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Journal articles on the topic 'Spanish language, to 1500'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Parr, James A., William M. Moseley, Glenroy Emmons, and Marilyn Emmons. "Spanish Literature, 1500-1700: A Bibliography of Golden Age Studies in Spanish and English, 1925-1980." Modern Language Journal 69, no. 4 (1985): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/328456.

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Drake, Dana B., William M. Moseley, Glenroy Emmons, and Marilyn C. Emmons. "Spanish Literature, 1500-1700: A Bibliography of Golden Age Studies in Spanish and English, 1925-1980." Hispania 68, no. 3 (September 1985): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/342459.

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Parr, James Allan, and Malcolm K. Read. "Visions in Exile: The Body in Spanish Literature and Linguistics, 1500-1800." Hispania 74, no. 4 (December 1991): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/343725.

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Whitaker, Daniel S., and Malcolm K. Read. "Visions in Exile: The Body in Spanish Literature and Linguistics: 1500-1800." Hispanic Review 60, no. 3 (1992): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/473563.

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Morgunova, Marina N. "Interference as a Driving Force for Intralingual Processes in Lingua Franca Formation." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v327.

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The monograph by E.E. Sarkisov and S.G. Nikolaev investigates the phenomenon of cross-language interference found in languages in contact, which actively influences the structure and content of the new, hybrid entity traditionally called lingua franca. The object of research in this monograph is the discourse field within which English-Spanish bilinguals communicate both with each other and with other bilinguals and monolinguals using Spanglish through the spoken and written word.

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Graham, Lamar A. "On clitic placement and gradience of strength of FP in Western Ibero-Romance." Languages in Contrast 21, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.18001.gra.

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Abstract Old (Medieval and Classical) Spanish permitted finite enclisis and as such is classified as a strong-F language, as are many archaic varieties of Romance languages. Notable about Old Spanish is that, prior to the 1500s, interpolation arrangements were acceptable and rather common, as is still the case of Galician and some dialects of Portuguese. However, from the 1500s onward, interpolation in Old Spanish was no longer productive, much like modern Asturian. This is evidence that the “strong-weak” dichotomy of FP is insufficient to explain the situation of the languages. I argue that the strength of FP should be described as not only “weak” or “strong,” but instead on a gradient scale to distinguish languages that permit a range of possible clitic arrangements.

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Tokareva, Elena Yu. "Application of the comparative method of teaching Spanish as a second foreign language based on English." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 6 (2023): 1488–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2023-28-6-1488-1500.

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Importance. This study considers the comparative method as one of the means of developing multilingual competence in the process of multilingual education of linguistic students. The study reveals the concept of educational multilingualism, as well as the concepts of positive transfer and interference. The importance of this work lies in the fact that it reflects the problems of organizing teaching Spanish as a FL2 on the basis of English as a FL1 and their solution using the comparative method. Materials and Methods. Based on the analysis of English and Spanish language systems, aspects suitable for using the comparative method are identified. The study involved 65 students of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University 2-4 years of study. Based on the survey results, a set of exercises is developed and presented to linguistic students. Then the respondents completed a survey to evaluate the effectiveness of the exercises and comparative method. Results and Discussion. According to the survey, 81.5 % of students unambiguously declare the effectiveness of the developed exercises, and 18.5 % – about partial effectiveness. Conclusion. Students noted the effectiveness of the exercises, showed interest in the comparative method, and also saw the prospect of having a comparative component in the process of teaching Spanish as a second foreign language based on English.

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Perpiñán, Silvia. "Catalan-Spanish bilingualism continuum." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7, no. 5 (February 1, 2016): 477–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.15004.per.

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Abstract This study investigates the expression of Catalan clitics en and hi, which have no grammatical equivalent in Spanish, in the adult grammar of Catalan-Spanish early bilinguals. Participants (N = 57), born and raised in Catalonia, are divided into 3 groups according to their onset of acquisition and language use: Spanish-dominant (n = 20), Balanced Bilinguals (n = 15) and Catalan-dominant (n = 22). The results of an Acceptability Judgment Task and an Elicited Production Task indicated that Spanish-dominant bilinguals have a divergent grammar compared to that of the Catalan-dominant speakers, overaccepting ungrammatical omission and doubling of the clitics. The bilingual group patterned with the Catalan-dominant group in some of their judgments, but with the Spanish-dominant group in their production. It is argued that onset of acquisition cannot be the only explanation for the differences between the bilingual groups, and that quantity and quality of input play an important role in the acquisition process.

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Alvar Ezquerra, Manuel. "The Background to the Lexical Content of the Nuevo Tesoro Lexicográfico del Español (s. XIV–1726)." Historiographia Linguistica 36, no. 1 (April 6, 2009): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.36.1.02alv.

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Summary This article sets out the sources, both lexicographical and other, used to create the Nuevo Tesoro Lexicográfico del Español (s. XIV–1726). Among these, particular attention is due to the pre-1500 sources, especially the works of Antonio de Nebrija (1444?–1522), because of their importance for subsequent lexicography, including the pioneers of bilingual lexicography who set Spanish alongside another language. Information is also supplied about the number of works and records consulted, the difficulties arising from treating the data, and the method adopted for grouping together variants of the same form. Finally, an indication is given of the interest of the NTLE for the history of lexicography.

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Valdés Kroff, Jorge R., Paola E. Dussias, Chip Gerfen, Lauren Perrotti, and M. Teresa Bajo. "Experience with code-switching modulates the use of grammatical gender during sentence processing." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 163–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.15010.val.

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Abstract Using code-switching as a tool to illustrate how language experience modulates comprehension, the visual world paradigm was employed to examine the extent to which gender-marked Spanish determiners facilitate upcoming target nouns in a group of Spanish-English bilingual code-switchers. The first experiment tested target Spanish nouns embedded in a carrier phrase (Experiment 1b) and included a control Spanish monolingual group (Experiment 1a). The second set of experiments included critical trials in which participants heard code-switches from Spanish determiners into English nouns (e.g., la house) either in a fixed carrier phrase (Experiment 2a) or in variable and complex sentences (Experiment 2b). Across the experiments, bilinguals revealed an asymmetric gender effect in processing, showing facilitation only for feminine target items. These results reflect the asymmetric use of gender in the production of code-switched speech. The extension of the asymmetric effect into Spanish (Experiment 1b) underscores the permeability between language modes in bilingual code-switchers.

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Miranda-Farnell, Kyrie. "Paradoxographical Descriptions of Caribbean Animals in Fray Ramón Pané's Relación acerca de las antiguëdades de los Indios." Journal of Foreign Languages and Cultures 7, no. 2 (December 28, 2023): 058–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53397/hunnu.jflc.202302005.

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This essay investigates Fray Ramón Pané’s text from 1500 CE, Relación acerca de las antiguëdades de los Indios, within the literary context of the paradoxography. It examines cultural frameworks and general literary knowledge that would have been understood by Pané within the structures of Spanish and Hieronymite societies. This essay compares the framework and content of Pané’s work with the known paradoxographies of Aelian and Aristotle, focusing on the emphasis placed by Pané on transformation via linguistic translation/interpretation and mythological animal representation. Through my analysis of the original text, I outline Pané’s transliteration of Taino mythology and culture, emphasizing the significance of this New World text itself within the paradoxographical genre, a genre that had generally been in disuse long before Europeans arrived in the Caribbean. While I base my analysis in the study of genre, my general focus is the inclusion and importance of transformation and animal lore within Taino culture, and their transliteration into a little-used European genre by a little-known Spanish friar.

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Brazhnikova, Irina E. "National Identity and Its Linguistic Representation in the Mexican Linguocultural Space." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 1 (February 17, 2023): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v239.

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This article studies the linguistic representation of identity in the Mexican linguocultural space. The aim of the paper is to deduce the manifestations of national identity of Mexicans in their language and linguoculture. The relevance of this research stems from the need to study the national identity of Mexicans as representatives of the largest Spanish-speaking country. Of no less importance in the era of globalization is the analysis of the representation of identity, whose process of formation is used to control the consciousness of modern society and as a key element in state policy, contributing to a country’s stable growth and development. The article points out that Mexican Spanish has pan-Hispanic, pan-American, zonal, and nation-specific features. It has a tendency towards originality, represented by phonetic, grammatical, and lexicosemantic features. Mexican identity is most vividly manifested in vocabulary and phraseology. One of the main features of Mexican Spanish vocabulary is archaisms. Numerous borrowings from the languages of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, or indigenisms, testify to the importance of this component in the Mexican linguistic worldview and serve as markers of national identity. This identity is manifested in precedent names, which refer us to the images of indigenous cultures of ancient civilizations, as well as in the names of characters popular in the Mexican cultural space. One of the components of the representation of Mexican identity in the language is paroemia. The author concludes that archaisms, indigenisms, anthroponyms, precedent names, and proverbs of Mexican Spanish have “absorbed” the history of the Mexican people and reflect the specific linguistic worldview of Mexicans.

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Prifti, Elton, Wolfgang Schweickard, Maria Selig, and Sabine Tittel. "Sprachdatenbasierte Modellierung von Wissensnetzen in der mittelalterlichen Romania (ALMA): Projektskizze." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 139, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 301–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2023-0012.

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Abstract We present ALMA, a new research project aimed at investigating the interaction between language and knowledge practices from AD 1100 to 1500. Our primary question is how Medieval Italian, French, Occitan, Catalan, and Spanish developed into languages of knowledge and scholarship (German Wissen(schafts)sprachen) in permanent opposition to and exchange with the predominant Latin (but also with Arab, Greek, and Hebrew). Focusing on two domains, medicine and law, the project combines linguistics, text philology, and the history of science with the Digital Humanities and ontology engineering. ALMA will create two multi-lingual, domain-specific text corpora by integrating text editions of hitherto unedited manuscripts and incunabula, and digitized printed editions. Our corpus-linguistic exploration of the ALMA corpora will provide the basis for lexical-semantic studies that analyze emerging knowledge networks and the depth of their linguistic representations. We hypothesize that language evolution and the development of more complex linguistic structures will allow for measuring the impact of knowledge practices on medieval vernacular languages. We will trace the dissemination of lexical material across languages, language varieties, cultural spaces, and periods. This will enable us to follow specific vernacular communication channels. We will use cutting-edge technologies to compile, publish, and share our findings, and to model them in the form of historicized ontologies and Linked Data. Our onomasiological, ontology-driven approach will result in the creation of domain models that can be re-used within the Semantic Web. This has great potential to be relevant for researchers from different disciplines.

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Phipps, Kathryn. "Hope from the Ashes: Juan Pérez de Pineda’s Mystical Body beyond Neoplatonic Consolation." Journal of Early Modern Christianity 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2024-2003.

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Abstract Juan Pérez de Pineda (ca. 1500–1567) was one of Spain’s most prolific reformers, and yet theological analysis of his work often dismisses the originality of his corpus. This article returns to Pérez’s two primary theological treatises to reconsider Pérez’s relationship to Neoplatonism by examining Pérez’s vision of mystical union in the context of consolation narratives. Pérez published his Brief Treatise of Doctrine and Consolatory Epistle from exile in Geneva, in the same year his colleagues were executed in the notorious autos-de-fe often credited with eradicating Protestantism from Spain. Taken together, these works reveal Pérez’s ambivalence towards Neoplatonic imagery, adapting and rejecting language of ascent in his description of mystical union as a present reality, unimpeded by the flesh. Noting a curious absence of Neoplatonic strategies common across humanist, mystical, and Reformed traditions, Pérez’s unique rejection of language of purification of the soul is poised to grant insight, with future study, into the intersections and transformations of Reformation theology in the Spanish milieux.

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Franco Alvarez, Guillermina, and David Garcia Martul. "Visual language of Spanish newspapers on the 2022 Brazilian elections." Revista Alterjor 27, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 03–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-1507.v27i1p03-16.

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This article focused on the analysis planned by the authors in the temporal context of the 2022 Brazilian elections held in October. Whose two candidates Lula da Silva, representative of the Workers' Party (PT) and Jair Bolsonaro, representative of the Liberal Party (PL), presented a close campaign with the result of a close percentage between both candidates. For a country like Brazil, these elections were decisive in determining the state of the Brazilian government in a strong social and economic upheaval. The reason for this is that our analysis was pertinent in this case, and that it was carried out during a postdoctoral stay at the ECA (Escola de Comunicação e Artes) of the University of Sâo Paulo. With this objective, the authors have proposed a researching of analysis of the visual language of the Brazilian electoral campaign of 2022 from different journalistic approaches by countries: Spanish and Brazilian. Reason why, for this research, we will focus on Spanish. The objective of this analysis has been to collect samples from different Spanish media, such as El País, ABC, La Vanguardia and 20Minutos. The analysis methodology implemented has been quantitative, taking as a special reference newspaper on paper as opposed to digital ones. As a result, in this quantitative analytical context we have created a series of conclusions that will be detailed at the end of this article.

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Smirnova, Irina V., and Elena S. Korzhukova. "Persuasive Role of Ethnonyms in Spanish Electoral Discourse." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 3 (June 20, 2024): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v350.

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The article examines the persuasive impact of ethnonyms and ethnic categories on the voters in Spanish electoral discourse. In the modern world, the mechanisms of political communication are generating a growing interest. It is explained by the influence of political processes on all spheres of society, the fate of peoples and entire states, and the interests of every citizen. Therefore, political problems remain relevant at all times. The important role of electoral discourse, which has a pronounced persuasive effect on the voters, should be highlighted. When struggling for power, leaders and representatives of Spanish political parties, naturally, strive to establish trust, exert a certain emotional impact on potential voters and induce them to make the “correct” electoral decision, i.e. to vote for their party. It should be noted that persuasiveness has not only an argumentative, but also a manipulative component, forcing an addressee to act in the interests of the sender of the message. One of the persuasive speech mechanisms of Spanish electoral discourse is the use of ethnonyms in the election programmes of political parties. Ethnonyms contain valuable historical, ethnographic, cultural and linguistic information and, accordingly, cover the religious, cultural and historical spheres, as well as play an important role in intercultural communication. Ethnic identity includes the desire of peoples to preserve their identity, the uniqueness of their culture, language and worldview. Ethnonyms allow native speakers to identify their own traits and stereotypes. The essence of cultural, spiritual and political life is revealed through language. Thus, the study of ethnonyms and ethnic categories, as well as their functions in political discourse, is an urgent task of modern linguistics.

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Williams, Joshua T. B., Kate Kurlandsky, Kristin Breslin, M. Joshua Durfee, Amy Stein, Laura Hurley, Jo Ann Shoup, et al. "Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Vaccines Among Pregnant and Recently Pregnant Individuals." JAMA Network Open 7, no. 4 (April 8, 2024): e245479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5479.

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ImportancePregnant people and infants are at high risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. Understanding changes in attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant and recently pregnant people is important for public health messaging.ObjectiveTo assess attitudinal trends regarding COVID-19 vaccines by (1) vaccination status and (2) race, ethnicity, and language among samples of pregnant and recently pregnant Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) members from 2021 to 2023.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional surveye study included pregnant or recently pregnant members of the VSD, a collaboration of 13 health care systems and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Unvaccinated, non-Hispanic Black, and Spanish-speaking members were oversampled. Wave 1 took place from October 2021 to February 2022, and wave 2 took place from November 2022 to February 2023. Data were analyzed from May 2022 to September 2023.ExposuresSelf-reported or electronic health record (EHR)–derived race, ethnicity, and preferred language.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSelf-reported vaccination status and attitudes toward monovalent (wave 1) or bivalent Omicron booster (wave 2) COVID-19 vaccines. Sample- and response-weighted analyses assessed attitudes by vaccination status and 3 race, ethnicity, and language groupings of interest.ResultsThere were 1227 respondents; all identified as female, the mean (SD) age was 31.7 (5.6) years, 356 (29.0%) identified as Black race, 555 (45.2%) identified as Hispanic ethnicity, and 445 (36.3%) preferred the Spanish language. Response rates were 43.5% for wave 1 (652 of 1500 individuals sampled) and 39.5% for wave 2 (575 of 1456 individuals sampled). Respondents were more likely than nonrespondents to be White, non-Hispanic, and vaccinated per EHR. Overall, 76.8% (95% CI, 71.5%-82.2%) reported 1 or more COVID-19 vaccinations; Spanish-speaking Hispanic respondents had the highest weighted proportion of respondents with 1 or more vaccination. Weighted estimates of somewhat or strongly agreeing that COVID-19 vaccines are safe decreased from wave 1 to 2 for respondents who reported 1 or more vaccinations (76% vs 50%; χ21 = 7.8; P &lt; .001), non-Hispanic White respondents (72% vs 43%; χ21 = 5.4; P = .02), and Spanish-speaking Hispanic respondents (76% vs 53%; χ21 = 22.8; P = .002).Conclusions and RelevanceDecreasing confidence in COVID-19 vaccine safety in a large, diverse pregnant and recently pregnant insured population is a public health concern.

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Teva, Inmaculada, Mª Paz Bermúdez, and Gualberto Buela-Casal. "Characteristics of Sexual Behavior in Spanish Adolescents." Spanish journal of psychology 12, no. 2 (November 2009): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600001852.

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The aim of this study is to describe some characteristics of the sexual behavior of adolescents in Spain and to compare these characteristics according to gender, using a cross-sectional survey. Participants were 1.279 male and female adolescents who reported having had sexual intercourse. A questionnaire about sexual behavior was applied at their high schools and during school hours. Data were collected between 2006 and 2007. Mean age at the onset of sexual intercourse was 14.8 years in males and 15.0 years in females. Males and females were different according to the type of partner at the last sexual intercourse: 63.0% of males had a steady partner compared to 90.5% of females (p<0.01). The mean number of sexual partners during the last 12 months was higher in males than in females (M= 2.1 andM= 1.5 partners, for males and females, respectively,p<0.01). 50.0% of males had sexual intercourse under the effects of drugs versus 39.3% of females (p<0.01). STD and HIV prevention programs should be designed considering the differences according to adolescents’ sex.

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Plagnard, Aude. "Rodrigo Cacho Casal and Imogen Choi (ed.), The Rise of Spanish American Poetry 1500-1700. Literature and Cultural Transmission in the New World." Bulletin hispanique, no. 124-1 (June 30, 2022): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/bulletinhispanique.15885.

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Mackenzie, Ian. "The Genesis of Spanish /θ/: A Revised Model." Languages 7, no. 3 (July 22, 2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7030191.

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This article proposes a revised model of the genesis of Castilian Spanish /θ/, based on (i) precise tracking across the Late Middle Ages of the orthographical d → z change in preconsonantal coda position and (ii) the potential for auditory indeterminacy between denti-alveolar variants of [s] and the non-sibilant [θ]. According to the findings, two non-sibilant phonemes, /θ/ and /ð/, are likely to have come into existence by the early 1500s, merger at the expense of /ð/ occurring shortly thereafter. This effectively inverts the normally assumed chronology, according to which devoicing preceded and indeed was implicated in the genesis of /θ/. The revised chronology weakens the teleological analysis of /θ/, which treats its genesis in terms of a functionally motivated widening of the articulatory distance between similar-sounding sibilants. Instead, the emergence of Castilian /θ/ is argued to be a natural reflex of the auditory permeability between the denti-alveolar type of [s] and the non-sibilant [θ], with analogous evolutions occurring outside the domain of Castilian Spanish. As part of this overall approach, the article assumes dissibilation (understood as the converse of assibilation) to be the fundamental process in the genesis of /θ/, rather than interdentalization.

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Teensma, B. N. "Take Florida: Or the Unattended Project of a Dutch Sephardi Phantast." Itinerario 21, no. 3 (November 1997): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300015266.

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In the languages of the Iberian Peninsula, there is a word unknown to other Romance languages: arbitrista. This term denotes a person who invents often impractical plans and projects to improve the general financial, political or social situation in his country, presenting them unsolicitedly to his government. The species was particularly prolific in the seventeenth century, when the term arbitrista became more or less synonymous to day-dreamer. In this field Spanish historiography even boasts of a specific bibliography of over seven hundred pages, composed by Evaristo Correa Calderón, entitled: Registro de arbitristas, economistas y reformadores españoles, 1500–1936: Catälogo de impresos y manuscritos (Madrid 1981). There even existed the sub-species of colonial arbitristas, with well known authors like Francisco Rodrigues Silveira (Reformaçao da Milícia e Governo do Estado da Índia Oriental), and Jacques de Coutre (Como Remediar o Estado da Índia?).

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Krohn, Deborah L. "Carving and Folding by the Book in Early Modern Europe." Journal of Early Modern History 24, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342663.

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Abstract The period 1500-1800 saw the publication of a number of manuals and handbooks containing instructions for carving meat and fruit on the table, and folding napkins and other linens. These books contain information on otherwise invisible aspects of material and social life and are notable for their intriguing and often beautiful illustrations. Part of a larger category of texts that addressed courtesy, etiquette and behavior for household servants, people in charge of them, and those who aspired to this lifestyle, examples of the genre may be found in Italian, French, German, English, Dutch, Spanish and probably other languages as well. Echoes of a suite of engraved illustrations for an Italian carving manual first published in Padua in 1629 can be seen in books printed all over Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

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Del-Río-Navarro, Blanca Estela, Arturo Berber, Nayely Reyes-Noriega, Elsy Maureen Navarrete-Rodríguez, Roberto García-Almaraz, Philippa Ellwood, Luis Garcia-Marcos, et al. "Global Asthma Network Phase I study in Mexico: prevalence of asthma symptoms, risk factors and altitude associations—a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open Respiratory Research 7, no. 1 (December 2020): e000658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000658.

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BackgroundGlobal Asthma Network (GAN) was established in 2012 as a development to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood to improve asthma care globally.ObjectiveTo survey asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in primary and secondary school children and to investigate and evaluate its prevalence, severity, management and risk factors in Mexico.MethodsGAN Phase I is a cross-sectional, multicentre survey carried out in 15 centres corresponding to 14 Mexican cities throughout 2016–2019 using the validated Spanish language version of the GAN Phase I questionnaires. The questionnaires were completed by parents of 6–7-year-old primary school pupils (school children) and by 13–14-year-old adolescents.ResultsA total of 35 780 school children and 41 399 adolescents participated. Wheezing ever prevalence was 26.2% (95% CI 25.8% to 26.7%) in school children and 23.9% (95% CI 23.4% to 24.3%) in adolescents. The corresponding frequencies for current wheeze were 10.2% (95% CI 9.9% to 10.5%) and 11.6% (95% CI 11.2% to 11.9%). In school children, the risk factors for current wheeze were rhinitis (OR 4.484; 95% CI 3.915% to 5.134%) and rash symptoms (OR 1.735; 95% CI 1.461% to 2.059%). For adolescents, rhinitis symptoms (OR 3.492; 95% CI 3.188% to 3.825%) and allergic rhinitis diagnosis (OR 2.144; 95% CI 1.787% to 2.572%) were the most significant. For both groups, there was a negative relation with centres’ sea level altitude higher than 1500 m above mean sea level (p<0.005).ConclusionsThe most important risk factors for asthma symptoms in both age groups were the presence of rhinitis and rash symptoms or diagnosis. On the other hand, sea level altitude higher than 1500 metres was a protective factor.

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Alba-Salas, Josep. "On the life and death of a collocation." Diachronica 24, no. 2 (December 21, 2007): 207–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.24.2.02alb.

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This paper seeks to shed light on the diachronic evolution of collocations by examining structures formed in Modern Spanish with dar “give” plus state nouns (e.g. dar miedo “frighten”, literally, “give fear”). Using the Corpus del español, I offer a quantitative and qualitative analysis of eighteen representative dar miedo-type collocations from the 1200s to the 1900s. The results show that although the basic properties of dar miedo-type structures have remained remarkably stable over the centuries, during the Middle Ages the verb hacer “make” was used here almost as often as dar — a competition apparently inherited from Latin. While different nouns show different patterns of loss of hacer, echoing the lexical diffusion of certain grammatical changes, the 1500s saw a very sharp decline in “make” cases across the board, leading to its complete disappearance from this context by the 1800s. The loss of hacer led to a radical simplification of the collocational properties of state nouns in Spanish vis-à-vis Latin and other Modern Romance varieties. This process resulted both from language-internal factors mostly related to the lexical semantics of dar and hacer and from three key sociolinguistic processes in 16th-century Spanish: koineization, change of norm and increased standardization.

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Luque Carrillo, Juan. "Nuevos datos para la biografía de Juan de Ochoa, maestro cantero cordobés del Quinientos." ACCADERE. Revista de Historia del Arte, no. 2 (2021): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.histarte.2021.02.04.

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"Juan de Ochoa Méndez was a prominent Cordovan architect who worked in the second half of the 16th Century. His style and particular constructive language fall within the Spanish classicist current of the late 1500s, according to the maniera italiana, which refined the Renaissance tradition and set the foundations for the future baroque style during the first years of the 17th Century. His prolific professional career at the service of the main religious and civil institutions of Córdoba at the time, has recently been reconstructed thanks to the numerous references and documentary data extracted from the main Cordovan archives and particularly the Historical-Provincial Archive."

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Srika, M. "A Critical Analysis on “Revolution 2020” - An Amalgam of Socio- Political Commercialization World Combined with Love Triangle." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, no. 10 (October 31, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i10.10255.

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Literature is considered to be an art form or writing that have Artistic or Intellectual value. Literature is a group of works produced by oral and written form. Literature shows the style of Human Expression. The word literature was derived from the Latin root word ‘Litertura / Litteratura’ which means “Letter or Handwriting”. Literature is culturally relative defined. Literature can be grouped through their Languages, Historical Period, Origin, Genre and Subject. The kinds of literature are Poems, Novels, Drama, Short Story and Prose. Fiction and Non-Fiction are their major classification. Some types of literature are Greek literature, Latin literature, German literature, African literature, Spanish literature, French literature, Indian literature, Irish literature and surplus. In this vast division, the researcher has picked out Indian English Literature. Indian literature is the literature used in Indian Subcontinent. The earliest Indian literary works were transmitted orally. The Sanskrit oral literature begins with the gatherings of sacred hymns called ‘Rig Veda’ in the period between 1500 - 1200 B.C. The classical Sanskrit literature was developed slowly in the earlier centuries of the first millennium. Kannada appeared in 9th century and Telugu in 11th century. Then, Marathi, Odiya and Bengali literatures appeared later. In the early 20th century, Hindi, Persian and Urdu literature begins to appear.

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Levin, Michael J., and Thomas James Dandelet. "Spanish Rome 1500-1700." Sixteenth Century Journal 34, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20061404.

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Pierson, Peter. "Spanish Rome, 1500-1700 (review)." Catholic Historical Review 88, no. 4 (2002): 772–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2003.0045.

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Cusick, James Gregory, and Mitchell W. Marken. "Pottery from Spanish Shipwrecks, 1500-1800." Hispanic American Historical Review 75, no. 4 (November 1995): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2518049.

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Cusick, James Gregory. "Pottery from, Spanish Shipwrecks, 1500–1800." Hispanic American Historical Review 75, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-75.4.659.

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Ricketts, Mónica. "Political Culture in Spanish America, 1500–1830." Hispanic American Historical Review 99, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-7370280.

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Elliott, J. H. "The mirror of Spain, 1500–1700. The formation of a myth. By J. N. Hillgarth. (History, Languages and Cultures of the Spanish and Portuguese Worlds.) Pp. xxii+584 incl. 28 ills. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. £45. 0 472 11092." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 53, no. 2 (April 2002): 333–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046902584244.

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Navascués del Río, J., R. Romero Ruiz, J. Soleto Martin, J. Cerdá Berrocal, G. Barrientos Fernández, R. Sánchez Martin, E. Molina Hernando, et al. "First Spanish Trauma Registry: Analysis of 1500 Cases." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 10, no. 05 (October 2000): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1072382.

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Gutiérrez, Luz M. "Spanish-language pharmacists." DICP 24, no. 1 (January 1990): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809002400124.

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Dworkin, Steven, and Aengus Ward. "SPANISH STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 61, no. 1 (December 20, 1999): 218–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90000295.

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WRIGHT, ROGER, and MAX W. WHEELER. "SPANISH STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 46, no. 1 (March 13, 1985): 270–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90002640.

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WRIGHT, ROGER, and MAX W. WHEELER. "SPANISH STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 47, no. 1 (March 13, 1986): 276–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90002718.

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WRIGHT, ROGER, and MAX W. WHEELER. "SPANISH STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 48, no. 1 (March 13, 1987): 291–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90002794.

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WRIGHT, ROGER, and CHRISTOPHER LYONS. "SPANISH STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 49, no. 1 (March 13, 1988): 274–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90002874.

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WRIGHT, ROGER, and CHRISTOPHER LYONS. "SPANISH STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 50, no. 1 (March 13, 1989): 257–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90002945.

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WRIGHT, ROGER, and CHRISTOPHER LYONS. "SPANISH STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 51, no. 1 (March 13, 1990): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003023.

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ENGLAND, JOHN, and CHRISTOPHER LYONS. "SPANISH STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 52, no. 1 (March 13, 1991): 277–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003100.

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ENGLAND, JOHN, and CHRISTOPHER LYONS. "SPANISH STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 53, no. 1 (March 13, 1992): 266–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003173.

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ENGLAND, JOHN, and CHRISTOPHER LYONS. "SPANISH STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 54, no. 1 (March 13, 1993): 274–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003248.

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ENGLAND, JOHN, and CHRISTOPHER LYONS. "SPANISH STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 55, no. 1 (March 13, 1994): 315–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003320.

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ENGLAND, JOHN. "SPANISH STUDIES: LANGUAGE." Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies 56, no. 1 (March 13, 1995): 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22224297-90003393.

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Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. "Science in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, 1500 – 1800." Hispanic American Historical Review 90, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 544–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2010-018.

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Perrone, Sean T. ":Political Culture in Spanish America, 1500–1830." Sixteenth Century Journal 52, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 522–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/scj5202145.

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Martínez García, María Teresa. "Language bias and proficiency effects on cross-language activation." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 10, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 873–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.17023.mar.

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Abstract Recent research proposes that language bias and proficiency modulate cross-language activation in comprehension and production, but it is unclear how they operate and whether they interact. This study investigates whether stress differences between Spanish-English cognates (material, final-syllable stress in Spanish) affect how native-English second-language-Spanish bilinguals recognize Spanish words (materia “subject/matter,” second-syllable stress in Spanish). In a Spanish-English eye-tracking experiment (and parallel production task), participants heard/produced trisyllabic Spanish targets with second-syllable stress (materia) and saw four orthographic words, including the target and a Spanish-English cognate competitor. Cross-language activation was examined by manipulating the stress of the cognate in English. In comprehension, English cognates with the same stress as the Spanish target (materia vs material) were predicted to cause more cross-language interference than English cognates with a different stress (litera “bunk bed,” vs literal), but the reverse pattern was expected in production. Participants were assigned to a Spanish-bias condition (20% of English (filler) items), or an English-bias condition (65% of English (filler) items). Results indicate that English cognates with the same stress as the Spanish target interfered with the recognition of the Spanish target only in the English-bias condition (but facilitated its production), while increasing Spanish proficiency helped reduce this cross-linguistic interference.

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Martín Marcos, David. "Reseña de: Escribano-Páez, José M., Juan Rena and the Frontiers of Spanish Empire, 1500-1540." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna, no. 34 (October 30, 2021): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfiv.34.2021.31783.

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