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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spatial definition'
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Rodríguez, Gustavo A. (Gustavo Adolfo Rodríguez Martin) 1974. "Blurring spatial limits : photography and spatial definition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69765.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-71).
The Image based space of vision has substituted functional space as a stage of contemporary life, the relationships between physical spaces are constantly being redefined by the change from function to image, forcing us to live in a state of spatial indeterminacy, in a Blurred space that lacks a specific formal, territorial or social definition. The notion of " limits" is constantly being questioned and redefined by th is transition, giving way to overlapping interpretations of the meaning, shape and function of limits and the spaces that they contain. These undetermined or Blurred limits are permeable elements that allow interaction through them at different levels of engagement (visual, tactile or spatial). The Blurred space is, then, not characterized by confusion, but by a multiplicity of interactions between its components, its visual space becomes the spatial generator of our image-based culture. The power of photography as a representational tool allows us to explore blurred representations of space to understand the spatial characteristics of the photograph's altered space and its relationship to the user. This thesis looks at the Blur's qualities and explores its conceptual possibilities as a design tool by studying the relationship between its components, its relation to vision and its spatial characteristics. The blurred space of the image becomes descriptive of the visual Blur, yielding information about the spatial characteristics of the Blur and its possible translation into architectural space.
by Gustavo A. Rodriguez.
S.M.
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Kincaid, Duncan S. (Duncan Stuart) 1960. "An arithmetical model of spatial definition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67738.
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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1997.Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-80).
The manner in which spatial definition is built by architectural form is identified and formalised in part. A description is given for the structure of spatial definition. This description allows for a mapping from the class of uses to the class of spatial structures.
by Duncan S. Kincaid.
M.Arch.
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FULMER, HILARY RENEE. "VISUAL INFLUENCES ON LIMITATIONS OF SPACE: SPATIAL DEPTH PERCEPTION VERSUS SPATIAL DEFINITION." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1147885019.
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Fulmer, Hilary Renee. "Visual influences on limitations of space spatial depth perception versus spatial definition /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1147885019.
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Thesis (Master of Architecture)--University of Cincinnati, 2006.Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 24, 2006). Includes abstract. Keywords: spatial limitations; spatial perception; spatial depth; spatial definition; reflection; representation; transparency; visual fluctuation; spatial fluctuation; movement. Includes bibliographical references.
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Bertram, David. "Game-Space." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31140.
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Game-space presents the development of a student game-hall on the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. The architectural theory that guided the development asserts that an intelligent translation of a building's physical and conceptual needs into a matrix of well defined layers provides a strong foundation for the creation of a cultivated space.Master of Architecture
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Wang, Xiaomei. "Definition and utilization of spatial relations in high level computer vision /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9951133.
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Grobler, Anika. "The relation between spatial definition and place-making architectural and urban interiors /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04112007-172158.
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Parenteau, Marie-Pierre. "Air Pollution and Health: Toward Improving the Spatial Definition of Exposure, Susceptibility and Risk." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19928.
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The role of the spatial representation in the relation between chronic exposure to NO2 and respiratory health outcomes is studied through a spatial approach encompassing three conceptual components: the geography of susceptibility, the geography of exposure and the geography of risk. A spatially explicit methodology that defined natural neighbourhoods for the city of Ottawa is presented; it became the geography of analysis in this research. A LUR model for Ottawa is developed to study the geography of exposure. Model sensitivity to the spatial representation of population showed that dasymetric population mapping did not provide significant improvements to the LUR model over population at the dissemination block level. However, both the former were significantly better than population represented at the dissemination area. Spatial representation in the geography of exposure was also evaluated by comparing four kriging and cokriging interpolation models to the LUR. Geostatistically derived NO2 concentration maps were weakly correlated with LUR model results. The relationship between mean NO2 concentrations and respiratory health outcomes was assessed within the natural neighbourhoods. We find a statistically significant association between NO2 concentrations and respiratory health outcomes as measured by global bivariate Moran’s I. However, for regression model building, NO2 had to be forced into the model, demonstrating that NO2 is not one of the main contributing variables to respiratory health outcomes in Ottawa. The results point toward the importance of the socioeconomic status on the health condition of individuals. Finally, the role of spatial representation was assessed using three different spatial structures, which also permitted to better understand the role of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) in the study of the relationship between exposure to NO2 and health. The results confirm that NO2 concentration is not a major contributing factor to the respiratory health in Ottawa but clearly demonstrate the implications that the use of opportunistic administrative boundaries can have on results of exposure studies. The effects of the MAUP, the scale effect and the zoning effect, were observed indicating that a spatial structure that embodies the scale of major social processes behind the health condition of individuals should be used when possible.
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Richard, Laurence. "Towards a Definition of Intrinsic Axes: The Effect of Orthogonality and Symmetry on the Preferred Direction of Spatial Memory." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1310492651.
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Ning, Jingwei. "Improving the USDA's Definition of Food Deserts via a Spatial Interaction Approach A Case Study of Hamilton County, Ohio." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337351602.
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Wolff, Jessica Sadye. "Land use planning innovations in the midst of a 'Migration Crisis' : developing a spatial definition of refugee integration." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118228.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 87-93).
According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees' 2016 Global Trends Report, global human displacement is at a record high and refugee crises are increasingly urban. Research on forced migration has historically focused on the obligations of the nation state, overshadowing the role of cities in urban displacement. Using the conceptual framework of a refugee's 'right to the city,' this thesis seeks to contribute to literature on urban displacement by beginning to developing a spatial definition of refugee integration. A case study of state-provided refugee housing in Hamburg, Germany identifies innovations at the federal and state levels that outline a new model of how urban planning can contribute to refugee housing policy. This research provides an alternative to leading refugee housing models and highlights the importance of linking the historically segmented phases of emergency housing with long-term development and land use planning in cities experiencing rapid urbanization as a result of migration. Practices from this case study, as well as opportunities to refine the approach, provide insight into the development of refugee housing policy in land-constrained urban areas in the future.
by Jessica Sadye Wolff.
M.C.P.
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Okhulkova, Tatiana. "Integration of uncertainty and definition of critical thresholds for CO2 storage risk assessment." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC021/document.
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L'objectif principal de la thèse est de définir comment l'incertitude peut être prise en compte dans leprocessus d'évaluation des risques pour le stockage de CO2 et de quantifier, à l'aide de modèles numériques,les scénarios de fuite par migration latérale et à travers la couverture. Les scénarios choisis sont quantifiéspar l'approche de modélisation de système pour laquelle des modèles numériques prédictifs ad-hoc sontdéveloppés. Une étude probabiliste de propagation d'incertitude paramétrique par un méta-modèle depolynômes de chaos est réalisée. La problématique de la prise en compte de la variabilité spatiale comme unesource d'incertitude est éclairée et une étude comparative entre représentations homogène et hétérogène de laperméabilité est fournieThe main goal of the thesis is to define how the uncertainty can be accounted for in the process of riskassessment for CO2 storage and to quantify by means of numerical models the scenarii of leakage by lateralmigration and through the caprock. The chosen scenarii are quantified using the system modeling approachfor which ad-hoc predictive numerical models are developed. A probabilistic parametric uncertaintypropagation study using polynomial chaos expansion is performed. Matters of spatial variability are alsodiscussed and a comparison between homogeneous and heterogeneous representations of permeability isprovided
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Setkov, Aleksandr. "IVORA (Image and Computer Vision for Augmented Reality) : Color invariance and correspondences for the definition of a camera/video-projector system." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS168/document.
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La Réalité Augmentée Spatiale (SAR) vise à superposer spatialement l'information virtuelle sur des objets physiques. Au cours des dernières décennies ce domaine a connu une grande expansion et est utilisé dans divers domaines, tels que la médecine, le prototypage, le divertissement etc. Cependant, pour obtenir des projections de bonne qualité, on doit résoudre plusieurs problèmes, dont les plus importants sont la gamme de couleurs réduite du projecteur, la lumière ambiante, la couleur du fond, et la configuration arbitraire de la surface de projection dans la scène. Ces facteurs entraînent des distorsions dans les images qui requièrent des processus de compensation complémentaires.Les projections intelligentes (smart projections) sont au cœur des applications de SAR. Composées d'un dispositif de projection et d'un dispositif d'acquisition, elles contrôlent l'aspect de la projection et effectuent des corrections à la volée pour compenser les distorsions. Bien que les méthodes actives de Lumière Structurée aient été utilisées classiquement pour résoudre ces problèmes de compensation géométrique, cette thèse propose une nouvelle approche non intrusive pour la compensation géométrique de plusieurs surfaces planes et pour la reconnaissance des objets en SAR s'appuyant uniquement sur la capture du contenu projeté.Premièrement, cette thèse étude l'usage de l'invariance couleur pour améliorer la qualité de la mise en correspondance entre primitives dans une configuration d'acquisition des images vidéoprojetées. Nous comparons la performance de la plupart des méthodes de l'état de l'art avec celle du descripteur proposé basé sur l'égalisation d'histogramme. Deuxièmement, pour mieux traiter les conditions standard des systèmes projecteur-caméra, deux ensembles de données de captures de projections réelles, ont été spécialement préparés à des fins expérimentales. La performance de tous les algorithmes considérés est analysée de façon approfondie et des propositions de recommandations sont faites sur le choix des algorithmes les mieux adaptés en fonction des conditions expérimentales (paramètres image, disposition spatiale, couleur du fond...). Troisièmement, nous considérons le problème d'ajustement multi-surface pour compenser des distorsions d'homographie dans les images acquises. Une combinaison de mise en correspondance entre les primitives et de Flux Optique est proposée afin d'obtenir une compensation géométrique plus rapide. Quatrièmement, une nouvelle application en reconnaissance d'objet à partir de captures d'images vidéo-projetées est mise en œuvre. Finalement, une implémentation GPU temps réel des algorithmes considérés ouvre des pistes pour la compensation géométrique non intrusive en SAR basée sur la mise en correspondances entre primitivesSpatial Augmented Reality (SAR) aims at spatially superposing virtual information on real-world objects. Over the last decades, it has gained a lot of success and been used in manifold applications in various domains, such as medicine, prototyping, entertainment etc. However, to obtain projections of a good quality one has to deal with multiple problems, among them the most important are the limited projector output gamut, ambient illumination, color background, and arbitrary geometric surface configurations of the projection scene. These factors result in image distortions which require additional compensation steps.Smart-projections are at the core of PAR applications. Equipped with a projection and acquisitions devices, they control the projection appearance and introduce corrections on the fly to compensate distortions. Although active structured-light techniques have been so far the de-facto method to address such problems, this PhD thesis addresses a relatively new unintrusive content-based approach for geometric compensation of multiple planar surfaces and for object recognition in SAR.Firstly, this thesis investigates the use of color-invariance for feature matching quality enhancement in projection-acquisition scenarios. The performance of most state-of-the art methods are studied along with the proposed local histogram equalization-based descriptor. Secondly, to better address the typical conditions encountered when using a projector-camera system, two datasets of real-world projections were specially prepared for experimental purposes. Through a series of evaluation frameworks, the performance of all considered algorithms is thoroughly analyzed, providing several inferences on that which algorithms are more appropriate in each condition. Thirdly, this PhD work addresses the problem of multiple-surface fitting used to compensate different homography distortions in acquired images. A combination of feature matching and Optical Flow tracking is proposed in order to achieve a more low-weight geometric compensation. Fourthly, an example of new application to object recognition from acquired projections is showed. Finally, a real-time implementation of considered methods on GPU shows prospects for the unintrusive feature matching-based geometric compensation in SAR applications
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Otepka, Johannes, Sajid Ghuffar, Christoph Waldhauser, Ronald Hochreiter, and Norbert Pfeifer. "Georeferenced Point Clouds: A Survey of Features and Point Cloud Management." MDPI AG, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi2041038.
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This paper presents a survey of georeferenced point clouds. Concentration is, on the one hand, put on features, which originate in the measurement process themselves, and features derived by processing the point cloud. On the other hand, approaches for the processing of georeferenced point clouds are reviewed. This includes the data structures, but also spatial processing concepts. We suggest a categorization of features into levels that reflect the amount of processing. Point clouds are found across many disciplines, which is reflected in the versatility of the literature suggesting specific features. (authors' abstract)
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Pennerstorfer, Astrid, and Dieter Pennerstorfer. "How small are small markets? Local market size for child care Services, Working Paper No. 1814." Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/7022/1/wp1814.pdf.
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In this article, we propose an innovative way of delineating local markets based on easily accessible data. We apply this concept to the day care industry and investigate providers' location choices relative to local market characteristics to evaluate the widespread presumption that local markets for child care services are geographically very small. Using a panel of all day care centers for the metropolitan region of Vienna, Austria, for nearly a decade, as well as geographically extremely disaggregated data on the spatial distribution of children under the age of six at the 250m×250m grid cell level, we find that the location of children and day care centers are strongly related, but this relationship diminishes as soon as the distance between a child's place of residence and the day care center's location increases. We conclude that local markets for day care services in metropolitan regions are indeed very small (about 500m or 550 yards).
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Engur, Ozge. "Spaces Of Communication In High-rise Residential Buildings." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615651/index.pdf.
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The aim of thesis is to evaluate criticisms directed to high-rise buildings which have firstly used for residential purposes with modernism in terms of their hindering social contact, and to explain in what kind of spaces the residents of high-rise building sustain their social and environmental contacts. This form was aimed to be used as the building type of high-rise, low density urban form in CIAM meeting for decreasing health problems created by industrialization on individuals. In contrast, Team 10 criticized high-rise residential buildings by propounding disposal of street and not gathering people by using green areas. They propounded the urban element which is low-rise spreading in horizontal as the form of increment of social connection.
In this study, principally diversified existence of social and environmental communication space are advocated in every urban environment depending on distinctive spatial organizations. Matrix study was made depending on height, density and coverage as three inputs of residential types, and the idea defended was tried to be proven. Communication spaces in high-rise residential buildings were analyzed in urban design and architecture scales. For this purpose, urban design scaled study was analyzed in the frame of territoriality which is related to the main topic of the thesis as residential area, and public and private space continuity types came into prominence. Architecture spaces constituting social and environmental contiguity spaces in high-rise residences were discussed in the frame of contemporary buildings and utopias. The explanation of diversified connection spaces in high-rise residential blocks will be hold.
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Fischer, Manfred M., and Peter Nijkamp. "The Nexus of Entrepreneurship and Regional Development." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6362/1/2018%2D06%2D17__Fischer_Nijkamp_Entrepreneurship%2DWord3574_1.pdf.
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This chapter offers a review on modern entrepreneurship analysis, against the background of regional development. Regions with an entrepreneurial culture tend to be forerunners in a competitive economic process. After a conceptual discussion on the importance and the measurement of entrepreneurship, the contribution discusses critical success factors and key determinants of entrepreneurship. Next, much focus is laid on the geography of entrepreneurship as well as on industrial agglomeration, while also due attention is paid to the relevance of networks for modern entrepreneurship. The chapter concludes with some retrospective and prospective remarks.Series: Working Papers in Regional Science
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Jeanmougin, Martin. "Relations entre espèces et habitats : de la théorie aux enjeux appliqués." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0016/document.
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Le constat actuel d’une perte de biodiversité est largement partagé au sein de la communauté scientifique mais également auprès du public et du monde politique. L’attention portée depuis plus d’une décennie aux changements climatiques et à leurs effets sur la biodiversité a parfois conduit à négliger le principal facteur d’érosion de la biodiversité : la destruction des habitats. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier les relations entre espèces et habitats avec un focus particulier sur différentes composantes de ces relations.La thèse aborde ainsi dans une première partie l’histoire et l’évolution du concept d’habitat en écologie et met en évidence une construction complexe de ce concept. Celle-ci montre par exemple une dichotomie autour de la définition du concept d’habitat avec une approche espèce-centrée d’un côté et une approche communauté-centrée de l’autre. Ces deux définitions se retrouvent aujourd’hui avec divers degrés d’importance dans leur utilisation selon les différents acteurs de la conservation, des scientifiques aux politiques. Ensuite, au travers du prisme de l’écologie du paysage, la thèse s’intéresse aux problématiques des échelles spatiales via une étude sur la distribution d’espèces d’arthropodes dans les paysages métropolitains. Les résultats mettent en évidence que les échelles spatiales de réponses des espèces aux mesures du paysage sont très variables et ceci indépendamment de la représentation choisie du paysage. La théorie prédirait pourtant une certaine cohérence en fonction par exemple de certains traits écologiques. Ainsi, l’échelle spatiale de relations des espèces avec le paysage, qui est considérée comme l’échelle de perception et d’interaction des espèces avec le paysage, semble difficile à caractériser en utilisant les méthodes habituellement appliquées en écologie des paysages. La relation entre espèces et habitats peut se quantifier via les mesures de spécialisation. Nous avons taché de comprendre comment les espèces dites spécialistes se répartissent le long d’un gradient continu d’habitat et en particulier le rôle des environnements hétérogènes dans ces patrons de spécialisations. Dans ce cadre théorique, l’hypothèse de complémentation, qui stipule que certaines espèces ont besoin d’une certaine hétérogénéité environnementale, n’a pas pu être vérifiée. En effet, même si certaines espèces présentent des affinités particulières pour ces milieux hétérogènes, elles n’en sont pas pour autant spécialistes. Ces espèces semblent plutôt des généralistes qui sont exclues des milieux plus homogènes où l’on retrouve plus fréquemment des espèces spécialistes, plus compétitives. Ces résultats permettent d’apporter un éclairage nouveau sur les règles d’assemblages des communautés d’espèces, en particulier le long d’un gradient continu d’habitat. Finalement, l’implication du concept d’habitat dans les politiques publiques de conservation a été étudiée en menant une évaluation du volet « habitat » de la Directive Habitats européenne. Différents critères, touchant autant à l’application qu’à la construction, à la légitimation et aux aboutissements de la directive en matière de conservation ont été utilisés pour cette évaluation. A travers des exemples concrets et l’analyse du corpus bibliographique, ce travail a permis identifier d’importantes lacunes de connaissances au sein de la directive qui entravent ces critères. Ce travail met finalement en évidence un découplage entre les aspects scientifiques et leurs applications dans la directive et questionne l’opportunité d’utiliser le niveau habitat pour répondre à des problématiques de conservation. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse, axé sur le concept d’habitat, a permis d’identifier certaines complexités, théoriques ou appliquées, qui peuvent entraver une meilleure compréhension des relations entre espèces et habitats et il offre des pistes pour mieux les appréhender et pousse ainsi à penser autrement ces relationsThe loss of biodiversity is largely acknowledged by the scientific community but also by the public and politicians. Most research on biodiversity loss is focused on climate change effects, and neglects the main factor of biodiversity loss: habitat destruction. The aim of this thesis is to study species-habitats relationships with a particular focus on the different components of these relationships. In a first part, the thesis deals with the history and the evolution of the concept of habitat in ecology. Particularly, it highlights a complex construction of this concept. For instance, the analysis shows a dichotomy around the definition of the concept of habitat with on one hand, a species-centered approach and on the other hand, a community-centered approach. These definitions are still used nowadays by the different actors of conservation, from scientists to politicians, but with different degrees of importance. Then, through the prism of landscape ecology, the thesis is interested in spatial scale issues via a study of arthropods species distribution in French landscapes. Results show that the spatial scales of species responses to landscapes measures are highly variable. This result holds true whatever the representation of landscape used in the analysis. However, theory would predict some consistencies in spatial scales of response, for example in relation to ecological traits of species. Hence, the spatial scale of relationship between a species and its landscape, which is considered as the scale of perception and interaction of the species with its environment, seems difficult to characterize using usual methodology developed in landscape ecology. Species-habitats relationships can be quantified using specialization measurement. In the next part of the thesis, we try to understand how specialist species are spread along a continuous gradient of habitat and in particular, the role of heterogeneous environments in driving observed patterns of specialization. In this theoretical context, the hypothesis of complementation, which states that particular species need some environmental heterogeneity to strive, cannot be verified. Even if some species prefer heterogeneous landscape, they cannot be classified as specialists. These species seems to be generalists that are excluded from more homogeneous landscape due to competition rather than real specialists that are more often found in these landscapes. These results shed a new light on rules of assemblage of species communities, particularly along a continuous gradient of habitat.Finally, in a last part, the importance of the concept of habitat in conservation public policies is studied. An evaluation of the “habitat” part of the European Habitats Directive is proposed. Different criteria, related to the application, construction, legitimacy and outcomes of the directive were used to evaluate the policy. Through some concrete examples and an extensive literature analysis, this work allows identifying important knowledge gaps in the directive that imped evaluation criteria. Results show a discrepancy between scientific aspects and their application in the directive, questioning the opportunity to use the habitat level to answer to conservation issues. To conclude, this thesis, focused on the concept of habitat, allows identifying important theoretical and applied knowledge gaps that imped a better understanding of species-habitats relationships. This work offers new perspectives and challenges the way we usually think, as scientists, these relationships
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Erosie, Patrick. "Essai de definition du droit international des telecommunications spatiales." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05D002.
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Les telecommunications spatiales (telediffusion et teledetection) ont ete approchees sous l'angle quasi exclusif du droit de l'espace en raison de la position geostationnaire des satellites. Or, si les satellites sont places dans l'espace extra-atmospherique, les activites auxquelles ils sont destines se deroulent a la fois dans l'eea et sur le territoire terrestre. Entre le statut de l'orbite des satellites geostationnaires et frequences associees (ressources naturelles limitees) celui de l'eea, insusceptible d'appropriation nationale et celui du territoire terrestre fortement caracterise par le principe de la souverainete, il est necessaire de proceder a une approche synthetique des telecommunications spatiales, afin de deboucher sur la formulation d'un cadre juridique topique. La tentative de definition d'un droit international des telecommunications spatiales ne consiste pas a creer in abstacto des principes juridiques. En l'occurence, il s'est agi sans privilegier une approche purement spatialiste, d'identifier les acteurs et d'analyser les regles juridiques necessaires a l'exercice des activites de teledetection et de telediffusion par satellites. Qu'elles soient menees par des etats, les organisations internationales ou les operateurs privesSpatial telecommunication (telediffusion and teledetection) have been approached almost exclusivly under the angle of the laws of space because of the geostationnary position of these satellites are permanently in space extra-atmospheric, their use is stricly terrestrial to generate a detailed legal frame which will take into account the international legislation, it is necessary to make a synthetic approach of spatial communication, torn between the status of earth orbital satellites and their associeted frequencies (limited natural ressources), the status of the eea unsusceptible of national appropriation, and the status of terrestrial territories strongly caracterized by the principles of sovereingnty. The attempt of defining an international law for telecommunications does not consist of creating in abstracto juducial principles. The aim of such an attempt is to work out a coherent legal pattern out of existing but scattered elements. This is why this work will be frequently descriptive. Concretly, our purposes to identify the various elements of teledetection and telediffusion activities, and to analyse the rules necessary for the exercice of those activities, by such different actors, international organisations and privates actors
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GRIVEL, CHRISTINE. "Definition et realisation des tests d'etalonnage de l'experience spatiale de sismologie solaire : golf/soho." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112530.
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Depuis les annees 60, une nouvelle science afin d'etudier la structure interne du soleil s'est considerablement developpee : l'heliosismologie basee sur l'observation et le calcul des oscillations solaires. Une des methodes d'observation consiste a determiner la vitesse des couches photospheriques, projetee sur la ligne de visee, par la mesure du deplacement doppler des raies d'absorption. Golf, spectrometre a resonance spatial dont le principe physique est la resonance atomique avec effet zeeman, embarque sur la sonde soho de l'esa le 2 decembre 1995, doit permettre une mesure de vitesse en 4 points dans les raies photospheriques d#1 et d#2 du sodium. Son fonctionnement nominal stable sur 2 ans au moins, devant aboutir a la detection eventuelle des modes de gravite, exige une connaissance fine de chaque parametre pouvant influer sur la mesure de vitesse doppler. Cette these est donc consacree a l'etalonnage de golf. Le chapitre 1 donne le principe et les specifications de l'instrument. L'ensemble des essais decrits dans les chapitres 2 et 3 permet d'etablir une base de donnees pour chaque modele. Le dernier chapitre presente l'etude menee sur la bande passante en reflexion d'un interferometre de fabry perot qui doit reproduire a l'entree de l'instrument le profil spectral des raies solaires du sodium en tenant compte des champs de vitesse du soleil. L'analyse des spectres mesures par golf dans ces conditions montre que l'instrument est capable de detecter des vitesses d'amplitude egale a 1,2 mm/s sur une duree de 20 jours.
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Tapia, Armijos María Fernanda [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Leuschner, Holger [Gutachter] Kreft, Dirk [Gutachter] Gansert, and Erwin [Gutachter] Bergmeier. "Definition of areas with high conservation priority in Southern Ecuador – An approach combining spatial and temporal patterns of deforestation and human impact with endemic plant diversity : Deforestation and forest fragmentation in South Ecuador since the 1970s – losing a hotspot of biodiversity / María Fernanda Tapia Armijos ; Gutachter: Holger Kreft, Dirk Gansert, Erwin Bergmeier ; Betreuer: Christoph Leuschner." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1117908518/34.
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Khuat, Quang Hai. "Definition and evaluation of spatio-temporal scheduling strategies for 3D multi-core heterogeneous architectures." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S007/document.
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Empilant une couche multiprocesseur (MPSoC) et une couche de FPGA pour former un système sur puce reconfigurable en trois dimension (3DRSoC), est une solution prometteuse donnant un niveau de flexibilité élevé en adaptant l'architecture aux applications visées. Pour une application exécutée sur ce système, l'un des principaux défis vient de la gestion de haut niveau des tâches. Cette gestion est effectuée par le service d'ordonnancement du système d'exploitation et elle doit être en mesure de déterminer, lors de l'exécution de l'application, quelle tâche est exécutée logiciellement et/ou matériellement, quand (dimension temporelle) et sur quelles ressources (dimension spatiale, c'est à dire sur quel processeur ou quelle région du FPGA) pour atteindre la haute performance du système. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons des stratégies d'ordonnancement spatio-temporel pour les architectures 3DRSoCs. La première stratégie décide la nécessité de placer une tâche matérielle et une tâche logicielle en face-à-face afin que le coût de la communication entre tâches soit minimisé. La deuxième stratégie vise à minimiser le temps d'exécution globale de l'application. Cette stratégie exploits la présence de processeurs de la couche MPSoC afin d'anticiper, en temps-réel, l'exécution d'une tâche logicielle quand sa version matérielle ne peut pas être allouée sur le FPGA. Ensuite, un outil de simulation graphique a été développé pour vérifier le bon fonctionnement des stratégies développées et aussi nous permettre de produire des résultatsStacking a multiprocessor (MPSoC) layer and a FPGA layer to form a 3D Reconfigurable System-on- Chip (3DRSoC) is a promising solution giving a high flexibility level in adapting the architecture to the targeted application. For an application defined as a graph of parallel tasks running on the 3DRSoC system, one of the main challenges comes from the high-level management of tasks. This management is done by the scheduling service of the Operating System and it must be able to determine, on the fly, what task should be run in software and/or hardware, when (temporal dimension) and where (spatial dimension, i.e. on what processor or what area of the FPGA) in order to achieve high performance of the system. In this thesis, we propose online spatio-temporal scheduling strategies for 3DRSoCs. The first strategy decides, during the task scheduling, the need for a SW task and a HW task to communicate in face-to-face so that the communication cost between tasks is minimized. The second strategy aims at minimizing the overall execution time of the application. It exploits the presence of processors in the MPSoC layer in order to anticipate, at run-time, the SW execution of a task when its HW version cannot be allocated to the FPGA. Then, a graphical simulation tool has been developed to verify the proper functioning of the developed strategies and also enable us to produce results
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Héry, Elwan. "Localisation coopérative de véhicules autonomes communicants." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2516.
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Afin de naviguer en autonomie un véhicule doit être capable de se localiser précisément par rapport aux bords de voie pour ne pas sortir de celle-ci et par rapport aux véhicules et piétons pour ne pas causer d'accident. Cette thèse traite de l'intérêt de la communication dans l'amélioration de la localisation des véhicules autonomes. La navigation autonome sur route est souvent réalisée à partir de coordonnées cartésiennes. Afin de mieux représenter la pose d'un véhicule relativement à la voie dans laquelle il circule, nous étudions l'utilisation de coordonnées curvilignes le long de chemins enregistrés dans des cartes. Ces coordonnées généralisent l'abscisse curviligne en y ajoutant un écart latéral signé par rapport au centre de la voie et une orientation relative au centre de cette voie en prenant en compte le sens de circulation. Une première approche de localisation coopérative est réalisée à partir de ces coordonnées. Une fusion de données à une dimension permet de montrer l'intérêt de la localisation coopérative dans le cas simplifié où l'écart latéral, l'orientation curviligne et la pose relative entre deux véhicules sont connus avec précision. Les problèmes de corrélation des erreurs dus à l'échange d'information sont pris en compte grâce à un filtre par intersection de covariance. Nous présentons ensuite à une méthode de perception de type ICP (Iterative Closest Point) pour déterminer la pose relative entre les véhicules à partir de points LiDAR et d'un modèle polygonal 2D représentant la forme du véhicule. La propagation des erreurs de poses absolues des véhicules à l'aide de poses relatives estimées avec leurs incertitudes se fait via des équations non linéaires qui peuvent avoir un fort impact sur la consistance. Les poses des différents véhicules entourant l'égo-véhicule sont estimés dans une carte locale dynamique (CLD) permettant d'enrichir la carte statique haute définition décrivant le centre de la voie et les bords de celle-ci. La carte locale dynamique est composée de l'état de chaque véhicule communicant. Les états sont fusionnés en utilisant un algorithme asynchrone, à partir de données disponibles à des temps variables. L'algorithme est décentralisé, chaque véhicule calculant sa propre CLD et la partageant. Les erreurs de position des récepteurs GNSS étant biaisées, une détection de marquages est introduite pour obtenir la distance latérale par rapport au centre de la voie afin d'estimer ces biais. Des observations LiDAR avec la méthode ICP permettent de plus d'enrichir la fusion avec des contraintes entre les véhicules. Des résultats expérimentaux illustrent les performances de cette approche en termes de précision et de consistanceTo be able to navigate autonomously, a vehicle must be accurately localized relatively to all obstacles, such as roadside for lane keeping and vehicles and pedestrians to avoid causing accidents. This PhD thesis deals with the interest of cooperation to improve the localization of cooperative vehicles that exchange information. Autonomous navigation on the road is often based on coordinates provided in a Cartesian frame. In order to better represent the pose of a vehicle with respect to the lane in which it travels, we study curvilinear coordinates with respect to a path stored in a map. These coordinates generalize the curvilinear abscissa by adding a signed lateral deviation from the center of the lane and an orientation relative to the center of the lane taking into account the direction of travel. These coordinates are studied with different track models and using different projections to make the map-matching. A first cooperative localization approach is based on these coordinates. The lateral deviation and the orientation relative to the lane can be known precisely from a perception of the lane borders, but for autonomous driving with other vehicles, it is important to maintain a good longitudinal accuracy. A one-dimensional data fusion method makes it possible to show the interest of the cooperative localization in this simplified case where the lateral deviation, the curvilinear orientation and the relative positioning between two vehicles are accurately known. This case study shows that, in some cases, lateral accuracy can be propagated to other vehicles to improve their longitudinal accuracy. The correlation issues of the errors are taken into account with a covariance intersection filter. An ICP (Iterative Closest Point) minimization algorithm is then used to determine the relative pose between the vehicles from LiDAR points and a 2D polygonal model representing the shape of the vehicle. Several correspondences of the LiDAR points with the model and different minimization approaches are compared. The propagation of absolute vehicle pose using relative poses with their uncertainties is done through non-linear equations that can have a strong impact on consistency. The different dynamic elements surrounding the ego-vehicle are estimated in a Local Dynamic Map (LDM) to enhance the static high definition map describing the center of the lane and its border. In our case, the agents are only communicating vehicles. The LDM is composed of the state of each vehicle. The states are merged using an asynchronous algorithm, fusing available data at variable times. The algorithm is decentralized, each vehicle computing its own LDM and sharing it. As the position errors of the GNSS receivers are biased, a marking detection is introduced to obtain the lateral deviation from the center of the lane in order to estimate these biases. LiDAR observations with the ICP method allow to enrich the fusion with the constraints between the vehicles. Experimental results of this fusion show that the vehicles are more accurately localized with respect to each other while maintaining consistent poses
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Lediju, Bell Muyinatu A. "Improved Endocardial Border Definition with Short-Lag Spatial Coherence (SLSC) Imaging." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5762.
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Clutter is a problematic noise artifact in a variety of ultrasound applications. Clinical tasks complicated by the presence of clutter include detecting cancerous lesions in abdominal organs (e.g. livers, bladders) and visualizing endocardial borders to assess cardiovascular health. In this dissertation, an analytical expression for contrast loss due to clutter is derived, clutter is quantified in abdominal images, and sources of abdominal clutter are identified. Novel clutter reduction methods are also presented and tested in abdominal and cardiac images.
One of the novel clutter reduction methods is Short-Lag Spatial Coherence (SLSC) imaging. Instead of applying a conventional delay-and-sum beamformer to measure the amplitude of received echoes and form B-mode images, the spatial coherence of received echoes are measured to form SLSC images. The world's first SLSC images of simulated, phantom, and
A clinical study with 14 volunteers was conducted to demonstrate that SLSC imaging offers 19-33% improvement in the visualization of endocardial borders when the quality of B-mode images formed from the same echo data was poor. There were no statistically significant improvements in endocardial border visualization with SLSC imaging when the quality of matched B-mode images was medium to good.
Dissertation
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Grobler, Anika. "The relation between spatial definition and place-making : architectural and urban interiors." Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23921.
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Traditionally, interiors are associated with rooms as spaces inside buildings. Spaces for human habitation and interaction are found throughout the built environment and include urban space. Space is a product of social practices and Lefebvre (1991) argues that this process allows for ‘space’ to be transformed into ‘place’. The appropriation of space adds personal meaning to place that Lefebvre refers to as differential space. The study is based on the premise of Augé’s (1995) argument of place and non-place. Place allows for meaning and enrichment with the connotations of identity, history, urban relationships and social life within spatial dimensions and manifestations. Place and space are central to this investigation, as the study aims to determine the relation between spatial definition and place-making. Anthropological, economic, cultural, sociological, geographical, economic, ecological and political aspects that are influences, are accepted and acknowledged, but fall outside the scope of this study. This investigation focuses on the static, physical spatial dimension. A search into the criteria that can be applied to research, describe and define space and create place is conducted. The terminology that constitutes these criteria is identified according to the elements and modulation variables for architectural interiors. The study explores the possibility of developing a general set of criteria that could be collectively applied to all places for human habitation, regardless of the location. Human need for shelter is universal. Can the criteria to achieve this therefore also be collective? Furthermore, if generalities in spatial dimensions and manifestations do exist, can the term ‘interior’ be used collectively for both architectural and urban places? The existing situation of the Donkin Reserve in Central Hill, Port Elizabeth, is examined according to the criteria established in order to determine whether the space is adequately defined and meaningful to the community it serves. Recommendations are made according to the guidelines to improve the sense of place. The research consists of a literature study to establish a theoretical basis and is supplemented with precedent analyses to interpret and demonstrate theoretical concepts. The descriptive survey method as qualitative research methodology is used to collect data.Dissertation (Master of Interior Architecture)--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Architecture
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羅於陵. "Ch"uan-ts' (military dependent villages): definition and redefinition of the spatial meaning." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73811297385858320024.
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Cheng, Yu-Shin, and 鄭玉欣. "An H.264 Spatial-temporal Hierarchical Fast Motion Estimation Algorithm for High-Definition Video." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83767740840304641082.
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碩士國立中央大學
通訊工程研究所
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H.264 advanced video coding exhibits much higher coding gain as well as computational complexity than previous video coding standards due to the utilization of coding tools such as variable block size and multi-reference frame in motion compensation process. There exist plenty of research outcomes that focus on the development of H.264 fast algorithms. The limited bandwidth during the access between hardware components and the external memory often becomes the bottleneck of the system performance. One of the solutions of encoding the high-definition video in hardware with limited resources is to employ a hierarchical subsampling structure with the parallel-processing hardware architecture. The main objective of this work is to maintain both the video quality and bit-rate while pursuing the gain from computational complexity reduction. This thesis proposes a hierarchical H.264 fast motion estimation algorithm by decreasing the coding complexity in both spatial and temporal domains. In spatial domain, we utilize the hierarchical search method to decrease the search points. In temporal domain, we utilize the linear motion model to reduce the search range. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the computational complexity to as low as 1.80% compared to JM12.4 with less than 0.10dB video quality degradation.
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Cruz, Sara Cristina Santos. "Essays on the Definition, Measurement and Spatial Distribution of Creative Industries and Creative Employment in Portugal." Tese, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/77571.
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Cruz, Sara Cristina Santos. "Essays on the Definition, Measurement and Spatial Distribution of Creative Industries and Creative Employment in Portugal." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/77571.
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Anderson, Kirsten Lynne. "Refining the definition of cultural levels at Karabi Tamchin : a quantitative approach to vertical intra-site spatial analysis." 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/19811.
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Kukukova, Alena. "Spatial statistics as a means of characterizing mixing and segregation." Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/1754.
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Although a number of definitions of mixing have been proposed in the literature, no single definition accurately and clearly describes the full range of problems in the field of industrial mixing. Based on the review of mixing and segregation characterization techniques in chemical engineering, spatial statistics and population studies, a definition of industrial mixing is proposed in this thesis, based on three separate dimensions of segregation. The first dimension is the intensity of segregation which quantifies the uniformity of concentration; the second dimension is the scale of segregation or clustering; and the last dimension is the exposure or the potential to reduce segregation. The first dimension focuses on the instantaneous concentration variance; the second on the instantaneous length scales in the mixing field; and the third on the driving force for change, i.e. the mixing time scale, or the instantaneous rate of reduction in segregation. The definition is introduced using concepts, theory and mathematical equations. This definition provides a theoretical framework for the rigorous analysis of mixing problems, encompassing all industrial mixing processes and allowing a clear evaluation of experimental methods. In this work, the three dimensions of segregation are presented and defined in the context of previous definitions of mixing, and then applied to a range of industrial mixing problems to test their accuracy and robustness. Suitable quantities for direct measurement of the dimensions of segregation are then investigated in detail. The result is a toolkit of ready-to-use methods for the measurement of the intensity (CoV) and the scale of segregation (maximum striation thickness on a transect, point-to-nearest neighbour distributions and variogram), provided as Matlab codes. The chosen methods are thoroughly investigated by testing their applicability, limitations, sampling strategies and meaningfulness of the results using selected sets of mixing data, resulting in creation of guidelines for the use of each of the provided methods. The developed definition of mixing, together with tools and guidelines for measurement of mixing will help researches to further develop the field of mixing, engineers to solve practical industrial mixing problems, and instructors of chemical engineering courses to introduce mixing concepts more easily.Chemical Engineering
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Kishore, Hari Thotapalli. "Fuzzy logic and GIS in the spatial definition of protection zones on aesthetic grounds : a case study of Adelaide Hills face zone." 2005. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/78435.
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There is an increasing pressure on planners to address rapid urbanisation and its impacts on the aesthetic qualities of urban landscape. This is mainly due to the increased sensitivity of the public towards the environment and its greater role, legislatively mandated, in the decision making process. One of the major challenges in land use planning is balancing spatial equity with economic efficiency, where the aspirations and expectations of stakeholders and those of the broader community, in terms of use of the land and its potential, are evaluated and met in a fair manner. The Hills Face Zone (HFZ) of the Adelaide Metropolis in South Australia, currently extending across nine Local Government jurisdictions, is one such example. The HFZ, which provides an important landscape backdrop to the Adelaide Metropolis, has been identified as critically important in the South Australian Planning Strategy and various Development Plans. It is recognised as providing a distinctive visual character to the city and other significant benefits including biodiversity, tourism and recreation.The HFZ, first introduced in the Adelaide Metropolitan Development Plan in 1962 was endorsed by the South Australian Parliament in 1967 and codified through legislative changes to the Planning Act in 1971 to accommodate the importance of this landscape feature of Adelaide illustrating the strategic intentions of the government. However, despite the best intentions of all the governments since then, the HFZ stil seems to be clouded by confusion and uncertainty four decades on. There are two types of confusion and uncertainty associated with the HFZ landscape. The first, being the clarity of the statutory policy for the HFZ itself, which is the cause of different interpretations of the regulation by the planners, often, leading to lengthy and costly court cases. The second largely ignored so far, is the boundary (spatial) extent of the zone. Within Geographical Information Science these could be termed as the thematic uncertainty and the spatial uncertainty.
Assessment and quantification of the landscape???s thematic and spatial attributes underpinned by a scientific methodology is essential to provide a clear, accountable and sustainable strategic land use plan. This is more important in an urban planning context where planning zone boundaries can have substantial economic impacts, especially if most of the land parcels happen to be under private ownership.
This thesis examined an alternative approach to address the strategic land use planning issues pertaining to delineation of landscape boundaries within the framework of GIS by interpreting the planning policy in a Fuzzy Logic domain. A model for addressing the spatial uncertainty in Landscape Extent Estimation and Mapping (LEEM) using GIS and Fuzzy Logic is discussed and a methodology to establish categorical zone boundaries using fuzzy terms like good view, moderate slope, elevated areas etc. is demonstrated. Boundaries of the HFZ with Adelaide???s Mitcham Local Government Area (LGA) as a case study have been redrawn using various interpretations of visibility, land cover, greenness, slope and elevation of the landscape as a natural backdrop of Adelaide.
Three empirical models, adopting the Modelling View of knowledge engineering to represent a pro-conservation perspective, a pro-development perspective and a planner???s perspective were developed to illustrate the future of the HFZ as aspired to by each group. It was observed that a small difference in linguistic approximation values for the process variables, which translates to slightly differing perceptions in planning terminology, could lead to substantial difference in the outcomes. Thus, in planning terms, this would mean that although both the pro development and the pro conservation lobby are united in their aspirations for a sustainable HFZ, small difference in opinions for the process variables could lead to a substantial difference in the extent of the HFZ zone.
A successful marriage between computer modelling using Fuzzy Logic within Geographic Information Systems and expert opinion is demonstrated and, as such, suggests the suitability of these tools in planning decision making in the future.
Thesis ([PhDPlanning])--University of South Australia, 2005.
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Tapia, Armijos María Fernanda. "Definition of areas with high conservation priority in Southern Ecuador – An approach combining spatial and temporal patterns of deforestation and human impact with endemic plant diversity." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002B-7C54-5.
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Los bosques del Sur del Ecuador tienen un alto valor para la conservación puesto que están muy amenazados pero también poseen altos niveles de biodiversidad y endemismo. Sin embargo, como el proceso de conservación es inherentemente espacial, la baja disponibilidad de información espacial acerca de los factores que promueven la vulnerabilidad de estos bosques y acerca de la distribución espacial de los objetivos de conservación ha provocado varios obstáculos para la conservación de los mismos. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue generar información espacial acerca de las amenazas y los valores biológicos que ocurren en esta región para priorizar áreas de conservación.
El segundo capítulo analizó los patrones de deforestación y fragmentación en la región desde 1976 usando fotografías aéreas e imágenes satelitales para identificar las áreas de bosque remanente, los frentes de deforestación, las tasas anuales de deforestación y las dinámicas de la composición y configuración del paisaje del Sur del Ecuador. Se registraron tasas anuales de deforestación de 0.75% (1976 – 1989) y 2.86% para dos periodos consecutivos. Se encontró también que el Sur del Ecuador está bajo un creciente proceso de fragmentación debido al incremento en el número de parches, el decremento en el tamaño promedio de los parches y el incremento en el aislamiento de los parches. Este estudió también contribuyó al mejor entendimiento de las dinámicas de cambio de los bosques tropicales. Se registró que la mayor superficie de bosque natural fue degradado o convertido a pastizales y que los principales frentes de deforestación están localizados en las zonas de bajas altitudes en los bosques siempreverdes premontanos.
El tercer capítulo describe los patrones espaciales y temporales de la presión humana, debido a que este es uno de los principales factores que influencian la efectividad de las estrategias de conservación. Para esto se adaptó el Índice de Impacto Humano (HF) generado por Sanderson et al. (2002) y así evaluar los cambios espaciales en el HF durante 26 años a nivel de paisaje y de ecosistema. Esta información permitió identificar algunos “hotspots de cambio” y las áreas con menor influencia para de esta forma evaluar como los diferentes factores humanos contribuyen al HF y demostrar cuan efectiva ha sido el área protegida más importante de la región para reducir la presión humana al interior y exterior de sus límites. Los resultados muestran un notable incremento en los niveles de presión humana en el Sur del Ecuador y un decremento en el número de áreas sin influencia. Se identificó también que uno de los más importantes “hotspots de cambio” está localizado en la región occidental del área de estudio y en la cuenca baja del Río Zamora. Los tipos de vegetación con mayor influencia humana fueron los bosques secos estacionales y los matorrales en donde la densidad de la población fue el principal factor humano que contribuyó a los niveles de presión humana observados. Finalmente, se encontró que el Parque Nacional Podocarpus ha sido parcialmente efectivo para reducir la presión humana en su interior y exterior, puesto que los niveles de HF se incrementaron al interior del área protegida y en el área buffer pero fueron menores a los observados en las áreas circundantes.
El cuarto capítulo analizó los patrones de diversidad alfa y beta de plantas endémicas para evaluar la congruencia entre ambos patrones e identificar áreas con prioridad para ser conservadas. Se encontró que el “hotspot” de diversidad alfa para las plantas endémicas está localizado en los Andes y que es poco congruente con las zonas que muestran los más altos niveles de diversidad beta, los cuales están concentrados mayormente en las estribaciones orientales y occidentales de los Andes y en las cordilleras costeras y amazónicas. También se encontró que aproximadamente 40% de la superficie con altos niveles de diversidad alfa y beta ha desaparecido debido a la deforestación y que solo el 30% remanente está bajo alguna categoría de conservación. De esta forma se proponen 12 áreas potenciales con alta prioridad para la conservación, las cuales mayormente esta localizadas en el Sur del Ecuador, para de esta forma mejorar la representatividad y complementariedad de la actual red de reservas.
Finalmente, el quinto capítulo analiza los principales hallazgos de esta investigación remarcando las implicaciones para la conservación y sugiriendo áreas potenciales para ser conservadas con base a los niveles de presión humana, vegetación remanente y patrones de diversidad alfa y beta de plantas endémicas en la región Sur del Ecuador.
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Malan, Stephanus Francois. "Social Classroom : symbol of function beyond programme." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30099.
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This dissertation explores theory with regards to function in architecture. The objective would be to consider the role of any intervention, within its context, in the initial design stages before programmatic conclusions are made. It also investigates the importance of formalizing embedded site narrative as a primary function of any intervention. The final proposal creates a space with an unmistakable sense of place capable of hosting any event on the social calendar of the University, synonymous with student life and the memory thereof. True beauty does not only dwell in the aesthetic appeal of an edifice, but in the presentation of an embedded narrative, giving complex meaning to the whole and driving the creation to be a manifestation of this narrative. An intervention can be absorbed by its own internal programme or generate an urban space that becomes the custodian of the interior. Campus buildings often outlive their programmatic functions due to changing spatial demands and growth. It is therefore necessary for designers to lay emphasis on design strategies that provide interventions with the capacity to sustain their intended functions.Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Architecture
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"Exploring Definitional, Spatial, and Temporal Issues Associated with the Creative Class And Related Variations in Creative Centers." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.24962.
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abstract: There are many different approaches to the analysis of regional economic growth potential. One of the more recent is the theory of the creative class, and its impact on creative centers. Much of the criticism surrounding this theory is in how the creative class is defined and measured. The goal of this thesis is to explore alternate definitions to better understand how these variations impact the ranking of creative centers as well as their location through space and time. This is important given the proliferation of rankings as a benchmarking tool for economic development efforts. In order to test the sensitivity that the creative class has to definitional changes, a new set of rankings of creative centers are provided based on an alternate definition of creative employment, and compared to Richard Florida's original rankings. Findings show that most cities are not substantially affected by the alternate definitions derived in this study. However, it is found that particular cities do show sensitivity to comparisons made to Florida's definition, with the same cities experiencing greater variations in rank over time.Dissertation/Thesis
M.U.E.P. Urban and Environmental Planning 2014
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Darolti, Cristina [Verfasser]. "Active contours with spatially-variant definitions of energy terms based on local region descriptors / vorgelegt von Cristina Darolti." 2008. http://d-nb.info/993362893/34.
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Bélanger, Jean. "Mise à jour de la Base de Données Topographiques du Québec à l'aide d'images à très haute résolution spatiale et du progiciel Sigma0 : le cas des voies de communication." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6319.
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Le Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune (MRNF) a mandaté la compagnie de géomatique SYNETIX inc. de Montréal et le laboratoire de télédétection de l’Université de Montréal dans le but de développer une application dédiée à la détection automatique et la mise à jour du réseau routier des cartes topographiques à l’échelle 1 : 20 000 à partir de l’imagerie optique à haute résolution spatiale. À cette fin, les mandataires ont entrepris l’adaptation du progiciel SIGMA0 qu’ils avaient conjointement développé pour la mise à jour cartographique à partir d’images satellitales de résolution d’environ 5 mètres. Le produit dérivé de SIGMA0 fut un module nommé SIGMA-ROUTES dont le principe de détection des routes repose sur le balayage d’un filtre le long des vecteurs routiers de la cartographie existante. Les réponses du filtre sur des images couleurs à très haute résolution d’une grande complexité radiométrique (photographies aériennes) conduisent à l’assignation d’étiquettes selon l’état intact, suspect, disparu ou nouveau aux segments routiers repérés.
L’objectif général de ce projet est d’évaluer la justesse de l’assignation des statuts ou états en quantifiant le rendement sur la base des distances totales détectées en conformité avec la référence ainsi qu’en procédant à une analyse spatiale des incohérences. La séquence des essais cible d’abord l’effet de la résolution sur le taux de conformité et dans un second temps, les gains escomptés par une succession de traitements de rehaussement destinée à rendre ces images plus propices à l’extraction du réseau routier. La démarche globale implique d’abord la caractérisation d’un site d’essai dans la région de Sherbrooke comportant 40 km de routes de diverses catégories allant du sentier boisé au large collecteur sur une superficie de 2,8 km2. Une carte de vérité terrain des voies de communication nous a permis d’établir des données de référence issues d’une détection visuelle à laquelle sont confrontés les résultats de détection de SIGMA-ROUTES.
Nos résultats confirment que la complexité radiométrique des images à haute résolution en milieu urbain bénéficie des prétraitements telles que la segmentation et la compensation d’histogramme uniformisant les surfaces routières. On constate aussi que les performances présentent une hypersensibilité aux variations de résolution alors que le passage entre nos trois résolutions (84, 168 et 210 cm) altère le taux de détection de pratiquement 15% sur les distances totales en concordance avec la référence et segmente spatialement de longs vecteurs intacts en plusieurs portions alternant entre les statuts intact, suspect et disparu. La détection des routes existantes en conformité avec la référence a atteint 78% avec notre plus efficace combinaison de résolution et de prétraitements d’images. Des problèmes chroniques de détection ont été repérés dont la présence de plusieurs segments sans assignation et ignorés du processus. Il y a aussi une surestimation de fausses détections assignées suspectes alors qu’elles devraient être identifiées intactes. Nous estimons, sur la base des mesures linéaires et des analyses spatiales des détections que l’assignation du statut intact devrait atteindre 90% de conformité avec la référence après divers ajustements à l’algorithme.
La détection des nouvelles routes fut un échec sans égard à la résolution ou au rehaussement d’image. La recherche des nouveaux segments qui s’appuie sur le repérage de points potentiels de début de nouvelles routes en connexion avec les routes existantes génère un emballement de fausses détections navigant entre les entités non-routières. En lien avec ces incohérences, nous avons isolé de nombreuses fausses détections de nouvelles routes générées parallèlement aux routes préalablement assignées intactes. Finalement, nous suggérons une procédure mettant à profit certaines images rehaussées tout en intégrant l’intervention humaine à quelques phases charnières du processus.In order to optimize and reduce the cost of road map updating, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife is considering exploiting high definition color aerial photography within a global automatic detection process. In that regard, Montreal based SYNETIX Inc, teamed with the University of Montreal Remote Sensing Laboratory (UMRSL) in the development of an application indented for the automatic detection of road networks on complex radiometric high definition imagery. This application named SIGMA-ROUTES is a derived module of a software called SIGMA0 earlier developed by the UMRSL for optic and radar imagery of 5 to 10 meter resolution. SIGMA-ROUTES road detections relies on a map guided filtering process that enables the filter to be driven along previously known road vectors and tagged them as intact, suspect or lost depending on the filtering responses. As for the new segments updating, the process first implies a detection of potential starting points for new roads within the filtering corridor of previously known road to which they should be connected. In that respect, it is a very challenging task to emulate the human visual filtering process and further distinguish potential starting points of new roads on complex radiometric high definition imagery. In this research, we intend to evaluate the application’s efficiency in terms of total linear distances of detected roads as well as the spatial location of inconsistencies on a 2.8 km2 test site containing 40 km of various road categories in a semi-urban environment. As specific objectives, we first intend to establish the impact of different resolutions of the input imagery and secondly establish the potential gains of enhanced images (segmented and others) in a preemptive approach of better matching the image property with the detection parameters. These results have been compared to a ground truth reference obtained by a conventional visual detection process on the bases of total linear distances and spatial location of detection. The best results with the most efficient combination of resolution and pre-processing have shown a 78% intact detection in accordance to the ground truth reference when applied to a segmented resample image. The impact of image resolution is clearly noted as a change from 84 cm to 210 cm resolution altered the total detected distances of intact roads of around 15%. We also found many roads segments ignored by the process and without detection status although they were directly liked to intact neighbours. By revising the algorithm and optimizing the image pre-processing, we estimate a 90% intact detection performance can be reached. The new segment detection is non conclusive as it generates an uncontrolled networks of false detections throughout other entities in the images. Related to these false detections of new roads, we were able to identify numerous cases of new road detections parallel to previously assigned intact road segments. We conclude with a proposed procedure that involves enhanced images as input combined with human interventions at critical level in order to optimize the final product.