To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Spatial links.
Books on the topic 'Spatial links'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 books for your research on the topic 'Spatial links.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
2
Flapan, Erica, Allison Henrich, Aaron Kaestner, and Sam Nelson, eds. Knots, Links, Spatial Graphs, and Algebraic Invariants. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/conm/689.
Full text
3
Appleton, Simon. Regional or national poverty lines?: The case of Uganda in the 1990s. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2003.
Find full text
4
Eberhardshtayner, Yozef, Sergey Leonovich, and Valentin Dorkin. Design models of structural building materials under multiaxial stress. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1082947.
Full textAbstract:
The monograph presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the behavior of wood and concrete of various structures under biaxial and triaxial compression. It contains a systematic classification of existing models for concrete that link three-axis nonlinear elastic stresses and deformations, as well as research and subsequent evaluation of some basic models from the point of view of their possible use in the framework of spatial load analysis using FEM. It is intended for scientific and engineering workers of research and design organizations.
5
Whitworth, Adam, ed. Towards a Spatial Social Policy. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447337904.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The motivation of this edited collection is to shine a light on the fertile, multi-faceted yet largely unexplored links between the concepts, perspectives, knowledges and methodological approaches of human geography and their contributions for what remains a largely aspatial social policy discipline and set of applied policy practices. With contributions from leading experts across the geography-policy divide this edited collection offer a range of original cutting-edge perspectives on the neglected and misunderstood spatialities of social policy thinking and their implications for both its scholarship and applied practice.
6
Cohen, Marlene R., and John H. R. Maunsell. Neuronal Mechanisms of Spatial Attention in Visual Cerebral Cortex. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.007.
Full textAbstract:
Attention is associated with improved performance on perceptual tasks and changes in the way that neurons in the visual system respond to sensory stimuli. While we now have a greater understanding of the way different behavioural and stimulus conditions modulate the responses of neurons in different cortical areas, it has proven difficult to identify the neuronal mechanisms responsible for these changes and establish a strong link between attention-related modulation of sensory responses and changes in perception. Recent conceptual and technological advances have enabled progress and hold promise for the future. This chapter focuses on newly established links between attention-related modulation of visual responses and bottom-up sensory processing, how attention relates to interactions between neurons, insights from simultaneous recordings from groups of cells, and how this knowledge might lead to greater understanding of the link between the effects of attention on sensory neurons and perception.
7
Eimer, Martin. The Time Course of Spatial Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.006.
Full textAbstract:
Event-related brain potential (ERP) measures have made important contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms of selective attention. This chapter provides a selective and non-technical review of some of these contributions. It will concentrate mainly on research that has studied spatially selective attentional processing in vision, although research on crossmodal links in spatial attention will also be discussed. The main purpose of this chapter is to illustrate how ERP methods have helped to provide answers to major theoretical questions that have shaped research on selective attention in the past 40 years.
8
Europe, Council of. Links Between the Sustainable Development of Tourism and Regional/Spatial Planning: Proceedings, Palma de Majorca, May 1999. Council of Europe, 2002.
Find full text
9
Europe, Council of. Links Between the Sustainable Development of Tourism and Regional/Spatial Planning: Proceedings, Palma de Majorca, May 1999. Council of Europe, 2002.
Find full text
10
Europe, Council of. Links Between the Sustainable Development of Tourism and Regional/Spatial Planning: Proceedings, Palma de Majorca, May 1999. Council of Europe, 2002.
Find full text
11
Rao, Prasada. Welfare Comparisons with Heterogeneous Prices, Consumption, and Preferences. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.25.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter provides an overview of the methods and techniques employed by economic statisticians in compiling measures of real expenditure for use in making temporal and spatial comparisons of economic welfare. The role of money-metric utility in making price and welfare comparisons is explored. Temporal measures of price change based on the Konus cost-of-living index and the associated measures of welfare change for individuals and groups of individuals are discussed. Links between the commonly used Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher, and Tornqvist index numbers and the Konus index-based measures of price and real expenditure change are established. A section of the chapter is devoted to spatial price comparisons where heterogeneity in prices, consumption, and preferences poses challenges for statisticians. Multilateral index number methods based on the money-metric utility used in spatial and cross-country price and welfare comparisons including the Geary, Gini-Éltetö-Köves-Szulc, and spatial chaining methods are canvassed.
12
Klabunde, Anna. Computational Economic Modeling of Migration. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.41.
Full textAbstract:
In this chapter an agent-based model of endogenously evolving migrant networks is developed to find and estimate the size of determinants of migration and return decisions. Individuals are connected by links, the strength of which declines over time and distance. Methodologically speaking, this chapter combines parameterization using data from the Mexican Migration Project with calibration. It is shown that expected earnings, an idiosyncratic home bias, network ties to other migrants, strength of links to the home country, and age have a significant impact on circular migration patterns over time. The model can reproduce spatial patterns of migration as well as the distribution of the number of trips of migrants. It can also be used for computational experiments and policy analysis.
13
Andresen, Martin. GIS and Spatial Analysis. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.33.
Full textAbstract:
The importance of spatial-temporal dimension(s) within environmental criminology has made the use and applications of geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial analysis rather widespread. This chapter covers some of the principles and advancements in the use of crime mapping and spatial analysis to study the spatial distribution of crime, primarily through the lens of environmental criminology. Crime mapping is defined as the spatial representation of crime (in the context of criminal events) on a map. Consequently, in order to do so, one must have geographic coordinates for each criminal event to place it on a map. There are three primary ways in which spatially referenced data can be presented: points, lines, and areas. Most often, criminal event data are represented as points (dot maps) or areas (census tracts or neighborhoods, for example), but maps considering lines (street segments) are becoming more commonplace.
14
Buchler, Justin. Incremental Polarization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book provides a unified spatial model of legislative elections, parties, and roll call voting to address three primary questions: why do legislators adopt extreme positions, how do they win given their extremism, and what role do parties play in promoting polarization? The book links spatial models of elections to spatial models of roll call voting in the legislature, and suggests that the key to understanding polarization is to reverse the order of conventional models and place the legislative session before the election because legislators adopt positions in the policy space, extreme or otherwise, through the incremental process of casting roll call votes. Linking a spatial model of an election to a model of roll call voting, the book derives the following. When a legislative caucus is ideologically homogeneous, electorally diverse, and policy motivated, it will empower party leaders to solve the collective action problem of sincere voting by counterbalancing members’ electoral pressure to vote as centrists. The result is that the caucus achieves policy goals at the cost of some electoral security, but agenda paradoxes minimize the electoral damage done, so most incumbents win re-election anyway at only slightly diminished margins. This model explains the development of polarization in the House of Representatives throughout the post–World War II period, and key votes on legislation such as the Affordable Care Act. Moreover, even the unusual politics within the Republican Party during the divided government period from 2011 through 2016 follow naturally from extensions of the model.
15
Spence, Charles. Orienting Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.015.
Full textAbstract:
The last 30 years or so have seen a rapid rise in research on attentional orienting from a crossmodal perspective. The majority of this research has tended to focus on the consequences of the covert orienting of attention (either to a sensory modality or spatial location) for both perception and neural information processing. The results of numerous studies have now highlighted the robust crossmodal links that exist in the case of both overt and covert, and both exogenous and endogenous spatial orienting. Neuroimaging studies have started to highlight the neural circuits underlying such crossmodal effects. Researchers are increasingly using transcranial magnetic stimulation in order to lesion temporarily putative areas within these networks; the aim of such research often being to determine whether attentional orienting is controlled by supramodal versus modality-specific neural systems that are somehow linked (this is known as the ‘separable-but-linked’ hypothesis). The available research demonstrates that crossmodal attentional orienting (and multisensory integration—from which it is sometimes hard to distinguish) can affect the very earliest stages of information processing in the human brain.
16
Brönmark, Christer, and Lars-Anders Hansson. Food Web Interactions in Freshwater Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713593.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter on food web interactions connects the organisms and their interactions with the abiotic frame and provides a helicopter perspective on the function of freshwater ecosystems. Initially, the theoretical basis for an ecosystem approach is outlined, including food web theory, the bottom-up and top-down concepts and how these have evolved in concert with empirical advances. Specifically, the concepts of cascading trophic interactions and alternative stable states are discussed both from a theoretical and empirical viewpoint, as well as in both benthic and pelagic habitats. This chapter links all components, from microbes to vertebrates, to temporal and spatial changes in abiotic features leading to successional patterns in populations and communities.
17
Billon, Philippe Le. The Geography of Resource Wars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.331.
Full textAbstract:
“Resource wars” refer to the linkages between armed conflict and access to natural resources.Geographically, these wars are frequently represented through world maps of “strategic resources,” combining the physical scarcity and non-substitutability of resources with their uneven spatial distribution and relative geopolitical location to pinpoint “hot-spots.” Yet perspectives on the links between war and resources are much broader than the continuation of resource policies through the use of military force. Similarly, the geographical dimensions of, and geographical perspectives on, these links are more diverse than maps of “strategic” materials. Classical geopolitical perspectives have most frequently linked the concept of resource war to interstate conflicts over the supply of strategic resources, giving way to a narrow and militaristic notion of “resource security.” To explain potential relations between resources and wars, political economy perspectives have articulated three main arguments about resources: an institutional weakening effect increasing vulnerability to conflict, a motivational effect increasing the risk of armed conflict, and an opportunity effect associated with resources financing belligerents. The other set of perspectives originates from political science and development economics studies, and is based on the assumption that the significance of resources in wars is largely rooted in questions of resource scarcity, abundance, or dependence.
18
Trentmann, Frank. Material Histories of the World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768784.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
The modern world has involved an unprecedented ballooning of stuff. How can historians make sense of this massive surge? This chapter offers some conceptual and methodological tools and suggestions. Instead of opting for either micro or macro histories, it argues that we need to move between these scales to capture, analyse, and explain the forces that drive greater consumption. The chapter links locally situated material culture with the aggregate global analysis of material flows. It discusses the influence of empire and political economy on taste, norms, and conventions and reflects on the dynamics of demand in contemporary societies by showing how everyday practices, energy systems, and networked infrastructures are interdependent and need to be studied together. It challenges a neat separation between demand and supply and calls on historians to straddle different spatial scales of the material world.
19
Williams, James Gordon, and Robin D. G. Kelley. Crossing Bar Lines. University Press of Mississippi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496832108.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book provides an interpretive framework for understanding how African American creative improvisers think of musical space. Featuring a Foreword by eminent scholar Robin D.G. Kelley, this is the first critical improvisation studies book that uses Black Geographies theory to examine the spatial values of musical expression in the improvisational and compositional practices of trumpeters Terence Blanchard and Ambrose Akinmusire, drummers Billy Higgins and Terri Lyne Carrington, and pianist Andrew Hill. Bar lines in this book serve as a notational and spatial metaphor for social constraints connected to systemic and structural white supremacy. Crossing them therefore applies not only to conceptions of Black spatiality in musical practices but also to how African American musicians address structural barriers to fight the social injustices that obstruct freedom and full citizenship for African Americans and other marginalized groups. Defined by both liminal and quotidian reality, Black musical space, like Black feminist thought, is about theorizing through the lived experiences of Black people which reflect different genders, sexual identities, political stances, across improvisational eras. Using this theory of Black musical space, the book explains how these dynamic musicians explicitly and implicitly articulate humanity through compositional and improvisational practices, some of which interface with contemporary social movements like Black Lives Matter. Consequently, Crossing Bar Lines not only fills a significant gap in the literature on African American, activist musical improvisation and contemporary social movements, but it gives the reader an understanding of the complexity of African American musical practices relative to fluid political identities and sensibilities.
20
Golinkoff, Roberta Michnick, Nora S. Newcombe, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, and Brian N. Verdine. Link between Spatial and Mathematical Skills across the Preschool Years. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017.
Find full text
21
Schiller, Dan. Networked Production and Reconstructed Commodity Chains. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038761.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines how networks led to the spatial restructuring of commodity chains during the 1970s. It shows how renewed intercapitalist competition, as Japan and Germany were rebuilt, as well as fluctuations in exchange rates and national policies—adopted to appease strong industrial working classes and to protect domestic capital—fed a new phase of capitalist globalization. In turn, capitalist globalization forged a variety of new links in commodity chains and radical changes in production and trade. The chapter also considers how the information and communications technology (ICT) industry helped pioneer the trend to parcelized production systems, intracorporate trade, and exports back to the wealthiest markets. Finally, it looks at the case of the automobile industry to illustrate how digital technology was repeatedly absorbed by the manufacturing industry and to connect capitalist globalization to a planetary recomposition of the wage-earning class. It argues that network-enabled reorganization of production systems and of the labor process contributed to chronic wage repression.
22
Duve, Thomas. Spatial Perceptions, Juridical Practices, and Early International Legal Thought around 1500. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198768586.003.0021.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter surveys the legal practice of drawing demarcation lines between 1479 and 1529 and illustrates that considering the changing knowledge about space is an important element for writing the history of international law. Important advances in cartography and changing spatial perceptions around 1500 clearly impacted international legal thought. The practice of drawing demarcation lines around 1500 can be understood as a blending of traditional practices, empirical observations, and new scientific knowledge. What has been called a ‘rationalization of space’ was a complex and slow process that built upon tradition, and existing practices and went hand in hand with explorations and experimental knowledge-creation by measurements.
23
Dorff, Cassy, Shahryar Minhas, and Michael D. Ward. Latent Networks and Spatial Networks in Politics. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.11.
Full textAbstract:
Network analysis is a growing field in political science, with topics ranging from the study of individual actors in congressional networks to international war between countries. This chapter briefly summarizes the history of network analysis, the barriers facing previous approaches, and current innovations, with an emphasis on latent variable approaches. These approaches provide an organic link to the consideration of spatial networks, also discussed in detail. These innovations expand researchers’ ability to capture the many different facets of network-motivated questions, including how networks evolve or how spatial proximity determines network ties. The chapter concludes with a brief comparison of two major types of latent variable models and their relation to other network approaches commonly used in political science.
24
Thompson, John D. Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835141.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean: Insights for conservation brings together a diverse literature on the Mediterranean flora in a detailed but synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central themes of ecological dynamics and evolutionary differentiation are developed at two spatial scales: habitat variation across the landscape and biogeographic processes across the Mediterranean. The history of the Mediterranean region is at the heart of this account and is described within a triptych that links geological and climatic history to the advent and history of human activities. The Mediterranean region is a hotspot of plant biodiversity, a key ingredient of which is its richness in endemic species. A primary question motivating this book concerns the role of historical factors and spatial environmental variation in the evolution of endemism. The Mediterranean landscape is a mosaic of ecological conditions, often with variation over short distances. A second focus is on the ecological and historical factors that mediate dispersal, reproduction, and adaptive trait variation in this mosaic landscape. With an ever-growing human footprint on the Mediterranean region, this book addresses a third major theme concerning the vulnerability and conservation of the flora. Alongside a traditional approach to rare species and protected area management, the book argues for the integration of the loss of evolutionary potential as a priority in conservation policy and practice. This accessible text is aimed at students and researchers in plant evolution, ecology, biogeography, and conservation science. It will be of interest to scientists and natural history societies worldwide.
25
Williams, Justin. Theorizing the Non-human through Spatial and Environmental Thought. Edited by Teena Gabrielson, Cheryl Hall, John M. Meyer, and David Schlosberg. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685271.013.38.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores the relationship between environmental thought and geographic spatial theory. Both lines of thought problematize the role of non-humans in political and ethical life. Although both environmental and spatial thinkers argue for a dynamic exchange between humans and nature, the environment, the built environment, or their non-human surroundings, they tend to focus on different elements of those non-human surroundings and deploy different conceptual frameworks to analyze them. Additionally, environmental thinkers attend more to the ability of the non-human world to thwart, interfere with, or otherwise constitute social action, a trend that, when combined with spatial thinkers’ broad understanding of non-humans and developed conceptual categories, such as place and scale, can produce richer, fuller accounts of how non-humans figure into political life.
26
Salillas, Elena, and Carlo Semenza. Mapping the Brain for Math. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.046.
Full textAbstract:
Brain stimulation techniques allow for the search of crucial areas for a given function. Not always convergent with neuroimaging, TMS studies have targeted parietal areas critical for quantity representation, spatio-numerical links, numerical and non-numerical quantity, finger gnosis and calculation. TMS data indicate the intraparietal sulcus and surrounding areas in the left and right hemisphere as crucial for quantity processing, although left hemisphere might be dominant. Bilateral parietal loci are essential for calculation and bilateral parietal areas are behind the spatio-numerical link, which extends to frontal and posterior parietal sites. DCE studies to date have focused on the dominant hemisphere, have used calculation tasks and have found both dissociation and overlap between operations. An integrative view of positive findings and a focus on convergence and possible improvement is proposed. Although regularities are found between these techniques, more research is needed before arriving at conclusions that will have basic and clinical importance.
27
Ray, Ranjan. The Link between Preferences, Prices, Inequality, and Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812555.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This paper documents the shift in the literature on prices from being exclusively a macro-topic featuring in the study of inflation, national income accounting, and cross-country income comparisons to one that is firmly rooted in micro-involving economic analysis of household behaviour, welfare, and the distributional implications of changes in relative prices. This paper brings together results from some of the recent studies on Indian National Sample Survey data that examine the effect of price changes on inequality and poverty. It also contains evidence on spatial prices in the context of a large heterogeneous country such as India.
28
Ruiter, Stijn. Crime Location Choice. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.20.
Full textAbstract:
Crime is unevenly distributed in space. This chapter discusses the uneven spatial patterns in crime from an offender decision-making perspective. It describes the main theoretical perspectives in environmental criminology (the rational choice perspective, routine activity approach, and crime pattern theory) and reviews the empirical research with an emphasis on studies that have used a discrete spatial choice framework for analyzing individual crime location choices. The strength of the discrete spatial choice framework, several of its assumptions, and its link with random utility maximization theory are discussed. The chapter concludes with several challenges for future crime location choice research, including challenges regarding temporal aspects of criminal decision making, planned versus opportunistic crimes, and solved versus unsolved crimes.
29
Tseloni, Andromachi, Nick Tilley, and Graham Farrell. Victimization Surveys in Environmental Criminology. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.23.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides examples of the ways in which victimization surveys have been used in environmental criminology to identify spatial distributions of crime and to test and refine hypotheses that speak to these distributions. It first makes some initial remarks on the variations in victimization surveys, which clearly affect what can be concluded from them with what confidence about differing forms of spatial contribution. It then provides three examples showing how national victimization surveys have been used to develop, test, and refine hypotheses drawn from environmental criminology that relate to spatial distributions of various crimes that link back to individual activity patterns. This is followed by a discussion of the benefits and limitations of victimization surveys in environmental criminology.
30
Buchler, Justin. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Spatial theory is divided between models of elections and models of roll call voting, neither of which alone can explain congressional polarization. This chapter discusses the history of spatial theory, why it is important to link the two strands of spatial models, and the value of reversing the order of conventional models. Conventional models place an election before policy decisions are made. This chapter proposes a unified spatial model of Congress in which the conventional order is reversed. First, there is a legislative session, then an election in which voters respond retrospectively, not to the locations candidates claim to hold, but to the bundles of roll call votes that incumbents cast to incrementally adopt their locations in the policy space. Such a model is best suited to explaining three puzzles: why do legislators adopt extreme positions, how do they win, and what role do parties play in the process?
31
Strecker, Amy. Landscape Protection in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826248.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book explores the various avenues—institutional, substantive, and procedural—for the protection of landscape in international law. Since the inclusion of ‘cultural landscapes’ within the scope of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention in 1992, landscape has gained increasing importance at the international level. ‘Cultural landscapes’ were intended to give recognition to the intangible and associative values attached to certain landscapes, to sustainable agricultural practices, and to ‘people and communities’—essentially the human dimension of landscape. This shift came full circle with the adoption of the European Landscape Convention (ELC) in 2000. The European Landscape Convention conceives of landscape above all as a people’s landscape and accordingly, provides for the active participation of the public in the formulation of plans and polices. It not only focuses on outstanding landscapes, but also on the everyday and degraded landscapes where most people live and work. This brings ‘landscape’ back to its early etymological origins—when it corresponded to a close up, human perspective—and has a number of implications for human rights, democracy, and spatial justice. How does international law, which deals for the most part with universality, deal with something so region-specific and particular as landscape? What is the legal conception of landscape and what are the various roles played by international law in its protection? This book assesses the institutional framework for landscape protection, analyses the interplay between landscape and human rights, and links the etymology and theory of landscape with its articulation in law.
32
Tolskaya, Inna. Nanosyntax of Russian Verbal Prefixes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter addresses the problem of widespread polysemy of Russian verbal prefixes and argues that multiple instantiations of a single prefix share a core conceptual meaning and receive the specific denotations as a function of its syntactic position. A link is demonstrated between the inner structure of a prefix and the PP complement of the prefixed verb, illustrated by five polysemous prefixes that demonstrate an asymmetry in admitting PP complements. Although goal prefixes allow only a goal PP, the more complex source prefixes are compatible with both source and goal, and even more route prefixes are compatible with both source and goal, in addition to route complements. Although the source–goal asymmetry has been pointed out for spatial prefixes before, the fact that the same asymmetry holds for nonspatial use is new and exciting and points to a structural identity of the spatial and nonspatial uses of a prefix.
33
van Dijck, Jean-Philippe, Véronique Ginsburg, Luisa Girelli, and Wim Gevers. Linking Numbers to Space. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.020.
Full textAbstract:
Several psychophysical and neuropsychological investigations suggest that the processing of number and spatial information is strongly associated. A popular account argues that this association has its origin in the underlying mental representation of numbers taking the form of a horizontally-orientated mental number line, which is isomorphic to the representation of physical lines. Recently, however, several alternative explanations have been put forward. We describe those theories and argue that no current account is on itself able to explain the full range of observations. To do this, a hybrid account is proposed which takes into account the underlying representation, but emphasizes the processing mechanisms required by the task at hand.
34
Shamma, Yasmine. Joe Brainard’s Collaged Spaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808725.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Brainard was not only an illustrator and friend to many New York School poets, he was also an avid letter writer, collage artist, miniature artist, cartoonist, and serious poet. How is contemporary poetry involved in an overlooked dialogue with collage art? This chapter suggests a general tendency towards assembly across the disciplines of text and image which govern both first- and second-generation New York School aesthetics. This chapter showcases how Brainard’s work instigates and propels the collaged poetry of The New York Schools from the real and influential side-lines of their poems? This examination of Brainard’s work argues that though his work sat in the margins of New York School poetry, it informingly lined, bound, and shaped the spatial poetics of this avant-garde American school.
35
Blatt, Ari J., and Edward Welch, eds. France in Flux. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941787.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The look and feel of metropolitan France has been a notable preoccupation of French literary and visual culture since the 1980s. Numerous writers, filmmakers and photographers have been drawn to articulate France’s contrasting spatial qualities, from infrastructural installations such as roads, rail lines and ports, to peri-urban residential developments and isolated rural enclaves. In doing so, they explore how the country’s acute sense of national identity has been both asserted and challenged in topographic terms. This wide-ranging collection of essays explores how the contemporary concern with space in France has taken shape across a range of media, from recent cinema, documentary filmmaking and photographic projects through to television drama and contemporary fiction, and examines what it reveals about the state of the nation in a post-colonial and post-industrial age. The impact of global flows of capital, trade and migration can be mapped through attention to the specificities of place and topography. Investigation of liminal locations, from seaboard cities and abandoned industrial sites to refugee camps and peasant smallholdings, interrogates the assertion of a national territory (and thereby, a national identity) through the figure of the hexagon, and highlights the fluidities, instabilities and lines of flight which render it increasingly unsettled.
36
Connolly, Joy. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818489.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Throughout her life, Hannah Arendt was deeply and energetically engaged with Greek and Roman ideas, which she saw as sparking new, vital thinking about modern problems. The contemporary artist Tino Sehgal creates artworks out of dialogue that encourage participants to develop new lines of thought and conversation, in keen awareness of their evolving spatial and temporal relationship with one another. This chapter argues that Arendt and Sehgal build a new model for what we now typically call ‘classical reception’—a method of creative, purposive conservation that remembers Greek and Roman texts in their historical specificity even as it focuses on generating novel thought in and for the present time. In their view, to think is to think with—another person, another text, another culture—a treatment of thought as dialogue and, as I argue, an ethics of reading.
37
Pardue, Derek. Creole’s Historical Presences. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039676.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides historical depth to the claim of a Creole citizenship by analyzing the spatial presence of Africanity inside Lisbon as well as Portugal's special relationship with Cape Verde. It first discusses Creole's historical presences in Portugal before turning to state representations of Africanity and space. It then considers Creole citizenship in Cape Verde, along with Lisbon spatiality and colonial management of space, language, and education. It also examines Kriolu as a language and identity and as a unique formation in Portuguese colonialism. Finally, it assesses the link between racialization and labor practices in the context of citizenship. It argues that Creole has been a significant presence in the formation of “Portuguese” identity, created by encounters and displacements that occurred between Portugal and West and Central Western Africa.
38
Smith, Christen A. The Paradox of Black Citizenship. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039935.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses the politics of citizenship, blackness, and exclusion in Bahia, taking up the question of Afro-nationalism. It argues that black people confront visible and invisible human walls in their everyday attempts to access resources and dignity in the city, and these walls are often subtle, elusive, and guileful. The police and other residents tasked with maintaining security act as a border patrol that delineates the boundaries of the moral racial social order. Spatial practices of race performatively and theatrically press the black body to the margins of national belonging. Through these embodied practices, the state produces national frontiers of belonging along the cartographic lines of a racial hierarchy. The maintenance of racial democracy as a national ideology depends on the diffuse, mundane repetitions of violence in states, cities, and neighborhoods as well as the more spectacular moments of state terror that we associate with police violence.
39
Majumdar, Satya N. Random growth models. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.38.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses the connection between a particular class of growth processes and random matrices. It first provides an overview of growth model, focusing on the TASEP (totally asymmetric simple exclusion process) with parallel updating, before explaining how random matrices appear. It then describes multi-matrix models and line ensembles, noting that for curved initial data the spatial statistics for large time t is identical to the family of largest eigenvalues in a Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE multi-matrix model. It also considers the link between the line ensemble and Brownian motion, and whether this persists on Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble (GOE) matrices by comparing the line ensembles at fixed position for the flat polynuclear growth model (PNG) and at fixed time for GOE Brownian motions. Finally, it examines (directed) last passage percolation and random tiling in relation to growth models.
40
Talbot, Ian, and Tahir Kamran. Colonial Lahore. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190642938.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter one firstly discusses the spatial development of colonial Lahore with the creation of the Civil Lines, the Cantonment and the Mall. These areas contained such imposing new buildings as the GPO, the High Court and the Museum. Later the prestigious suburb of Model Town with its well-ordered streets, parks and bungalows was created. Secondly, the chapter looks at the migration to the city which led to its rapid growth in the colonial era. Lahore’s administrative importance, its commercial development and its emergence as the leading educational centre for North India provided the context for migration. The chapter reveals the role of migrants such as Lala Harkishen Lal in Lahore’s commercial activities and Lala Lajpat Rai in its institutional and cultural development. The role of migrants from Delhi such as Muhammad Hussain Azad and Altaf Hussain Hali is also discussed with respect to establishing the city as a major centre of Urdu culture.culture.
41
Clarke, Katherine. Walking through History. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744771.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores the idea that myths are a key element in the creation of landscape, whereby mere space is transformed into resonant place through the matrix of time. In spite of the local nature and uses of many mythical narratives, it is argued here that mobility is central to understanding the power and value of the mythical past. Not only do the travels of itinerant heroes link together mythical venues, but later travels, such as those of characters in Herodotus’ Histories or of authors themselves, illustrated by Pausanias, activate the resonances of the landscape and give it a temporal dimension by triggering mythical narratives associated with the places passed through. These narratives in turn evoke additional journeys which contribute to the creation of a spatial network that binds together the Mediterranean world. Thus, myth offers a medium through which past and present are linked across space.
42
Lewis, Martin W. Geographies. Edited by Jerry H. Bentley. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This article describes the link between history and various geographies. History and geography were once commonly regarded as sibling disciplines. Despite their long-recognized affinity, history and geography increasingly parted ways as academic professionalization and specialization strengthened during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Historians grew skeptical of the hard linkages that geographers of the time posited between historical development and the natural landscape. They also increasingly focused on national history, regarding the territories of nation-states as holistic totalities requiring little geographical attention. Geographers, for their part, disengaged from historical concerns as they turned increasingly to theory and method. In the latter decades of the twentieth century, the two disciplines began to shown some signs of reconvergence. Most geographers now recognize the need for historical contextualization, just as many historians have rediscovered the importance of spatial relations while discovering the utility of geographical methods.
43
Bickford, Tyler. Earbuds Are Good for Sharing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190654146.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter presents a detailed analysis of children’s practices of sharing earbuds with friends and peers. Portable music technologies mediate face-to-face relationships among schoolchildren, and the social links they support provide an intimate environment for interaction that mostly excludes adults. These face-to-face interactions using digital audio technologies challenge theoretical perspectives from two fields. First, a prominent view of sound technologies as progressively isolating individuals from one another fails entirely to account for children’s sociable practices. Second, while approaches to portable communication technologies increasingly do privilege communication among intimates, in their focus on communication at a distance they neglect the face-to-face connections in which these devices are embedded. Technology studies are also largely unconcerned with portable music listening as “new media,” accepting the view that portable music is isolating. The opposite is true for children, for whom music devices make connections in materially and spatially grounded face-to-face relationships.
44
Singha, Radhika. The Coolie's Great War. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197525586.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Though largely invisible in histories of World War one, over 550,000 men in the ranks of the Indian Army were followers or non-combatants. From porters and construction workers in the ‘Coolie Corps’, to ‘menial’ servants and those who maintained supply lines and removed the wounded from the battlefield, Radhika Singha draws upon their story to give the sub-continent an integral rather than ‘external’ place in this world –wide conflict. The labor regimes built on the backs of these 'coolies' had long sustained imperial militarism. This was particularly visible in the border infrastructures put in place by combinations of waged work, corvee, and, tributary labor.These work regimes, and the political arrangements which sustained them, would be bent to the demands of global war. This amplified trans-border ambitions and anxieties and pulled war zones closer home. Manpower hunger unsettled the institutional divide between Indian combatants and non-combatants. The ‘higher’ followers benefitted, less so the ‘menial’ followers, whose position recalled the dependency of domestic service and who included in their ranks the ‘untouchables’ consigned to stigmatised work. The book explores the experiences of the Indian Labor Corps in Mesopotamia and France and concludes with an exploration of the prolonged, complicated nature of the ‘end of the war’ for the sub-continent. The Coolie's Great War views the conflict unfolding over the world through the lens of Indian labor, bringing new social, spatial, temporal and sensory dimensions to the narrative.
45
Evelev, John. Picturesque Literature and the Transformation of the American Landscape, 1835-1874. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894557.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book examines the central role that the picturesque, a popular mode of scenery appreciation that advocated for an improved and manipulated natural landscape, played in the social, spatial, and literary history of mid-nineteenth-century America. It argues that the picturesque was not simply a landscape aesthetic, but also a discipline of seeing and imaginatively shaping the natural world that was widely embraced by bourgeois Americans to transform the national landscape in their own image. Through the picturesque, midcentury bourgeois Americans remade rural spaces into tourist scenery, celebrated the city streets as spaces of cultural diversity, created new urban public parks, and made suburban domesticity a national ideal. This picturesque transformation was promulgated in a variety of popular literary genres, all of which focused on landscape description and inculcated readers into the protocols of picturesque visual discipline as social reform. Many of these genres have since been dubbed “minor” or have even been forgotten in our literary history, but the ranks of the writers of this picturesque literature include those from the most canonical (Hawthorne, Melville, Thoreau, Emerson, and Poe) to major authors of the period who are now less familiar to us (such as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Lydia Maria Child, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Margaret Fuller) to those who are now completely forgotten. Individual chapters of the book link picturesque literary genres to the spaces that the genres helped to transform and, in the process, create what is recognizably our modern American landscape.
46
Perkins, Alisa. Muslim American City. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479828012.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Muslim American City studies how Muslim Americans test the boundaries of American pluralism as a model for secular inclusion. This ethnographic work focuses on the perspectives of both Muslims and non-Muslims in Hamtramck, Michigan, a small city situated within the larger metro Detroit region that has one of the highest concentrations of Muslim residents of any US city. Once famous as a center of Polish American life, Hamtramck’s now has a population that is at least 40 percent Muslim. Drawing attention to Muslim American expressions of religious and cultural identity in civic life—particularly in response to discrimination and gender stereotyping—the book questions the popular assumption that the religiosity of Muslim minorities hinders their capacity for full citizenship in secular societies, a viewpoint that has long played into hackneyed arguments about the supposed incompatibility between Islam and democracy. The study approaches the incorporation of Yemeni, Bangladeshi, and African American Muslim groups in Hamtramck as a social, spatial, and material process that also involves well-established Polish Catholic, African American Christian, and other non-Muslim Hamtramck residents. Extending theory on group identity, boundary formation, gender, and space-making, the book examines how Hamtramck residents mutually reconfigure symbolic divides in public debates and everyday exchanges, including and excluding others based on moral identifications or distinctions across race, ethnicity, and religion. The various negotiations of public space examined in this text advance the book’s main argument: that Muslim and non-Muslim co-residents expand the boundaries of belonging together, by engaging in social and material exchanges across lines of difference.
47
Belamarić, Josip, Dražen Pejković, and Ana Šverko. Istraživanja u urbanističkom planiranju : pedagoška bilježnica vol. 2 = Urban Planning Research : Pedagogical Notebook Vol. 2. Edited by Hrvoje Bartulović, Saša Begović, Dražen Pejković, Ana Šverko, and Ivana Vlaić. University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31534/9789536116850.
Full textAbstract:
The Second Pedagogical Notebook is a continuation of the first ‘notebook’, dedicated to the Urban Planning Research course. The course and the notebook were created by Prof. Ivana Šverko, with the aim of offering students of architecture in Split the basics of urban planning research in a Mediterranean context. The idea behind the pedagogical notebook is to contribute to the recognition of the research phase as an essential starting point in the entire, complicated process of urban planning and design, as well as an understanding of research methodologies in specific spatial and social conditions. One of the ideal real-world templates for realising this goal is Zrinsko- Frankopanska Street, which developed along one of the Split peninsula’s Roman centuriation lines. This street connects the historical southern city harbour with the newer, northern one. Zrinsko-Frankopanska is an exceptionally important city street, and along its length there are a range of buildings dating from the ancient period to the 21st century, with almost every historical period represented. It is here that the most diverse range of public facilities can be found. The students mapped, studied, and analysed this city street, using historical and morphological analysis of spatial connections, greenery, the relationship between the public and the private, the accessible and inaccessible spaces, purpose, urban equipment, and so on. In doing so, they also noted relevant everyday human activities such as disposing of rubbish, as well as things such as the position and content of graffiti. They also included morphography – the description of forms without reference to their sources and development process – in their analytical approach. After the research phase, the students were instructed to target the problems they detected by proposing improvements to the existing elements, or by redesigning them. They were also required to open up the possibility of alternate uses for the space, up to the point in the design process when an architect or designer would usually take over. By presenting the study of a specific segment in this book, we wish to help students consider the complexity of the urban tissue, define the basic urban elements, research development processes, the typological and morphological characteristics of constriction and, ultimately, to identify everything that constitutes the “urban space as a whole”. We wish to guide them so that with their unique knowledge and tools, and their inclusion of all the other relevant professions in the processes of urban planning, they can become architects with sound professional and ethical principles, and develop into a new generation of responsible city-builders.
48
Chapin, F. Stuart, Mark W. Oswood, Keith van Cleve, Leslie A. Viereck, and David L. Verbyla, eds. Alaska's Changing Boreal Forest. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154313.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The boreal forest is the northern-most woodland biome, whose natural history is rooted in the influence of low temperature and high-latitude. Alaska's boreal forest is now warming as rapidly as the rest of Earth, providing an unprecedented look at how this cold-adapted, fire-prone forest adjusts to change. This volume synthesizes current understanding of the ecology of Alaska's boreal forests and describes their unique features in the context of circumpolar and global patterns. It tells how fire and climate contributed to the biome's current dynamics. As climate warms and permafrost (permanently frozen ground) thaws, the boreal forest may be on the cusp of a major change in state. The editors have gathered a remarkable set of contributors to discuss this swift environmental and biotic transformation. Their chapters cover the properties of the forest, the changes it is undergoing, and the challenges these alterations present to boreal forest managers. In the first section, the reader can absorb the geographic and historical context for understanding the boreal forest. The book then delves into the dynamics of plant and animal communities inhabiting this forest, and the biogeochemical processes that link these organisms. In the last section the authors explore landscape phenomena that operate at larger temporal and spatial scales and integrates the processes described in earlier sections. Much of the research on which this book is based results from the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Here is a synthesis of the substantial literature on Alaska's boreal forest that should be accessible to professional ecologists, students, and the interested public.
49
Busuioc, Aristita, and Alexandru Dumitrescu. Empirical-Statistical Downscaling: Nonlinear Statistical Downscaling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.770.
Full textAbstract:
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Please check back later for the full article.The concept of statistical downscaling or empirical-statistical downscaling became a distinct and important scientific approach in climate science in recent decades, when the climate change issue and assessment of climate change impact on various social and natural systems have become international challenges. Global climate models are the best tools for estimating future climate conditions. Even if improvements can be made in state-of-the art global climate models, in terms of spatial resolution and their performance in simulation of climate characteristics, they are still skillful only in reproducing large-scale feature of climate variability, such as global mean temperature or various circulation patterns (e.g., the North Atlantic Oscillation). However, these models are not able to provide reliable information on local climate characteristics (mean temperature, total precipitation), especially on extreme weather and climate events. The main reason for this failure is the influence of local geographical features on the local climate, as well as other factors related to surrounding large-scale conditions, the influence of which cannot be correctly taken into consideration by the current dynamical global models.Impact models, such as hydrological and crop models, need high resolution information on various climate parameters on the scale of a river basin or a farm, scales that are not available from the usual global climate models. Downscaling techniques produce regional climate information on finer scale, from global climate change scenarios, based on the assumption that there is a systematic link between the large-scale and local climate. Two types of downscaling approaches are known: a) dynamical downscaling is based on regional climate models nested in a global climate model; and b) statistical downscaling is based on developing statistical relationships between large-scale atmospheric variables (predictors), available from global climate models, and observed local-scale variables of interest (predictands).Various types of empirical-statistical downscaling approaches can be placed approximately in linear and nonlinear groupings. The empirical-statistical downscaling techniques focus more on details related to the nonlinear models—their validation, strengths, and weaknesses—in comparison to linear models or the mixed models combining the linear and nonlinear approaches. Stochastic models can be applied to daily and sub-daily precipitation in Romania, with a comparison to dynamical downscaling. Conditional stochastic models are generally specific for daily or sub-daily precipitation as predictand.A complex validation of the nonlinear statistical downscaling models, selection of the large-scale predictors, model ability to reproduce historical trends, extreme events, and the uncertainty related to future downscaled changes are important issues. A better estimation of the uncertainty related to downscaled climate change projections can be achieved by using ensembles of more global climate models as drivers, including their ability to simulate the input in downscaling models. Comparison between future statistical downscaled climate signals and those derived from dynamical downscaling driven by the same global model, including a complex validation of the regional climate models, gives a measure of the reliability of downscaled regional climate changes.
50
Kelly, Phil. Defending Classical Geopolitics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.279.
Full textAbstract:
Three successive parts are presented within this article, all intended to raise the visibility and show the utility of classical geopolitics as a deserving and separate international-relations model: (a) a common traditional definition, (b) relevant theories that correspond to that definition, and (c) applications of certain theories that will delve at some depth into three case studies (the Ukrainian shatterbelt, contemporary Turkish geopolitics, and a North American heartland).The placement of states, regions, and resources, as affecting international relations and foreign policies, defines classical geopolitics. This definition emphasizes the application of spatially composed unbiased theories that should bring insight into foreign-affairs events and policies. Specifically, a “model” contains theories that correspond to its description. A “theory” is a simple sentence of probability, with “A” happening to likely affect “B.” Importantly, models are passive; they merely hold theories. In contrast, theories possess their own titles and perform actively when taken from such models.Various methodological challenges are presented: (a) combining concepts with theories, (b) estimating probability for testing theories, (c) claiming the “scientific,” (d) accounting for determinism, (e) revealing a dynamic environment for geopolitics, (f) separating realism from geopolitics, and (g) drawing classical geopolitics away from the critical. Certain theories that are placed within the geopolitical model are examined next: (a) heartlands and rimlands, (b) land and sea power, (c) choke points and maritime lines of communication, (d) offshore balancing, (e) the Monroe doctrine, (f) balances of power, (g) checkerboards, (h) shatterbelts, (i) pan-regions, (j) influence spheres, (k) dependency, (l) buffer states, (m) organic borders, (n) imperial thesis, (o) borders/wars, (p) contagion, (q) irredentism, (r) demography, (s) fluvial laws, (t) petro-politics, and (u) catastrophic events in nature. Additional theories apply elsewhere in the article as well.Of the three case studies, the Ukrainian shatterbelt represents the sole contemporary geopolitical configuration of this type, a regional conflict coupling with a strategic rivalry. Here, partisans of the civil war between the eastern and the western sectors of the country have joined with the Russians against the Europeans and Americans, respectively. Next, Turkey’s pivotal location has afforded it both advantages and disadvantages, a topic discussed at some length earlier in the article. Its “zero-problems” strategy of seeking positive relations with neighbors has now been forced to change tactics, reflective of new forces within and beyond the country. Finally, a North American heartland compares nicely to Halford Mackinder’s earlier Eurasia heartland thesis, with the American perhaps proving more stable, wealthy, and enduring, based in large part on its stronger geopolitical features.