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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Spatial characterisation

Academic literature on the topic 'Spatial characterisation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 19 August 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Contents

Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Book chapters
Conference papers
Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Spatial characterisation":

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Hanaor, Ariel. "Characteristics of Prefabricated Spatial Frame Systems." International Journal of Space Structures 10, no. 3 (September 1995): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635119501000303.

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Prefabricated spatial frame systems, such as double-layer grids and reticulated shells, differ greatly in their intended applications and technical features. The paper attempts the systematic classification and characterisation of this wide range of systems. The classification is in hierarchical order, descending from the geometric and static characteristics of the network down to technical details of member connection and construction techniques. Many examples of prefabricated joint systems are presented, but the characterisation scheme is applicable to practically any system.

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Veeraraghavan, Shoba, and Gary A. Fuller. "Characterisation of spatial structure in molecular clouds." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 147 (1991): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900199589.

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Two topological tools for studying the global structure of molecular clouds, the genus and the contour-crossing statistic, are discussed. Preliminary results for the Taurus molecular cloud complex are presented.

3

Vieli, Francisco Javier González, and Marion Maillard. "103.41 A spatial characterisation of Pascal limaçons." Mathematical Gazette 103, no. 558 (October 21, 2019): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mag.2019.123.

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Veeraraghavan, Shoba, and Gary A. Fuller. "Characterisation of spatial structure in molecular clouds." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 147 (1991): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900240205.

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Two topological tools for studying the global structure of molecular clouds, the genus and the contour-crossing statistic, are discussed. Preliminary results for the Taurus molecular cloud complex are presented.

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Castellanos, M. T., M. C. Morató, P. L. Aguado, J. P. del Monte, and A. M. Tarquis. "Detrended fluctuation analysis for spatial characterisation of landscapes." Biosystems Engineering 168 (April 2018): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.09.016.

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Gillespie, P. A., C. B. Howard, J. J. Walsh, and J. Watterson. "Measurement and characterisation of spatial distributions of fractures." Tectonophysics 226, no. 1-4 (November 1993): 113–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90114-y.

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Stöhr, Adriana, Eva Lindell, Li Guo, and Nils-Krister Persson. "Thermal Textile Pixels: The Characterisation of Temporal and Spatial Thermal Development." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 3747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223747.

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This study introduces the concept of a thermal textile pixel, a spatially and temporally defined textile structure that shows spatial and temporal thermal contrast and can be used in the context of thermal communication. A study was performed investigating (a) in-plane and (b) out-of-plane thermal signal behaviour for knitted structures made of three different fibre types; namely, polyamide, wool, and metal containing Shieldex yarn, and two different knitting structures: plain knit and terry knit. The model thermal source was a Peltier element. For (a), a thermography set-up was used to monitor the spatial development of thermal contrast, and for (b), an arrangement with thermocouple measuring temperature development over time. Results show that the use of conductive materials such as Shieldex is unnecessary for the plain knit if only heating is required, whereas such use significantly improves performance for the terry knit structures. The findings demonstrate that the textile pixel is able to spatially and temporally focus thermal signals, thereby making it viable for use as an interface for thermal communication devices. Having well-defined thermal textile pixels opens up potential for the development of matrices for more complex information conveyance.

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HUTCHINGS, JENNIFER K., ANDREW ROBERTS, CATHLEEN A. GEIGER, and JACQUELINE RICHTER-MENGE. "Corrigendum: Spatial and temporal characterisation of sea-ice deformation." Journal of Glaciology 64, no. 244 (March 27, 2018): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.11.

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Correcting a sign error results in no changes to the key conclusions of Hutchings and others (2011). However, there is an improved agreement with previous work. Mean total sea-ice deformation scales log linearly with distance and the scaling exponent was found to be dependent on time. We find a linear relationship between the temporal scale and spatial scaling exponent, for timescales of an hour to a day. Extrapolating to the timescales of deformation resolved by RADARSAT, we find total deformation and distance scale with an exponent of between −0.16 and −0.19.

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Clark, Jesse N., and Andrew G. Peele. "Simultaneous sample and spatial coherence characterisation using diffractive imaging." Applied Physics Letters 99, no. 15 (October 10, 2011): 154103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3650265.

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Sarri, G., J. Warwick, W. Schumaker, K. Poder, J. Cole, D. Doria, T. Dzelzainis, et al. "Spectral and spatial characterisation of laser-driven positron beams." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 59, no. 1 (October 18, 2016): 014015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/59/1/014015.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spatial characterisation":

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Naskar, Susmita. "Spatial variability characterisation of laminated composites." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=239036.

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Advanced lightweight structural materials like composites are being increasingly utilized in various engineering applications due to high specific strength and stiffness with tailorable properties. Even though composites have the advantage of modulating a large number of design parameters to achieve various application-specific requirements, this concurrently brings the challenge of dealing with inevitable uncertainties during manufacturing and service-life conditions. This dissertation focuses on practically relevant modelling of random spatial variability coupled with the influence of damage to quantify the effect of source-uncertainties following an efficient surrogate based framework. Layer-wise random variable based approach and the random field based approaches of uncertainty modelling are investigated to quantify the stochastic dynamics and stability characteristics of in a probabilistic multi-scale framework. A novel concept of stochastic representative volume element is proposed to consider the spatially varying structural attributes effectively. A physically relevant random field based modelling approach with correlated material properties is adopted based on the Karhunen-Loève expansion. To understand the relative influences, sensitivity of the stochastic input parameters are analyzed for the global structural responses of composite laminates considering micro and macro mechanical properties separately. Besides the conventional sources of uncertainty in material and structural properties, another source of uncertainty is considered in the form of noise. Besides probabilistic analysis, this dissertation proposes a fuzzy representative volume element based approach for modelling spatial variability in non-probabilistic analysis for the cases where statistical distributions of the stochastic input parameters are not available. The results reveal that stochasticity affects the system performance significantly. A notable difference in the global stochastic behaviour is identified depending upon the adopted uncertainty modeling approach. Thus, it is imperative to appropriately model the sourceuncertainties during the analysis and design process. The dissertation provides comprehensive insights on the effect of source-uncertainties on composites following an efficient, yet practically relevant modelling approach.

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Asawakarn, Tanong. "Spatial characterisation of molecular interactions with cell membranes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289071.

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Mias, Solon. "Fabrication and characterisation of optically addressed spatial light modulators." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614730.

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Wiermer, Marcel. "Molecular and spatial characterisation of Arabidopsis EDS1 defence regulatory complexes." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=97655223X.

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Gualandi, Adriano <1987&gt. "Spatial and temporal characterisation of ground deformation recorded by geodetic techniques." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7093/.

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A critical point in the analysis of ground displacements time series is the development of data driven methods that allow the different sources that generate the observed displacements to be discerned and characterised. A widely used multivariate statistical technique is the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which allows reducing the dimensionality of the data space maintaining most of the variance of the dataset explained. Anyway, PCA does not perform well in finding the solution to the so-called Blind Source Separation (BSS) problem, i.e. in recovering and separating the original sources that generated the observed data. This is mainly due to the assumptions on which PCA relies: it looks for a new Euclidean space where the projected data are uncorrelated. The Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a popular technique adopted to approach this problem. However, the independence condition is not easy to impose, and it is often necessary to introduce some approximations. To work around this problem, I use a variational bayesian ICA (vbICA) method, which models the probability density function (pdf) of each source signal using a mix of Gaussian distributions. This technique allows for more flexibility in the description of the pdf of the sources, giving a more reliable estimate of them. Here I present the application of the vbICA technique to GPS position time series. First, I use vbICA on synthetic data that simulate a seismic cycle (interseismic + coseismic + postseismic + seasonal + noise) and a volcanic source, and I study the ability of the algorithm to recover the original (known) sources of deformation. Secondly, I apply vbICA to different tectonically active scenarios, such as the 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake, the 2012 Emilia (northern Italy) seismic sequence, and the 2006 Guerrero (Mexico) Slow Slip Event (SSE).

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Marengo, iLaria. "A methodology for landscape characterisation based on GIS and spatially constrained multivariate analysis." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2752.

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Landscape is about the relationship between people and place and in 2000 was defined by the European Landscape Commission (ELC) as "an area as perceived by people whose character is the result of natural and human actions and interactions”. In the 70s the reason for studying the landscape was because of the necessity of attributing a value to it. Nowadays the motivations behind managing, conserving and enhancing the landscape is because the landscape is the place where people belong to and, consciously or not, recognise themselves. In addition, people identify different landscapes on the basis of the particular combinations of the elements in the landscape. As a consequence a landscape can be distinguished from another on the basis of its character which, according to the Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) guidance for England and Scotland (C. Swanwick and Land Use Consultant, 2002), is defined as “a distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape that makes one landscape different from the other rather than better or worse”. This definition was the starting point of a PhD research project aimed at developing and implementing a methodology able to identify and quantify the character of the Scottish landscape through the application of GIS and statistics. The reason for doing this research was to provide the landscape architects and practitioners with a tool that could help them to define the landscape character types in a more consistent, objective, and scientifically robust way. One of the objectives of the research was to identify the spatial patterns formed by the landscape elements by taking into account the influence of the spatial location. The first law of geography, which states that "everything is related to everything else but near things are more related than distant ones" (W Tobler, 1970), was transposed in the assumption of the presence of spatial autocorrelation amongst the data which contributes to form spatial patterns within the data. Since landscape comprises of many elements, data were also multivariate, thus the analysis required a method of calculation able to deal simultaneously with multivariate and spatial autocorrelation issues. MULTISPATI-PCA, a spatially constrained Principal Component Analysis, was the statistical technique applied for the analysis of the data whose results showed that it was possible to detect the spatial structure of the data and that each spatial pattern corresponded to a distinct landscape. Despite their importance in forming the character of the landscape, aesthetic and perceptual aspects were not inlcuded in MULTISPATI-PCA analysis. It was preferred to test the technique only on data that were quantifiable in a more objective way. Perhaps taking into account the human perception of the landscape can be the starting point for future investigation.

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Burns, Dwayne C. "Design and characterisation of a ferroelectric liquid crystal over silicon spatial light modulator." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1541.

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Many optical processing systems rely critically on the availability of high performance, electrically-addressed spatial light modulators. Ferroelectric liquid crystal over silicon is an attractive spatial light modulator technology because it combines two well matched technologies. Ferroelectric liquid crystal modulating materials exhibit fast switching times with low operating voltages, while very large scale silicon integrated circuits offer high-frequency, low power operation, and versatile functionality. This thesis describes the design and characterisation of the SBS256 - a general purpose 256 x 256 pixel ferroelectric liquid crystal over silicon spatial light modulator that incorporates a static-RAM latch and an exclusive-OR gate at each pixel. The static-RAM latch provides robust data storage under high read-beam intensities, while the exclusive-OR gate permits the liquid crystal layer to be fully and efficiently charge balanced. The SBS256 spatial light modulator operates in a binary mode. However, many applications, including helmet-mounted displays and optoelectronic implementations of artificial neural networks, require devices with some level of grey-scale capability. The 2 kHz frame rate of the device, permits temporal multiplexing to be used as a means of generating discrete grey-scale in real-time. A second integrated circuit design is also presented. This prototype neuraldetector backplane consists of a 4 x 4 array of optical-in, electronic-out processing units. These can sample the temporally multiplexed grey-scale generated by the SBS256. The neurons implement the post-synaptic summing and thresholding function, and can respond to both positive and negative activations - a requirement of many artificial neural network models.

8

Bell, Andrew D. F. "Spatial analysis approaches for the characterisation and monitoring of slope instability and deformation." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.676269.

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This thesis focuses on the use of Terrestrial LiDAR Scanning (TLS) for the monitoring of active slopes. Research into this area has developed an innovative methodological framework of spatial analysis approaches for the characterisation and monitoring of active slope instability sites. Methods implemented include monitoring using TLS derived Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) with scans conducted approximately every two months. Temporal responses of morphological parameters to slope instability and deformation were assessed. A pioneering assessment of TLS deviations over a scanning period of one day was utilised to identify the implications systematic errors have for temporal monitoring analysis. An evaluation of standard and robust statistics, statistics which are not affected by outliers, is presented for the applicability of TLS with implications for terrain evolution and error assessment. In addition to TLS monitoring, Aerial LiDAR (ALS) was assessed for the application of the morphological characterisation on a larger scale from selected sites around the world including the United Kingdom (UK) and Canada. This thesis presents the temporal, statistical and morphological responses of slope deformation over a monitoring period of two years. Rates of movement were found to vary with greatest magnitude occurring during Winter and Spring. Evaluation of error over the one day period identified limited deviation in the acquisition of successive point clouds. The implications for this error assessment illustrated the potential use of robust statistical measures. Temporal morphological assessment resulted in the identification of pre-and post-failure characterisation of slope instability. This resulted in the development of a quasi-empirical model of failure for the selected slopes. Spatial analysis results were validated using Aerial LiDAR and TLS datasets. The overarching impact of this thesis is that it has provided insight into the real world application of TLS monitoring of slope deformation and the benefits of such investigation for partner organisations and their key remits to governmental bodies.

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Rajadell, Rojas Olga. "Data selection and spectral-spatial characterisation for hyperspectral image segmentation. Applications to remote sensing." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669093.

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El análisis de imágenes ha impulsado muchos descubrimientos en la ciencia actual. Esta tesis se centra en el análisis de imágenes remotas para inspección aérea, exactamente en el problema de segmentación y clasificación de acuerdo al uso del suelo. Desde el nacimiento de los sensores hiperespectrales su uso ha sido vital para esta tarea ya que facilitan y mejoran sustancialmente el resultado. Sin embargo el uso de imágenes hiperespectrales entraña, entre otros, problemas de dimensionalidad y de interacción con los expertos. Proponemos mejoras que ayuden a paliar estos inconvenientes y hagan el problema mas eficiente.
Lately image analysis have aided many discoveries in research. This thesis focusses on the analysis of remote sensed images for aerial inspection. It tackles the problem of segmentation and classification according to land usage. In this field, the use of hyperspectral images has been the trend followed since the emergence of hyperspectral sensors. This type of images improves the performance of the task but raises some issues. Two of those issues are the dimensionality and the interaction with experts. We propose enhancements overcome them. Efficiency and economic reasons encouraged to start this work. The enhancements introduced in this work allow to tackle segmentation and classification of this type of images using less data, thus increasing the efficiency and enabling the design task specific sensors which are cheaper. Also, our enhacements allow to perform the same task with less expert collaboration which also decreases the costs and accelerates the process.

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Nemschokmichal, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Temporal and spatial characterisation of nitrogen metastables in atmospheric pressure barrier discharges / Sebastian Nemschokmichal." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045036803/34.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spatial characterisation":

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Stenning, Keith, and Padraic Monaghan. "Linguistic and Graphical Representations and the Characterisation of Individual Differences." In Spatial Cognition, 299–313. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aicr.26.23ste.

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Veeraraghavan, Shoba, and Gary A. Fuller. "Characterisation of Spatial Structure in Molecular Clouds." In Fragmentation of Molecular Clouds and Star Formation, 505–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3384-5_89.

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Cao, Zining. "A Spatial Logical Characterisation of Context Bisimulation." In Advances in Computer Science - ASIAN 2006. Secure Software and Related Issues, 231–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77505-8_18.

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Schultz, Carl, and Mehul Bhatt. "A Numerical Optimisation Based Characterisation of Spatial Reasoning." In Rule Technologies. Research, Tools, and Applications, 199–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42019-6_13.

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Huang, Chengquan, Collin Homer, and Limin Yang. "Regional Forest Land Cover Characterisation using Medium Spatial Resolution Satellite Data." In Remote Sensing of Forest Environments, 389–410. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0306-4_14.

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Wiemann, Ann-Kathrin, Frank Boochs, Ashish Karmacharya, and Stefanie Wefers. "Characterisation of Spatial Techniques for Optimised Use in Cultural Heritage Documentation." In Digital Heritage. Progress in Cultural Heritage: Documentation, Preservation, and Protection, 374–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13695-0_36.

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Salama, R. B., T. Hatton, G. M. Elder, and L. Ye. "Hydrogeological Characterisation of Catchments Using Hydrogeomorphic Analysis of Regional Spatial Data (HARSD): Characterisation of Axe Creek Catchment, Victoria, Australia." In Subsurface Hydrological Responses to Land Cover and Land Use Changes, 153–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6141-5_11.

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Tur, Carmen, Francesco Grussu, Ferran Prados, Sara Collorone, Claudia A. M. Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott, and Olga Ciccarelli. "Spatial Characterisation of Fibre Response Functions for Spherical Deconvolution in Multiple Sclerosis." In Computational Diffusion MRI, 265–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05831-9_21.

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Stein, M., and K. Schneider. "Thermographic Characterisation of the Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymers with High Time and Spatial Resolution." In Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymer Materials, 55–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41879-7_4.

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Brown, A., A. J. Eccles, J. A. van den Berg, and J. C. Vickerman. "Chemical Characterisation of Insulating Materials Using High Spatial Resolution SSIMS — An Analysis of the Problems and Possible Solutions." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 257–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82724-2_68.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spatial characterisation":

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Sukackas, V. "The spatial controlling of Lamb waves excited by a point source on the cylindrical wall." In MATERIALS CHARACTERISATION 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/mc070171.

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Tabas, Alejandro, Emili Balaguer-Ballester, and Laura Igual. "Spatial discriminant ICA for RS-fMRI characterisation." In 2014 International Workshop on Pattern Recognition in Neuroimaging (PRNI). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/prni.2014.6858546.

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Gautier, J., P. Zeitoun, A. S. Morlens, S. Sebban, C. Valentin, E. Papalazarou, J. P. Goddet, et al. "High harmonics generation: Spatial characterisation and applications." In UVX 2008 - 9e Colloque sur les Sources Cohérentes et Incohérentes UV, VUV et X : Applications et Développements Récents. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/uvx/2009008.

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Allen, B. "Spatial channel characterisation of FDD wireless links." In Second International Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies (3G 2001). IEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20010014.

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Weber, S. J., T. Witting, J. W. G. Tisch, and J. P. Marangos. "Single cycle midIR pulse: Spatial, temporal and absolute phase characterisation." In 2013 Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics Europe & International Quantum Electronics Conference CLEO EUROPE/IQEC. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2013.6801175.

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Quinteros, D., S. A. Velastin, and G. Acuna. "Characterisation of the spatial sensitivity of classifiers in pedestrian detection." In 6th Latin-American Conference on Networked and Electronic Media (LACNEM 2015). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2015.0313.

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Verdonck, Marie-leen, Matthias Demuzere, Hans Hooyberghs, Frederik Priem, and Frieke Van Coillie. "Spatial characterisation of heat risk in the Brussels Capital Region, Belgium." In 2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jurse.2019.8808975.

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Bandyopadhyay, Sandipan. "A novel characterisation of spatial manipulators based on their degrees-of-freedom." In 2009 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aim.2009.5229944.

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Whiteley, J., M. Kendall, C. Sujitapan, C. Inauen, R. Swift, A. Watlet, M. Raines, et al. "An Overview of High Spatial Resolution Geophysical Methods for Landslide Characterisation and Monitoring." In 25th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902450.

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Villacampa, Y., P. Sastre, M. Gandini, A. Cañibano, and M. Cortés. "Characterisation of the spatial variability of waterlogging in the Blue River Basin (Argentina)." In ECOSUD 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/eco110051.

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Reports on the topic "Spatial characterisation":

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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.

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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.