Academic literature on the topic 'Spatial arrangement and angular position of magnetic field sensors'

The purpose of the work is to develop a synthesis method for the spatial and angular arrangement of magnetic field sensors in order to ensure maximum efficiency of a robust system for active shielding of the magnetic field generated by overhead power lines, and to reduce the sensitivity of the synthesized system to initial uncertainties in changes in the level of the initial magnetic field, as well as system parameters while working. To achieve this goal, the spatial location coordinates and angular position of all magnetic field sensors, controller parameters, and gain vector for the compensating windings are determined. A synthesis of the spatial location and angular position of magnetic field sensors is created to solve a minimax vector optimization problem in which the vector objective function is calculated based on the Biot-Savart’s law. Solution of the minimax vector optimization problem, calculated on the basis of optimization algorithms for a multi-swarm of particles from Pareto-optimal solutions, taking into account the parameters of binary relations. Significant results obtained on the basis of the developed synthesis method are the effectiveness of a robust active shielding system for magnetic fields generated, as a consequence, by power lines with a synthesized spatial arrangement and angular position of magnetic field sensors obtained in the process of theoretical and experimental research. The significance of the results lies in the fact that practical recommendations are given for the reasonable choice of spatial location and angular position of magnetic field sensors, the spatial arrangement of shielding windings of a robust magnetic field shielding system for various characteristics of power lines.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the optimal placement and/or orientation of individual sensor elements within integrated angular position sensors, in particular magnetic sensors based on the Hall effect or magnetoresistive effects under consideration of random deviations (variations in the production process, environmental influences, noise) and correlations of these influences. Design/methodology/approach The authors utilize methods from optimal design of experiments to consider random deviations in a system-level model. In this sensor model, they include spatial dependencies of random deviations by means of a Gaussian random field. Based on this, an approach for fast determination of D-optimal designs is presented. Findings The results show that the intuitive and commonly used distributions of magnetic field sensors are actually optimal for the determination of in-phase and quadrature signals in the presence of spatial correlations, provided that the number of field sensors is higher or equal to three. However, in the uncorrelated case, the intuitive solutions are not the only optimal solutions or even not optimal at all. It is found that a restriction to symmetric designs is not necessary; thus, the design space can be extended to allow for further improvements, e.g. miniaturization, of such angular position sensors. Originality/value The proposed approach allows for the fast optimization based on a system model. Correlated random influences are considered by means of a Gaussian random field, which can be obtained either from measurements or from field simulations, e.g. using the finite element method. As this is done before the actual simulation, such evaluations are not needed during the optimization, which allows for very fast solution of the optimization problem. Therefore, the approach is well suited for application-dependent adjustment of sensor designs.

Novel robotic, bioelectronic, and diagnostic systems require a variety of compact and high-performance sensors. Among them, compact three-dimensional (3D) vector angular encoders are required to determine spatial position and orientation in a 3D environment. However, fabrication of 3D vector sensors is a challenging task associated with time-consuming and expensive, sequential processing needed for the orientation of individual sensor elements in 3D space. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of 3D self-assembly to simultaneously reorient numerous giant magnetoresistive (GMR) spin valve sensors for smart fabrication of 3D magnetic angular encoders. During the self-assembly process, the GMR sensors are brought into their desired orthogonal positions within the three Cartesian planes in a simultaneous process that yields monolithic high-performance devices. We fabricated vector angular encoders with equivalent angular accuracy in all directions of 0.14°, as well as low noise and low power consumption during high-speed operation at frequencies up to 1 kHz.

The reliability of actuators is determined by the criteria of limit states, which are assessed by different types of sensors. The reliability of sensors depends on their design properties, features of technological support of their quality in the manufacturing process. The angular position of the rotary links of actuators is determined by different types of sensors, including rotary angle sensors. A non-contact sensor is considered. The sensor operation is based on the Hall measurement principle, which ensures its structural simplicity, reliability and long service life. The accuracy characteristics of the sensor are determined by manufacturing errors of its individual parts. The purpose of the study is to develop a model of sensor error depending on manufacturing inaccuracies of the permanent magnet, which is part of its primary measuring transducer. Materials and Methods. The rotary angle sensor manufactured by Specialized Design Bureau “Induction” has been chosen as a prototype, during the production of which deviations in its technical cha¬racteristics caused by defects in the permanent magnets have been detected. The methods used in the paper include theoretical mechanics, calculation of electric and magnetic circuits, and numerical modelling. The calculations have been performed for a cylindrical permanent magnet with radial magnetization, wherein the magnetization vector is shifted in the radial direction. To perform the error calculations, the schemes of the arrangement of defective magnets relative to the magnetization vector of the external field created by additional magnets have been used. The coaxial arrangement of additional magnets is ensured by arranging them in coaxial cylindrical guides. Results. Analytical dependencies that relate the displacement of the magnet dipole relative to its geometric centre with the error in determining the rotary angle have been presented. The sensor errors have been shown in sketches of the primary measuring transducer in various positions of the magnet relative to the Hall elements in the primary transducer. Conclusion. The research results can be used in engineering facilities that allows for a quantitative assessment of the radial displacement of the magnetic dipole relative to the geometric centre of the magnet. The practical significance of the results lies in the rejection of permanent magnets at the stage of incoming inspection of the permissible displacement of the magnetic dipole relative to its geometric centre.