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Journal articles on the topic 'Spatial definition'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Cubelli, Roberto. "Definition: Spatial neglect." Cortex 92 (July 2017): 320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.03.021.

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Whitehead, Jesse, Amber L. Pearson, Ross Lawrenson, and Polly Atatoa-Carr. "How can the spatial equity of health services be defined and measured? A systematic review of spatial equity definitions and methods." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 24, no. 4 (August 28, 2019): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1355819619837292.

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Background Spatial equity analysis has been carried out in a variety of contexts and on a range of health services. However, there is no clear consensus on spatial equity definitions or measures. This review seeks to summarize spatial equity definitions and methods of analysis. Methods We systematically searched two electronic databases and six journals for papers providing a definition of spatial equity or performing a spatial equity analysis on health services. Studies were classified according to four definition themes: (1) distributional fairness; (2) needs-based distribution; (3) focus on outcomes or causes and (4) none provided. Results Seventy-five studies met our inclusion criteria. Sixty-one papers provided a definition of spatial equity, while a further 14 papers analysed the spatial equity of health services without providing a definition. Most authors used a needs-based definition of spatial equity, while the Gini coefficient was the most commonly used equity measure. However, analysis approaches varied according to the definition provided by each paper. Among the needs-based definitions, spatial autocorrelation was the most common spatial equity measure. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review summarizing spatial equity definitions and analysis methods. A lack of consensus on definitions and measures persists. The classification of measures according to definition themes makes this review a useful tool for planning and interpreting spatial equity investigations. Future research should examine the impact different measures of accessibility and need have on the results of spatial equity research.
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Wetzker, G. "Definition of spatial multiplexing gain." Electronics Letters 41, no. 11 (2005): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20050786.

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4

Rojas-Gualdrón, Diego Fernando. "Comparing definitions of spatial relations for the analysis of geographic disparities in mortality within a Bayesian mixed-effects framework." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 20, no. 3 (July 2017): 487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201700030011.

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ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the conceptual and technical differences between three definitions of spatial relations within a Bayesian mixed-effects framework: classical multilevel definition, spatial multiple membership definition and conditional autoregressive definition with an illustration of the estimate of geographic disparities in early neonatal mortality in Colombia, 2011-2014. Methods: A registry based cross-sectional study was conducted. Births and early neonatal deaths were obtained from the Colombian vital statistics registry for 2011-2014. Crude and adjusted Bayesian mixed effects regressions were performed for each definition of spatial relation. Model fit statistics, spatial autocorrelation of residuals and estimated mortality rates, geographic disparity measures, relative ratios and relative differences were compared. Results: The definition of spatial relations between municipalities based on the conditional autoregressive prior showed the best performance according to both fit statistics and residual spatial pattern analyses. Spatial multiple membership definition had a poor performance. Conclusion: Bayesian mixed effects regression with conditional autoregressive prior as an analytical framework may be an important contribution to epidemiological design as an improved alternative to ecological methods in the analyses of geographic disparities of mortality, considering potential ecological bias and spatial model misspecification.
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Scheinfein, M. "Definition of ultimate attainable spatial resolution." Ultramicroscopy 28, no. 1-4 (April 1989): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3991(89)90326-4.

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Xiang, Nanping, and Xianjue Han. "Definition and contents of spatial analysis." Journal of Central South University of Technology 4, no. 1 (March 1997): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-997-0025-0.

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7

Linke, Knut. "Analysis of Socio-Spatial Differences in Germany for the Definition of Online Milieus." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND MARKETING 2, no. 6 (2017): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.26.3005.

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This research paper is part of a research project that analyses the influence of socioeconomic variables on the usage of online social networks to provide quality ensured social media supported business transactions. The research in this paper contains the analysing of the online milieu groups from the Responsibility-Driven Individuals and the Digital Vanguards, which were defined 2012 as milieu groups for online users in Germany. Both target groups are part of the in Germany well-established approach of lifeworlds and milieus for the differentiation of groups in the society. With such a distinguishing of customer groups, the communication with agents in social media communication will be more efficient due to a more standardized targeting. To increase the information fundament about the two mentioned lifeworlds and to be able to select those mentioned areas on more valid preferences, an analysis of past lifeworlds definitions and lifeworld analyses are conducted. The analysis in this research covers the lifeworlds’ definitions for milieus in Germany since the mid-1980th. In the analysing of the former definitions of lifeworlds the area of the mentioned online milieu groups is set as a requirement for the analyses to find more information about those fields in the German society. The research ends with an overview of the (qualitative) influence factors, which might present for customer selection from the mentioned lifeworlds and contains suggestions and questions for additional research in the research project. Also, it creates professional strategies for improvement of building and urban resilience.
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Vemic, Mirceta. "Spatial definition of the Danube-Morava corridor." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 85, no. 1 (2005): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0501175v.

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Position of the Danube-Morava corridor in its entirety and lateral links coincides with the Trans-European Transport Corridor X One segment of the Corridor VII and one internal lateral segment are attached to the Corridor X as well. That corridor as the main geographical route, and its spatial preferences supplemented by more intensive economic and infrastructural activation, represents the principal axis of development and integration of Serbia into her neighborhood in South-East Europe.
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McNew, Kevin. "Spatial Market Integration: Definition, Theory, and Evidence." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 25, no. 1 (April 1996): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000010.

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A point-space model of interregional trade is used to define market integration and to explore its implications for modeling spatial price relationships. This analysis indicates that spatial prices are related nonlinearly, contrary to much of the work on spatial price analysis which uses linear models. As an empirical example, corn market integration along the Mississippi River is examined during the Midwest flood of 1993. Higher transport costs during this period significantly reduced the extent of integration and thereby decreased excess demand shock transference across regions.
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Ju, Shiguang, Yi Gu, Zhu Tang, and Weihe Chen. "Definition of the Constraint with Spatial Characters." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 5, no. 1 (January 2009): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15501320802540686.

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Spiridonova, A. P. "The conceptual-terminological aspect of the spatial organization of rural territories." Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), no. 8 (July 19, 2020): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-4-2008-10.

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This article highlights the particular importance of rural development. The author presents the analytical review of the existing approaches and definitions of Russian scientists to the concept "rural territories", and propose his own definition of the concepts "rural territories" and "land management of rural territories".
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12

Putman, S. H., and S.-H. Chung. "Effects of Spatial System Design on Spatial Interaction Models. 1: The Spatial System Definition Problem." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 1 (January 1989): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a210027.

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Rather little has been published about systematic empirical research on the problem of spatial aggregation and its effects on spatial interaction models. Of the work which has been published, all of it has dealt almost exclusively with single-parameter spatial interaction models. In this article five different aggregation procedures are examined. The experiments were based on the use of a multivariate multiparametric spatial interaction model. A first set of hypotheses tests was performed with respect to the sensitivity of model parameters to spatial aggregation methods. A second set was performed with respect to the sensitivity of model goodness-of-fit to the five spatial aggregation methods. Although questions remain, the results clearly show that the multiparametric model responds well to different aggregation algorithms. Some parameters showed substantial response, as they should, to different zonal aggregations, whereas others are shown to be much less responsive. Further, the results clearly indicate that systematic aggregation procedures generally produce better results than do random procedures. A future paper will continue with a discussion of zone definition criteria, and recommendations will be made with regard to aggregation algorithms.
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Munandar, Aris, Enok Maryani, Dede Rohmat, and Mamat Ruhimat. "Assessment on Geography Field study at Universities in Indonesia." Jurnal SPATIAL Wahana Komunikasi dan Informasi Geografi 19, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spatial.191.01.

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In Geography Study Program, fieldstudy is the hallmark of geography outdoor learning. The similar activities of fieldstudy are fieldwork, fieldtrip, outing, excursion, cooks tours and others. The implementation of fieldstudy in the universities of teacher training has the similarity in its naming, its definition, its purpose, material of the study, the duration of the activity, the location of the fieldstudy, and data processing. The difference of the fieldstudy implementation lies on the ratio of supervisor to students, funding, outcome product and assessment. Universities that conduct the fieldstudy should review the curriculum in its implementation so that the credit, the assessed product and process have the similarity both in the credit and the supervisors who assess.
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14

Hendriks, Paul H. J., Ezra Dessers, and Geert van Hootegem. "Reconsidering the definition of a spatial data infrastructure." International Journal of Geographical Information Science 26, no. 8 (August 2012): 1479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2011.639301.

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15

Sharifyanov, Timur. "Spatial approach to the definition of digital economy." Obshchestvo i ekonomika, no. 6 (2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020736760015393-1.

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16

Kopeć, A. "The spatial order as a factor of the attractiveness of tourism." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 2, no. 43 (October 19, 2013): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.43.1709.

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There are many definitions of the spatial order. While there are no so many definition of the attractiveness of tourism. But it can be concluded that the spatial order has a significant impact on the attractiveness of tourism. Cities with the low spatial order have the lower attractiveness of tourism and as a result, tourists will not want to stay there. Attention to the spatial order is a necessary condition to maintain or increase income from the tourism. Keywords: spatial order, attractiveness of tourism, tourist resources
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17

Micucci, Daniela, Francesco Tisato, and Marzia Adorni. "Engineering spatial concepts." Knowledge Engineering Review 24, no. 1 (March 2009): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888909000149.

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AbstractThe success of a software system strongly depends on the ability of turning a precise domain analysis into a concrete architecture. Even if the domain model relies on sound ontological bases, there is often a wide semantic gap between the conceptual model and the concrete components that should reify it. To fill the semantic gap, relevant domain concepts should be engineered by identifying the corresponding architectural abstractions, which can be realized by concrete software components. Space plays a crucial role in many application domains, but surprisingly, related architectural abstractions have not emerged yet. This paper proposes space-related abstractions derived from the application of classical software engineering principles; in particular, the information hiding principle that leads to an operational definition of space. Basic abstractions are refined to deal with architectural aspects. As the underlying software engineering principles are close to principles that underlie the definition of space ontologies, the conjecture is that the proposed space architectural abstractions might be the basis for a formalization in ontological terms.
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18

Izadi Najafabadi, Mohammad, Bart Somers, Bengt Johansson, and Nico Dam. "Combustion stratification study of partially premixed combustion using Fourier transform analysis of OH* chemiluminescence images." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 10 (November 6, 2017): 1024–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417740270.

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A relatively high level of stratification (qualitatively: lack of homogeneity) is one of the main advantages of partially premixed combustion over the homogeneous charge compression ignition concept. Stratification can smooth the heat release rate and improve the controllability of combustion. In order to compare stratification levels of different partially premixed combustion strategies or other combustion concepts, an objective and meaningful definition of “stratification level” is required. Such a definition is currently lacking; qualitative/quantitative definitions in the literature cannot properly distinguish various levels of stratification. The main purpose of this study is to objectively define combustion stratification (not to be confused with fuel stratification) based on high-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging, which is assumed to provide spatial information regarding heat release. Stratification essentially being equivalent to spatial structure, we base our definition on two-dimensional Fourier transforms of photographs of OH* chemiluminescence. A light-duty optical diesel engine has been used to perform the OH* bandpass imaging on. Four experimental points are evaluated, with injection timings in the homogeneous regime as well as in the stratified partially premixed combustion regime. Two-dimensional Fourier transforms translate these chemiluminescence images into a range of spatial frequencies. The frequency information is used to define combustion stratification, using a novel normalization procedure. The results indicate that this new definition, based on Fourier analysis of OH* bandpass images, overcomes the drawbacks of previous definitions used in the literature and is a promising method to compare the level of combustion stratification between different experiments.
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Babkov, V. Ju, A. V. Nikitina, and V. V. Starikov. "Definition оf the Spatial and Technical Parameters LTE Network." St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. Computer Science. Telecommunications and Control Systems. 212, no. 1 (March 2015): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5862/jcstcs.212.1.

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20

Petrov, Kamen. "DEFINITION OF NEW SPATIAL REGIONS IN SOUTH-EAST EUROPE." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12026.

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The exhibition presents the problems of cross-border cooperation and opportunities for partnership. Within the European Union, conditions are created for regional development on the national territory, as well as for border and cross-border cooperation. In this direction, the article outlines the processes of building a number of Euroregions, which are designed to promote regional development. This report will clarify some of the reasons for their construction, their role and what model of cooperation is available within the European Economic Area.
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21

Vickovic, Sanja, Gökcen Eraslan, Fredrik Salmén, Johanna Klughammer, Linnea Stenbeck, Denis Schapiro, Tarmo Äijö, et al. "High-definition spatial transcriptomics for in situ tissue profiling." Nature Methods 16, no. 10 (September 9, 2019): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0548-y.

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22

Petitgas, Pierre, Mathieu Woillez, Mathieu Doray, and Jacques Rivoirard. "A Geostatistical Definition of Hotspots for Fish Spatial Distributions." Mathematical Geosciences 48, no. 1 (April 3, 2015): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11004-015-9592-z.

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23

Elizalde, Javier. "Market definition with differentiated products: a spatial competition application." European Journal of Law and Economics 36, no. 3 (June 9, 2011): 471–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-011-9260-9.

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24

Koutra, Sesil, Vincent Becue, and Christos S. Ioakimidis. "Searching for the ‘smart’ definition through its spatial approach." Energy 169 (February 2019): 924–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.019.

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Rafiq, M. Y., and I. A. MacLeod. "Automatic structural component definition from a spatial geometry model." Engineering Structures 10, no. 1 (January 1988): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(88)90014-4.

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26

Ma, Yu, Yu Ling Gao, and Shao Yun Song. "An Analysis of New Mining Algorithm for Spatial Outliers." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 1516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.1516.

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On the basis of the present mining algorithm for spatial outliers, this essay brings up a new definition for spatial outliers and a new mining algorithm conforming to the new definition. Also, this essay analyzes the time complexity of such algorithm.
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Osman, Mahmoud, Benjamin F. Zaitchik, Hamada S. Badr, Jordan I. Christian, Tsegaye Tadesse, Jason A. Otkin, and Martha C. Anderson. "Flash drought onset over the contiguous United States: sensitivity of inventories and trends to quantitative definitions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 565–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-565-2021.

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Abstract. The term “flash drought” is frequently invoked to describe droughts that develop rapidly over a relatively short timescale. Despite extensive and growing research on flash drought processes, predictability, and trends, there is still no standard quantitative definition that encompasses all flash drought characteristics and pathways. Instead, diverse definitions have been proposed, supporting wide-ranging studies of flash drought but creating the potential for confusion as to what the term means and how to characterize it. Use of different definitions might also lead to different conclusions regarding flash drought frequency, predictability, and trends under climate change. In this study, we compared five previously published definitions, a newly proposed definition, and an operational satellite-based drought monitoring product to clarify conceptual differences and to investigate the sensitivity of flash drought inventories and trends to the choice of definition. Our analyses indicate that the newly introduced Soil Moisture Volatility Index definition effectively captures flash drought onset in both humid and semi-arid regions. Analyses also showed that estimates of flash drought frequency, spatial distribution, and seasonality vary across the contiguous United States depending upon which definition is used. Definitions differ in their representation of some of the largest and most widely studied flash droughts of recent years. Trend analysis indicates that definitions that include air temperature show significant increases in flash droughts over the past 40 years, but few trends are evident for definitions based on other surface conditions or fluxes. These results indicate that “flash drought” is a composite term that includes several types of events and that clarity in definition is critical when monitoring, forecasting, or projecting the drought phenomenon.
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Bezzi, Michele, Inés Samengo, Stefan Leutgeb, and Sheri J. Mizumori. "Measuring Information Spatial Densities." Neural Computation 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08997660252741176.

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A novel definition of the stimulus-specific information is presented, which is particularly useful when the stimuli constitute a continuous and metric set, as, for example, position in space. The approach allows one to build the spatial information distribution of a given neural response. The method is applied to the investigation of putative differences in the coding of position in hippocampus and lateral septum.
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Ortiz, Cantin, Marie Carlén, and Konstantinos Meletis. "Spatial Transcriptomics: Molecular Maps of the Mammalian Brain." Annual Review of Neuroscience 44, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 547–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-100520-082639.

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Maps of the nervous system inspire experiments and theories in neuroscience. Advances in molecular biology over the past decades have revolutionized the definition of cell and tissue identity. Spatial transcriptomics has opened up a new era in neuroanatomy, where the unsupervised and unbiased exploration of the molecular signatures of tissue organization will give rise to a new generation of brain maps. We propose that the molecular classification of brain regions on the basis of their gene expression profile can circumvent subjective neuroanatomical definitions and produce common reference frameworks that can incorporate cell types, connectivity, activity, and other modalities. Here we review the technological and conceptual advances made possible by spatial transcriptomics in the context of advancing neuroanatomy and discuss how molecular neuroanatomy can redefine mapping of the nervous system.
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Park, Choon-Su, and Yang-Hann Kim. "Space domain complex envelopes: Definition and a spatial modulation method." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 1 (January 2009): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3006385.

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Ulutaş, Deniztan, Gülten Kara, and Çetin Cömert. "Semantic definition and matching for implementing national spatial data infrastructures." Journal of Spatial Science 61, no. 2 (May 2, 2016): 441–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2016.1142397.

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Coleman, Roy. "Surveillance in the city: Primary definition and urban spatial order." Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 1, no. 2 (August 2005): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741659005054018.

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33

Fate, Gwendolyn, Mayland Chang, and David G. Lynn. "Control of Germination in Striga asiatica: Chemistry of Spatial Definition." Plant Physiology 93, no. 1 (May 1, 1990): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.93.1.201.

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34

Choi, Ji Hun, Jae‐Eun Pi, Chi‐Young Hwang, Jong‐Heon Yang, Yong‐Hae Kim, Gi Heon Kim, Hee‐Ok Kim, Kyunghee Choi, Jinwoong Kim, and Chi‐Sun Hwang. "Evolution of spatial light modulator for high‐definition digital holography." ETRI Journal 41, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2018-0523.

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35

Tobin, R. L., and T. L. Friesz. "Spatial competition facility location models: Definition, formulation and solution approach." Annals of Operations Research 6, no. 3 (March 1986): 47–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02023794.

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36

Cottineau, Clémentine, Olivier Finance, Erez Hatna, Elsa Arcaute, and Michael Batty. "Defining urban clusters to detect agglomeration economies." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 9 (February 5, 2018): 1611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318755146.

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Agglomeration economies are a persistent subject of debate in regional science and city planning. Their definition turns on whether or not larger cities are more efficient than smaller ones. Here, we complement existing discussions on agglomeration economies by providing a sensitivity analysis of estimated externalities to the definitions of urban agglomeration. We regress wages versus population and jobs over thousands of different definitions of cities in France, based on an algorithmic aggregation of spatial units. We also search for evidence of larger inequalities in larger cities. This paper therefore focuses on the spatial and economic complexity of the mechanisms defining agglomeration within and between cities.
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Mikhaylov, Aleksandr, Dmitriy Mikhaylov, Irina Petryaeva, and Olga Kulbida. "Peculiarities of Parameter Definition of Products Routing in Branching Flow-Spatial Technological Systems on the Basis of Multidimensional Algebra of Groups." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.869.

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: In this work there were developed fundamentals in parameter definition of products routing in flow-spatial technological systems which have branching flows of products. In work there have been established initial conditions for definition of parameters of products routing.In work there were considered peculiarities of operation of flow-spatial technological systems with branching flows of products. There were developed basics of definition of parameters of products routing on the basis of multidimensional algebra of groups.
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Zlatanova, Sisi, Jinjin Yan, Yijing Wang, Abdoulaye Diakité, Umit Isikdag, George Sithole, and Jack Barton. "Spaces in Spatial Science and Urban Applications—State of the Art Review." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9010058.

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In spatial science and urban applications, “space" is presented by multiple disciplines as a notion referencing our living environment. Space is used as a general term to help understand particular characteristics of the environment. However, the definition and perception of space varies and these variations have to be harmonised. For example, space may have diverse definitions and classification, the same environment may be abstracted/modelled by contradicting notions of space, which can lead to inconsistencies and misunderstandings. In this paper, we seek to investigate and document the state-of-the-art in the research of “space” regarding its definition, classification, modelling and utilization (2D/3D) in spatial sciences and urban applications. We focus on positioning, navigation, building micro-climate and thermal comfort, landscape, urban planning and design, urban heat island, interior design and planning, transportation and intelligent space. We review 147 research papers, technical reports and on-line resources. We compare the presented space concepts with respect to five criteria—classification, boundary, modelling components, use of standards and granularity. The review inventory is intended for both scientists and professionals in the spatial industry, such as companies, national mapping agencies and governments, and aim to provide a reference to better understand and employ the “space” while working across disciplines.
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SKEIDE, MICHAEL. "THE INDEX OF (WHITE) NOISES AND THEIR PRODUCT SYSTEMS." Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics 09, no. 04 (December 2006): 617–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219025706002573.

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Almost every paper about Arveson systems (i.e. product systems of Hilbert spaces) starts by recalling their basic classification assigning to every Arveson system a type and an index. So it is natural to ask in how far an analogue classification can also be proposed for product systems of Hilbert modules. However, while the definition of type is plain, there are obstacles for the definition of index. But all obstacles can be removed when restricting to the category which we introduce here as spatial product systems and that matches the usual definition of spatial in the case of Arveson systems. This is not really a loss because the definition of index for nonspatial Arveson systems is rather formal and does not reflect the information the index carries for spatial Arveson systems.E0-semigroups give rise to product systems. Our definition of spatial product system, namely, existence of a unital unit that is central, matches Powers' definition of spatial in the sense that the E0-semigroup from which the product system is derived admits a semigroup of intertwining isometries. We show that every spatial product system contains a unique maximal completely spatial subsystem (generated by all units) that is isomorphic to a product system of time ordered Fock modules. (There exist nonspatial product systems that are generated by their units. Consequently, these cannot be Fock modules.) The index of a spatial product system we define as the (unique) Hilbert bimodule that determines the Fock module. In order to show that the index merits the name index we provide a product of product systems under which the index is additive (direct sum). While for Arveson systems there is the tensor product, for general product systems the tensor product does not make sense as a product system. Even for Arveson systems our product is, in general, only a subsystem of the tensor product. Moreover, its construction depends explicitly on the choice of the central reference units of its factors.Spatiality of a product system means that it may be derived from an E0-semigroup with an invariant vector expectation, i.e. from a noise. We extend our product of spatial product systems to a product of noises and study its properties.Finally, we apply our techniques to show the module analogue of Fowler's result that free flows are comletely spatial, and we compute their indices.
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DRZADZEWSKI, GRZEGORZ, and MARK WINEBERG. "COMPARING MINIMUM NEIGHBORHOOD EVALUATION SCHEMES FOR FINDING SPATIALLY ROBUST SOLUTIONS." Parallel Processing Letters 17, no. 03 (September 2007): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626407003034.

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The common definition for robust solutions considers a solution robust if it remains optimal when the parameters defining the fitness function are perturbed. A second definition that can be found in the literature: robustness occurs when a solution can be varied spatially without a significant drop in fitness. We propose an alternative operational definition for spatial robustness: both the solution and the neighbourhood around the solution has fitness above a given threshold. With this new definition, we created a set of functions with useful properties to allow for the testing of solution robustness. The performance of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is then evaluated based on its ability to identify multiple robust solutions based on the above robustness definition. Different neighbourhood evaluation schemes are identified from the literature and compared, with the minimum neighbour technique proving to be the most effective.
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41

Echmaeva, G. A. "SPATIAL THINKING OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING TEACHERS IN TECHNICAL DISCIPLINES: PROBLEM DEFINITION." Современные наукоемкие технологии (Modern High Technologies), no. 9 2018 (2018): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/snt.37181.

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DAUMAS-DUPORT, CATHERINE, BERND W. SCHEITHAUER, and PATRICK J. KELLY. "A Histologic and Cytologic Method for the Spatial Definition of Gliomas." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 62, no. 6 (June 1987): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-6196(12)65469-x.

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Abbas, Mohamed Yusoff, and Mansor Othman. "Social behavior of preschool children in relation to physical spatial definition." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 5 (2010): 935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.213.

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Castañeda, Román, Juan Carrasquilla, and Jorge Garcia-Sucerquia. "Definition and invariance properties of the complex degree of spatial coherence." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 26, no. 11 (October 27, 2009): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.26.002459.

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45

Yao, Jianrong, Chunlin Wang, Susan A. Walsh, Shanming Hu, Alexander B. Sawatzke, Diana Dang, Jeffrey L. Segar, Laura L. B. Ponto, John J. Sunderland, and Andrew W. Norris. "Localized Fetomaternal Hyperglycemia: Spatial and Kinetic Definition by Positron Emission Tomography." PLoS ONE 5, no. 8 (August 6, 2010): e12027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012027.

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46

Kim, Y., and S. Desa. "The Definition, Determination, and Characterization of Acceleration Sets for Spatial Manipulators." International Journal of Robotics Research 12, no. 6 (December 1993): 572–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/027836499301200605.

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47

Krohmann, P., R. Gerhards, and W. Kuhbauch. "Spatial and Temporal Definition of Weed Patches Using Quantitative Image Analysis." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 192, no. 1 (February 2006): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.2006.00180.x.

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48

Shortt, Niamh K., and Adrian J. Moore. "“Functional localities: an integrated spatial approach towards health care locality definition”." GeoJournal 67, no. 1 (September 2006): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-006-9005-4.

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49

Strong, Courtenay, Dallas Foster, Elena Cherkaev, Ian Eisenman, and Kenneth M. Golden. "On the Definition of Marginal Ice Zone Width." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 7 (July 2017): 1565–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0171.1.

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AbstractSea ice features a dense inner pack ice zone surrounded by a marginal ice zone (MIZ) in which the sea ice properties are modified by interaction with the ice-free open ocean. The width of the MIZ is a fundamental length scale for polar physical and biological dynamics. Several different criteria for establishing MIZ boundaries have emerged in the literature—wave penetration, floe size, sea ice concentration, etc.—and a variety of definitions for the width between the MIZ boundaries have been published. Here, three desirable mathematical properties for defining MIZ width are proposed: invariance with respect to translation and rotation on the sphere; uniqueness at every point in the MIZ; and generality, including nonconvex shapes. The previously published streamline definition is shown to satisfy all three properties, where width is defined as the arc length of a streamline through the solution to Laplaces’s equation within the MIZ boundaries, while other published definitions each satisfy only one of the desired properties. When defining MIZ spatial average width from streamline results, the rationale for averaging with respect to distance along both MIZ boundaries was left implicit in prior studies. Here it is made rigorous by developing and applying the mathematics of an analytically tractable idealization of MIZ geometry—the eccentric annulus. Finally, satellite-retrieved Arctic sea ice concentrations are used to investigate how well streamline-based MIZ spatial average width is approximated by alternative definitions that lack desirable mathematical properties or local width values but offer computational efficiency.
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Ferreira, Maria Engracinda dos Santos, and Luciene Stamato Delazari. "Using Spatial Image Schemata in the characterization of spatial relations." Proceedings of the ICA 2 (July 10, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-31-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Spatially describing objects or environments is a natural and everyday task present in the daily lives of individuals. To portray the existing relationships between present elements of the scene described, it is necessary to use terms known as spatial relations. Frequently, such descriptions are performed using Natural Language (NL), both spoken and written. The existence of a constant interaction of human with the environment makes NL rich in terms that characterize space, resulting in a diversity of such words. The variety of terms used as spatial relations makes it difficult to implement spatial localization systems that use NL. Therefore, to understand how spatial relations are used, the present article aimed to detect and categorize such spatial relations. For this, an experiment of a spatial description of environments unknown by users was performed. The volunteers were native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese language and from the spatial descriptions were obtained locative expressions that allowed the definition and categorization of spatial relations using the Spatial Image Schemata. The results obtained demonstrated an attempt to understand the spatial relations used in spatial descriptions. In the future, we aim to define a set of spatial relations representative of the words used in a spatial description task.</p>
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