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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sparing

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Academic literature on the topic 'Sparing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Sparing"

1

Morton, Neil S. "Propofol-sparing or lipid-sparing?" Pediatric Anesthesia 19, no. 1 (November 27, 2008): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02864.x.

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Abad, Jean. "Sparing blushes." Nursing Standard 17, no. 25 (March 5, 2003): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.17.25.22.s37.

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Pippin, John. "Sparing chimps." New Scientist 217, no. 2904 (February 2013): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(13)60434-0.

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Chehtman, Alejandro. "Sparing civilians." Jurisprudence 9, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20403313.2018.1462986.

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Parry, Jonathan. "Sparing Civilians." Philosophical Review 129, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00318108-7890507.

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Galimberti, V. "Nipple‐sparing and skin‐sparing mastectomy – goals, pitfalls, contraindications." Breast 32 (March 2017): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9776(17)30085-1.

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Marsh, Christopher. "Calcineurin-sparing or steroid-sparing immunosuppression in renal transplantation." Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 7, no. 2 (June 2002): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00075200-200206000-00007.

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Falco, Giuseppe, Annalisa Curcio, Francesco Marongiu, Federico Buggi, Matteo Mingozzi, Simone Mele, Guglielmo Ferrari, and Secondo Folli. "Bipedicled Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy Versus Traditional Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy." Annals of Plastic Surgery 84, no. 4 (April 2020): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000002166.

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Visser, Troy A. W., and Jeneva L. Ohan. "Is all sparing created equal? Comparing lag-1 sparing and extended sparing in temporal object perception." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 37, no. 5 (2011): 1527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023508.

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Laronga, Christine, and Paul Smith. "Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy." Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 23, no. 3 (July 2014): 549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2014.03.013.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sparing"

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Maas, Cornelis Peter. "Nerve-sparing radical pelvic surgery /." Leiden, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb402319098.

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Emami, Bafrani Jaber. "Insulin-sparing effect of hydroxychloroquine in rats." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22979.pdf.

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Kazemi, Mohsen. "What makes a successful sparing Taekwondo athlete?" Thesis, University of South Wales, 2017. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/what-makes-a-successful-sparing-taekwondo-athlete(bbc5deb0-c4ec-4c6b-9a53-9a31dcdd41c1).html.

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Taekwondo (TKD), a Korean striking martial art, has become one of the most popular martial arts since its inclusion in 2000 Olympic Games. Having practiced TKD as an athlete and provided care as a health professional for decades, I investigated a series of features of the Olympic TKD athlete including: profile, injury rate and distribution, weight cycling/cutting and each of their relationships to success in terms of gaining a medal. My studies (Kazemi et al. 2006; Kazemi, Perri and Casella, 2009; Kazemi et al. 2010; Kazemi et al. 2013; Kazemi et al. 2014; Kazemi et al. 2015; Kazemi and Pieter 2004; Pieter and Kazemi 2007; Kazemi, Chudolinski et al. 2009; Kazemi 2012; Kazemi et al. 2005; Kazemi and Shearer 2007; and Kazemi et al. 2011) have demonstrated that an athlete who avoids injury during competition (especially severe injury), practices systematic and gradual weight management and utilizes a more aggressive strategy with no fear of receiving Kyong-Gos, whilst avoiding receiving Gam-Jeoms is more likely to win. These investigations were published and presented at various seminars around the world. This portfolio depicts my contributions to these areas of knowledge as well as further critical analysis of my previous works giving birth to new concepts such as utilization of height categories instead of weight categories to eliminate the ill-effects of weight cutting; sparring Injury Report Form; and effect of rule changes on profile and injuries to name a few. Conducting this thesis has helped me to reflect on the shortcomings of my previous investigations and realize the future directions of research in these areas.

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Lippold, Kumiko M. "Lorcaserin as a potential opioid-sparing adjunct." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5427.

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Opioids, such as oxycodone, morphine, and fentanyl, are commonly used medications in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. In spite of their efficacious analgesic properties, their increased prescribing rates by physicians and inherent abuse-related effects have led to the ongoing opioid epidemic. Their clinical utility is limited by the risk of adverse dose-dependent side effects, such as constipation and respiratory depression, and the development of tolerance and dependence. Opioid-sparing adjunctive therapies are sought to address these issues by reducing the dose of opioid needed to achieve analgesia through alternative non-opioidergic mechanisms and as a result, reduce the incidence of the previously mentioned side effects. Serotonin type-2C receptor agonists have demonstrated antinociceptive efficacy in preclinical models of chronic pain. Lorcaserin is a selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist and was reported to attenuate the abuse-related effects of oxycodone. The antinociceptive properties of 5-HT2C receptor agonists and their potential to alter the abuse-related effects of commonly abused drugs suggest that lorcaserin may be a potential opioid-sparing therapeutic. The goal of these studies was to evaluate the utility of lorcaserin, in combination with opioids, in a preclinical model of acute pain. Based on previous studies demonstrating the antinociceptive activity of 5-HT2C agonists, the hypotheses for these studies were that lorcaserin would increase the acute antinociceptive effects of opioids and would attenuate the development of tolerance associated with chronic opioid consumption. The results demonstrate that the acute antinociceptive effects and the time-course of activity of opioids were enhanced by doses of lorcaserin. These effects were mediated through activation of the 5-HT2C receptor and were not blocked by administration of naloxone. Additionally, the acute effects of lorcaserin to increase opioid potency and time course was not mediated through changes in opioid distribution in the blood or central tissues. Opioid tolerance was evaluated in vivo, and tolerance was developed using two methods of treatment: an acute (single dose administration) model of tolerance and a multiple-injection model. Testing the effect of lorcaserin in these models was important because current research suggests that the mechanisms that underlie both models of tolerance are distinct from one another. The results demonstrate that lorcaserin significantly blocked the development of acute tolerance in the whole animal and on a single cell level in dorsal root ganglion cell cultures. In the multiple-day tolerance model, lorcaserin partially attenuated the development of opioid antinociceptive tolerance. Chronic administration of an opioid is associated with desensitization of the MOR, and the effect of lorcaserin on opioid tolerance may be mediated through changes in MOR functional activity. Upon further investigation using agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPyS, the results showed that lorcaserin altered basal binding of [35S]GTPyS but not agonist-stimulated binding in mice that received chronic opioid treatment. These data suggest that the effect of lorcaserin on opioid tolerance, in the multiple-injection model, is not mediated through changes in MOR functional activity. Collectively, the tolerance studies suggest that the effect of 5-HT2C receptor activation by lorcaserin has differential effects on the stages of opioid tolerances and further supports the notion that the mechanisms that underlie the stages of opioid tolerance are distinct. Given the efficacy of lorcaserin to increase the acute antinociceptive effects of opioids and its ability to impair the development of opioid tolerance, collectively, these data suggest that lorcaserin may be a useful opioid-sparing adjunctive therapy.

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Brannon, Christopher Omer, and James Oliver Tanghal. "Sparing the Rod?: Social workers and corporal punishment." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2211.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a survey that would provide professionals with an idea as to the thoughts, feelings, and values that social workers held regarding physical punishment towards a child. Social workers stand in a position to intervene in the intergenerational transmission of violence.

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Penrose, Craig B. "Data requirements for availability based sparing the U.S. Marine Corps." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA356861.

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Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1998.
"September 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Kevin R. Gue, Mark E. Nissen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-50). Also available online.

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Kinskie, Steven W. "An evaluation of the budget and readiness impacts of battlegroup sparing." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA337033.

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Benediktsson, Kristinn P. "Nipple-sparing subcutaneous mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with implants in breast cancer /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-199-9/.

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Udompol, Sirikamon. "Issues in international taxation : fiscal competition, transfer pricing, and tax sparing agreements." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518796.

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Silva, Natalie Matos. "As cláusulas de tax sparing e matching credit nos acordos de bitributação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-23032017-145757/.

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Este estudo tem por escopo analisar o conceito das cláusulas de tax sparing e matching credit, os principais argumentos favoráveis e contrários à utilização desses mecanismos e as hipóteses em que tais cláusulas são adotadas, nos âmbitos nacional e internacional. Sabe-se que, em um primeiro momento, a Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) chegou a recomendar a utilização das cláusulas de tax sparing nos acordos de bitributação celebrados entre países com graus diferentes de desenvolvimento econômico, como uma forma de atrair investimentos para os países menos desenvolvidos. No entanto, em relatório publicado em 1998, denominado Tax sparing: a reconsideration, a OCDE reviu sua posição inicial sobre o assunto, passando então a desencorajar o uso dessas cláusulas por seus países membros, através de diversas críticas e questionamentos acerca de sua adoção. O Brasil, por sua vez, desde os primeiros acordos de bitributação celebrados, nos primórdios da década de 1960, tem firmado a política de sempre negociar cláusulas de tax sparing e matching credit, especialmente nos acordos celebrados com países desenvolvidos. Considerando-se tal cenário, pretende-se, com o presente trabalho, estudar as cláusulas de tax sparing e matching credit de forma profunda, de modo a oferecer subsídios para um adequado enfrentamento da questão em futuras negociações de acordos de bitributação pelo País.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of tax sparing and matching credit clauses, the main arguments for and against the use of these mechanisms and the circumstances in which such clauses are adopted, nationally and internationally. It is known that, at first, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) used to recommend the inclusion of tax sparing clauses in double taxation conventions concluded between countries with different levels of economic development, as a way of attracting investments for less developed countries. However, the OECD revised its initial position on the subject in a report published in 1998, called \"Tax sparing: a reconsideration\", discouraging the use of such clauses by its member countries through various criticisms and questions about their adoption. In its turn, since the first double taxation agreements concluded in the early 1960s the Brazilian policy regarding the matter has always been to negotiate tax sparing and matching credit clauses, especially in conventions with developed countries. Given such a scenario, this paper aims at studying tax sparing and matching credit clauses deeply, in order to provide devices for an accurate understanding of the issue in future negotiations of double taxation conventions by the Country.

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Books on the topic "Sparing"

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Ferrari, Alberta, Adele Sgarella, and Sandro Zonta, eds. Nipple Sparing Mastectomy. Milano: Springer Milan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5334-2.

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Harness, Jay K., and Shawna C. Willey, eds. Operative Approaches to Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43259-5.

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Hayden, Anders. Sharing the work, sparing the planet. London: Zed Books, 1999.

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Cayamana, Renée Antonieta Villagra. Convenios para la prevención de la doble imposición fiscal entre países desarrollados y subdesarrollados, con énfasis en Latinoamérica. Lima, Perú: SUNAT, 2001.

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R, Hines James. "Tax sparing" and direct investment in developing countries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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Zamboni, Paolo, Erika Mendoza, and Sergio Gianesini, eds. Saphenous Vein-Sparing Strategies in Chronic Venous Disease. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70638-2.

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National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Office for Medical Applications of Research., ed. Limb-sparing treatment of adult soft-tissue sarcomas and osteosarcomas. Bethesda, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office for Medical Applications of Research, 1985.

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Consensus Development Conference on Limb-Sparing Treatment of Adult Soft-Tissue Sarcomas and Osteosarcomas (1984 Bethesda, Md.). Limb-sparing treatment of adult soft-tissue sarcomas and osteosarcomas. Bethesda, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office for Medical Applications of Research, 1985.

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Consensus Development Conference on Limb-Sparing Treatment of Adult Soft-Tissue Sarcomas and Osteosarcomas (1984 Bethesda, Md.). Limb-sparing treatment of adult soft-tissue sarcomas and osteosarcomas. Bethesda, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office for Medical Applications of Research, 1985.

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Consensus Development Conference on Limb-Sparing Treatment of Adult Soft-Tissue Sarcomas and Osteosarcomas (1984 Bethesda, Md.). Limb-sparing treatment of adult soft-tissue sarcomas and osteosarcomas. Bethesda, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office for Medical Applications of Research, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sparing"

1

Barnea, Yoav, and Or Friedman. "Skin-Sparing and Nipple-Sparing Mastectomies." In Breast Cancer Essentials, 349–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73147-2_32.

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Ferrari, Alberta, and Sandro Zonta. "History of the Mini-Invasive Video Assisted Breast Surgery: From East to West." In Nipple Sparing Mastectomy, 1–22. Milano: Springer Milan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5334-2_1.

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Ferrari, Alberta, Adele Sgarella, Sandro Zonta, and Marco Lucioni. "Surgical Anatomy of the Breast: Key Points for Mini-Invasive Video Assisted Approach." In Nipple Sparing Mastectomy, 23–31. Milano: Springer Milan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5334-2_2.

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Zonta, Sandro, Alberta Ferrari, and Adele Sgarella. "Mini-Invasive Video Assisted Breast Surgery: Feasibility and Safety." In Nipple Sparing Mastectomy, 33–41. Milano: Springer Milan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5334-2_3.

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Ferrari, Alberta, Adele Sgarella, and Sandro Zonta. "Indication for Mini-Invasive Video-Assisted Mastectomy." In Nipple Sparing Mastectomy, 43–57. Milano: Springer Milan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5334-2_4.

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Ferrari, Alberta, Adele Sgarella, Sandro Zonta, Giuseppe Di Giulio, and Arianna Presazzi. "Diagnostic Work Out." In Nipple Sparing Mastectomy, 59–63. Milano: Springer Milan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5334-2_5.

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Ferrari, Alberta, Adele Sgarella, and Sandro Zonta. "Operative Instruments." In Nipple Sparing Mastectomy, 65–100. Milano: Springer Milan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5334-2_6.

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Ferrari, Alberta, Adele Sgarella, and Sandro Zonta. "Mini-Invasive Video-Assisted Mastectomy: Techniques." In Nipple Sparing Mastectomy, 101–40. Milano: Springer Milan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5334-2_7.

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Ferrari, Alberta, Adele Sgarella, Sandro Zonta, and Andrea Scotti Foglieni. "Reconstructive Options." In Nipple Sparing Mastectomy, 141–59. Milano: Springer Milan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5334-2_8.

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Ferrari, Alberta, Adele Sgarella, and Sandro Zonta. "Case Reports." In Nipple Sparing Mastectomy, 161–77. Milano: Springer Milan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5334-2_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sparing"

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Gómez-Hidalgo, NR, A. Gil-Moreno, M. Carbonell Socias, S. Salicrú, M. Bradbury, A. García, R. Vergés, et al. "EP298 Nerve-sparing versus non-nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy: surgical and long-term oncological outcomes." In ESGO Annual Meeting Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-esgo.359.

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Kato, T., T. Tsukada, Y. Yoneoka, M. Kato, Y. Tanase, M. Uno, and M. Ishikawa. "EP323 Extended nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy." In ESGO Annual Meeting Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-esgo.384.

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Yi, M., KK Hunt, F. Meric-Bernstam, SJ Kronowitz, KM Nayeemuddin, B. Feig, RF Hwang, et al. "Local-regional and distant recurrence rates in skin-sparing mastectomies compared with non-skin-sparing mastectomies." In CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2008 Abstracts. American Association for Cancer Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-4138.

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Menon, Jai, and Dick Mattson. "Comparison of sparing alternatives for disk arrays." In the 19th annual international symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/139669.140392.

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Knezevic, J. "Mission success driven space system sparing analysis." In Space Logistics Symposium. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1995-912.

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Navarro, Guillermo, and Milos Manic. "Fuzzy control of sparing in disk arrays." In 2007 IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (EFTA 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/efta.2007.4416957.

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BRIDGMAN, MICHAEL. "More efficient sparing for systems with scheduled mission." In 4th Space Logistics Symposium. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1991-4090.

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Chu, M. C., and C. H. K. Chu. "Reliability-based warehouse inventory sparing and downtime optimization." In 11th International Telecommunications Network Strategy and Planning Symposium. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netwks.2004.241091.

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Iamundo De Cumis, I., I. Solla, MA Deidda, R. Mura, R. Farigu, M. Mascarin, and R. Barbara. "Cardiac substructures dose sparing in pediatric Hodgkin’s lymphoma." In ISCAYAHL 2020. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701900.

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Westbergh, Petter, Sonia Quadery, Haiquan Yang, Hao Chen, Frank Flens, Richard Chan, Tsurugi Sudo, and Dan Kuchta. "Polarization-stable 940nm VCSELs for sparing (Conference Presentation)." In Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers XXIV, edited by Chun Lei and Luke A. Graham. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2546951.

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Reports on the topic "Sparing"

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Mick, Tyler W. Readiness Based Sparing: A Research Summary. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012051.

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Hines, James. "Tax Sparing" and Direct Investment in Developing Countries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6728.

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Guo, Ying, Linlin Ma, and Qiwei Li. Laparoscopic nerve sparing radical hysterectomy for the treatment of cervical cancer. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.9.0047.

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Seybold, Patricia. Focus Your Electronic Business Efforts on Saving Customers Time and Sparing Them Aggravation:. Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/ss12-97ec.

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Franchi, Dorella. Role of transvaginal ultrasonography in the management of young patients affected by atypical endometrial hyperplasia and welldifferentiated endometrial cancer undergoing hormonal fertility-sparing treatment. Science Repository OÜ, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.jso.2019.01.005.

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BATTELLE MEMORIAL INST COLUMBUS OH. Multi-Site Air Sparging. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada636804.

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Marley, M. C. Air sparging in low permeability soils. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/447167.

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Balleyguier, P. Sparking rates measured on the CRITS RFQ. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/296797.

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Lumpkin, Shamsie, Isaac Parrish, Austin Terrell, and Dwayne Accardo. Pain Control: Opioid vs. Nonopioid Analgesia During the Immediate Postoperative Period. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0008.

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Background Opioid analgesia has become the mainstay for acute pain management in the postoperative setting. However, the use of opioid medications comes with significant risks and side effects. Due to increasing numbers of prescriptions to those with chronic pain, opioid medications have become more expensive while becoming less effective due to the buildup of patient tolerance. The idea of opioid-free analgesic techniques has rarely been breached in many hospitals. Emerging research has shown that opioid-sparing approaches have resulted in lower reported pain scores across the board, as well as significant cost reductions to hospitals and insurance agencies. In addition to providing adequate pain relief, the predicted cost burden of an opioid-free or opioid-sparing approach is significantly less than traditional methods. Methods The following groups were considered in our inclusion criteria: those who speak the English language, all races and ethnicities, male or female, home medications, those who are at least 18 years of age and able to provide written informed consent, those undergoing inpatient or same-day surgical procedures. In addition, our scoping review includes the following exclusion criteria: those who are non-English speaking, those who are less than 18 years of age, those who are not undergoing surgical procedures while admitted, those who are unable to provide numeric pain score due to clinical status, those who are unable to provide written informed consent, and those who decline participation in the study. Data was extracted by one reviewer and verified by the remaining two group members. Extraction was divided as equally as possible among the 11 listed references. Discrepancies in data extraction were discussed between the article reviewer, project editor, and group leader. Results We identified nine primary sources addressing the use of ketamine as an alternative to opioid analgesia and post-operative pain control. Our findings indicate a positive correlation between perioperative ketamine administration and postoperative pain control. While this information provides insight on opioid-free analgesia, it also revealed the limited amount of research conducted in this area of practice. The strategies for several of the clinical trials limited ketamine administration to a small niche of patients. The included studies provided evidence for lower pain scores, reductions in opioid consumption, and better patient outcomes. Implications for Nursing Practice Based on the results of the studies’ randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, the effects of ketamine are shown as an adequate analgesic alternative to opioids postoperatively. The cited resources showed that ketamine can be used as a sole agent, or combined effectively with reduced doses of opioids for multimodal therapy. There were noted limitations in some of the research articles. Not all of the cited studies were able to include definitive evidence of proper blinding techniques or randomization methods. Small sample sizes and the inclusion of specific patient populations identified within several of the studies can skew data in one direction or another; therefore, significant clinical results cannot be generalized to patient populations across the board.

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Birke, Barbara, Katja Fettelschoß, and Christine Gerloff-Gasser. Sparkling Science - Analyse von bildungsseitigen Auswirkungen. AQ - Österreichische Qualitätssicherungsagentur, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2015.21.

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