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1
Cameron, Richard. "A community-based test of a linguistic hypothesis." Language in Society 25, no. 1 (March 1996): 61–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500020431.
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ABSTRACTThe Functional Compensation Hypothesis (Hochberg 1986a, b) interprets frequent expression of pronominal subjects as compensation for frequent deletion of agreement marking on finite verbs in Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS). Specifically, this applies to 2sg.túwhere variably deleted word-final -smarks agreement. If the hypothesis is correct, finite verbs with agreement deleted in speech should co-occur more frequently with pronominal subjects than finite verbs with agreement intact. Likewise, social dialects which frequently delete agreement should show higher rates of pronominal expression than social dialects which less frequently delete agreement. These auxiliary hypotheses are tested across a socially stratified sample of 62 speakers from San Juan. Functional compensation does show stylistic and social patterning in the category of Specifictú, not in that of Non-specifictú. However, Non-specifictúis the key to frequency differences between -s-deleting PRS and -s-conserving Madrid; hence the Functional Compensation Hypothesis should be discarded. (Functionalism, compensation, null subject, analogy, Spanish, Puerto Rico)
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Miller, Karen. "Assessing Plural Morphology in Children Acquiring /S/-Leniting Dialects of Spanish." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 45, no. 3 (July 2014): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_lshss-13-0032.
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Purpose To examine the production of plural morphology in children acquiring a dialect of Spanish with syllable-final /s/ lenition with the goal of comparing how plural marker omissions in the speech of these children compare with plural marker omissions in children with language impairment acquiring other varieties of Spanish. Method Three production tasks were administered to children. A repetition task was used to examine children's production of the plural marker in plural noun phrases, and 2 Berko-style tasks evaluated children's production of the plural marker in bare nouns. Behavior on these tasks was compared with plural marker comprehension for each individual child. Results There was a correlation between children's comprehension of the plural marker and their production of the plural marker on plural noun phrases in the repetition task but not between comprehension and production of the plural marker on bare nouns in the Berko-style tasks. Conclusions Assessments of plural morphology as a clinical marker of language impairment in Spanish-speaking children may be problematic, especially in children acquiring dialects of Spanish with /s/ lenition, such as those originating in Chile, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Central America. Instead, for children acquiring /s/-leniting dialects of Spanish, assessments of the plural marker in noun phrases produced within a sentence frame may be a better indicator of acquisition than traditional Berko-style tasks that elicit bare nouns.
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Lipski, John M. "Trinidad Spanish: implications for Afro-Hispanic language." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 64, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002023.
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[First paragraph]The question of Spanish language usage among African-born slaves (known as bozales) and their descendents in Spanish America is the subject of much controversy, and has had a major impact on theories of Creole formation and the evolution of Latin American dialects of Spanish, Portuguese and French. Briefly, one school of thought maintains that, at least during the last 150-200 years of African slave trade to Spanish America, bozales and their immediate descendants spoke a relatively uniform Spanish pidgin or creole, concentrated in the Caribbean region but ostensibly extending even to many South American territories. This creole in turn had Afro-Portuguese roots, derived from if not identical to the hypothetical maritime Portuguese creole (sometimes also identified with the medieval Sabir or Lingua Franca) claimed to be the source of most European - based Creoles in Africa, Asia and the Americas.1 The principal sources of evidence come in 19th century documents from the Caribbean region, principally Cuba and Puerto Rico, where many (but not all) bozal texts share a noteworthy similarity with other demonstrably Afro-Portuguese or Afro-Hispanic Creoles in South America, Africa and Asia.
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Holmquist, Jonathan. "Frequency rates and constraints on subject personal pronoun expression: Findings from the Puerto Rican highlands." Language Variation and Change 24, no. 2 (July 2012): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394512000117.
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AbstractThis study examines subject personal pronoun expression in the Spanish of the west-central highlands of Puerto Rico. Although rates of s-deletion are comparably high, rates of overt subject expression are shown to be much lower than rates reported for varieties of coastal Puerto Rican Spanish and U.S. mainland Puerto Rican Spanish. The linguistic constraints on overt versus null pronoun usage in the data are shown to coincide to a very large extent with constraints identified for other Puerto Rican dialects and also Castilian Spanish in central Spain, whereas of the social factors, only the distinction between farmers and nonfarmers is significant. The study suggests that, if rates of personal subject pronoun expression are an indication of dialectal variation, the rates presented here for this syntactic phenomenon represent the continuing effects of a conservative dialect in the interior of the island of Puerto Rico.
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González-Rivera, Melvin. "Language Attitudes Towards Spanish and English in Puerto Rico." Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 47, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): e47006. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v47i2.47006.
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This article analyzes language attitudes towards Spanish and English in Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory since 1898, and seek to answer the following three questions: are Spanish and English conflicting elements in the Puerto Rican society? Is Spanish a symbol of identity for Puerto Ricans? Does bilingualism represent a threat to the ethno-sociolinguistic existence of Puerto Ricans? By examining an online questionnaire on language attitudes completed by participants living in Puerto Rico, I argue that for Puerto Ricans bilingualism is becoming more prevalent and many of them are increasingly accepting both languages, Spanish and English, without questioning or denying the fact that Spanish is their mother tongue.
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Delgado-Díaz, Gibran. "Dialectal variation of the preterit and imperfect." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 31, no. 1 (August 27, 2018): 64–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.15048.del.
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Abstract This investigation examines the use of the pretérito and imperfecto forms in Puerto Rican and Buenos Aires Spanish. These dialects were chosen because the pretérito can express a perfect event in Buenos Aires Spanish while this use has not been documented in Puerto Rican Spanish. This may cause differences in the use of these forms. The main goal of this investigation was to contrast the linguistic predictors in both dialects in order to determine if there are dialectal differences and if they are due to different grammaticalization pathways. The results indicate that there are some differences between the Spanish spoken by Puerto Ricans and that of the Argentines of Buenos Aires. Among the results, it was found that these two dialects had different predictors for the pretérito and imperfecto. These results show preliminary evidence that indicates that these dialects follow different grammaticalization paths.
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Holmquist, Jonathan. "Spanish/English contact in rural Puerto Rico." Spanish in Context 10, no. 3 (November 29, 2013): 390–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.10.3.04hol.
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This article presents three perspectives in the study of Spanish/English contact in a community of rural Puerto Rico. First, it presents an analysis of variation based on the presence of English forms in recorded conversational Spanish. Second, it provides a view of the social context of Spanish/English contact by examining responses to a sociological questionnaire focusing on the use of “Spanish Only” versus Spanish and English in spheres of community life. Third, it highlights speaker commentary on social factors in relation to the use of Spanish and English. The study shows that the presence of English in the recorded conversational Spanish is extremely limited and that Spanish dominates in community life. Nevertheless, the presence of English in both conversational Spanish and social spheres within the community reveals patterns in relation to social factors recognized by speakers.
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Mellinger, Christopher D. "Puerto Rico as colonial palimpsest." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 31, no. 2 (February 26, 2019): 228–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.19021.mel.
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Abstract This article presents a microhistory of Puerto Rico that investigates the role of translation and language policy during the transition from Spanish to U.S. colonial rule. Two specific periods, namely the transitional military government from 1898 to 1900 and the first civilian government from 1900 to 1917, provide the framework within which the study is conducted. Analyses of official language and translation policies, as well as historical documents from governmental and educational contexts, illustrate the multiple, conflicting agendas employed by the new colonial power to Americanize the island. Results also demonstrate how codified policies do not fully account for the linguistic and cultural landscape in colonial contexts, thereby requiring closer examination of translation practices and beliefs and their interplay with translation policy.
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Goldstein, Brian A., and Aquiles Iglesias. "Phonological Patterns in Normally Developing Spanish-Speaking 3- and 4-Year-Olds of Puerto Rican Descent." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 27, no. 1 (January 1996): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2701.82.
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This study presents a quantitative and qualitative description of the phonological patterns in Spanish-speaking preschoolers of Puerto Rican descent. Phonological processes and nontargeted process errors were analyzed for 24 3-year-old and 30 4-year-old Spanish speakers. Analyses were made in reference to the Puerto Rican dialects of Spanish, yielding a number of patterns that characterize the phonological patterns in these children.
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Cameron, Richard. "Ambiguous agreement, functional compensation, and nonspecific tú in the Spanish of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Madrid, Spain." Language Variation and Change 5, no. 3 (October 1993): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001526.
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ABSTRACTRichness of subject-verb agreement is implicit in the functional compensation interpretation of variable second person /-s/ in Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS). Because /-s/ is not variable in Madrid Spanish (MS), richer agreement is assumed, and a lower rate of pronominal expression is expected. Central to this interpretation are effects associated with ambiguous marking of person on finite singular verbs. Although an increase of pronominal expression correlates to ambiguous marking for PRS speakers, a similar result has not been reported for MS speakers. Nonetheless, a varbrul analysis yields similar weights for this constraint in both dialects. Moreover, ambiguity effects are best understood as constraints on null subject variation that interact with switch reference. Identity of varbrul weights for constraints on pronominal and null subject variation in PRS and MS also supports the Constant Rate Hypothesis. However, the two dialects do show a diametrically opposed effect associated with nonspecific tú.
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Carroll, Kevin S. "Language maintenance in the Caribbean." Language Problems and Language Planning 39, no. 2 (October 12, 2015): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.39.2.01car.
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This paper uses a case study approach to understand how perceptions of language threat have worked to maintain local language practices on the islands of Aruba and Puerto Rico. Through document analysis, interviews with key players in language policy and planning efforts as well as participant observation, this paper explains the historical build-up of the perception that Papiamento and Spanish, respectively, are in some way threatened. In addition to documenting the language maintenance efforts, the author argues that differing colonization practices impacted islanders’ orientation toward language, such that in Aruba a language-as-a-resource orientation has resulted in societal multilingualism whereas a language-as-a-problem orientation has resulted in monolingualism on the island of Puerto Rico.
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Archibald, James. "The Pragmatics of Professionalism: Translation and Interpretation in Puerto Rico and Quebec." Meta 42, no. 4 (September 30, 2002): 649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/001900ar.
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Abstract This article discusses the impact of official language policy on translation following the adoption of a 1993 law establishing Spanish/English bilingualism in Porto Rico. Using Quebec's official language legislation as an example, the author studies the possible long-lasting effects of language policy on the national and economic developemnt of Puerto Rico.
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Mohamed, Sherez, Carolina González, and Antje Muntendam. "Arabic-Spanish Language Contact in Puerto Rico: A Case of Glottal Stop Epenthesis." Languages 4, no. 4 (November 18, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4040093.
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The current study examines the realization of adjacent vowels across word boundaries in Arabic-Spanish bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals in Puerto Rico, focusing specifically on the rate of glottal stop epenthesis in this context (e.g., hombre africano to [ˈom.bre.ʔa.fri.ˈka.no]). It was hypothesized that Arabic-Spanish bilinguals would show a higher rate of glottal stop epenthesis than Spanish monolinguals because of transfer from Arabic. In addition, we investigated the possible effects of stress, vowel height, language dominance and bilingual type on the rate of glottal stop epenthesis. Results from a reading task with 8 participants showed no significant difference in glottalization between bilinguals and monolinguals. For monolinguals, glottalization was significantly more likely when the first vowel was low or stressed; significant interactions between vowel height and stress were found for the bilingual group. Language dominance was a significant factor, with Arabic-dominant bilinguals glottalizing more than the Spanish-dominant bilinguals. In addition, early sequential bilinguals favored glottalization slightly more than simultaneous bilinguals, without reaching significance. Our data suggests some effects of syllable structure transfer from Arabic, particularly in Arabic-dominant participants. To our knowledge, our study is the first exploration of Arabic and Spanish in contact in Puerto Rico, and the first to acoustically examine the speech of Arabic-Spanish bilinguals.
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Cortés, Ileana, Jesús Ramírez, María Rivera, Marta Viada, and Joan Fayer. "Dame un hamburger plain con ketchup y papitas." English Today 21, no. 2 (April 2005): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078405002051.
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English/Spanish contact in Puerto Rico.ONE OUTCOME of language contact is lexical borrowing. Borrowing in Puerto Rico (for political, economic, and social reasons) is evident in the influence English has had on Spanish, especially in lexical terms. This paper explores the impact of American English on the lexicon of Puerto Rican Spanish, specifically on vocabulary relating to food. Data were collected through participant observation in selected fast food restaurants from different regions in P.R. An analysis of the corpus provides the basis for five categories useful in understanding the influence of English on Spanish in this domain. The study indicates that English borrowings have had a tremendous influence on the Puerto Rican lexicon, and predicts that, even though Spanish will continue to be the dominant Puerto Rican language, it will continue to change under the influence of English.
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Valdez, Juan R. "The battleground of metaphors: language debates and symbolic violence in Puerto Rico (1930–1960)." Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2016-0001.
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AbstractIn Puerto Rico, the defense of Spanish and discussions of bilingualism have been conditioned by the island’s local politics and its relationships with the United States. Previous research has looked at how identity politics and specific political players produced arguments in favor or against various language proposals. Yet, questions regarding the complex ideological nature of the language debate in Puerto Rico remain to be examined with greater focalization and critical scrutiny. To this end and employing an interdisciplinary approach to issues of language and linguistic representation, I explore the ideological complexity of bilingualism in Puerto Rico during several decades from the perspective of the politics of language and by taking into account the phenomenon of symbolic violence. I argue that particular metaphors of language exemplify the link between symbolic and material violence in the context of this society’s struggles for political self-determination.
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Maldonado-Valentín, Mirta. "An exploration of the effects of language policy in education in a contemporary Puerto Rican society." education policy analysis archives 24 (August 1, 2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.24.2453.
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During the Spanish regimen, Puerto Rican education was limited and restricted to Spanish language as the medium of instruction. It was not until the U.S. colonization of the island that public education was introduced. As a result, English replaced Spanish as medium of instruction in the new educational system. Immediately after, Puerto Rican elitists and politicians ignited a political movement against using English (Algren de Gutierrez, 1987), resulting in a language battle fought through a series of educational language policies. In the end, policymakers enacted a language policy that reinstated Spanish as the official language of Puerto Rico’s education system. Consequently, policymakers also strengthened the use of Spanish instruction in Puerto Rican schools and universities while English was taught as a subject through all grade levels (Canino, 1981). Thus, this policy secured the island’s status as a “monolingual Spanish speaking society”. In addition, the enactment of this language policy also legitimized English as a de jure second official language, with the possibility of recognizing Puerto Rico as a “bilingual speaking society”. This paper discusses the impact of these language policies on the use of Spanish and English in education and presents a case study of Guaynabo City to exemplify the effects of these language policies on a contemporary Puerto Rican society and its acceptance of or resistance to becoming an English-speaking society.
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Balam, Osmer, María del Carmen Parafita Couto, and Hans Stadthagen-González. "Bilingual verbs in three Spanish/English code-switching communities." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 5-6 (March 18, 2020): 952–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006920911449.
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Objectives/research questions: We investigate two understudied bilingual compound verbs that have been attested in Spanish/English code-switching; namely, ‘ hacer + VInf’ and ‘ estar + VProg’. Specifically, we examined speakers’ intuitions vis-à-vis the acceptability and preferential use of non-canonical and canonical hacer ‘to do’ or estar ‘to be’ bilingual constructions among bilinguals from Northern Belize, New Mexico and Puerto Rico. Methodology: Speakers from Northern Belize ( n = 44), New Mexico ( n = 32) and Puerto Rico ( n = 30) completed a two-alternative forced-choice acceptability task and a language background questionnaire. Data and analysis: The data were examined using an analysis of variance and Thurstone’s Law of Comparative Judgment. Conclusions: Whereas Northern Belizean bilinguals gave the highest ratings to ‘ hacer + VInf’, both groups of US bilinguals gave preferential ratings to ‘ estar + VProg’ bilingual constructions. On the other hand, Puerto Rican bilinguals gave the highest preferential ratings to the canonical estar bilingual compound verbs (i.e. estar + an English progressive verb) but rejected hacer bilingual compound verbs. While ‘ hacer + VInf’ and ‘ estar + VProg’ may represent variants that are available to Spanish/English bilinguals, the present findings suggest a community-specific distribution, in which hacer bilingual compound verbs are consistently preferred over estar bilingual compound verbs in Northern Belize, whereas estar bilingual constructions are preferred among US bilinguals. Originality: This is the first cross-community examination of these bilingual compound verbs in Northern Belize (Central America/Caribbean), New Mexico (Southwest US) and Puerto Rico (US/Caribbean), three contexts in the Spanish-speaking world characterized by long-standing Spanish/English language contact and the use of bilingual language practices. Implications: Findings underscore the importance of bilingual language experience in modulating linguistic competence and the necessity to study code-switching from a language ecological perspective, as subtle context-specific patterns in code-switching varieties may be manifested not only in bilingual speakers’ oral production but in intuition as well. A more fine-grained understanding of speakers’ judgments is vital to experimental studies that seek to investigate code-switching grammars both within and across communities where code-switching varieties of the same language pair are spoken.
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Kerkhof, Erna. "The myth of the dumb Puerto Rican : circular migration and language struggle in Puerto Rico." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 75, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2001): 257–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002553.
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Focuses on the character with which the link between language and identity has become invested in Puerto Rico, against the backdrop of migration and education. Author describes the efforts on the part of some of today's politicians and cultural elites to inculcate a 'historical myth' that revolves around the detrimental effect that contact with the English language is assumed to have on the mastery of Spanish, and on 'Puerto Rican identity'. She concludes with an estimate of the general effect of the language struggle on Puerto Rican identity.
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DuBord, Elise. "La mancha del plátano." Spanish in Context 4, no. 2 (December 6, 2007): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.4.2.06dub.
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The present work seeks to identify sources of the persistent link between the Spanish language and national identity in Puerto Rico. By examining mass media discourse in the 1940s as a turbulent period of language policy conflict between Puerto Rico and the U.S. federal government, I suggest that the federal imposition of language policy without the consent or approval of local politicians or educators was influential in the construction of national identity that included language as a major defining factor. Local elites reacted to the colonial hegemony by defining Puerto Rican identity in opposition to American identity. The construction of identity in the 1940s is characterized by a cultural conception of nation that redefined national symbols, such as language, in social rather than political terms in order to avoid disturbing the existing colonial hegemony.
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Gutiérrez Wang, Lisa, Merith Cosden, and Guillermo Bernal. "Adaptation and validation of the Spanish-language Trauma Symptom Inventory in Puerto Rico." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 79, no. 1 (2011): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021327.
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Ring, Lauren, Allen Glicksman, Michael Liebman, and Misha Rodriguez. "Trust and Language as Predictors of Service Use." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1848.
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Abstract Research on older migrants often starts with a set of assumptions- including the importance of language as a barrier to care. A comparative approach allows us to examine these assumptions as they impact access to services for older migrants. Our study compared two groups of older migrants – Mandarin speaking Chinese and Spanish speakers from Puerto Rico. Through a series of focus groups we learned that although language can be a barrier to service access, the more important element in reducing disparities for older migrants is the level of trust between older adult and provider. For the older Chinese participants, the presence of a native speaker whom they trust is contrasted with a lack of trusted native Spanish speakers available to Puerto Rican elders, who must often rely on translators from various providers. We will use this example to help explain the differences in service use by these two communities. Part of a symposium sponsored by the International Aging and Migration Interest Group.
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Rivera-Rideau, Petra, and Jericko Torres-Leschnik. "The Colors and Flavors of My Puerto Rico." Journal of Popular Music Studies 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jpms.2019.311009.
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Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee’s song “Despacito” shattered numerous records to become one of the most successful Spanish-language songs in U.S. pop music history. Declared 2017’s “Song of the Summer,” the “Despacito” remix featuring Justin Bieber prompted discussions about the racial dynamics of crossover for Latin music and Latina/o artists. However, little attention was paid to the ways that “Despacito”’s success in the Latin music market demonstrated similar racial dynamics within Latin music, especially in the song’s engagement with reggaeton, a genre originally associated with Black and working-class communities. This paper examines the racial politics that surround “Despacito”’s success in both the Latin mainstream and the U.S. mainstream. We argue that “Despacito” reinforces stereotypes of blackness in the Latin mainstream in ways that facilitate reggaeton’s crossover. In turn, Fonsi himself becomes attributed with similar stereotypes, especially around hypersexuality, that represent him as a tropical Latina/o racialized other in the United States. Through close readings of media coverage of “Despacito” alongside the song’s music video, we argue that it is critical to look at “Despacito”’s success in both the Latin mainstream and the U.S. mainstream in order to examine the complex and contradictory process of crossing over.
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Govindasamy, Ramu, Venkata S. Puduri, and James E. Simon. "Willingness to Buy New Ethnic Produce Items: A Study of Latino Consumers from Mexico and Puerto Rico in the Eastern United States." HortTechnology 21, no. 2 (April 2011): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.21.2.202.
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The purpose of this study was to predict Latinos', consumers from Mexico and Puerto Rico, willingness to buy ethnic produce recently introduced or new to market. Specifically, we analyzed and compared socioeconomic characteristics of 542 Mexican and Puerto Rican consumers and expressed value judgments on their willingness to buy ethnic produce that has been recently introduced or new to market. This study was based on a primary data set collected from interviewing 542 Latino consumers (Mexico and Puerto Rico origin). A bilingual questionnaire was prepared in Spanish and English for Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in 16 states (Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia) and Washington, DC. Attributes that contributed toward willingness to buy new ethnic produce include respondent's expenditure on total produce and ethnic produce, perceptions such as the importance of store availability, language, willingness to buy locally grown, organic, genetically modified, and country of origin labeled produce items. This information will assist market intermediaries and farmers better understand Latino consumers' (Mexico and Puerto Rico group) perceptions and factors that drive willingness to buy ethnic produce that is recently introduced or new to market.
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Morales, Katherine. ""I ALWAYS KNEW IT... DIGO, QUIZÁS NO ERA PERFECT": TRANSNATIONAL ACTS OF IDENTITY IN THE SPEECH OF A RETURNEE MIGRANT." Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada 58, no. 1 (April 2019): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/010318138654296464981.
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ABSTRACT The following paper addresses the topic of transnationalism in U.S. territory Puerto Rico. As a previous Spanish colony and current U.S. territory, Puerto Rico provides rich ground for the study of fluid identities. While transnationalist literature has typically focused on describing contexts of crossed "borders" or cultures in a geo-political sense (cf. KRAMSCH and WHITESIDE, 2008; LI AND ZHU, 2013), Puerto Ricans have often been excluded from transnationalist discourses of Latin American communities due to their unique status as U.S. citizens. Through this article I aim to provide an ideological account of the complex voices and identities that make up the language practices of the Puerto Rican transnational. I adopt Jorge Duany's (2003) argument for Puerto Rican transnationalism on the basis of a shared sense of "cultural nationalism" as evidenced in the cultural and linguistic practices of a Puerto Rican returnee migrant. This migrant's linguistic practices and identity constructions are observed in relation to Michael Silverstein's (2003) socioindexicality. Coupling this frame with an ethnographic methodology allows the dynamic ways in which a transnational identity is constructed to become apparent, in real-time and in illuminated detail
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Lipski, John M. "Spontaneous Nasalization in the Development of Afro-Hispanic Language." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 7, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 261–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.7.2.04lip.
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Afro-Hispanic or bozal Spanish, from the sixteenth century to the early twentieth century, exhibited numerous cases of "epenthetic" nasal consonants, exemplified by Punto Rico < Puerto Rico; limbre < libre 'free'; pincueso < pescuezo 'neck'; and monosyllabic clitics such as lon < lo(s), lan < la(s), and so on. The present study, based on a comparison of Afro-Hispanic (AH) language data from a wide range of regions and time periods, provides alternative models for spontaneous nasalization. The first involves vowel nasalization, analyzed as the linking of a free (nasal) autosegment to the first available vowel of relevant words; Spanish speakers in turn reinterpreted the nasal vowels as a nasal consonant homorganic to the preceding consonant. Cases of apparent word-final nasal epenthesis, invariably involving phrase-internal clitics, resulted from prenasalization of following word-initial obstruents, a well-documented process in Afro-Iberian linguistic contacts. The preference for voiced obstruents to pre-nasalize is attributed to the lack of the normal fricative pronunciation of /b/, /d/, and /g/ in AH speech. In general, Spanish voiced obstruents are pronounced as stops only following nasals. The stop pronunciation of Pol, /d/, and /g/ by AH speakers was reinterpreted as an additional Root node, to which a floating (nasal) autosegment could be linked. AH nasalization generally seems to stem from Africans' underspecification of Spanish vowels and consonants, resulting from the precarious conditions under which Spanish was learned by speakers of various African languages.
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Santiago-Vendrell, Angel. "Give Them Christ: Native Agency in the Evangelization of Puerto Rico, 1900 to 1917." Religions 12, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12030196.
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The scholarship on the history of Protestant missions to Puerto Rico after the Spanish American War of 1898 emphasizes the Americanizing tendencies of the missionaries in the construction of the new Puerto Rican. There is no doubt that the main missionary motif during the 1890s was indeed civilization. Even though the Americanizing motif was part of the evangelistic efforts of some missionaries, new evidence shows that a minority of missionaries, among them Presbyterians James A. McAllister and Judson Underwood, had a clear vision of indigenization/contextualization for the emerging church based on language (Spanish) and culture (Puerto Rican). The spread of Christianity was successful not only because of the missionaries but also because native agents took up the task of evangelizing their own people; they were not passive spectators but active agents translating and processing the message of the gospel to fulfill their own people’s needs based on their own individual cultural assumptions. This article problematizes the past divisions of such evangelizing activities between the history of Christianity, mission history, and theology by analyzing the native ministries of Adela Sousa (a Bible woman) and Miguel Martinez in light of the teachings of the American missionaries. The investigation claims that because of Puerto Rican agents’ roles in the process of evangelization, a new fusion between the history of Christianity, mission history, and theology emerged as soon as new converts embraced and began to preach the gospel.
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Carl, Yonatan, Rosa L. Frias, Sara Kurtevski, Tamara González Copo, Ana R. Mustafa, Cristina M. Font, Andrew R. Blundell, Elsa C. Rodriguez, and Ruth Sacasa. "The Correlation of English Language Proficiency and Indices of Stress and Anxiety in Migrants from Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria: A Preliminary Study." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 14, no. 1 (June 21, 2019): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2019.22.
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ABSTRACTObjective:Using validated psychological assessment instruments, this study examined the psychological distress associated with potential language barriers experienced by over 135 000 Puerto Rican residents who either temporarily or permanently migrated to the continental United States with the landfall of Hurricane Maria in 2017.Methods:Participants were Puerto Rican residents (n = 107) who remained in Puerto Rico (control) or left the island for at least 3 months because of Hurricane Maria (migrants). Participants completed an online survey in their preferred language (Spanish or English), which assessed self-reported English language proficiency, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM 5, Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item depression scale, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale. It was hypothesized that migrants with lower self-reported English proficiency would have comparatively higher indices of post-disaster distress than those with a higher proficiency.Results:Dividing the migrant group by preferred language for questionnaire completion, the Fisher’s exact test showed significant differences in prevalence of severe mental distress, as defined by K6 scores above 13, between the Spanish-preferring migrants (30.4%), English-preferring migrants (0%), and controls (9.6%).Conclusion:Our results support a possible correlation between decreased language proficiency in post-disaster migrants and a higher risk factor for severe mental distress.
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Bodner, George M., and Provi M. Mayo. "The bilingual learner. What happens when the language of instruction is not the language of discourse." Educación Química 18, no. 3 (August 22, 2018): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fq.18708404e.2007.3.65953.
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<span>Those of us who teach chemistry at the college or university level in the United States are faced with the problem of conveying our course content to an increasingly number of students for whom English is a second language; a problem that has been faced by our colleagues in Latin America for generations. We therefore conducted a study designed to probe the conceptual knowledge of bilingual students who studied chemistry from English language textbooks in a classroom environment in which the language of discourse was Spanish. Interviews were done with undergraduate science majors enrolled in general chemistry at the University of Puerto Rico and with graduate students in the Department of Chemistry at Purdue University. Analysis of the interview data led to the creation of five categories: (1) use of Spanish, (2) avoidance of communication, (3) confusion of terms; (4) use of examples and new words, and (5) use of terms without mastery.</span>
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Arbino, Daniel. "“The Gifts of the Hurricane:” Reimagining Post-María Puerto Rico through Comics." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 20, no. 2 (September 10, 2021): 156–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.20.2.2021.3815.
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Although the media framed Hurricanes Irma and María and their aftermath as a tragedy, and indeed it was, a small literary canon has emerged that explores the storms as an opportunity to rethink Puerto Rico’s future. The aftermath of the hurricanes impacted cultural production two-fold; by forcing writers to engage with climate change, while also rethinking the colonial relationship that Puerto Rico has with the United States. Looking specifically at selections from English- and Spanish-language comic anthologies Ricanstruction (2018), Puerto Rico Strong (2018) and Nublado: Escombros de María (2018) as well as single-author graphic novels like María and Temporada (2019), I explore how authors used Hurricane María as a catalyst to reimagine and recreate a more autonomous future for the island through decolonial imaginaries, a notion laid out by Emma Pérez. Despite their different approaches to Puerto Rico’s future, the comics’ commonality lies in counter-narratives that espouse community values, indigeneity, innovation, and reclamation of nature as a means to confront hardship. Together they produce alternative modalities for transcending the vulnerabilities of debilitating disasters brought on by climate change. They offer a return to pre-colonial values combined with new technologies to empower the island to break from the United States and withstand future storms.
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Mari, Vanessa, and Kevin S. Carroll. "Puerto Rican Teachers’ and Students’ Beliefs toward Spanish Use in the English Classroom as a Way to Motivate Students." Latin American Journal of Content & Language Integrated Learning 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 241–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5294/laclil.2020.13.2.6.
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This paper documents English teachers’ and advanced English students’ perspectives on the use of Spanish in the English classroom in Puerto Rico. Using qualitative data collection methods such as interviews and focus group data, the researchers document the ways that many English teachers on the island justify their use of Spanish in the English classroom as they work to make their teaching more comprehensible. Nevertheless, the advanced students from both public and private schools who participated in this study offer a note of caution regarding the use of too much Spanish in the English classroom. Ultimately, findings suggest that many English teachers consciously or unconsciously adopt a translanguaging approach that needs to be assessed critically depending on the language proficiency and confidence of the students in their classrooms.
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DeMello, George. "Le for Les in the Spoken Educated Spanish of Eleven Cities." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 37, no. 4 (December 1992): 407–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100022027.
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A phenomenon that is encountered fairly frequently in Spanish but has received relatively little attention on the part of linguists is the use of the singular indirect object pronoun le when the plural les would be expected, as illustrated in the following examples:Hay que darle un justo precio a las personas. (BOG-8:107)Mi papá le tenía terror a las balas perdidas. (CAR-34:615)Nosotros le calentamos a los niños la comida. (HAV-2:30)Se le ponía bola negra a las que se lo merecían. (MAD-16:266)Es poco el tiempo que puedo dedicarle a mis hijos. (MEX-13:168)To my knowledge, only Kany (1951:107–109) has attempted to deal with this topic in a comprehensive, global manner, and his presentation is limited to one brief paragraph of commentary illustrated by examples taken primarily from works written in the 1920s and 1930s. The present paper will present a general study of this construction focusing primarily on a description of its contemporary usage as reflected in the spoken Spanish of educated speakers from eleven cities, Bogota, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Havana, La Paz, Lima, Madrid, Mexico City, San Juan (Puerto Rico), Santiago (Chile) and Seville.
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Lozano, Rosina. "New Directions in Latino/a/x Histories of Education: Comparative Studies in Race, Language, Law, and Higher Education." History of Education Quarterly 60, no. 4 (November 2020): 612–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2020.43.
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The twenty-first century has seen a surge in scholarship on Latino educational history and a new nonbinary umbrella term, Latinx, that a younger generation prefers. Many of historian Victoria-María MacDonald's astute observations in 2001 presaged the growth of the field. Focus has increased on Spanish-surnamed teachers and discussions have grown about the Latino experience in higher education, especially around student activism on campus. Great strides are being made in studying the history of Spanish-speaking regions with long ties to the United States, either as colonies or as sites of large-scale immigration, including Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines. Historical inquiry into the place of Latinos in the US educational system has also developed in ways that MacDonald did not anticipate. The growth of the comparative race and ethnicity field in and of itself has encouraged cross-ethnic and cross-racial studies, which often also tie together larger themes of colonialism, language instruction, legal cases, and civil rights or activism.
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Nelson, William Javier. "The Haitian Political Situation and its Effect on the Dominican Republic: 1849-1877." Americas 45, no. 2 (October 1988): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006786.
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The Dominican Republic, which has once again exhibited the fragility of its political institutions by taking over two weeks to ascertain a winner in its last presidential election, is, in many ways, a land of shared commonalities with other peoples. Its merengue rhythms point to a common musical bond with West Africa; its language and cultural institutions suggest a heavy Spanish stamp and its affiliations with other regional entities such as Puerto Rico and Venezuela are well known. Unfortunately for the Dominicans, however, they share their own island with another society — a decidely unique situation, especially since this schism represents an antipathic clash between different languages, histories and racial philosophies.
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Ramos-Rincón, José M., Isabel Belinchón-Romero, Francisco Sánchez-Ferrer, Guillermo Martínez-de la Torre, Meggan Harris, and Javier Sánchez-Fernández. "The reach of Spanish-language YouTube videos on physical examinations made by undergraduate medical students." Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 14 (December 19, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2017.14.31.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the performance and reach of YouTube videos on physical examinations made by Spanish university students. We analyzed performance metrics for 4 videos on physical examinations in Spanish that were created by medical students at Miguel Hernández University (Elche, Spain) and are available on YouTube, on the following topics: the head and neck (7:30), the cardiovascular system (7:38), the respiratory system (13:54), and the abdomen (11:10). We used the Analytics application offered by the YouTube platform to analyze the reach of the videos from the upload date (February 17, 2015) to July 28, 2017 (2 years, 5 months, and 11 days). The total number of views, length of watch-time, and the mean view duration for the 4 videos were, respectively: 164,403 views (mean, 41,101 views; range, 12,389 to 94,573 views), 425,888 minutes (mean, 106,472 minutes; range, 37,889 to 172,840 minutes), and 2:56 minutes (range, 1:49 to 4:03 minutes). Mexico was the most frequent playback location, followed by Spain, Colombia, and Venezuela. Uruguay, Ecuador, Mexico, and Puerto Rico had the most views per 100,000 population. Spanish-language tutorials are an alternative tool for teaching physical examination skills to students whose first language is not English. The videos were especially popular in Uruguay, Ecuador, and Mexico.
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Hill-Kayser, Christine, Carolyn Vachani, Margaret K. Hampshire, Gloria A. Di Lullo, and James M. Metz. "Providing cancer survivorship care plans for Spanish language speakers: Overall use and satisfaction patterns." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e20671-e20671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e20671.
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e20671 Background: Cancer survivorship care plans may be communication aides to assist healthcare providers and empower survivors. A paucity of information exists regarding the provision of survivorship care plans to the Spanish speaking population. Methods: The LIVESTRONG Care Plan is an Internet-based tool for creation of survivorship care plans, originally launched in 5/07. It is available at www.livestrongcareplan.org, and via OncoLink, a cancer information website based at the University of Pennsylvania, serving over 3.9 million pages/ month to 185,000 unique IP addresses. A direct link on the homepage directs users to the Spanish version. All information is provided and translated by oncology nurses and physicians. Results: Since launch of the tool, 293 Spanish care plans have been created (1% of total care plans). Care plans in Spanish have been created by survivors in 78% of cases, and healthcare providers in 22%. This differs from the entire user population, in which use by HCP approaches 50% (p=< 0.001). Spanish-speaking users are 52% female, and 82% Latino/a, and less likely from the US (60% vs 87% , p=0.02), also being from Mexico (15%), Spain (10%), Chile (9%), Puerto Rico (5%) and Venezuela (3%). Spanish users were most often survivors of breast (20%) GU (33%) and GI (20%) cancers (vs general population 50%, p = 0.03; 10%, p = 0.04; 11%, p = 0.03, respectively). Only 8% of Spanish-speaking users report having received previous survivorship information vs 13% in the overall group (p=0.07). All users (100%) of the Spanish version rate experience and satisfaction with the care plan as “very good” or “excellent.” Average time for completion of Spanish plans was 9:28 min. Conclusions: Most users of the Spanish plan are survivors who have not received this information before, from the US and several Central/South American countries. They are highly satisfied with the information provided. Healthcare providers are proportionally less likely to use the Spanish version of the plan than survivors are.
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Stone, Erin. "Slave Raiders vs. Friars: Tierra Firme, 1513–1522." Americas 74, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 139–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2017.10.
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In early 1515, a small Spanish expedition set sail for the province of Cumaná, located along the coast of what was then called Tierra Firme (an area spanning much of present-day Central and South America). Nominally, the squadron, led by Spanish scribe Gomez de Ribera, was sent to punish a group of “Carib” Indians who had recently attacked and killed two Spaniards on the small island of San Vicente. Once caught, these “Caribs” would be enslaved and sold in the markets of Española, Puerto Rico, or Cuba. Caribs, though speakers of the Arawakan language, were inhabitants of the Lesser Antilles and were likely culturally and politically distinct from the Taíno of the Greater Antilles. Inhabitants of the Lesser Antilles first received the ethnic label of Carib during Christopher Columbus's second voyage in 1493. Over time, Europeans exacerbated the pre-Columbian divide between Caribs and Taínos, creating a colonial dichotomy that helped the Spanish to expand the indigenous slave trade. By the third decade of colonization, or the time of Ribera's expedition, the Spanish had begun labeling all rebellious Indians as Caribs or cannibals so as to legally enslave them.
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Callister, Adam Henry, Quinn Galbraith, and Spencer Galbraith. "Immigration, Deportation, and Discrimination: Hispanic Political Opinion Since the Election of Donald Trump." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 41, no. 2 (April 25, 2019): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986319840717.
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Both the campaign and subsequent election of Donald Trump have brought about marked changes in the overall tone of American political discourse. It is thought that these changes have been particularly disruptive to the public’s view of Hispanic immigration. To evaluate the current state of Hispanic political opinion regarding immigration, this study draws upon data from a survey conducted in January 2018 of 1,080 people of Hispanic descent currently living in the United States or Puerto Rico. Researchers looked at the impact of age, gender, language preference, time lived in the United States, and knowing an undocumented immigrant on participants’ views of immigration. Taking the survey in Spanish and knowing an undocumented immigrant were found to be the most influential factors in determining a favorable view of undocumented immigrants as well as a perceived increase in discrimination toward Hispanics since Trump’s election.
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Martín-Butragueño, Pedro. "An approach to subject pronoun expression patterns in data from the “Project for the Sociolinguistic Study of Spanish in Spain and America”." Sociolinguistic patterns and processes of convergence and divergence in Spanish 17, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 294–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.00060.mar.
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Abstract The objective of this article is to extract certain general consequences about social and linguistic-pragmatic conditions in the expression of subject personal pronouns (SPPs) in contemporary urban Spanish. The study examines some of the results obtained in Valencia and Granada, Spain; Mexico City, Mexico; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Caracas, Venezuela; Bogotá and Medellín, Colombia; and Montevideo, Uruguay. These works have all analyzed data from the “Project for the Sociolinguistic Study of Spanish in Spain and America” (PRESEEA), thus they all share data collected under very similar circumstances (Moreno Fernández 1996; Cestero Mancera 2012). The presence or the absence of pronominal subjects in Spanish is required in certain contexts, but in most cases they are considered optional. This optionality depends on fixed factors of linguistic nature (such as the grammatical person and number of the subject, or the co-reference between the subject and a previous element) and of social nature (such as age or gender), and on random factors (such as individuals and verbal pieces). The hypotheses to be tested are: (a) there is geographical variation among the cities studied, which is reflected in the rates of overt SPPs (Otheguy & Zentella 2012; Carvalho, Orozco & Shin 2015); (b) social variation is relatively small within each city; (c) the fixed and random linguistic-pragmatic variation is intense within each city and similar among cities; (d) the most relevant factors that activate overt SPPs are related to adequate information management of the anaphoric chains and textual coherence.
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Alvarez Ayure, Claudia Patricia. "Expanding the value of CLIL: Perspectives from primary to higher education." Latin American Journal of Content & Language Integrated Learning 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5294/laclil.2020.13.2.1.
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The world continues to evolve, where globalization has been the driving factor behind changes in society, thereby creating challenges that could be seen as opportunities in education. Areas such as collaboration, teamwork along with intercultural awareness and communication are just a few of the areas that are being addressed in the educational arena amongst practitioners. Approaches such as Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), Content Based Instruction (CBI) and English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) have proven to be viable options for bi/multilingual educational environments across the globe. This editorial discusses research from four continents – the Americas, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East (The United States of America, Taiwan, Iran, Mexico, Turkey, Colombia, Puerto Rico, and Italy) – reporting on the diversity in integrating content and language in bi/multilingual teaching environments. Key issues such as children’s literature and CLIL, reading comprehension in English as a Foreign Language (EFL), language objectives in lesson plans and assessment in content-based instruction. Furthermore, EMI and the internationalization of higher education, teachers’, and students’ beliefs on the use of Spanish in an advanced English classroom and the implementation of CLIL in the field of pharmacology will also be discussed, where insights into how content and language are integrated at the different educational levels.
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Gipson, Terry A., Roger C. Merkel, Abner Rodriguez, and John Fernandez. "Knowledge Transfer in Online Meat and Dairy Goat Certification Programs in English and Spanish." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab096.013.
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Abstract In 2020, on-line courses in Spanish (SP) for dairy (D) and meat (M) goat producers were unveiled (http://certification.goats.langston.edu). These courses complemented the existing courses in English (EN) for D and M. Thirty-one undergraduate and one graduate animal science students at the University of Puerto Rico (UPR), Mayagüez enrolled in the SP courses for beta-testing. Nineteen students completed D-SP, 9 completed M-SP, and 4 completed both. Participants take a pre-test (PRE) and if the PRE score < 85%, a post-test (POST) is required. To complete D, passing scores are required on 18 required modules and 7 of 10 electives. To complete M, passing scores are required on 21 required modules and 9 of 12 electives. A random sample of previous participants (23 D-EN and 13 M-EN) in the same time length (86 ± 18.2 d) was added to the UPR dataset. The objective of this study is to evaluate the difference (DIFF) between PRE and POST scores as a measure of knowledge transfer. Mixed model analysis was conducted with the dependent variable of DIFF, the independent variables of course (D or M), language (EN or SP), the two-way interaction, and participant as the random effect. There were significant course (P > 0.01) and language (P > 0.05) effects on DIFF. M had lower DIFF than D (29.0% vs 34.1%) and EN had lower DIFF than SP (29.2% vs 34.0%). When required module within course (18 for D and 21 for M) was added to the model to examine specific module differences, there was a significant course(module)*language interaction (P > 0.01) with values ranging from 15.6% for Preventive Herd Health in EN M to 45.1% for Milking Systems in SP D. Participant background and language may play a role in knowledge transfer for online courses; however, a larger sample would be needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 75, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2001): 123–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002561.
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-Virginia R. Dominguez, Louis A. Pérez, Jr., On becoming Cuban: Identity, nationality, and culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. xiv + 579 pp.-Solimar Otero, Kali Argyriadis, La religión à la Havane: Actualités des représentations et des pratiques culturelles havanaises. Paris: Éditions des Archives Contemporaines,1999. 373 pp.-Jane Desmond, Jane Blocker, Where is Ana Mendieta?: Identity, performativity, and exile. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1999. xvi + 166 pp.-Richard Handler, Amílcar A. Barreto, Language, elites, and the state: Nationalism in Puerto Rico and Quebec. Westport CT: Praeger, 1998. x + 165 pp.-Juan Flores, Lillian Guerra, Popular expression and national identity in Puerto Rico: The struggle for self, community, and nation. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998. xi + 332 pp.-Eileen J. Findlay, Rafael L. Ramírez, What it means to be a man: Reflections on Puerto Rican masculinity. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999. xv + 139 pp.-Arlene Torres, Eileen J. Suárez Findlay, Imposing decency: The politics of sexuality and race in Puerto Rico, 1870-1920. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1999. xii + 316 pp.-Rita Giacalone, Humberto García Muñiz ,Fronteras en conflicto: Guerra contra las drogas, militarización y democracia en el Caribe, Puerto Rico y Vieques. San Juan: Red Caribeña de Geopolítica, Seguridad Regional y Relaciones Internacionales, afiliada al Proyecto AT-LANTEA, 1999. 211 pp., Jorge Rodríguez Beruff (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, q , Polly Pattullo, Fire from the mountain: The tragedy of Monserrat and the betrayal of its people. London: Constable, 2000. xvii + 217 pp.-Aisha Khan, Gillon Aitken, Between father and son: Family letters. V.S. Naipaul. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. xi + 297 pp.-J. Michael Dash, Marie-Hélène Laforest, Diasporic encounters: Remapping the Caribbean. Naples Liguori, 2000. 271 pp.-Jeanne Garane, Renée Larrier, Francophone women writers of Africa and the Caribbean. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. ix + 156 pp.-Julian Gerstin, Brenda F. Berrian, Awakening spaces: French Caribbean popular songs, music, and culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. xvi + 287 pp.-Halbert Barton, Steven Loza, Tito Puente and the making of Latin music. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999. xvi + 258 pp.-Mark Moberg, Anne Sutherland, The making of Belize: Globalization in the margins. Westport CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1998. x + 203 pp.-Daniel A. Segal, Kevin K. Birth, 'Any time is Trinidad time' : Social meanings and temporal consciousness. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. xiv + 190 pp.-Samuel Martínez, Michele Wucker, Why the cocks fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the struggle for Hispaniola. New York: Hill and Wang, 1999. xxi + 281 pp.-Paul E. Brodwin, Terry Rey, Our lady of class struggle: The cult of the virgin Mary in Haiti. Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, 1999. x + 362 pp.-Robert Fatton, Jr., Elizabeth D. Gibbons, Sanctions in Haiti: Human rights and democracy under assault. Westport CT: Praeger, with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC, 1999. xviii + 138 pp.-Robert Fatton, Jr., David M. Malone, Decision-making in the UN security council: The case of Haiti, 1990-1997. Oxford: Clarendon, 1998. xxi + 322 pp.-James Sanders, César J. Ayala, American sugar kingdom: The plantation economy of the Spanish Caribbean, 1898-1934. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. xii + 321 pp.-James Sanders, Alan Dye, Cuban sugar in the age of mass production: Technology and the economics of the sugar central, 1899-1929. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. xiii + 343 pp.-Linden Lewis, Richard Hart, Towards decolonisation: Political, labour and economic developments in Jamaica 1938-1945. Kingston: Canoe Press, 1999. xxii + 329 pp.-John Smolenski, John W. Pulis, Moving on: Black loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic world. New York: Garland, 1999. xxiv + 224 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Clem Seecharan, Bechu: 'Bound coolie' Radical in British Guiana 1894-1901. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 1999. x + 315 pp.-Bonno Thoden van Velzen, C.N. Dubelaar ,Het Afakaschrift van de Tapanahoni Rivier in Suriname. Utrecht: Thela Thesis, 1999. 183 pp., André R.M. Pakosie (eds)-Bonno Thoden van Velzen, André R.M. Pakosie, Gazon Matodja: Surinaams stamhoofd aan het einde van een tijdperk. Utrecht: Stichting Sabanapeti, 1999. 172 pp.-Geneviève Escure, Peter L. Patrick, Urban Jamaican Creole: Variation in the Mesolect. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999. xx + 331 pp.
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Cameron, Richard. "Language change or changing selves?" Diachronica 17, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 249–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.17.2.02cam.
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SUMMARY Social and stylistic patterns which indicate language change in progress may also indicate changes of social identity across time and place. Research into three strategies for framing direct quotations in Puerto Rican Spanish finds a potential case of change from below. Yet, social and stylistic patterning of the variable may also be a function of the evolving identities of individuals within the community as they age, enter the job market, and find new places to live and people to speak with. The case for change in progress becomes apparent through a close comparison of the direct quotation variable with the stable variable of word final S. Comparable analyses are provided of word final S and direct quotation strategies across stylistic and social dimensions of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Stable word final S reveals slight age grading, a match between stylistic and social stratification, and a female favoring of standard forms. Moreover, children reproduce the class rankings which characterize adults. The variable of direct quotation strategies diverges considerably. An apparent time difference is traced by two of the three direct quotation strategies, with females favoring one and males the other. Peak probabilities of nonstandard or innovative use occur among teenagers for both female and male speakers. Other features include a mismatch between stylistic and social stratification and a striking reversal of class rankings between adults and children. A competing interpretation of the data finds evidence for age grading, the influence of gender identity in the teen years and subsequent marketplace prescriptivism in the post-teen years. Because a balanced interpretation of the data calls for two competing interpretations, two are provided. RÉSUMÉ Les comportements sociaux et stylistiques qui indiquent un changement linguistique en cours peuvent également être indices de changements d’identité sociale à travers le temps et l’espace. Nos recherches sur trois stratégies de citation directe en espagnol portoricain identifient un cas potentiel de changement à partir des couches sociales inferieures. Pourtant, le comportement social et stylistique de cette variable pourrait aussi refléter l’évolution identitaire des individus dans la communauté lorsqu’ils vieillissent, entrent sur le marché du travail, et changent de quartiers et d’interlocuteurs. Une comparaison serrée de cette variable de la citation directe avec la variable stable du S en position finale permet d’avancer l’hypothèse d’un changement en cours. La variable stable du S en fin de mot est légèrement stratifiée selon l’âge, et présente une correspondance entre les stratifications stylistique et sociale ainsi qu’une préférence pour les formes standardes chez les femmes. Qui plus est, on retrouve chez les enfants la même stratification sociale qui caractérise le comportement des adultes. La variable des stratégies de citation directe s’écarte considerablement de cette configuration. Une difference en temps apparent émerge dans deux des trois stratégies de citation directe, dont l’une est préférée par les femmes et l’autre par les hommes. La probabilité d’emploi des formes non standardes ou innovatrices atteint son niveau le plus élevé chez les adolescents des deux sexes. Cette variable est marquée aussi par l’absence de convergence entre les stratifications sociale et stylistique, alors que la stratification sociale par classes connaît une inversion frappante entre les adultes et les enfants. Alternativement, on peut interpréter ces données comme des indices de stratification par l’âge, de l’influence de l’identité du genre pendant l’adolescence, et ensuite du normativisme imposé aux adultes par le marché du travail. Puisqu’une vision équilibrée des données demande deux interprétations concurrentes, on en fournit deux. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Soziale und stilistische Muster, die fortschreitende sprachliche Veränderungen andeuten, können auch ein Hinweis für ort- und zeitunabhängige Veränderungen sozialer Identität sein. Forschung, die sich mit drei Strategien direkten Zitierens in puertorikanischem Spanisch beschäftigt, kann auf Veränderungen von Unten hinweisen. Soziale und stilistische Muster können auch durch eine sich entwickelnde Identität des Einzelnen in der Gemeinde hervorgerufen werden. Dabei können Faktoren, wie zum Beispiel Alter, das Eintreten in den Arbeitsmarkt, Veränderungen in der Wohnsituation und soziale Kontakte eine Rolle spielen. Fortschreitende sprachliche Veränder- ungen werden durch Vergleiche der Variable direkter Zitate und der Variable s-Wortendung sichtbar. Vergleichende Analysen von s-Wortendung und direkten Zitierstrategien, die mehrere stilistische Kategorien und soziale Gruppen San Juans (Puerto Rico) umfassen, werden in dieser Untersuchung dargestellt. Der beständige Gebrauch von s-Wortendung deutet auf eine altersbedingte Entwicklung, eine Parallele stilistischer und sozialer Schichtung und die Bevorzugung von Standardformen von Frauen hin. Zudem setzen sich bei Kindern Klassenunterschiede Erwachsener fort. Der Gebrauch direkter Zitierstrategien, dahingegen, ist weniger beständig. Altersunterschiede scheinen für den Gebrauch von zwei der drei Zitierstrategien massgeblich zu sein, wobei eine Strategie von Männern und eine von Frauen bevorzugt wird. Die grösste Wahrscheinlichkeit für den nicht-standardisierten und innovativen Gebrauch von Zitierstrategien ist bei weiblichen als auch männlichen Teenagern zu finden. Zudem lässt sich keine klare Verbindung von stilistischen und sozialen Schichten aufzeigen. Dahingegen setzen sich aber bei Kindern Klassenunterschiede Erwachsener nicht fort. Die Daten lassen unterschiedliche Interpretationsmöglichkeiten für altersbedingte Einflüsse, Einflüsse durch Geschlechteridentität in den Teenagerjahren und anschliessende arbeitsmarktbedingte Normen zu. Da die Daten auf mehrere Weisen interpretiert werden können, werden zwei mögliche Interpretationen dargestellt.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 86, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2012): 109–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002427.
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The African Diaspora: A History Through Culture, by Patrick Manning (reviewed by Joseph C. Miller) Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, by David Eltis & David Richardson (reviewed by Ted Maris-Wolf) Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery, by Seymour Drescher (reviewed by Gregory E. O’Malley) Paths to Freedom: Manumission in the Atlantic World, edited by Rosemary Brana-Shute & Randy J. Sparks (reviewed by Matthew Mason) You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery, by Jeremy D. Popkin (reviewed by Philippe R. Girard) Fighting for Honor: The History of African Martial Arts in the Atlantic World, by T .J. Desch Obi (reviewed by Flávio Gomes & Antonio Liberac Cardoso Simões Pires) Working the Diaspora: The Impact of African Labor on the Anglo-American World, 1650-1850, by Frederick C. Knight (reviewed by Walter Hawthorne) The Akan Diaspora in the Americas, by Kwasi Konadu (reviewed by Ray Kea) Tradition and the Black Atlantic: Critical Theory in the African Diaspora, by Henry Louis Gates Jr. (reviewed by Deborah A. Thomas) From Africa to Jamaica: The Making of an Atlantic Slave Society, 1775-1807, by Audra A. Diptee (reviewed by D.A. Dunkley) Elections, Violence and the Democratic Process in Jamaica 1944-2007, by Amanda Sives (reviewed by Douglas Midgett) Caciques and Cemi Idols: The Web Spun by Taino Rulers between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, by José R. Oliver (reviewed by Brian D. Bates) The Latin American Identity and the African Diaspora: Ethnogenesis in Context, by Antonio Olliz Boyd (reviewed by Dawn F. Stinchcomb) Reconstructing Racial Identity and the African Past in the Dominican Republic, by Kimberly Eison Simmons (reviewed by Ginetta E.B. Candelario) Haiti and the Haitian Diaspora in the Wider Caribbean, edited by Philippe Zacaïr (reviewed by Catherine Benoît) Duvalier’s Ghosts: Race, Diaspora, and U.S. Imperialism in Haitian Literatures, by Jana Evans Braziel (reviewed by J. Michael Dash) Mainland Passage: The Cultural Anomaly of Puerto Rico, by Ramón E. Soto-Crespo (reviewed by Guillermo B. Irizarry) Report on the Island and Diocese of Puerto Rico (1647), by Diego de Torres y Vargas (reviewed by David A. Badillo) Land Reform in Puerto Rico: Modernizing the Colonial State, 1941-1969, by Ismael García-Colón (reviewed by Ricardo Pérez) Land: Its Occupation, Management, Use and Conceptualization. The Case of the Akawaio and Arekuna of the Upper Mazaruni District, Guyana, by Audrey J. Butt Colson (reviewed by Christopher Carrico) Caribbean Religious History: An Introduction, by Ennis B. Edmonds & Michelle A . Gonzalez (reviewed by N. Samuel Murrell) The Cross and the Machete: Native Baptists of Jamaica – Identity, Ministry and Legacy, by Devon Dick (reviewed by John W. Pulis) Swimming the Christian Atlantic: Judeoconversos, Afroiberians and Amerindians in the Seventeenth Century, by Jonathan Schorsch (reviewed by Richard L. Kagan) Kosmos und Kommunikation: Weltkonzeptionen in der südamerikanischen Sprachfamilie der Cariben, by Ernst Halbmayer (reviewed by Eithne B. Carlin) That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: The United States and the Cuban Revolution, by Lars Schoultz (reviewed by Antoni Kapcia) Voice of the Leopard: African Secret Societies and Cuba, by Ivor L. Miller (reviewed by Elizabeth Pérez) Guantánamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution, by Jana K. Lipman (reviewed by Barry Carr) Packaged Vacations: Tourism Development in the Spanish Caribbean, by Evan R. Ward (reviewed by Polly Pattullo) Afro-Greeks: Dialogues Between Anglophone Caribbean Literature and Classics in the Twentieth Century, by Emily Greenwood (reviewed by Gregson Davis) Caribbean Culture: Soundings on Kamau Brathwaite, edited by Annie Paul (reviewed by Paget Henry) Libertad en cadenas: Sacrificio, aporías y perdón en las letras cubanas, by Aída Beaupied (reviewed by Stephen Fay) The Trickster Comes West: Pan-African Influence in Early Black Diasporan Narratives, by Babacar M’baye (reviewed by Olabode Ibironke) Cheddi Jagan and the Politics of Power: British Guiana’s Struggle for Independence, by Colin A. Palmer (reviewed by Jay R. Mandle) A Language of Song: Journeys in the Musical World of the African Diaspora, by Samuel Charters (reviewed by Kenneth Bilby) Man Vibes: Masculinities in Jamaican Dancehall, by Donna P. Hope (reviewed by Eric Bindler)
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 66, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1992): 249–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002001.
Full textAbstract:
-Jay B. Haviser, Jerald T. Milanich ,First encounters: Spanish explorations in the Caribbean and the United States, 1492-1570. Gainesville FL: Florida Museum of Natural History & University Presses of Florida, 1989. 221 pp., Susan Milbrath (eds)-Marvin Lunenfeld, The Libro de las profecías of Christopher Columbus: an en face edition. Delano C. West & August Kling, translation and commentary. Gainesville FL: University of Florida Press, 1991. x + 274 pp.-Suzannah England, Charles R. Ewen, From Spaniard to Creole: the archaeology of cultural formation at Puerto Real, Haiti. Tuscaloosa AL; University of Alabama Press, 1991. xvi + 155 pp.-Piero Gleijeses, Bruce Palmer Jr., Intervention in the Caribbean: the Dominican crisis of 1965. Lexington KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1989.-Piero Gleijeses, Herbert G. Schoonmaker, Military crisis management: U.S. intervention in the Dominican Republic, 1965. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1990. 152 pp.-Jacqueline A. Braveboy-Wagner, Fitzroy André Baptiste, War, cooperation, and conflict: the European possessions in the Caribbean, 1939-1945. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1988. xiv + 351 pp.-Peter Meel, Paul Sutton, Europe and the Caribbean. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1991. xii + 260 pp.-Peter Meel, Betty Secoc-Dahlberg, The Dutch Caribbean: prospects for democracy. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1990. xix + 333 pp.-Michiel Baud, Rosario Espinal, Autoritarismo y democracía en la política dominicana. San José, Costa Rica: Ediciones CAPEL, 1987. 208 pp.-A.J.G. Reinders, J.M.R. Schrils, Een democratie in gevaar: een verslag van de situatie op Curacao tot 1987. Assen, Maastricht: Van Gorcum, 1990. xii + 292 pp.-Andrés Serbin, David W. Dent, Handbook of political science research on Latin America: trends from the 1960s to the 1990s. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1990.-D. Gail Saunders, Dean W. Collinwood, The Bahamas between worlds. Decatur IL: White Sound Press, 1989. vii + 119 pp.-D. Gail Saunders, Dean W. Collinwood ,Modern Bahamian society. Parkersburg IA: Caribbean Books, 1989. 278 pp., Steve Dodge (eds)-Peter Hulme, Pierrette Frickey, Critical perspectives on Jean Rhys. Washington DC: Three Continents Press, 1990. 235 pp.-Alvina Ruprecht, Lloyd W. Brown, El Dorado and Paradise: Canada and the Caribbean in Austin Clarke's fiction. Parkersburg IA: Caribbean Books, 1989. xv + 207 pp.-Ineke Phaf, Michiel van Kempen, De Surinaamse literatuur 1970-1985: een documentatie. Paramaribo: Uitgeverij de Volksboekwinkel, 1987. 406 pp.-Genevieve Escure, Barbara Lalla ,Language in exile: three hundred years of Jamaican Creole. Tuscaloosa AL: University of Alabama Press, 1990. xvii + 253 pp., Jean D'Costa (eds)-Charles V. Carnegie, G. Llewellyn Watson, Jamaican sayings: with notes on folklore, aesthetics, and social control.Tallahassee FL: Florida A & M University Press, 1991. xvi + 292 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Kaiso, calypso music. David Rudder in conversation with John La Rose. London: New Beacon Books, 1990. 33 pp.-Mark Sebba, John Victor Singler, Pidgin and creole tense-mood-aspect systems. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1990. xvi + 240 pp.-Dale Tomich, Pedro San Miguel, El mundo que creó el azúcar: las haciendas en Vega Baja, 1800-873. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Huracán, 1989. 224 pp.-César J. Ayala, Juan José Baldrich, Sembraron la no siembra: los cosecheros de tabaco puertorriqueños frente a las corporaciones tabacaleras, 1920-1934. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Huracán, 1988.-Robert Forster, Jean-Michel Deveau, La traite rochelaise. Paris: Kathala, 1990. 334 pp.-Ernst van den Boogaart, Johannes Menne Postma, The Dutch in the Atlantic slave trade, 1600-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. xiv + 428 pp.-W.E. Renkema, T. van der Lee, Plantages op Curacao en hun eigenaren (1708-1845): namen en data voornamelijk ontleend aan transportakten. Leiden, the Netherlands: Grafaria, 1989. xii + 87 pp.-Mavis C. Campbell, Wim Hoogbergen, The Boni Maroon wars in Suriname. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1990. xvii + 254 pp.-Rafael Duharte Jiménez, Carlos Esteban Dieve, Los guerrilleros negros: esclavos fugitivos y cimarrones en Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1989. 307 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Hans Ramsoedh, Suriname 1933-1944: koloniale politiek en beleid onder Gouverneur Kielstra. Delft, the Netherlands: Eburon, 1990. 255 pp.-Gert Oostindie, Kees Lagerberg, Onvoltooid verleden: de dekolonisatie van Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. Tilburg, the Netherlands: Instituut voor Ontwikkelingsvraagstukken, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, 1989. ii + 265 pp.-Aisha Khan, Anthony de Verteuil, Eight East Indian immigrants. Port of Spain: Paria, 1989. xiv + 318 pp.-John Stiles, Willie L. Baber, The economizing strategy: an application and critique. New York: Peter Lang, 1988. xiii + 232 pp.-Faye V. Harrison, M.G. Smith, Poverty in Jamaica. Kingston: Institute of social and economic research, 1989. xxii + 167 pp.-Sidney W. Mintz, Dorian Powell ,Street foods of Kingston. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of social and economic research, 1990. xii + 125 pp., Erna Brodber, Eleanor Wint (eds)-Yona Jérome, Michel S. Laguerre, Urban poverty in the Caribbean: French Martinique as a social laboratory. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. xiv + 181 pp.
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Kelly, Kara M., Elena J. Ladas, Peter Cole, Lewis B. Silverman, Kristen E. Stevenson, and Manuela Orjuela. "Dietary Intake of Zinc and Severity of Infection during Prophase/Induction in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 3659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.3659.3659.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Dietary Intake of Zinc and Severity of Infection During Prophase/Induction in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Kara M. Kelly, MD1*, Elena J. Ladas, PhD, RD1*, Peter Cole, MD2, Lewis B. Silverman, MD3, Kristen Stevenson, MS3 and Manuela Orjuela, MD, ScM1,4* Introduction: Infections are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality during induction treatment in childhood ALL. Zinc status has been associated with infections and diarrhea in children with malnutrition, HIV, and cancer, likely due to the effects of zinc on the immune system. The objective of this analysis was to examine whether inadequate zinc intake prior to diagnosis is associated with incidence and severity of infections during the prophase/induction. We present the results from a prospective, multi-institution, cohort study that examined dietary intake at diagnosis in children and adolescents with ALL. Methods: Assessment of dietary intake was collected in participants between the age of 1 and 17.9 years of age and enrolled on the DFCI ALL Consortium Protocol 05-001 from 2005-2011, which included children in the continental US, Canada, and Puerto Rico. Institutional review board approval was obtained by each of the nine participating centers. Demographic data was collected on age, gender and language of dietary interview. At diagnosis, ALL was classified as standard risk (SR) or high risk (HR). Dietary intake at diagnosis was assessed with the Harvard Service Food Frequency Questionnaire for children ages 1-5 years and the Youth and Adolescent Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire for children ages 5-18 years and queried about intake in the past 30 days, in the preferred language (English, Spanish, or French). Dietary intake was examined by comparing zinc consumption above and below recommended intake for age and gender as per the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI). Infectious toxicity (incidence, grade, and organism) was collected by the DFCI as per the NCI CTCAE version3. Data for infection during prophase/induction was categorized as severe (Grade 4 and 5, life threatening and fatal) or moderate (Grades 1-3, mild to severe). Statistical analysis was performed on those children who had developed an infection during induction, and included logistic regression performed using SPSS version 21 with and without stratifying by risk group. Results: Of the 794 evaluable participants, 228 experienced an infection during the induction phase of treatment. Among the 177 with infections and dietary data, 94 (53%) were female with a median age of 4.7 years (Range: 1.3-17.9) at diagnosis; 82 (46%) were classified as having HR and 95 (54%) as SR ALL, and 19 (10.7%) developed life-threatening or fatal infections. Dietary intake at diagnosis was reported below the DRI for zinc in 11 (6.2%) of children with infection. Zinc intake below the DRI did not predict overall incidence of infection. However, among children who developed an infection, those that reported as consuming less than the DRI for zinc were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with a severe infection during induction (odds ratio [OR]: 5.75; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.51, 21.92) (p=0.01).Ê When examined by risk group, the increased risk of severe infection associated with lower zinc intake was significant only in children with HR ALL (OR 5.74; 95%CI: 1.13, 29.29) (p< 0.04), though the effect was similar in children with SR ALL (OR 5.25; 95% CI: 0.43, 64.45)( p=0.20).Ê The observed association did not vary with adjustment for gender or language of the interview, or after accounting for whether children met caloric or protein DRI. Conclusions: Our data show that among children with ALL who developed an infection during prophase/induction, dietary intake of zinc appears to predict severity of infection. This effect appeared particularly strong among children with HR ALL. Although these results are preliminary, they suggest a possible modifiable dietary target and potential clinical intervention to reduce toxicity during treatment for ALL. Disclosures Silverman: Seattle Genetics, Inc.: Research Funding.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 74, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2000): 133–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002567.
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-Swithin Wilmot, Rupert Charles Lewis, Walter Rodney's intellectual and political thought. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988. xvii + 298 pp.-Peter Wade, Robin D. Moore, Nationalizing blackness: Afrocubanismo and artistic revolution in Havana, 1920-1940. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997. xiii + 322 pp.-Matt D. Childs, Ada Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba: Race, nation, and revolution, 1868-1898. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. xiii + 273 pp.-Luis Martínez-Fernández, Joan Casanovas, Bread, or bullets! Urban labor and Spanish colonialism in Cuba, 1850-1898. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press,1998. xiii + 320 pp.-Gert J. Oostindie, Oscar Zanetti ,Sugar and railroads: A Cuban history, 1837-1959. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. xxviii + 496 pp., Alejandro García (eds)-Kelvin Santiago-Valles, Teresita Martínez-Vergne, Shaping the discourse on space: Charity and its wards in nineteenth-century San Juan, Puerto Rico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999. xv + 234 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Madhavi Kale, Fragments of empire: Capital, slavery, and Indian indentured labor migration in the British Caribbean. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. 236 pp.-Catherine Benoît, Jean Benoist, Hindouismes créoles - Mascareignes, Antilles. Paris: Éditions du CTHS, 1998. 303 pp.-Christine Ho, Walton Look Lai, The Chinese in the West Indies 1806-1995: A documentary history. The Press University of the West Indies, 1998. xxxii + 338 pp.-James Walvin, Roger Norman Buckley, The British Army in the West Indies: Society and the military in the revolutionary age. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998. 464 pp.-Rosanne M. Adderley, Howard Johnson, The Bahamas from slavery to servitude, 1783-1933. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996. xviii + 218 pp.-Mary Turner, Shirley C. Gordon, Our cause for his glory: Christianisation and emancipation in Jamaica. Kingston: The Press University of the West Indies, 1998. xviii + 152 pp.-Kris Lane, Hans Turley, Rum, sodomy, and the lash: Piracy, sexuality, and masculine identity. New York: New York University Press, 1999. lx + 199 pp.-Jonathan Schorsch, Eli Faber, Jews, slaves, and the slave trade: Setting the record straight. New York: New York University Press, 1998. xvii + 367 pp.-Bonham C. Richardson, Bridget Brereton ,The Colonial Caribbean in transition: Essays on postemancipation social and cultural history. Barbados: The Press University of the West Indies; Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. xxiii + 319 pp., Kevin A. Yelvington (eds)-Ransford W. Palmer, Thomas Klak, Globalization and neoliberalism: The Caribbean context. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998. xxiv + 319 pp.-Susan Saegert, Robert B. Potter ,Self-help housing, the poor, and the state in the Caribbean. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997. xiv + 299 pp., Dennis Conway (eds)-Peter Redfield, Michèle-Baj Strobel, Les gens de l'or: Mémoire des orpailleurs créoles du Maroni. Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe: Ibis Rouge, 1998. 400 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Louis Regis, The political calypso: True opposition in Trinidad and Tobago 1962-1987. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. xv + 277 pp.-A. James Arnold, Christiane P. Makward, Mayotte Capécia ou l'aliénation selon Fanon. Paris: Karthala, 1999. 230 pp.-Chris Bongie, Celia M. Britton, Edouard Glissant and postcolonial theory: Strategies of language and resistance. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999. xiv + 224 pp.-Chris Bongie, Anne Malena, The negotiated self: The dynamics of identity in Francophone Caribbean narrative. New York: Peter Lang, 1999. x + 192 pp.-Catherine A. John, Kathleen M. Balutansky ,Caribbean creolization: Reflections on the cultural dynamics of language, literature, and identity., Marie-Agnès Sourieau (eds)-Leland Ferguson, Jay B. Haviser, African sites archaeology in the Caribbean. Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener; Kingston: Ian Randle, 1999. xiii + 364 pp.-Edward M. Dew, Peter Meel, Tussen autonomie en onafhankelijkheid: Nederlands-Surinaamse betrekkingen 1954-1961. Leiden NL: KITLV Press, 1999. xiv + 450 pp.-Edo Haan, Theo E. Korthals Altes, Koninkrijk aan zee: De lange vlucht van liefde in het Caribisch-Nederlandse bestuur. Zutphen: Walburg Pers. 208 pp.-Richard Price, Ellen-Rose Kambel ,The rights of indigenous people and Maroons in Suriname. Copenhagen: International work group for indigenous affairs; Moreton-in-Marsh, U.K.: The Forest Peoples Programme, 1999. 206 pp., Fergus Mackay (eds)
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 71, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1997): 317–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002612.
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-Leslie G. Desmangles, Joan Dayan, Haiti, history, and the Gods. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. xxiii + 339 pp.-Barry Chevannes, James T. Houk, Spirits, blood, and drums: The Orisha religion in Trinidad. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. xvi + 238 pp.-Barry Chevannes, Walter F. Pitts, Jr., Old ship of Zion: The Afro-Baptist ritual in the African Diaspora. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. xvi + 199 pp.-Robert J. Stewart, Lewin L. Williams, Caribbean theology. New York: Peter Lang, 1994. xiii + 231 pp.-Robert J. Stewart, Barry Chevannes, Rastafari and other African-Caribbean worldviews. London: Macmillan, 1995. xxv + 282 pp.-Michael Aceto, Maureen Warner-Lewis, Yoruba songs of Trinidad. London: Karnak House, 1994. 158 pp.''Trinidad Yoruba: From mother tongue to memory. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996. xviii + 279 pp.-Erika Bourguignon, Nicola H. Götz, Obeah - Hexerei in der Karibik - zwischen Macht und Ohnmacht. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1995. 256 pp.-John Murphy, Hernando Calvo Ospina, Salsa! Havana heat: Bronx Beat. London: Latin America Bureau, 1995. viii + 151 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Stephen Stuempfle, The steelband movement: The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. xx + 289 pp.-Hilary McD. Beckles, Jay R. Mandle ,Caribbean Hoops: The development of West Indian basketball. Langhorne PA: Gordon and Breach, 1994. ix + 121 pp., Joan D. Mandle (eds)-Edmund Burke, III, Lewis R. Gordon ,Fanon: A critical reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996. xxi + 344 pp., T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, Renée T. White (eds)-Keith Alan Sprouse, Ikenna Dieke, The primordial image: African, Afro-American, and Caribbean Mythopoetic text. New York: Peter Lang, 1993. xiv + 434 pp.-Keith Alan Sprouse, Wimal Dissanayake ,Self and colonial desire: Travel writings of V.S. Naipaul. New York : Peter Lang, 1993. vii + 160 pp., Carmen Wickramagamage (eds)-Yannick Tarrieu, Moira Ferguson, Jamaica Kincaid: Where the land meets the body: Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994. xiii + 205 pp.-Neil L. Whitehead, Vera Lawrence Hyatt ,Race, discourse, and the origin of the Americas: A new world view. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995. xiii + 302 pp., Rex Nettleford (eds)-Neil L. Whitehead, Patricia Seed, Ceremonies of possession in Europe's conquest of the new world, 1492-1640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. viii + 199 pp.-Livio Sansone, Michiel Baud ,Etnicidad como estrategia en America Latina y en el Caribe. Arij Ouweneel & Patricio Silva. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1996. 214 pp., Kees Koonings, Gert Oostindie (eds)-D.C. Griffith, Linda Basch ,Nations unbound: Transnational projects, postcolonial predicaments, and deterritorialized nation-states. Langhorne PA: Gordon and Breach, 1994. vii + 344 pp., Nina Glick Schiller, Cristina Szanton Blanc (eds)-John Stiles, Richard D.E. Burton ,French and West Indian: Martinique, Guadeloupe and French Guiana today. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia; London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1995. xii + 202 pp., Fred Réno (eds)-Frank F. Taylor, Dennis J. Gayle ,Tourism marketing and management in the Caribbean. New York: Routledge, 1993. xxvi + 270 pp., Jonathan N. Goodrich (eds)-Ivelaw L. Griffith, John La Guerre, Structural adjustment: Public policy and administration in the Caribbean. St. Augustine: School of continuing studies, University of the West Indies, 1994. vii + 258 pp.-Luis Martínez-Fernández, Kelvin A. Santiago-Valles, 'Subject People' and colonial discourses: Economic transformation and social disorder in Puerto Rico, 1898-1947. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994. xiii + 304 pp.-Alicia Pousada, Bonnie Urciuoli, Exposing prejudice: Puerto Rican experiences of language, race, and class. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996. xiv + 222 pp.-David A.B. Murray, Ian Lumsden, Machos, Maricones, and Gays: Cuba and homosexuality. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996. xxvii + 263 pp.-Robert Fatton, Jr., Georges A. Fauriol, Haitian frustrations: Dilemmas for U.S. policy. Washington DC: Center for strategic & international studies, 1995. xii + 236 pp.-Leni Ashmore Sorensen, David Barry Gaspar ,More than Chattel: Black women and slavery in the Americas. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996. xi + 341 pp., Darlene Clark Hine (eds)-A. Lynn Bolles, Verene Shepherd ,Engendering history: Caribbean women in historical perspective. Kingston: Ian Randle; London: James Currey, 1995. xxii + 406 pp., Bridget Brereton, Barbara Bailey (eds)-Bridget Brereton, Mary Turner, From chattel slaves to wage slaves: The dynamics of labour bargaining in the Americas. Kingston: Ian Randle; Bloomington: Indiana University Press; London: James Currey, 1995. x + 310 pp.-Carl E. Swanson, Duncan Crewe, Yellow Jack and the worm: British Naval administration in the West Indies, 1739-1748. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993. x + 321 pp.-Jerome Egger, Wim Hoogbergen, Het Kamp van Broos en Kaliko: De geschiedenis van een Afro-Surinaamse familie. Amsterdam: Prometheus, 1996. 213 pp.-Ellen Klinkers, Lila Gobardhan-Rambocus ,De erfenis van de slavernij. Paramaribo: Anton de Kom Universiteit, 1995. 297 pp., Maurits S. Hassankhan, Jerry L. Egger (eds)-Kevin K. Birth, Sylvia Moodie-Kublalsingh, The Cocoa Panyols of Trinidad: An oral record. London & New York: British Academic Press, 1994. xiii + 242 pp.-David R. Watters, C.N. Dubelaar, The Petroglyphs of the Lesser Antilles, the Virgin Islands and Trinidad. Amsterdam: Foundation for scientific research in the Caribbean region, 1995. vii + 492 pp.-Suzannah England, Mitchell W. Marken, Pottery from Spanish shipwrecks, 1500-1800. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994. xvi + 264 pp.
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Vélez, Jorge A. "Understanding Spanish-language maintenance in Puerto Rico: political will meets the demographic imperative." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 142, no. 1 (January 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2000.142.5.
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"Managing the “Priceless Gift”: Debating Spanish Language Instruction in New Mexico and Puerto Rico, 1930–1950." Western Historical Quarterly 44, no. 3 (October 2013): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/westhistquar.44.3.0271.
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Barba, Cheyanne, Alberto Garcia, Olivio J. Clay, Virginia G. Wadley, Ross Andel, Ana Luisa Dávila, and Michael Crowe. "Quality of Education and Late-Life Cognitive Function in a Population-Based Sample From Puerto Rico." Innovation in Aging 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab016.
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Abstract Background and Objectives We examined quality of education, literacy, and years of education in relation to late-life cognitive function and decline in older Puerto Ricans. Research Design and Methods Our sample consisted of 3,385 community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older from the Puerto Rican Elderly: Health Conditions study. Quality of education was based on principal component analysis of variables gathered from Department of Education and Census reports. Literacy (yes/no) and years of education were self-reported. Cognitive function was assessed in participants’ homes at baseline and 4 years later using a previously validated Spanish-language 20-point global screening measure for dementia, the minimental Cabán. Regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic and life course covariates. Results Quality of education was positively correlated with both educational attainment and cognitive performance. Independent of years of education, literacy, childhood economic hardship, and adult economic hardship, compared to participants in the lowest quartile of education quality, those in the highest quartile had significantly better baseline cognitive performance (β = 0.09, p < .001). Quality of education did not consistently show an association with change in cognitive function over 4 years. Literacy and greater educational attainment were each independently associated with better cognitive function at baseline and less cognitive decline. Discussion and Implications Quality of education, literacy, and years of education, while interrelated, also show independent associations with cognitive functioning in older Puerto Ricans. The downstream factors of literacy and years of education were more closely related to age-related cognitive decline than quality of education.