous cultures to an Hispano-European lifestyle. Cognizant that the mission as a frontier agency had gained souls for the Catholic faith and citizens for the empire, Hispanic officials initiated secularization of the Texas establishments with the longest tenure, beginning with the missions along the upper San Antonio River. Less than a generation later, in the transition from Spanish dominion to Mexican rule in the nineteenth century, the Franciscan institutions, woefully in a condition of material neglect, engendered widespread secular avarice as numerous applicants with political contact in municipal government energetically competed to obtain land grants among the former mission temporalities.
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Pérez-Belmonte, Sergio, Laura Galiana, Patricia Sancho, Amparo Oliver, and José M. Tomás. "Subtypes of Depression: Latent Class Analysis in Spanish Old People with Depressive Symptoms." Life 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10050070.
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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling disorders and the one that most contributes to disability. When it occurs in older people, it is an additional burden to their potential physical and cognitive deficiencies, making MDD an important public health problem that supposes a large investment in health. There is a clear lack of consistency between the subtypes of depression found in the literature, ranging from two to seven classes, with three being the most commonly found non-melancholic, melancholic and psychotic, or putative psychotics. The aim of this research is to add knowledge to the profiles of depressive symptoms in a representative sample of older Spanish people, and to study the possible relationship of these symptom profiles with variables that have traditionally been related to depression. Spanish data from the sixth wave of SHARE were used, with 612 Spanish older adults living in Spain. A routine of several LCAs with a different number of classes was performed to answer this first aim to classify Spanish adults with depression symptoms. The results pointed out the presence of three different classes among the participants in the study: psychosomatic (11.12%), melancholic (14.21%), and anhedonic (74.67%). This work represents a step forward to understand the heterogeneity of major depressive disorder, facilitating the diagnosis, and subsequent treatment of older adults.