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Murtadho, Alfin, Andrea Emma Pravitasari, Khursatul Munibah, and Ernan Rustiadi. "Spatial Distribution Pattern of Village Development Index in Karawang Regency Using Spatial Autocorrelation Approach." JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH & KOTA 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v16i2.24883.
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Jabodetabek and Greater Bandung Metropolitan areas experiencing the phenomenon of urban expansion which has caused both metropolitan areas to be more connected and become a mega-urban area by a corridor through a conurbation process. Karawang regency is part of the region in the Jakarta-Bandung corridor. The increasing number of population in the region will encourage the addition of number and types of public facilities. The objectives of this study were to analyze the regional development and spatial distribution pattern of the Village Development Index/ Indeks Perkembangan Desa (IPD) in Karawang regency. Regional development was analyzed using scalogram analysis, while spatial distribution pattern of the IPD was analyzed using Global and Local Moran Index. Regional development analysis shows the distribution of the IPD in 2014 has increased from 2003. Analysis of spatial distribution pattern of IPD values from 2003 and 2014 shows the clustered distribution patterns in some sub-districts.
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Guerra, Angel. "Spatial distribution pattern of Octopus vulgaris." Journal of Zoology 195, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb01897.x.
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Cai, Jiannan, Yiqun Xie, Min Deng, Xun Tang, Yan Li, and Shashi Shekhar. "Significant spatial co-distribution pattern discovery." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 84 (November 2020): 101543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101543.
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Haagensen, Janus A. J., Susse K. Hansen, Bjarke B. Christensen, Sünje J. Pamp, and Søren Molin. "Development of Spatial Distribution Patterns by Biofilm Cells." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 18 (June 26, 2015): 6120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01614-15.
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ABSTRACTConfined spatial patterns of microbial distribution are prevalent in nature, such as in microbial mats, soil communities, and water stream biofilms. The symbiotic two-species consortium ofPseudomonas putidaandAcinetobactersp. strain C6, originally isolated from a creosote-polluted aquifer, has evolved a distinct spatial organization in the laboratory that is characterized by an increased fitness and productivity. In this consortium,P. putidais reliant on microcolonies formed byAcinetobactersp. C6, to which it attaches. Here we describe the processes that lead to the microcolony pattern byAcinetobactersp. C6. Ecological spatial pattern analyses revealed that the microcolonies were not entirely randomly distributed and instead were arranged in a uniform pattern. Detailed time-lapse confocal microscopy at the single-cell level demonstrated that the spatial pattern was the result of an intriguing self-organization: small multicellular clusters moved along the surface to fuse with one another to form microcolonies. This active distribution capability was dependent on environmental factors (carbon source and oxygen) and historical contingency (formation of phenotypic variants). The findings of this study are discussed in the context of species distribution patterns observed in macroecology, and we summarize observations about the processes involved in coadaptation betweenP. putidaandAcinetobactersp. C6. Our results contribute to an understanding of spatial species distribution patterns as they are observed in nature, as well as the ecology of engineered communities that have the potential for enhanced and sustainable bioprocessing capacity.
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Liu, Na, Kai-Yun, Guan, and Ying Feng. "Spatial Distribution Pattern ofCalligonumL. in Tarim Basin." Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 27, no. 3 (2014): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2014.00070.6.
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Luo, Hao, and Yang Yang. "Spatial pattern of hotel distribution in China." Tourism and Hospitality Research 13, no. 1 (January 2013): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358413508579.
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DIANA, NIDA, SONY NUGRATAMA, and Adrian Adrian. "Sebaran Lokasi Potensial Minimarket (Alfamart dan Indomaret) Di Kecamatan Babelan." Jurnal SPATIAL Wahana Komunikasi dan Informasi Geografi 18, no. 1 (July 5, 2018): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spatial.181.03.
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District Babelan has many minimarkets in the form of Alfamart and Indomaret. Minimarket in District Babelan amounted to 43 minimarket. Minimarkets are scattered in several villages in Babelan sub-district, namely Bahagia village, Kebalen village, Babelan Kota village, Kedung Pengawas village, Kedung Jaya village and Muarabakti village.
The purpose of this study is to see the development of Alfamart and Indomaret, knowing the pattern of distribution as well as potential location of minimarket establishment. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive analysis with survey approach. Methods of data analysis using stop-point analysis. Data collection using observation techniques by taking data on location and documentation.
The results of this study indicate that the development of Alfamart and Indomaret in the District of Babelan experienced rapid development from 2013-2017. In 2013 in Babelan sub-district there are only 12 minimarkets and by 2017 it has increased to 43 minimarkets, which indicates that minimarket developments in Babelan Sub-district have progressed over time. Next, the pattern of distribution Alfamart and Indomaret in District Babelan has a pattern of clumping. Other than that, the determination of potential location of minimarket establishment is needed to know where the potential position to establish minimarket. The potential distance of minimarket between villages in Babelan sub-district is not much different. The average potential distance of minimarket between villages is 1,4 km.
Keywods : Minimarket, distribution pattern potential location, District of Babelan
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Chi, Yao, Jiechen Wang, Changbai Xi, Tianlu Qian, and Caiying Sheng. "Spatial Pattern of Species Richness among Terrestrial Mammals in China." Diversity 12, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12030096.
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We describe large-scale patterns of terrestrial mammal distribution in China by using geographical information system (GIS) spatial analysis. Mammal taxa, examined by species, family, and order, were binned into 10 km × 10 km grids to explore the relationship between their spatial distribution and geographical factors potentially affecting the same. The spatial pattern of species richness revealed four agglomerations: high richness in the south, low in north, and two low richness areas in eastern and western China. Species richness patterns in Carnivora was the most similar to overall terrestrial mammals’ richness; however, species richness in different orders exhibited distributions distinct from the overall pattern. We found a negative relationship between richness and latitude gradient. Species richness was most strongly correlated with forested ecosystems, and was found to be higher at an elevation of 2000~2200 m, with greater altitudinal variation indicative of higher species richness.
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Duan, Ren Yan, Min Yi Huang, Fei Lin, and Yue Zhang. "Study on Pseudolarix amabilis Population Spatial Distribution Pattern." Advanced Materials Research 485 (February 2012): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.485.221.
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Field data were sampled by the method of contiguous grid quadrate. The spatial patterns of Pseudolarix amabilis populations were studied by the following methods: DispItalic textersal index (C), David moores index (I), Lloyd index (m*/m), Morisita index (Iδ), Parameter of negative index (K) and Cassie index (1/K). The quadrate variance analysis, Greig-Smith and Kershaw methods were used to study the spatial distribution pattern, pattern scale and pattern intensity of Pinus armandi population at different sizes. The result showed that P. amabilis population is most clumped. The result indicated the pattern intensity was decreasing with the size increasing and a single peak value appeared in the curve with the area increasing. There was a slow change in the pattern intensity of population, which means a smaller variation in environment and a bigger difference in the relative density of population patches during diffusion process.
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O’HALLORAN, I. P., J. W. B. STEWART, and R. G. KACHANOSKI. "INFLUENCE OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SAND CONTENT ON SAMPLING PATTERNS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66, no. 4 (November 1, 1986): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss86-064.
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The spatial variability of sand content (0–15 cm) was examined on a crop rotation study site located on a Brown Chernozemic loam soil at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. The autocorrelation for surface sand content indicated a significant cyclic pattern, with a wavelength of approximately 56–65 m, which was considerably longer than the experimental plots (40 m). Since the sand content was not randomly distributed in space (and therefore all soil properties correlated to sand would also be nonrandomly distributed in space), an alternative sampling pattern had to be devised which would allow for an adequate measurement of the soil properties in each plot. Based on the autocorrelation function, a sampling interval of approximately 10 m was selected. The bootstrap method was used to compare a random versus a fixed interval-sampling pattern for these plots. Both patterns adequately estimated the mean of the population, but the random sampling pattern gave a greater amount of variation in the mean values. In addition, the random sampling pattern consistently underestimated the variance by as much as 30%. The fixed interval-sampling pattern gave a much better estimate of the variance (usually within 10%). The techniques used in this study would allow the development of sampling patterns to obtain unbiased estimates of soil properties, within experimental plots, which may not be randomly distributed in space and/or normally distributed. Key words: Soil variability, spatial distribution, sampling patterns, sand content
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HAN, RENJI, LAKSHMI NARAYAN GUIN, and BINXIANG DAI. "CROSS-DIFFUSION-DRIVEN PATTERN FORMATION AND SELECTION IN A MODIFIED LESLIE–GOWER PREDATOR–PREY MODEL WITH FEAR EFFECT." Journal of Biological Systems 28, no. 01 (February 19, 2020): 27–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339020500023.
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Spatial patterns through diffusion-driven instability are stationary structures that appear spontaneously upon breaking the symmetry of the spatial domain, which results only from the coupling between the reaction and the diffusion processes. This paper is concerned with a modified Leslie–Gower-type model with cross-diffusion and indirect predation effect. We first prove the global existence, non-negativity and uniform boundedness for the considered model. Then the linear stability analysis shows that the cross-diffusion is the key mechanism of spatiotemporal pattern formation. Amplitude equations are derived near Turing bifurcation point under nonlinear cross-diffusion to interpret pattern selection among spot pattern, stripe pattern and the mixture of spot and stripe patterns, which reflects the species’s spatially inhomogeneous distribution, and it is also found that the fear factor has great influence on spatially inhomogeneous distribution of the two species under certain cross-diffusivity, that is, high level of fear can induce striped inhomogeneous distribution, low level of fear can induce spotted inhomogeneous distribution, and the intermediate level of fear can induce the mixture of spotted and striped inhomogeneous distribution. Finally, numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness of all theoretical results.
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KISHI, Akio, Tatsuhito KONO, and Toshiaki KOTOKU. "SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN GENERATED BY HETEROGENEITY OF WORKERS." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 786 (2005): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2005.786_123.
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Rosyid, Abdul, Yanto Santosa, I. Nengah Surati Jaya, M. Bismark, and Agus P. Kartono. "Spatial distribution pattern of Tarsius Lariang in lore lindu national park." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i2.pp606-614.
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<p><span>Tarsius lariang (T. lariang) is an endemic species in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP). Available information regarding T. lariang is limited to only morphological, anatomical, cytogenetic, and voices issues. Knowledge for its geospatial characteristics such as spatial preferences and spatial distribution is rare. The main objective of this study is to identify the spatial distribution pattern of T. lariang in LLNP. An additional objective is to identify the environmental factors affecting its spatial distribution patterns. Field observation for distribution pattern was done at the observation plot that were using systematic sampling with random start. Furthermore, the density estimation in each point was calculated using Triangle Count and Concentration Count method, while insect abundance was estimated using light traps sample data. Finally, spatial pattern was estimated using nearest neighbor index, while the environmental affecting factors were identified by using spatial analysis and correlation analyses. From 45 observation points, the T. lariang distribution pattern was clumped. It is also recognized that the significant factors affecting the spatial distribution were insect abundance, proximity from the commercially utilized land, and land surface temperature.</span></p><p> </p>
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Grabiec, Mariusz, Dariusz Puczko, Tomasz Budzik, and Grzegorz Gajek. "Snow distribution patterns on Svalbard glaciers derived from radio-echo soundings." Polish Polar Research 32, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 393–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10183-011-0026-4.
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Snow distribution patterns on Svalbard glaciers derived from radio-echo soundings The spatial distribution of snow thickness on glaciers is driven by a set of climatological, meteorological, topographical and orographic conditions. This work presents results of snow accumulation studies carried out from 2006 to 2009 on glaciers of different types: valley glacier, ice plateau and ice cap. In order to determine snow depth, a shallow radio echo-sounding method was used. Based on the results, the following snow distribution patterns on Svalbard glaciers have been distinguished: precipitation pattern, precipitation-redistribution pattern, redistribution pattern and complex pattern. The precipitation pattern assumes that the snow distribution on glaciers follows the altitudinal gradient. If the accumulation gradient is significantly modified by local factors like wind erosion and redeposition, or local variability of precipitation, the accumulation pattern turns into the precipitation-redistribution pattern. In the redistribution pattern, local factors play a crucial role in the spatial variability of snow depth. The complex pattern, however, demonstrates the co-existence of different snow distribution patterns on a single glacial object (glacier/icecap/ice field).
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De los Ríos, P., and E. Carreño. "Spatial distribution in marine invertebrates in rocky shore of Araucania Region (38° S, Chile)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 80, no. 2 (June 2020): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.208863.
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Abstract The rocky shores in Chile have a wide invertebrate species diversity, that include species with marked abundances in determined regions. The aim of the present study is to analyse the spatial distribution pattern in different marine invertebrate species in rocky shore of Araucania region, considering if these species have random, uniform or associated patterns, and extrapolate if these patterns have Poisson, binomial or negative binomial distribution respectively. The results revealed the presence mainly of gastropods molluscs that would graze on benthic algae, these species have mainly aggregated pattern that has a robust negative binomial distribution pattern. The obtained results agree with observations for marine benthic fauna that mentioned the presence of aggregated pattern, has negative binomial distribution. Other ecological topics about spatial distribution were discussed.
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Lu, Wenxing, Jinhua Cheng, Wei Wang, Hongjiang Zhang, and Hongwen Zhou. "Application of the method of spatial point pattern analysis to the horizontal spatial distribution of preferential flow paths." Forestry Chronicle 91, no. 04 (August 2015): 384–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2015-068.
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Preferential flow significantly influences hydrological processes in forests. The occurrence and development of this flow is directly affected by its spatial distribution. To determine whether or not point pattern analysis method can be used to examine the horizontal spatial distribution of preferential flow paths, experiments were conducted with dye tracer permeation to observe flow processes. Results indicated that an increase in penetration water volume exerted only a specific effect on preferential flow paths of large class in the topmost soil. Moreover, such paths showed distinct clumped patterns at the 25-cm scale under both high permeation water volume and low permeation water volume treatments. Nonetheless, the distribution pattern became uniform as scale range increased. The significance of the correlation between the spatial distribution of preferential flow paths and plant roots decreased from the top soil layer to the bottom. These findings suggest that soil depth and water permeation volume are important to the horizontal spatial distribution of preferential flow paths. Moreover, point pattern analysis method is suitable for investigating the horizontal spatial distribution of preferential flow paths and determining the correlation between the spatial distribution of preferential flow paths and plant roots.
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Charest, J., M. Dewdney, T. Paulitz, V. Philion, and O. Carisse. "Spatial Distribution of Venturia inaequalis Airborne Ascospores in Orchards." Phytopathology® 92, no. 7 (July 2002): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.7.769.
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Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) causes important economic losses in many apple production areas of the world. The disease is controlled by numerous fungicide applications regardless of the presence of ascospores in the orchard. Airborne ascospore concentration (AAC) can be measured in real time to time fungicide applications. However, the level of heterogeneity of the AAC in commercial orchards was unknown. Consequently, the spatial distribution of V. inaequalis ascospores was studied in a commercial apple orchard of 0.43 ha. The potential ascospore dose (PAD) and AAC were measured in 40 quadrats each of 108 m2. In each quadrat, the AAC was monitored during the major rain events in spring 1999 and 2000 using spore samplers. The variance-to-mean ratio for the PAD and for most of the AAC sampling dates was >1, indicating an aggregated pattern of distribution. None of the frequency distributions of the most important ascospore ejection events followed the Poisson probability distribution, indicating that the pattern of distribution was not random. For all events, AAC had an aggregated pattern of distribution as suggested by the negative binomial distribution. The PAD followed neither the Poisson nor the negative binomial distribution. Geostatistical analyses confirmed the aggregated pattern of distribution. The cultivars had an effect on the PAD and AAC distribution pattern, but both PAD and AAC were not uniformly distributed within a block of the same cultivar. Therefore, the number, location, and height of samplers required to estimate AAC in orchards need to be investigated before using information on AAC for decision making.
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Cardina, John, Gregg A. Johnson, and Denise H. Sparrow. "The nature and consequence of weed spatial distribution." Weed Science 45, no. 3 (June 1997): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500092997.
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Seed dispersal, interacting with environmental disturbance and management across heterogeneous landscapes, results in irregular weed spatial distributions. Describing, predicting, and managing weed populations requires an understanding of how weeds are distributed spatially and the consequences of this distribution for population processes. Semivariograms and kriged maps of weed populations in several fields have helped describe spatial structure, but few generalizations can be drawn except that populations are aggregated at one or more scales. Limited information is available on the effect of weed arrangement, pattern, or field location on weed population processes. Because weeds are neither regular nor uniform in distribution, mean density alone is of limited value in estimating yield loss or describing population dynamics over a whole field. Sampling strategies that account for spatial distribution can increase sampling efficiency. Further research should focus on understanding processes that cause changes in spatial distributions over time to help predict rates of invasion and potential extent of colonization.
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Jiao, Liang, Fang Li, Xuerui Liu, Shengjie Wang, and Yi Zhou. "Fine-Scale Distribution Patterns of Phragmites australis Populations Across an Environmental Gradient in the Salt Marsh Wetland of Dunhuang, China." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 23, 2020): 1671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041671.
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The spatial distribution pattern of plants often reflects their ecological adaptation strategy and is formed by their long-term interaction with environmental factors. In this paper, the clonal plant, Phragmites australis, was investigated across environmental gradients, including the wet zone, the transitional zone and the desert zone of the salt marsh wetland of Dunhuang, China. The characteristics and influencing factors of their fine-scale spatial distribution patterns were studied by point pattern analysis, redundancy analysis and simple linear regression. The results show that: (1) the spatial distribution pattern of Phragmites australis changes from aggregation to non-aggregation (random and regular distribution) from the wet zone to the desert zone. (2) The soil water content, pH and salinity all affect Phragmites australis’ spatial distribution intensity. Simple linear regression reveals that the water content in each soil layer, the pH of the deep soil layer and the salinity of the surface and deep soil layers are the main soil conditions of Phragmites australis’ spatial distribution pattern. (3) Phragmites australis’ population characteristics and clonal characteristics also have significant effects on its spatial distribution intensity. Specifically, the intensity of its spatial distribution pattern is significantly positively correlated with its cover, frequency, density, height, biomass, node number, ramet number and stem diameter (p < 0.01), while it is significantly negatively correlated with its rhizome internode length, spacer length and branch angle (p < 0.01). This research clarified the relationship between the spatial distribution pattern of Phragmites australis with soil environmental factors, plant clonal characteristics and population characteristics. The results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the ecological adaptation mechanism of clonal plants and protecting the sustainability of fragile and sensitive inland river wetland ecosystems.
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Shima, Keita, Buho Hoshino, Ying Tian, Zoljargal E, Saixialt Bao, Yintay Na, Myagmarjav I, and Myagmartseren P. "Spatial distribution pattern of dryland plants: Turing pattern in water limited conditions." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 28, no. 03 (December 30, 2019): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v28i03.1300.
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The plants in the Gobi desert region are sparsely distributed on a vast bare field, it is extremely difficult to accurately observe from the satellite. For the reason, the reflectance of dry soil is very high and the reflectance of slightly distributed plants is eliminated by soil reflection. As a result, the pixel’s NDVI value of desert plants shows a smaller value than the ground measurement. In this study, we succeeded to analyze Turing pattern of vegetation abundance using the method of spectral un-mixing for satellite data of the Gobi plants. It is shown that the fraction of the vegetation endmember after pixel un-mixing has a remarkably high correlation (R2=0.51 in Landsat 8 and R2=0.41 in Sentinel 2) with the ground true value of vegetation coverage.
Гандуу бүсийн ургамлын орон зайн тархалт: тюрингийн хэлбэршил ус гачиг нөхцөлд илрэх нь
Говь цөлийн ургамалшил нь асар уудамгазар дээр алаг цоог мөртлөө тачир сийрэг тархдаг тул хиймэл дагуулаас нарийвчлан ажиглахад хэцүү байдаг. Гол шалтгаан ньзайнаас тандсанцацраг туяа нь хуурай нүцгэн хөрсний маш өндөр ойлтын нөлөөгөөртачир сийрэг ургамлын цацрагийн ойлт сул, шингээлт нь дарагдаж илэрдэггүй байдал юм. Үүний үр дүнд цөлийн ургамлын хйимэл дагуулын зураг дээрх утга нь газрын гадаргуу дээр шууд хийсэн хэмжилтээс бага утгыг харуулж байдаг. Энэхүү судалгаанд бид хиймэл дагуулын мэдээг спектр үл холих аргыг ашиглан боловсруулжговийн ургамалшил Тюрингийн хэлбэршлийн дагуу тархаж байгаа зүйтогтлыг батлав. Спектр үл холих аргаар тогтоосон ургамлан бүрхэвчийн зайнаас тандсан мэдээ нь газрын бодит хэмжилтийн утгатай харьцангуй сайн хамааралтай (Ландсат 8-д R2 = 0.51, Сентинел 2-т R2 = 0.41) байна. Түлхүүр үг: Спектр үл холих арга,Говь цөлийн ургамлын тархац
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Verma, S., and R. D. Gupta. "Spatial and Temporal Variation of Japanese encephalitis Disease and Detection of Disease Hotspots: a Case Study of Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-8 (November 27, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-8-1-2014.
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In recent times, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) has emerged as a serious public health problem. In India, JE outbreaks were recently reported in Uttar Pradesh, Gorakhpur. The present study presents an approach to use GIS for analyzing the reported cases of JE in the Gorakhpur district based on spatial analysis to bring out the spatial and temporal dynamics of the JE epidemic. The study investigates spatiotemporal pattern of the occurrence of disease and detection of the JE hotspot. Spatial patterns of the JE disease can provide an understanding of geographical changes. Geospatial distribution of the JE disease outbreak is being investigated since 2005 in this study. The JE incidence data for the years 2005 to 2010 is used. The data is then geo-coded at block level. Spatial analysis is used to evaluate autocorrelation in JE distribution and to test the cases that are clustered or dispersed in space. The Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation technique is used to predict the pattern of JE incidence distribution prevalent across the study area. Moran's I Index (Moran's I) statistics is used to evaluate autocorrelation in spatial distribution. The Getis-Ord Gi*(d) is used to identify the disease areas. The results represent spatial disease patterns from 2005 to 2010, depicting spatially clustered patterns with significant differences between the blocks. It is observed that the blocks on the built up areas reported higher incidences.
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Takei, Shin-ya, Kenta Köbayashi, and Etsuro Takagi. "Distribution pattern of entry holes of the tree-killing bark beetle Polygraphus proximus." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): e0246812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246812.
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Bark beetles attack their hosts at uniform intervals to avoid intraspecific competition in the phloem. Bark texture and phloem thickness also affect bark beetle attacks, and the bark characteristics are not spatially homogeneous; therefore, the distribution patterns of entry holes can demonstrate an aggregated distribution. Polygraphus proximus Blandford (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) is a non-aggressive phloephagous bark beetle that feeds on Far Eastern firs. They have caused mass mortality in Russia and Japan. However, the distribution pattern of entry holes of P. proximus and spatial relationships with bark characteristics have not been studied. Thus, we investigated the distribution pattern of entry holes of P. proximus. The distribution of entry holes was significantly uniform in most cases. As the attack density increased, an aggregated distribution pattern within a short distance (< 4.0 cm) was observed. The rough bark had a significantly higher number of entry holes than the remaining bark. The distribution pattern of entry holes demonstrated a significantly aggregated spatial association with rough bark. Finally, rough bark around knots had significantly thicker phloem than the remaining barks. These suggest that P. proximus may preferentially attack rough bark to reproduce in the thicker phloem under a rough bark surface.
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Hidalgo, M., Y. Gusdal, G. E. Dingsør, D. Hjermann, G. Ottersen, L. C. Stige, A. Melsom, and N. C. Stenseth. "A combination of hydrodynamical and statistical modelling reveals non-stationary climate effects on fish larvae distributions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1727 (June 15, 2011): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0750.
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Biological processes and physical oceanography are often integrated in numerical modelling of marine fish larvae, but rarely in statistical analyses of spatio-temporal observation data. Here, we examine the relative contribution of inter-annual variability in spawner distribution, advection by ocean currents, hydrography and climate in modifying observed distribution patterns of cod larvae in the Lofoten–Barents Sea. By integrating predictions from a particle-tracking model into a spatially explicit statistical analysis, the effects of advection and the timing and locations of spawning are accounted for. The analysis also includes other environmental factors: temperature, salinity, a convergence index and a climate threshold determined by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). We found that the spatial pattern of larvae changed over the two climate periods, being more upstream in low NAO years. We also demonstrate that spawning distribution and ocean circulation are the main factors shaping this distribution, while temperature effects are different between climate periods, probably due to a different spatial overlap of the fish larvae and their prey, and the consequent effect on the spatial pattern of larval survival. Our new methodological approach combines numerical and statistical modelling to draw robust inferences from observed distributions and will be of general interest for studies of many marine fish species.
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Caiaphas Makadi, Yila, Abecca Stephen Sati, and Ismail Dankaka. "Geospatial Distribution of Public Secondary in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State of Nigeria." International Journal on Research in STEM Education 1, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/ijrse.v1i1.59.
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The paper reviews research tradition of accessibility level and spatial distribution of student in public secondary school in gombe local government area, Gombe state. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. Primary data was collected using questionnaire and a hand-held GPS receiver to capture the coordinate points of schools and other relevant data. Secondary data include administrative map, population figures of both students and Teachers, Names and addresses of the secondary schools in the study area. The data were analyzed using geographic information techniques. From the data survey carried out, the result of the analysis showed the accessibility level and spatial distribution of school in Gombe were seventeen (17) public senior secondary and total number of students were nineteen thousand and eleven (19,011). The nearest neighbor analysis (NNA) for the spatial pattern of school were carried out based on each ward in study area which as ten (10) wards in each ward revealed two major spatial distributions. The spatial pattern of the Gombe LGA has Nearest Neighbour Ratio (NNR): 3.385087, Bolari East ward with NNR: 3.385087 and Shamaki wards NNR: 1.600148, which showed dispersed pattern, while Jekada Fari ward with NNR: 0.214890, Pantami ward with NNR: 0.226863, and Herwo Gana wards with NNR: 0.185239, were showed clustered pattern. The nearest neighbor index shows clustered pattern for all the wards in the local government area except Bolari East and Shamaki wards that has dispersed pattern of distribution. The implication of these two patterns means that accessibility is poor in the study area. Students travel than normal to overcome the function of distance.
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Demirel, Mehmet C., Juliane Mai, Gorka Mendiguren, Julian Koch, Luis Samaniego, and Simon Stisen. "Combining satellite data and appropriate objective functions for improved spatial pattern performance of a distributed hydrologic model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 2 (February 20, 2018): 1299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1299-2018.
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Abstract. Satellite-based earth observations offer great opportunities to improve spatial model predictions by means of spatial-pattern-oriented model evaluations. In this study, observed spatial patterns of actual evapotranspiration (AET) are utilised for spatial model calibration tailored to target the pattern performance of the model. The proposed calibration framework combines temporally aggregated observed spatial patterns with a new spatial performance metric and a flexible spatial parameterisation scheme. The mesoscale hydrologic model (mHM) is used to simulate streamflow and AET and has been selected due to its soil parameter distribution approach based on pedo-transfer functions and the build in multi-scale parameter regionalisation. In addition two new spatial parameter distribution options have been incorporated in the model in order to increase the flexibility of root fraction coefficient and potential evapotranspiration correction parameterisations, based on soil type and vegetation density. These parameterisations are utilised as they are most relevant for simulated AET patterns from the hydrologic model. Due to the fundamental challenges encountered when evaluating spatial pattern performance using standard metrics, we developed a simple but highly discriminative spatial metric, i.e. one comprised of three easily interpretable components measuring co-location, variation and distribution of the spatial data. The study shows that with flexible spatial model parameterisation used in combination with the appropriate objective functions, the simulated spatial patterns of actual evapotranspiration become substantially more similar to the satellite-based estimates. Overall 26 parameters are identified for calibration through a sequential screening approach based on a combination of streamflow and spatial pattern metrics. The robustness of the calibrations is tested using an ensemble of nine calibrations based on different seed numbers using the shuffled complex evolution optimiser. The calibration results reveal a limited trade-off between streamflow dynamics and spatial patterns illustrating the benefit of combining separate observation types and objective functions. At the same time, the simulated spatial patterns of AET significantly improved when an objective function based on observed AET patterns and a novel spatial performance metric compared to traditional streamflow-only calibration were included. Since the overall water balance is usually a crucial goal in hydrologic modelling, spatial-pattern-oriented optimisation should always be accompanied by traditional discharge measurements. In such a multi-objective framework, the current study promotes the use of a novel bias-insensitive spatial pattern metric, which exploits the key information contained in the observed patterns while allowing the water balance to be informed by discharge observations.
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Zheng, Wei, Meng Lin Qin, Shi Zhu Lu, and Zhan Xie. "New Perspective of “Human-Earth” Spatial Design: Ecological Pattern of Population Spatial Inhabitation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 3190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.3190.
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According to the ecological pattern of population spatial inhabitation (EPPSI), the planning of population spatial distribution shall include capacity and spatial distribution. The core connotation is that the population capacity is based on the carrying capacity of “natural-economic-social” complex system and the spatial distribution is based on “sustainable-efficient-equal” value orientation.
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Zhang, Wen, Tao Cheng, Zhixiong Mei, and Jiaqiu Wang. "Spatial distribution and autocorrelation pattern of Shenzhen service industries." Journal of Shenzhen University Science and Engineering 31, no. 6 (2014): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1249.2014.06638.
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KIM, Yong-Il, Yang-Dam EO, and Byoung-Kil LEE. "Analyzing the Spatial Distribution Pattern of Image Classification Error." Journal of the Japan society of photogrammetry and remote sensing 38, no. 2 (1999): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4287/jsprs.38.2_53.
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Millet, Larry J., Mitchell B. Collens, George L. W. Perry, and Rashid Bashir. "Pattern analysis and spatial distribution of neurons in culture." Integrative Biology 3, no. 12 (2011): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ib00054c.
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Ho, T. C. E., D. Surry, and A. G. Davenport. "Spatial distribution of peak cladding loads on tall buildings." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-026.
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Wind tunnel tests on building models show that the patterns of cladding pressures are complex and varied. Their reliable representation, in a simple form, for building codes and standards presents a difficult conundrum. Necessarily, code descriptions need to be defined in terms of a few well-chosen parameters. In this paper, an approach is described which answers some of these difficulties. In essence, the actual pressure distributions from a wide variety of building shapes are broken down into systematic patterns of pressures which are inherent in all the distributions. These patterns can be found mathematically from the correlations of pressures at points across the surface. Pressure patterns on individual buildings can be reconstituted by combining these patterns in the right proportions. The proportions vary from building to building in a statistical manner. The important part of the pressure distributions is contained in the fundamental or simplest pattern; the more complicated higher-order patterns "fine tune" the pressure distribution. This hierarchy of patterns provides a logical basis for simplification (by truncation) and appropriate statistical treatment of the uncertainty. An application to the National Building Code of Canada suggests that the results described by the empirical procedures are very reasonable. Further, edge strips of higher pressure are not as statistically significant as first supposed. Key words: wind, tall buildings, local loads, code, statistics, orthogonal functions, variability, reliability.
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Kandrychyn, S., and R. Yury. "The Spatial Pattern of Suicides in Europe." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.171.
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IntroductionThe regularity in suicide rates in Europe was one of the essential challenges facing social scholars at the end of XIX century.AimsThe present study aims to assess the continuation of this phenomenon in XXI century.MethodsTo explore this phenomenon, suicide rates were obtained from WHO official publications for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2012 across 41 European nations. In order to examine the regularity of spatial suicide pattern, the data sets were subjected to Spearman's rank order correlation analysis.ResultsThe suicide rates rank order distribution between European nations in 1990 was associated with suicide rates in 2000, 2010 and 2012 (rs = .91, .81, and .80, respectively, P < .001). The national suicide death indices show the significant positive correlation over the studied period, what means the definite regularity of suicide mortality pattern and absence of essential changes or fluctuations between the regions. The highest indices have the countries situated on the Northern and Eastern part of the European continent (Lithuania, Russia, Belarus and Hungary). On the opposite pole are the nations settled the Mediterranean and British islands. Thus, the fixed gradient in suicide distribution with the growing to the north and northeast of European continent is visible. The same stable vector in suicide spatial distribution is duplicated on the vast territories on the east part of Europe.ConclusionsThe data presented support the idea that spatial regularity in suicide distribution in Europe is not generally connected with social and cultural changes occurred during the centuries.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Lakatos, Stephen. "Recognition of Complex Auditory-Spatial Patterns." Perception 22, no. 3 (March 1993): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p220363.
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Two experiments were carried out to investigate the perception of complex auditory-spatial patterns. Subjects were asked to identify alphanumeric characters whose patterns could be outlined acoustically through the sequential activation of specific units in a speaker array. Signal bandwidths were varied systematically in both experiments. Signals in experiment 1 had sharp onsets and offsets; envelope shapes in experiment 2 were much more gradual. Subjects showed considerable ability in recognizing alphanumeric patterns traced with signals of varying acoustical composition. Reductions in the steepness of signal attack and decay produced limited declines in pattern recognition ability. Systematic trends in the relation between patterns and the distribution of incorrect responses suggest that subjects performed a pattern-matching task, in which identifications were made on the basis of component features. The unexpected pattern recognition abilities that subjects demonstrated in both experiments suggest that spatial hearing, like vision, has access to mechanisms for amodal spatial representations.
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Ruffault, Julien, and Florent Mouillot. "Contribution of human and biophysical factors to the spatial distribution of forest fire ignitions and large wildfires in a French Mediterranean region." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 6 (2017): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16181.
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Identifying the factors that drive the spatial distribution of fires is one of the most challenging issues facing fire science in a changing world. We investigated the relative influence of humans, land cover and weather on the regional distribution of fires in a Mediterranean region using boosted regression trees and a set of seven explanatory variables. The spatial pattern of fire weather, which is seldom accounted for in regional models, was estimated using a semi-mechanistic approach and expressed as the length of the fire weather season. We found that the drivers of the spatial distribution of fires followed a fire size-dependent pattern in which human activities and settlements mainly determined the distribution of all fires whereas the continuity and type of fuels mainly controlled the location of the largest fires. The spatial structure of fire weather was estimated to be responsible for an average of 25% of the spatial patterns of fires, suggesting that climate change may directly affect the spatial patterns of fire hazard in the near future. These results enhance our understanding of long-term controls of the spatial distribution of wildfires and predictive maps of fire hazard provide useful information for fire management actions.
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Ouellet, Patrick, Denis Lefaivre, and Vladimir Koutitonsky. "Distribution of Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) Larvae and Hydrographic Pattern in the Northern Gulf of St Lawrence." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 2068–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-231.
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The large-scale spatial distribution of northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) larvae was analyzed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during the spring of 1986 and 1987. Although sites of emergence are related to the principal aggregation areas of adult shrimp, it appears that the currently fished aggregations may not represent isolated populations. The uniformity of developmental stages and the wide-spread distribution of the first larval stage were consistent with the hypothesis of synchronous larval emergence among the northern Gulf shrimp The structured pattern of larval spatial distribution was not correlated with the hydrographic structure within the different sectors of the Gulf (Mantel test; P > 0.05). Spatial correlograms showed that the highly structured spatial distribution pattern of stage I larvae evolved into a spatially random pattern by the time stage III larvae had developed. We suggest that biological or ecological dynamic processes such as larval mortality and development rates are more important than the hydrodynamics of the sectors in determining the structure of larval shrimp distribution Consequently, on a seasonal basis, the distribution of larval shrimp groups cannot be inferred from a study of the hydrographic pattern within the sectors at the scale of our analysis.
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Elek, A., N. Gyenge, M. B. Korsós, and R. Erdélyi. "Spatial Inhomogeneity in Solar Faculae." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S335 (July 2017): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131701136x.
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AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the inhomogeneous spatial distribution of solar faculae. The focus is on the latitudinal and longitudinal distributions of these highly localised features covering ubiquitously the solar surface. The statistical analysis is based on white light observations of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) between 1996 and 2014. We found that the fine structure of the latitudinal distribution of faculae displays a quasi-biennial oscillatory pattern. Furthermore, the longitudinal distribution of photospheric solar faculae does not show homogeneous behaviour either. In particular, the non-axisymmetric behaviour of these events show similar properties as that of the active longitude (AL) found in the distribution of sunspots. Our results, preliminary though, may provide a valuable observational constrain for developing the next-generation solar dynamo model.
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Rahimi, Fatema, Abolghasem Sadeghi-Niaraki, Mostafa Ghodousi, and Soo-Mi Choi. "Discovering Intra-Urban Population Movement Pattern Using Taxis’ Origin and Destination Data and Modeling the Parameters Affecting Population Distribution." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 5987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135987.
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GPS-equipped vehicles are an effective approach for acquiring urban population movement patterns. Attempts have been made in the present study in order to identify the population displacement pattern of the study region using taxis’ origin and destination data, and then model the parameters affecting the population displacement pattern and provide an ultimate model in order to predict pick-up and drop-off locations. In this way, the passenger pick-up and drop-off locations have been identified in order to obtain the population movement pattern. In this study, Moran’s I index was used to measure the spatial autocorrelation, and hot spot analysis was used to analyze spatial patterns of pick-up and drop-off locations. Effective parameters modeling was performed using the Poisson regression. The results of the spatiotemporal distribution map for pick-up and drop-off locations indicated a similarity in patterns and equal results for some locations. Results also indicated different features of spatial distribution during different hours of the day. Spatial autocorrelation analysis results indicated a low probability of randomness in the general spatial distribution of the locations. The result of modeling the parameters shows the positive effect of the parameters on the pattern of population movement, and according to the p-value of 0.000, Poisson regression is significant for the pick-up and drop-off locations. The modeling results also highlighted the importance of movement patterns in recognizing urban hot spots, which is valuable for policymakers and urban planners.
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Abd Majid, Nuriah, Nurafiqah Muhamad Nazi, and Ahmad Fariz Mohamed. "Distribution and Spatial Pattern Analysis on Dengue Cases in Seremban District, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 3572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133572.
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Dengue fever disease increases alongside urbanization rate in tropical countries. Hence, the need to visualize the distribution pattern of increases is vital for the management of dengue cases, especially in Malaysia. Thus, the dengue surveillance system is proposed for the monitoring of dengue cases using computer-generated modeling for spatial distribution patterns, which is important for management and control. The present study performed distribution and spatial pattern analysis of dengue cases reported in the growing Seremban district in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia in 2008 and 2009. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the pattern of distribution and determine whether it is clustered or dispersed. A total of 1401 and 1056 cases for dengue-related diseases were reported by the Ministry of Health Malaysia in Seremban district in the years 2008 and 2009, respectively. Three spatial statistical analysis were conducted: Spatial mean center, directional distribution, and standard distant on distribution of dengue cases reported. This study found that the distribution pattern for dengue cases is clustered. Spatial mean center and directional distribution for both sets of years have slight differences. Meanwhile, standard distance for dengue cases reported in the year 2008 is 22,085.82 m, which is bigger than dengue cases reported in 2009, showing a standard distance of 20,318.35 m. More sets of cases throughout years are required in further studies to identify factors that contribute to dengue epidemiology in the Seremban district undergoing urbanization.
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Corbane, C., G. Lemoine, and M. Kauffmann. "Relationship between the spatial distribution of SMS messages reporting needs and building damage in 2010 Haiti disaster." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2012): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-255-2012.
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Abstract. Just 4 days after the M = 7.1 earthquake on 12 January 2010, Haitians could send SMS messages about their location and urgent needs through the on-line mapping platform Ushahidi. This real-time crowdsourcing of crisis information provided direct support to key humanitarian resources on the ground, including Search and Rescue teams. In addition to its use as a knowledge base for rescue operations and aid provision, the spatial distribution of geolocated SMS messages may represent an early indicator on the spatial distribution and on the intensity of building damage. This work explores the relationship between the spatial patterns of SMS messages and building damage. The latter is derived from the detailed damage assessment of individual buildings interpreted in post-earthquake airborne photos. The interaction between SMS messages and building damage is studied by analyzing the spatial structure of the corresponding bivariate patterns. The analysis is performed through the implementation of cross Ripley's K-function which is suitable for characterizing the spatial structure of a bivariate pattern, and more precisely the spatial relationship between two types of point sets located in the same study area. The results show a strong attraction between the patterns exhibited by SMS messages and building damages. The interactions identified between the two patterns suggest that the geolocated SMS can be used as early indicators of the spatial distribution of building damage pattern. Accordingly, a statistical model has been developed to map the distribution of building damage from the geolocated SMS pattern. The study presented in this paper is the first attempt to derive quantitative estimates on the spatial patterns of novel crowdsourced information and correlate these to established methods in damage assessment using remote sensing data. The consequences of the study findings for rapid damage detection in post-emergency contexts are discussed.
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May, Felix, Andreas Huth, and Thorsten Wiegand. "Moving beyond abundance distributions: neutral theory and spatial patterns in a tropical forest." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1802 (March 7, 2015): 20141657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1657.
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Assessing the relative importance of different processes that determine the spatial distribution of species and the dynamics in highly diverse plant communities remains a challenging question in ecology. Previous modelling approaches often focused on single aggregated forest diversity patterns that convey limited information on the underlying dynamic processes. Here, we use recent advances in inference for stochastic simulation models to evaluate the ability of a spatially explicit and spatially continuous neutral model to quantitatively predict six spatial and non-spatial patterns observed at the 50 ha tropical forest plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. The patterns capture different aspects of forest dynamics and biodiversity structure, such as annual mortality rate, species richness, species abundance distribution, beta-diversity and the species–area relationship (SAR). The model correctly predicted each pattern independently and up to five patterns simultaneously. However, the model was unable to match the SAR and beta-diversity simultaneously. Our study moves previous theory towards a dynamic spatial theory of biodiversity and demonstrates the value of spatial data to identify ecological processes. This opens up new avenues to evaluate the consequences of additional process for community assembly and dynamics.
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Fisher, Martin. "Fine-scale distributions of tropical animal mounds: a revised statistical analysis." Journal of Tropical Ecology 9, no. 3 (August 1993): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400007392.
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ABSTRACTDescriptions of the fine scale distribution of organisms have frequently been used to investigate various ecological phenomena. Unfortunately, the most widely used spatial analysis techniques are based on single index statistics, which convey only minimal information about the biological processes underlying the studied distributions. Such statistics cannot detect changes in pattern over different scales, and cannot identify some types of distribution. Additionally, both the use of such statistics on the distribution of individuals which have a non-negligible size, and the frequent failure to use an edge correction for points close to the boundaries of a sampled area, have led to the over-reporting of ‘spaced out’ (‘regular’) distributions. Using two spatial distributions recently analysed with a single index statistic (termite mounds, and earthmounds created by termites), I illustrate the benefits gained from using the spatial functions K(t), G(y) and F(x) to analyse both ‘point events’ and events which have a non-negligible size. These functions are considerably more informative about the nature of a spatial pattern and offer wide scope for the fitting of spatial models to biological distributions.
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Glenny, Robb W., Steven McKinney, and H. Thomas Robertson. "Spatial pattern of pulmonary blood flow distribution is stable over days." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 902–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.3.902.
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Glenny, Robb W., Steven McKinney, and H. Thomas Robertson.Spatial pattern of pulmonary blood flow distribution is stable over days. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(3): 902–907, 1997.—Despite the heterogeneous distribution of regional pulmonary perfusion over space, local perfusion remains stable over short time periods (20–100 min). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the spatial distribution of pulmonary perfusion remains stable over longer time periods (1–5 days). Regional blood flow was measured each day for 5 days in five awake standing dogs. Fluorescent microspheres of different colors were injected into a limb vein over 30 s on each day. After the last microsphere injection, the dogs were killed, and lungs were flushed free of blood, excised, dried at total lung capacity, and diced into ∼2-cm3 pieces ( n = 1,296–1,487 per dog). Relative blood flow to each piece on each day was determined by extracting the fluorescent dyes and determining the concentrations of each color. We established that blood flow is spatially heterogeneous with a coefficient of variation of 29.5 ± 2%. Blood flow to each piece is highly correlated with flow to the same piece on all days ( r = 0.930 ± 0.006). The temporal heterogeneity of regional perfusion as measured by the coefficient of variation is 6.9 ± 0.7% over the 5 days and is nonrandom. The magnitude of spatial and temporal variation is significantly less than previously reported in a study in which anesthetized and mechanically ventilated dogs were used. We conclude that spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow remains stable over days and we speculate that in the normal awake dog regional perfusion is determined primarily by a fixed structure such as the geometry of the pulmonary vascular tree rather than by local vasoactive regulators. Anesthesia and/or mechanical ventilation may increase the temporal variability in regional perfusion.
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Zhang Nan, 张楠, 王飞 Wang Fei, 刘俊 Liu Jun, 王晨光 Wang Chenguang, 李大林 Li Dalin, 任建斌 Ren Jianbin, 薛晨阳 Xue Chenyang, and 唐军 Tang Jun. "Spatial Distribution Polarization Pattern Acquisition Based on Polarization Imaging Technology." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 52, no. 9 (2015): 091101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop52.091101.
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ZHANG Zhengxiang, 张正祥, 张洪岩 ZHANG Hongyan, 李冬雪 LI Dongxue, 许嘉巍 XU Jiawei, and 周道玮 ZHOU Daowei. "Spatial distribution pattern of human-caused fires in Hulunbeir grassland." Acta Ecologica Sinica 33, no. 7 (2013): 2023–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5846/stxb201112271992.
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Rice, J. L., J. W. Hoy, and M. P. Grisham. "Sugarcane Mosaic Distribution, Incidence, Increase, and Spatial Pattern in Louisiana." Plant Disease 103, no. 8 (August 2019): 2051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-19-0099-re.
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Sugarcane mosaic is a historically important disease in Louisiana currently caused by sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV). Successful breeding for resistance reduced the disease to low incidence in commercial cultivars. However, mosaic was detected in experimental clone evaluations at multiple locations, leading to uncertainty concerning the current distribution and incidence in the state. Field surveys were conducted from 2016 to 2018 in breeding program yield trials and experimental clone seed cane increase fields. Mosaic symptomatic plants were observed in a newly released cultivar, HoCP 09-804, in three of five production areas, with incidences ranging from 0 to 10%. Mosaic also was observed in nine additional experimental clones. Single leaf samples were tested for SrMV using reverse transcription PCR. All symptomatic samples and a low percentage (0.3%) of asymptomatic samples tested positive for SrMV, confirming that it continues to be the causal species. Runs analysis detected aggregation of infected plants within at least 70% of rows in 94% of surveyed fields. The spatial pattern and geographical distribution of disease incidence suggested that infected seed cane was the source of the disease. Surveys conducted in the same fields of HoCP 09-804 through two subsequent crops detected disease incidence increases in some fields and decreases in the others in first ratoon, but observed incidence was lower compared with plant cane in all fields in second ratoon. The results indicated that disease increase owing to aphid transmission did not occur under the prevailing conditions.
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Johnson, Ariel, and Hongmei Wang. "Spatial Pattern Distribution of Wind and Solar Energy in USA." Advances in Energy and Power 6, no. 2 (June 2019): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/aep.2019.060201.
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Guo, Yili, Junmeng Lu, Scott B. Franklin, Qinggang Wang, Yaozhan Xu, Kuihan Zhang, Dachuan Bao, et al. "Spatial distribution of tree species in a species-rich subtropical mountain forest in central China." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 9 (September 2013): 826–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0084.
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Inferring the processes underlying the spatial distribution patterns of tree species is fundamental for understanding species coexistence. Here, we examined spatial distribution patterns of woody plants by using the univariate pair correlation function to quantify spatial patterns of species in a fullly mapped 25 ha subtropical plot in China. We analyzed the relationships between the species attributes and spatial distribution patterns of 137 tree species with at least one individual per hectare. The results showed that aggregated distributions were the dominant pattern for species in the Badagongshan subtropical forests, and that the percentage of significantly aggregated species decreased with increasing spatial scales. Rare species were more aggregated than intermediate and abundant species, but they were more easily influenced by habitat heterogeneity. Also, there was significantly negative relationship between species abundance and species aggregation intensity. The aggregation intensity showed negative relationships to species mean diameter at breast height (DBH) and maximum DBH, i.e., species became more regularly spaced as species stature increased. Species functional traits (e.g., growth form and phenological guild) also had obvious effects on the spatial patterns of species. However, spatial patterns of tree species were not related to the dispersal mode. Our results partially conformed to the prediction that species’ attributes influenced species’ spatial patterns following similar laws, even after controlling for the effects of habitat heterogeneity. Consequently, species attributes (species abundance, mean DBH, maximal DBH, growth form, phenological guild, etc.) and habitat heterogeneity may primarily contribute to spatial patterns and species coexistence in natural forests.
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Siagian, Nilasari. "POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY CHANGING PATTERN IN SUMATERA UTARA." JURNAL GEOGRAFI 13, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jg.v13i2.25428.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of population density descriptions and patterns of change in North Sumatra. This type of research is library research (Library Research). Data collection techniques are carried out by utilizing existing facilities in the library, such as books, magazines, documents, secondary data records, statistical data, or pure library research related to the object of research. The analytical method provides a clear, objective, systematic, analytical, and critical description and description of the distribution and population density description: characteristics and patterns of change in North Sumatra. The initial step is achieved by collecting the required data, classifying it, describing it, and then analyzing it. The results of this study explain that the distribution pattern and population density that occur are caused by spatial characteristics and geological changes. When viewed from the aspect of population density. The high population density in North Sumatra causes social problems such as congestion, poverty, health services, crime rates, settlements, unhealthy living environments, and others. The pattern of population distribution that occurs is geographical. The largest distribution is still throughout the East Coast region, wherein that region there are the largest number of districts (above 5% of the province's population).Keywords: Population, Distribution, Density, Spatial
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ZHANG, Zuo, Min ZHOU, and ShuKui TAN. "Spatial pattern, openness and spatial distribution characteristics of lakes in Wuhan central urban area." SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica 44, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n092014-00084.
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Siahaan, Lasriama, Iwan Hilwan, and Yudi Setiawan. "Spatial Distribution Of Andaliman Potential Habitat (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) in Samosir Island, North Sumatera." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 9, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.9.4.861-871.
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Andaliman breeding and regeneration (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) in its natural habitat tends to be slow and difficult. The purpose of this research was to determine the distribution pattern, spatial character, and potential suitable habitat for andaliman growth with a suitability model approach in Samosir island, North Sumatera. Andaliman distribution pattern based on the calculation of the Standard Morisita Index (Ip) shows various patterns. There are three categories of distribution pattern, depends on the Standard Morisita Index The distribution patterns on each plot based on the calculation are: random (Location 1 – open area (Ip = 0.00)), uniform (Location 2 – plantation forest (Ip = -0.77); Location 3 – open field (Ip = -0.09)), and clump (Location 4 – plantation forest (Ip = 0.36)). Analysis of habitat suitability for andaliman used spatial modelling with the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) approach. This method utilized ecological variables, i.e.: Bare Soil Index (BSI), slope, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), rainfall, Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The result is 69.8% of Samosir Island is suitable for andaliman, while 26.4% of it is considered as highly suitable habitat.
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Gardner, Beth, Patrick J. Sullivan, Stephen J. Morreale, and Sheryan P. Epperly. "Spatial and temporal statistical analysis of bycatch data: patterns of sea turtle bycatch in the North Atlantic." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 11 (November 2008): 2461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-152.
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Loggerhead ( Caretta caretta ) and leatherback ( Dermochelys coriacea ) sea turtle distributions and movements in offshore waters of the western North Atlantic are not well understood despite continued efforts to monitor, survey, and observe them. Loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles are listed as endangered by the World Conservation Union, and thus anthropogenic mortality of these species, including fishing, is of elevated interest. This study quantifies spatial and temporal patterns of sea turtle bycatch distributions to identify potential processes influencing their locations. A Ripley’s K function analysis was employed on the NOAA Fisheries Atlantic Pelagic Longline Observer Program data to determine spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal patterns of sea turtle bycatch distributions within the pattern of the pelagic fishery distribution. Results indicate that loggerhead and leatherback sea turtle catch distributions change seasonally, with patterns of spatial clustering appearing from July through October. The results from the space–time analysis indicate that sea turtle catch distributions are related on a relatively fine scale (30–200 km and 1–5 days). The use of spatial and temporal point pattern analysis, particularly K function analysis, is a novel way to examine bycatch data and can be used to inform fishing practices such that fishing could still occur while minimizing sea turtle bycatch.