Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spatial planning law'

This study investigates the relationship between law and space by focusing on the role of the land-use planning system in producing the space of Australian urban regions. The primary aim of the project is to demonstrate the significance of the theoretical and sociological framework of Henri Lefebvre for an emerging field of socio-legal studies concerned with the relationship between law and geography. To this point very few contributions to this field have considered the theoretical connections between law and space in any depth. This thesis demonstrates how Lefebvre's sophisticated theory of the socially produced nature of space can broaden the scope of 'law and geography' research. It does so through a detailed survey of Lefebvre's work and a deployment of his ideas in a series of inquiries into the production of space in Australia. This endeavour is pursued in two stages. Part I of the thesis begins by examining how explanatory models within the social sciences have become increasingly concerned with the spatial dimensions of social life. This 'spatial turn' is reflected in a small, but growing literature within socio-legal studies which focuses on the interdisciplinary connections between law and geography. However the theoretical foundations of this field remain underdeveloped. Through an analysis of Lefebvre's writings, this thesis identifies an anti-reductionist methodological approach to space and its social production. This is used to establish a theoretical framework for the study of the spatial dimensions of law. Part II of the thesis uses this framework to address two questions about the law-space relationship. The first of these is concerned with how law is involved in the production of space. This is considered through three linked studies of the production, planning and legal regulation of space. The starting point for this investigation is the geographical site of suburbia. Lefebvrean categories are used to redescribe Australian suburbia as a form of abstract space - simultaneously fragmented, homogeneous and hierarchically organised. The thesis then argues that the land-use planning system in the post-war decades played a significant role in the development of this form of settlement space, by adhering to a form of bureaucratic thinking that Lefebvre characterises as the rationality of habitat. This rationality embodied technocratic functionalism, a visualised formalism and a structural imposition of expert authority in planning decision-making. With the shift to a neoliberal state form in the last two decades, there have been significant changes to spatial planning. Through an analysis and critique of the Integrated Planning Act 1997 (Qld), it is demonstrated that under neoliberalism there has been a reformulation of the rationality of habitat. In particular, the Integrated Planning Act relies on two new formal strategies, the exchange form and the integrative form, in instituting its changes to planning practice. The exchange form abolishes the technique of land-use 'zoning' and increases the use of market mechanisms in the designation of spatial uses. The integrative form restructures the relationships between local and State government agencies and attempts to channel most forms of public participation into the early stages of policy formation. This thesis argues that rather than changing the spatial outcomes of land-use planning, by commodifying space and restructuring the hierarchies of state decision-making, the Integrated Planning Act will continue to reproduce the social relations of abstract space. The second question in Part II deals with how Lefebvre's ideas can contribute to critical thinking about public law in general. It is argued that while law plays a significant role as a producer of space through the planning system, processes of spatial production also shape and structure state institutions. Two areas of research which could benefit from a Lefebvrean theoretical framework are identified. The first area concerns explanations of the effects on public law of the reterritorialised state form that has emerged under neoliberalism. The second is the renewal of critical theory in public law. In particular, the thesis makes the case that the spatial contradiction between the use and exchange values that are attached to space, challenges the normative orthodoxy within public law scholarship which relies on the values of participation and accountability. This thesis contributes to socio-legal research in three important ways. Firstly, it uses Lefebvre's theoretical approach to develop a critical planning law, linking state planning to the process of the production of space. Secondly, the thesis uses Lefebvrean categories to link the study of public law to political struggles which surround spatial production. It suggests a new way for critical legal scholarship to conceptualise public law in terms of the relationship between state power and the inhabitance of space. Lastly, these inquiries demonstrate the importance and relevance of Lefebvre's social theory for the discipline of socio-legal studies. By grounding the concept of 'space' in material processes of production, a Lefebvrean approach provides an alternative to existing theoretical accounts within law and geography research and will deepen our understanding of the relationships between legal and spatial relations.

Public participation is a crucial component in environmental decision-making. The accepted wisdom is that participatory decision-making is a good thing. However, there is no single solution for designing and implementing public participation. The participation pattern in the marine planning context should be different from those applied in other decision-making processes in order to address the particular challenges and demands of marine management. Few studies have focused on public participation in marine planning, especially in the English marine planning context. This thesis fills this knowledge gap by studying public participation in English marine planning from theoretical, legal and empirical perspectives. This thesis addresses three research questions. First, what is the appropriate participation strategy for English marine planning? Second, to what extent does the current legal regime ensure effective public participation in marine planning and other marine-related decision-making? Third, how have the requirements for participation been implemented in marine planning practices? To investigate these questions, this thesis constructs a pluralist rationale for participation, including normative, substantive and instrumental dimensions, which fits the English marine planning context. The appropriate strategy for participation is identified. This strategy will contribute to fulfil the pluralist rationale for participation in marine planning process. The thesis also reviews the relevant legal framework at the international and domestic levels, to examine to what extent these legal regimes can support the implementation of public participation in the marine decision-making context. Finally, as a qualitative case study, the process and outcome of participation in producing the English East Inshore and Offshore Marine Plans are evaluated to reveal the deficiencies regarding participation in the English marine planning regime.

Magistro darbas skirtas specialiųjų planų ir kitų teritorijų planavimo dokumentų santykio teorinių ir praktinių problemų nagrinėjimui. Nuo pat Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo, planuojant teritorijas buvo susidurta su įvairiais iššūkiais. Reikėjo tinkamai sureguliuoti ir įtvirtinti teritorijų planavimo santykius, ko pasekoje, 1995 m. buvo priimtas Lietuvos Respublikos teritorijų planavimo įstatymas. Šis įstatymas nebuvo stabilus, nuolat kito. Pagrindinė problema buvo ta, kad nebuvo tinkamai sureguliuota teritorijų planavimo dokumentų, ypač specialiųjų planų teisinė galia ir jų tarpusavio santykis. Siekiant išspręsti praktikoje išryškėjusias problemas, buvo nuspręsta reformuoti teritorijų planavimo sistemą. Teritorijų planavimo reformos rezultatas buvo 2014 m. sausio 1 d. įsigaliojęs Teritorijų planavimo įstatymas, kuriame įtvirtinta nemažai naujovių, palengvinančių planavimą. Šiame įstatyme apibrėžta specialiojo teritorijų planavimo dokumentų teisinė galia, kuri apibrėžė šių dokumentų vietą visame teritorijų planavimo dokumentų komplekse. Tuo pačiu, įstatymų leidėjas padarė keletą teisinės galios išimčių, kurios galimai sąlygos tam tikrus konfliktus ateityje. Nepaisant to, naujos redakcijos Teritorijų planavimo įstatymą galima vertinti pozityviai. Įstatymų leidėjui iš esmės pavyko patobulinti teritorijų planavimo dokumentų sistemą ir, vertinant patį įstatymo tekstą, yra sudarytos teisinės prielaidos geresniam ir kokybiškesniam teritorijų planavimo reguliavimui.
Master thesis is dedicated to analyse theoretical and practical problems of special plans and their link between other spatial planning documents. Spatial planning has faced various challenges since the restoration of Lithuanian independence. It was necessary to regulate and consolidate relations of spatial planning. The result of this consolidation was the enactment of spatial legal act the Law on Zoning and Planning of the Republic of Lithuania in 1995. The Law on Zoning and Planning was volatile, unstable and caused many conflicts. The main problem of spatial planning statutory regulation was undefined legal power of special plans and obscure link among other spatial planning documents. In order to solve existing practical and theoretical problems it was decided to reform the legal system of spatial planning. The result of this reform was enactment of new version of the Law on Zoning and Planning of Republic of Lithuania, which came into force on 1st of January, 2014 and established numeruos innovations in spatial planning. This law finally defined the legal power of special plans and their position in the complex of spatial planning documents. At the same time, the legislator has made a few exceptions to the rule of this legal power which can possibly cause conflicts in the future. Nevertheless, the renewed version of the Law on Zoning and Planning can be assessed positively. The legislator has surely improved the system of spatial planning and created decent... [to full text]

The regulation of South African land use planning law is challenging; it is a field that is complex and not fully understood.1 One reason for the complexity in the past was the number of laws that were in force.2 Other factors include the number of authorities that are involved, the irregular implementation of the land use planning tools and the gap that is prevalent generally between planning theory and practise.34 The assortment of laws is implemented by authorities using land use planning tools.5 An array of land use planning tools, such as zoning and urban edge boundaries, are used in the planning process to distinguish the various aspects of development from one another. The combined English and Roman Dutch sources of our planning law passed down traditional land use planning devices such as: zoning schemes, subdivision and title deed restrictions.6 A range of unique South African tools, such as; guide plans, regional plans and urban structure plans were used for regional planning during apartheid times.7 Several new planning tools have been created since 1994 to give effect to changing policy, such as; land development objectives, environmental impact assessments (EIAs), integrated development plans (IDPs), spatial development frameworks (SDFs), the designation of different types of protected areas; urban edge lines and marine set back delineations.8 This thesis will analyse the status of the urban edge as a land use planning tool.

Planning law has a significant role to play in facilitating and governing development within a country. In South Africa, a shift has occurred from the utilisation of planning laws to regulating development, to facilitating it. A key area of this legal discipline is spatial planning, which determines the ideal utilisation and allocation of an area for certain land uses. The history of spatial planning in South Africa, and more specifically in the Western Cape, is an interesting one as the planning system that exists is fragmented and fraught with confusion. This has resulted in issues, confusion and conflicts which has resulted in numerous court cases. Previous attempts to reform the planning regime have proven to be somewhat unsuccessful as inherent challenges persist whilst new challenges have arisen. Prior to the introduction of the Constitution, spatial planning was utilised to promote Apartheid ideologies. In 1994 South Africa entered into a democratic era, entrenching equal rights and subjecting all laws to the Constitution. This had hefty impetus for spatial planning and its instruments which, to a large extent, were racially biased and therefore became unconstitutional. The legal regime governing spatial planning was tasked with addressing the ills of apartheid and simultaneously striving towards the goal of sustainable development. Issues and challenges have arisen, which have resulted in a fragmented and incoherent planning dispensation. These challenges and issues include the persistence of old order planning legislation and sector policies with activities operating parallel to the planning discipline. Consequently, there is overlap and confusion with regard to the purpose and legal status of spatial planning instruments. To address this at the national sphere, in 2013 contemporary planning reform was embarked upon, with the enactment of Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act 16 of 2013 (SPLUMA). In light of recent planning reform triggered by the commencement of SPLUMA, the aim of this dissertation is to determine if SPLUMA provides a more coherent legal regime governing spatial planning in South Africa. This is pursued by understanding the role spatial planning has had in South Africa, by determining the nature, scope and purpose that spatial planning under the legal regime prior to SPLUMA. During Apartheid a dichotomy of planning systems existed, where different areas were governed by different laws which were underpinned by racial segregation. This resulted in significant issues of fragmentation and confusion. The transition to democracy brought about significant changes to the legal landscape, including planning as the nature, scope and purpose of spatial planning was tasked with addressing the ills of apartheid and promoting sustainability. Although legislative reform was triggered by democracy, clarity of the legal framework governing spatial planning did not occur. One of the contributing factors of this was the persistence of old order legislation and the spatial planning instruments it provided for. The commencement of SPLUMA has triggered wholesale reform which aims to provide a more coherent legal regime governing spatial planning. Positive strides towards this are evident, including the uniform approach which is applicable throughout South Africa that SPLUMA adopts.

This PhD thesis in Spatial Planning argues for the importance of understanding the approaches to knowledge and rationalities embedded in spatially relevant decision-making. It emphasises the significance of seeing law as an empirical object of study for planning and environmental management. The Swedish development of wind power and 3G mobile infrastructures are used as cases to study these issues of principal interest. It is a compilation thesis consisting of a comprehensive introductory framework and five articles or chapters that have also been published elsewhere. The study is based on three main perspectives: Level of decision-making, legitimacy of different forms of knowledge involved in the process, and the sociolegal tension between formal law and its practical consequences. The thesis deals with problems stemming from the multi-level tensions in the planning and implementation that exist between the national, the regional and the local authorities. The legal context is analysed from the sociolegal perspective, in particular how the juridification of siting and permit conflicts determines what type of knowledge that can legitimately affect the decision-making and thereby set conditions for public participation. Finally, the thesis elaborates on the largely counterproductive results of the strong emphasis on “efficiency” in the revision of planning and permit processes for wind power and 3G-infrastructure, and what can be learnt from the experiences of the attempts at increasing efficiency. A combination of methods has been employed in the studies, and the data comes from a range of sources such as a large set of mast building permits, a sample of wind permit cases, as well as appealed permit cases. In addition, interviews have been conducted with judges from relevant courts, including regional handling officers who assess wind turbine applications. Legal documents such as preparatory work and licence conditions have also been analysed. The results show that there is a legal-rhetorical adaptation to the expert-based decision-making in court when permits are appealed. Further, the administrative levels interact poorly in the overall implementation. The national decisions, irrespective of the normative viewpoint of who should control the landscape planning, could be better informed of the preconditions at a local level that factually define the outcome of the implementation. The author, Stefan Larsson, holds a PhD in Sociology of Law, an LLM and is a sociolegal researcher who generally studies issues in the intersection of conceptual, sociolegal and technological change. The thesis has been supervised by Professor Lars Emmelin, The Swedish School of Planning, BTH, and co-supervised by Professor Karsten Åström, the Department of Sociology of Law, Lund University. The thesis is the result of research within the programme Tools for environmental assessment in strategic decision-making, MiSt, funded by The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the Centre for Work, Technology and Social Change at Lund University.

Full text available: http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=4587806&fileOId=4 588973

This thesis aims to demonstrate how the processes of gentrification and displacement are interrelated processes that invent new ways of perpetuating anti- blackness in the U.S. I demonstrate this through an engagement with Christina Sharpe’s (2016) analysis of the imagery of the wake, the ship, the hold, and the weather as axis points that position Black life in the afterlife of slavery—how the conditions of slavery are ongoing today—presenting the racist encounters at Lake Merritt as illustrative examples. In her most recent book, In the Wake: On Blackness and Being, Sharpe (2016) deploys an interdisciplinary approach to critically theorize Black subjection and grief through a Black feminist framework, offering care, or what she terms “wake work” as an anecdote to state-sanctioned anti-black violence. She turns to poetry, film, historical archives, and intimate personal experiences to thoroughly articulate how the past is not passed; I reveal how capitalist logic simultaneously structures media representations of Black people in ways that distort what we signify— monstrosity, threat, and criminal are three examples of this distortion—and fix abstract space in hegemonic spatial imaginaries through privatization and commodification. Most importantly, I turn to art and expression—prominent examples being “BBQ’N While Black” and "The Black Spatial Imaginary" as a community response to BBQ Becky and serial displacement in Portland, Oregon respectively—as resistance and examples of place-making practices that Black people have been engaged in historically to articulate their self-hood, belonging, and beauty through Black love. I strive to undertake this work with intentionality and care, which necessitates an undisciplined approach as academic disciplines have historically deployed methodologies that construct narratives on Blackness that reproduce colonial and anti-black violence.

Many economies throughout the world were devastated by the global financial crisis of 2007-2008. Ireland in particular experienced a severe collapse in its housing market. Despite the progression of European-influenced planning policy that was meant to promote balanced regional development in Ireland, the country's housing market vastly overbuilt, exacerbating a housing market crash that ended the Celtic Tiger era. Drawing on Europeanization and historical institutionalism as theoretical frameworks, this thesis argues that the link between these EU-influenced policy principles and local Irish planning practice was weak during an important phase of Ireland's economic growth. This conclusion is demonstrated through the analysis of a case study, McEvoy and Smith v. Meath County Council. The findings show that while Ireland's national government created an ambitious National Spatial Strategy modeled on EU principles, non-binding Regional Planning Guidelines allowed local authorities to continue granting zoning changes and permissions. These decisions were therefore uninhibited by the constraints of population projections, consideration for infrastructure provision, and overall good planning practice. This research calls into question the effectiveness of transferring policy principles from the EU to Member States. It suggests more generally that to implement policy and law successfully, policy makers must appreciate the societal and economic context in which these rules will operate.

Cette thèse propose une contribution de la géographie à la traduction spatiale de la loi Littoral. Depuis de nombreuses années, le littoral est devenu un espace sous pression. La loi no 86-2 du 03 janvier 1986 relative à l’aménagement, la protection et la mise en valeur du littoral est venue encadrer les usages du sol en bord de mer en autorisant le développement d’une urbanisation raisonnée tout en protégeant des espaces naturels. Afin de réglementer l’usage des espaces littoraux, par nature variés, cette « loi-cadre » a été volontairement conçue et rédigée avec des notions imprécises (l’agglomération, les espaces proches du rivage, les coupures d’urbanisation, etc.). Cette imprécision a fait et fait toujours l’objet de problèmes d’interprétation par les différents acteurs (les élus, les services de l’État, les propriétaires privés, etc.). L’esprit de la « loi Littoral » encourage à tenir compte des spécificités des territoires pour interpréter les notions de cette loi et les traduire dans les documents d’urbanisme. Dans ce contexte, la question de l’apport de la géographie dans l’interprétation de cette loi, notamment par la spatialisation de ces notions, se pose donc avec intérêt. L’hypothèse selon laquelle l’interprétation de la loi Littoral peut être éclairée par la « géographie juridique » est formulée. La thèse cherche à démontrer par des approches théoriques et méthodologiques que la géographie, au moyen de l’analyse spatiale et de la cartographie, permet d’apprécier ces notions en fonction des spécificités locales et des choix faits pour développer et préserver chaque territoire. Ainsi, l’utilisation de critères géographiques peut guider les acteurs vers une interprétation en adéquation avec la réalité des territoires. Dans cette optique, des outils et des méthodes de traitement de l’information spatiale sont utilisés à l’aide d’un système d'information géographique (SIG) pour cartographier des critères de géographie et tester différents seuils. La démonstration, mise en application sur des communes littorales bretonnes, met en avant que le choix des critères et des seuils dépend indéniablement du projet de territoire
This thesis proposes a contribution of geography to the spatial translation of the Coastal Law (Loi Littoral). For many years, the coast has become a space under pressure. Law No 86-2 of 3 January 1986 relating to coastal development, protection and enhancement was developed to regulate land uses on the seaside, thus allowing the development of a rational urbanisation while protecting natural areas. In order to regulate the usage of coastal areas, diverse in nature, this "framework law" was deliberately designed and written with imprecise notions (urban clusters, near-shore areas, gaps in urbanisation, etc.). This imprecision was and still is leading to problems of interpretation by different players (politicians, State services, private landowners, etc.). The spirit of the Coastal Law is to encourage the consideration of local specificities when interpreting the notions of this law and translating it into spatial planning documents. In this context, the question of the relevance of geography in the interpretation of the Coastal Law, including the spatial distribution of these notions, is therefore of interest.The assumption that the interpretation of the Coastal Law can be deepened by "legal geography" is thus formulated. The thesis seeks to demonstrate by theoretical and methodological approaches that geography, by means of spatial analysis and mapping, allows us to appreciate these notions on the basis of local conditions as well as the choices made to develop and preserve every land. Thus, the use of geographical criteria can guide stakeholders towards an interpretation in line with the reality of the territories. In this context, tools and methods for spatial information are used with the help of a geographic information system (GIS) to map the different criteria and test different thresholds. The demonstration, implemented on Breton coastal communities, highlights that the choice of criteria and thresholds is undeniably dependent of the territory's project

This study concerns the analysis of policy, and the statutory and regulatory impact of spatial planning on the land reform programme with emphasis on the land reform settlement plan (LSRP) of the Amathole District Municipality (ADM). There is a brief historical overview of the effect of the policy of spatial segregation in both rural and urban areas of the ADM. This study demonstrates, inter alia, the challenges faced by the ADM in both consolidating and physically integrating communities that were hitherto divided across racial lines. The critical question is whether the ADM has the ability to produce a Spatial Development Framework (SDF), which will be responsive to the needs of the region and serve as a catalyst in reversing the physical distortions caused by the land-planning legislation of the apartheid past. The greatest challenge lies in meeting the developmental aspirations of the Development Facilitation Act, 1995, the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, 2000 and the National Spatial Development Perspective, 2003. Chapter 1 deals with the purpose, research problem and the method of research, as well as the definition of terms used in this research and literature review. Chapter 2 deals with the evolution of central themes of spatial planning and land reform, spatial development plans and integrated development plans (IDPs), the alignment of Amathole SDF and Eastern Cape Spatial Development Plan and the co-ordination of spatial frameworks. Chapter 3 deals with the composition of the ADM and the evolution of the LRSP, as well as land-tenure reform programmes impacting on the Amathole Municipality region. This chapter analyses the settlement plan against spatial planning legislation, the issue of institutional arrangements and mechanisms of consolidated local planning processes. Chapter 5 deals with the thorny issue of participation of traditional leaders in municipal planning and the government’s land-reform programme. Despite the existence of legislation in this regard, implementation seems to pose some difficulties. This chapter also deals with the co-operative governance framework. Chapter 6 is a concluding chapter dealing with the gaps discovered in the Amathole Municipality in the light of existing legislation. Reference to cases is made to demonstrate the challenges confronting the ADM. One notable aspect is the issue of urban-rural dichotomy and how the two worlds are positioned in their competition for the use of space. It is evident from this research that the post-1994 policy and legislative framework and implementation machinery lacks capacity to change the current form of the apartheid city-planning paradigm, something which impacts immensely on the sustainability of the current human-settlement development programmes. Population dynamics in terms of migration are hugely driven by search for employment opportunities and better services. The efficiency and ability of the municipal spatial evelopment frameworks in directing and dictating the identification of development nodes in its juristic boundary informed by the overarching national policy and legislative framework is key in building a better South Africa.

Existing studies of household overcrowding in Sweden are often descriptive and examine patterns at a large scale. Levels of overcrowding have increased since the mid-1980s and the highest shares are found in the largest cities among residents with a low income, a migration background, living in rental apartments, and often with children. The aim of this thesis is to increase the understanding of the measurements of household overcrowding, its development over time, its spatial patterns and its determinants at a small-scale neighborhood level with application to the City of Stockholm. It examines how the associations between overcrowding and other neighborhood characteristics can be understood in different neighborhood settings and what the implications are of using different scales and definitions of overcrowding. Cluster, correlation and regression analyses have been conducted using administrative data aggregated to key code areas and city districts. The results demonstrate that there are two types of overcrowding within the City of Stockholm, which are spatially separated and associated differently with socio-economic, demographic and housing characteristics of neighborhoods. It is suggested that explanatory segregation theories related to preference and economic and discriminatory structures are needed to understand the uneven spatial distribution of overcrowding in the City of Stockholm.

Sustainable development of global marine resources has been the focus of various United Nations' agencies and coastal nations since World War II. As capture fisheries resources have come under pressure and perhaps reached their sustainable limit concern has been expressed over the ability to continue to meet the protein needs of expanding populations. One potentially significant contributor to addressing the food needs of the world is marine farming (mariculture). The expansion of marine farming in developing countries has been well-addressed in the literature, but marine farming in developed countries has received less attention. The traditional biophysical requirements of marine farming (sheltered clean water of appropriate depth) have led to conflicts with other users of the coastal environment. In the developed countries in particular, suitable sites are contested places of consumption (recreation, tourism) as well as production (capture fisheries). Moreover, the adjacent terrestrial land and water uses can significantly affect acceptability of marine farming. The avoidance of conflicts and the achievement of sustainable development in such settings are largely dependent on the systems of governance. In developed countries, these are often articulated through planning regimes and associated 'rights'. The global terrestrial planning response in the first two thirds of the 20th Century was dominated by a modernist approach to planning. In the later stages, a post-modern challenge coincided with the rise of neo-liberalism in many developed countries. Planning in New Zealand has shown a similar pattern. The extent to which modern, postmodern and neo-liberal approaches might have been manifest in the marine environment, especially with regard to marine farming, has received little attention. In most developed countries there has been an institutional separation between terrestrial and marine administrative agencies that has resulted in conflict between these agencies and between the regimes they work within and help create. Integrated Coastal Management emerged as a response to this situation and had become the dominant planning regime for coastal resources by the last decade of the 20th Century. It was largely uncritically promoted and accepted, especially by United Nations and coastal state government agencies. These themes provide the broad theoretical and practical context for this thesis. Since the 1970s, there has been a revolutionary break in New Zealand's resource management from a centralized command and control style of modernist planning to a neo-liberal, planning regime characterised by elements of modernism and postmodernism. Concurrently it has revamped, but failed to integrate, coastal and fisheries management and planning. Ironically, each of the resulting primary marine resource management statutes (the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) and the Fisheries Act 1983/1996 (FA83/96)) is considered to implement a world-leading model. Marine farming lies at the interface between the regimes created by these and preceding Acts and the nature of the regimes is explored in relation to marine farming. The development of the regimes and the rationale for them is set out with the aid of Scott's (1989, 2000b) axial model of the characteristics of a property right. The thesis groups the development of the New Zealand planning regimes for marine farming into four era: pre-modern (1866-1964), proto-modern (1964-1971), modern (1971-1991), and transitional (1991-2001). The evolution of the industry is shown largely to follow a generalized model of the industry in developed countries. This suggests that the nature of the property rights available for marine farming in New Zealand is not of great significance in the general development of the industry. The planning regime, however, significantly affects the spatial pattern of development of the industry. An analysis of provisions for marine farms in various plans suggests quite different planning 'styles' and approaches have been adopted in different parts of the country at different times. A Geographic Information System of all individual marine farms in New Zealand is developed to the stage where it can be combined with other data to investigate the spatial patterns that have evolved in New Zealand. A typology of patterns of farm arrangement in relation to other farms is apparent from the resultant mapped information. These patterns are shown to represent the outcomes of a combination of competing rights and the responses of and to the contemporaneous planning regimes. The consequences of adopting different styles of planning are apparent. This macro-level research is extended to the micro-level by an exploration of variables affecting the individual farmer's locational decisions. A national postal questionnaire survey of marine farm owners yielded 148 usable responses (32% response rate). Inferential statistical analytical tools were used to test the significance of relationships between particular variables. Multivariate analyses were used to cluster the respondents and the variables and to search for latent factors. These analyses supported field interview findings with regard to the importance of particular variables, especially planning regimes in directing the location and nature of marine farming. The results enabled development of a descriptive model for exploring and comparing the quality of different means of acquiring marine space for marine farming. The analyses also confirmed that significant changes were occurring within the structure of the industry. Analysis of the field interviews, maps, policy documents, Environment Court decisions and other secondary material shows the major capture fishing companies are increasingly dominating the industry. There was a notable presence of a category of 'entrepreneur site developers' exploiting the neo-liberal nature of the planning regimes of the 1990s to open up new areas for marine farming on scales unprecedented in the rest of the world. The consequent race for space has met with stiff resistance from the capture fishing industry, but more especially from the recreational sector. This has led to significant transaction costs. The Government response, a partial moratorium on marine farm development in November 2001, is shown to emulate the modernist command and control style of planning of twenty years earlier and to signal a failure of neo-liberal ideology to meet the needs of the industry and the public at large.

The thesis of the construction in the Andorran Law has been focused on the study of the building law in the Principality of Andorra. Throughout seven chapters, introductory aspects on urban planning and building are analyzed, from the historical and institutional perspective; The analysis and control of the building and use of the land through the license; Works without a license or in contravention of the license. The general Principles of law applicable to administrative infractions and penalties; Urban infractions; Administrative penalties in urban planning and finally inspection and judicial aid. All this with brushstrokes of comparative law, but, without being able to talk about a Thesis of comparative law. The ius aedificandi in the Principality of Andorra would not be understood without an analysis of the historical situation of the urban planning and land management in Andorra. As a result of all this and of the juridical reflections that take form along the present doctoral thesis, with the analysis of actions carried out in other European microconditions like the Principality of Monaco or the Republic of San Marino, they lead the author to a series of conclusions in which solutions are contributed also to formal and structural existing problems in the current juridical Andorran arrangement. The legal contributions of this thesis do not want to be in any case a rupture with the current administrative urban regulation, since the Principality of Andorra has not been formed on continuous ruptures but has historically (R) EVOLVED (if it´s allowed the antagonism of the two terms) slowly, but steadily, for seven centuries to the present day.
La Tesi L’edificació en el dret andorrà se centra en l’estudi sobre el dret edificatori al Principat d’Andorra. Al llarg de set capítols s’analitzen aspectes introductoris sobre l‘urbanisme i l’edificació, des de la vessant històrica i institucional; L’anàlisi i control de l’edificació i ús del sòl a través de la llicència; Les obres sense llicència o contravenint la llicència; Els principis generals del dret aplicables en les infraccions i sancions administratives; Les infraccions urbanístiques; Les sancions administratives en matèria urbanística i finalment la inspecció i l’auxili judicial. Tot plegat amb pinzellades de dret comparat, però, sense que es pugui parlar d’una tesi de dret comparat. El ius aedificandi al Principat d’Andorra no s’entendria sense una anàlisi de la situació històrica de l’urbanisme i ordenació del territori a Andorra. Tot plegat, i fruit de les reflexions jurídiques que es plasmen al llarg de la present tesi doctoral, amb anàlisi d’actuacions portades a terme en altres microestats europeus com el Principat de Mònaco o la República de San Marino, porten a l’autor a una sèrie de conclusions en les que també s’aporten solucions a problemes formals i estructurals, que es fan palesos en l’actual ordenació jurídica andorrana. Les aportacions jurídiques d’aquesta tesi, no volen ser en cap cas un trencament amb la regulació administrativo-urbanística actual, atès que el Principat d’Andorra no s’ha format a base de trencaments, sinó que històricament ha (R)EVOLUCIONAT (si es permet l’antagonisme dels dos termes) de forma lenta, però constant, durant set centúries fins arribar a l’actualitat.

La cohésion territoriale a fait son apparition dans le droit de l’Union à l’ex article 16 TCE aux côtés des SIEG. Elle a connu une consécration dans le droit primaire de l’Union avec son érection au rang d’objectif de l’Union européenne en devenant la troisième dimension de la politique de cohésion aux côtés de la cohésion économique et sociale. Cette nouvelle place dans le droit primaire n’est pas sans poser des questions sur la normativité de ce nouvel objectif et plus largement de sa place dans l’ordre juridique de l’Union. La principale difficulté réside aujourd’hui dans sa définition et ses modalités d’expression et d’intervention. Le Livre vert de la Commission européenne de 2008 consacré à la cohésion territoriale a eu le mérite de mettre l’objectif en perspective en lui donnant une concrétisation à travers essentiellement la politique régionale, mais également plus largement par la nécessaire coordination des politiques à impact territorial. Cette thèse a pour objectif de mettre en lumière les expressions de la cohésion territoriale, appelée à se développer avec la mise en œuvre du traité de Lisbonne. La cohésion territoriale peut également se fonder sur de nombreux autres principes juridiques, à l’image du principe de subsidiarité, pour se doter d’une normativité dans le droit matériel de l’Union, du travail législatif et réglementaire à la mise en œuvre des politiques sectorielles sur le territoire de l’Union. La cohésion territoriale peut enfin s’appuyer sur le droit institutionnel de l’Union et sur le rôle croissant des collectivités infraétatiques pour faire entendre la voie d’une solidarité territoriale dans le modèle d’intégration européenne
The territorial cohesion appeared in the European Union law at the ex article 16 TCE beside the SIEG. It knew a consecration in the primary european Union law with its erection to the rank of objective of the European Union, becoming the third dimension of the cohesion policy beside the economic and social cohesion. This new place in the primary law is not without asking questions on the normativity of this new objective and more widely its place in the legal order of the european Union. The main difficulty is based on its definition and its modalities of expression and intervention today. The green Book of the European Commission of 2008 dedicated to the territorial cohesion had the merit to put the objective in perspective by giving it a realization through essentially the regional policy, but also more widely by the necessary coordination of the policies with territorial impact. This thesis has for objective to put in light the expressions of the territorial cohesion, called to develop with the application of the treaty of Lisbon. The territorial cohesion can also base itself on the other legal principles, just like the principle of subsidiarity, to build a normativity in the European Union material law, from the legislative and statutory work to the application of the sector-based policies on the European Union territory. The territorial cohesion can finally lean on the european Union institutional law and on the increasing role of the local gouvernment to make the way of a territorial solidarity taken in consideration in the model of the European integration

Magister Legum - LLM (Public Law and Jurisprudence)
The spatial legacy created by the planning laws of the apartheid regime is still apparent in most cities and towns across South Africa. The legacy of apartheid spatial planning reveals not only planning which was undertaken along racial lines and inequality in the provision of infrastructure, amenities and accessibility, but the distances between where the poor and the rich live further perpetuates that inequality. Moreover, these planning laws also created a spatial pattern which resulted in the costs of maintaining infrastructure to be very high and public transport difficult to provide and access. Berrisford notes, "the roots to this legacy are complex and varied, but the regulatory frameworks governing land tenure, development and use played a prominent role in creating problems now faced by South African towns and cities".

En 2000, la loi Solidarité et Renouvellement Urbains entend relancer la planification supracommunale. Un nouveau dispositif -le schéma de cohérence territoriale- est créé, son objectif : mieux coordonner les initiatives publiques dans le champ de l'aménagement du territoire. Dès 2001 de nombreux groupements de communes s'en saisir. Le parti pris ici est de regarder cette réforme à travers l'activité des chefs de projets de SCOT qui organisent l'écriture de ces documents. De 2002 à 2006, des entretiens documentés ont été conduits auprès de plusieurs responsables administratifs. Cette analyse retrace leur mobilisation lors des grandes étapes de ces schémas : la mise en place des périmètres, la conception des cartes, la rédaction du corps de texte.Il en ressort que leur travail s'apparente à un travail de médiation pour gérer des différends qui amène les parties prenantes de cette procédure à consentir à se fixer des règles négociées. Cette approche met en évidence la forme singulière de cette activité qui pour faire avancer la démarche s'appuie très largement sur la convocation par anticipation des effets du droit. Loin de simplement dire le droit ou de le décliner, cette activité de production d'une norme intermédiaire entre la loi et plusieurs documents et actes administratifs vient convoquer le droit pour accompagner des transactions qui trouvent parfois leur prolongement hors de tout cadre juridique. La place importante accordée au droit en situation est mise en perspective par un bref retour historique sur quarante années de production législative et de schémas supracommunaux, une analyse du double mouvement de judiciarisation et de judicisation de la planification, et dans la période actuelle sur la manière dont cette mobilisation du droit dépasse le cadre de chaque dispositif localisé pour constituer un sujet de structuration de ce milieu professionnel. L'analyse du contenu des formations proposées aux chefs de projet SCOT, de leurs échanges en différents lieux, des initiatives conduites pour faire évoluer leur cadre légale d'intervention complètent et confortent les observations situées du travail
In 2000, the law Solidarity and Urban Renewal aims at refurbishing strategic spatial planning. Local authorities are pushed to group in order to lead the writing of new master plan (schéma de cohérence territoriale). In the following years, 400 SCOT are being studied. This implementation is analyzed through a focus on urban planner works. From 2002 to 2006, interviews with these planners enlighten the master plan creation main phases : create the perimeter, drawing the maps, writing the guidelines.This PHD shows how planners play negotiation and mediation roles through this normative production, how they succeed in raising an agreement on collective rules. This analysis shows that normative planning is not an end but a beginning : Law argument on possible effects of a to-be rule -such as litigation through courts, or master plan cancellation- is a way to organize public decisions and begin negotiation. An historic analysis on law production and master plan elaboration during the last 40 years, today's interests and involvement of the profession on legislative production and law arguments complete the situated-work observation

La PSM est un processus de mise en cohérence des usages en mer dans un contexte de diversification des activités maritimes. Ce processus public s'est concrétisé dans l'Union Européenne avec l’adoption de la Directive-cadre 2014/89/UE du 23 juillet 2014, établissant un cadre pour la planification de l’espace maritime. La PSM se diffuse de plus en plus dans l’ensemble des régions du monde avec des approches différenciées et la mise en avant des priorités propres à chaque pays. Si la protection de l'environnement ne constitue pas l’objectif essentiel de la PSM, elle n’en demeure pas moins un élément central. La continuité des écosystèmes marins et la dépendance des activités maritimes au milieu supposent d’accorder une place importance à l’enjeu écologique. Il importe désormais de proposer les conditions juridiques qui permettent cette intégration environnementale dans ce processus.L’idée d’intégration en lien avec le concept de développement durable irrigue le processus de planification et découle de l’application du droit de l'environnement notamment par les outils transversaux tels que la participation du public ou encore l’étude d’impact stratégique.Cependant, ces outils n’existent pas partout. C’est pourquoi, nous développons des arguments pour l’adoption et l’adaptation de ces instruments transversaux comme des préalables à l’élaboration des plans spatiaux marins. Ces préalables constituent une condition de la cohérence normative et institutionnelle des activités déployées sur le milieu marin dans un objectif de gestion intégrée.La multiplicité et la diversité des instruments normatifs et institutionnels existant en mer constituent en effet l’un des grands écueils à l’harmonisation des utilisations des espaces marins. La PSM qui se présenterait comme le réceptacle de ces enjeux, dans une finalité de mise en cohérence, nécessite donc un encadrement juridique qui constitue un facteur de sécurité juridique à la fois pour la protection de l’environnement mais aussi pour les acteurs impliqués
MSP is a process for ensuring the consistency of uses at sea in a context of diversification of maritime activities. This public process took shape in the European Union with the Directive 2014/89/EU of 23 July 2014, establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning. The MSP is increasingly spreading to all regions of the world with differentiated approaches and the promotion of country-specific priorities. While environmental protection is not the main objective of the MSP, it is nevertheless a central element. The continuity of marine ecosystems and the dependence of maritime activities on the environment imply that the ecological issue must be given a prominent place. It is now important to propose the legal conditions that allow this environmental integration into this process.The idea of integration in connection with the concept of sustainable development informs the planning process, and results from the application of environmental law, in particular through transversal tools such as public participation or strategy impact assessment.However, these tools do not exist everywhere. This is why we are developing arguments for the adoption and adaptation of these transversal instruments as prerequisites for the development of marine spatial plans.These prerequisites are a condition for normative and institutional coherence of activities carried out in the marine environment with a view to integrated management.The multiplicity and diversity of normative and institutional instruments existing in the marine field constitute one of the major obstacles to the harmonization of the uses of marine spaces. The MSP, which would present itself as the receptacle of these issues, in order to ensure coherence, requires a legal framework that constitutes a factor of legal security both for the protection of the environment and for the actors involved

A diversidade do uso do espaço oceânico e a antiga concepção da “doutrina da liberdade dos mares” forçou uma readequação do ordenamento político-econômico e espacial do ecossistema oceânico. Este redirecionamento, que envolveu o sistema internacional, originou uma nova geopolítica ou uma nova ordem global para o planejamento espacial oceânico, nos termos da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (CNUDM). Em razão de tais alterações, contextualizar-se-á a história do mar territorial brasileiro, em 1970, e suas implicações políticas nacionais e internacionais. Após, serão averiguadas as coalizões integradas pelo Brasil em uma aparente “batalha diplomática”, que se estendeu além de nove anos, envolveu mais de 130 países e originou um dos tratados mais bem sucedidos da história: a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar. A partir de então, dentre outras conquistas, os Estados Partes garantiram o seu direito legal ao solo e subsolo marinho, mediante submissões para a plataforma continental além das 200 milhas náuticas, definidos no artigo 76 da Convenção. Tal conquista possibilitou aos países em desenvolvimento e a pequenas nações insulares acesso a valiosos recursos naturais, como o petróleo, gás e minerais. Os Estados costeiros, signatários da Convenção, passaram a ter assegurado o direito de reivindicar seu território submerso, ou a plataforma continental estendida, para até 350 milhas náuticas. Com a nova regulamentação, a análise das submissões passou a ser feita pela Comissão de Limites da Plataforma Continental (CLPC), organismo derivado da CNUDM, onde especialistas, selecionados segundo o critério de equidade geográfica, aceitam, modificam ou rejeitam as reivindicações. Demonstrar-se-á procedimentos adotados por Estados costeiros (insulares ou arquipelágicos) ao solicitar a ampliação de seus limites oceânicos, o modo dos especialistas brasileiros trabalharem a ampliação da plataforma continental estendida e de que forma foi feito o planejamento e o gerenciamento em termos políticos, através da Comissão Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar. Finalmente, averiguar-se-á se o Governo do Brasil terá condições de assumir tal responsabilidade, considerando o possível aumento de suas fronteiras e a capacidade do Estado, em termos científicos, tecnológicos e políticos, de internalizar e cumprir os preceitos da Convenção em sua política nacional para o mar.
The diversity of uses of the oceanic space and the old conception of “freedom of the seas doctrine” has compelled an adaptation of the political-economic and spatial legal framework for the oceanic ecosystem. This changing of direction encompassed the international system and has given rise to a new geopolitics for the legal framework of oceanic spaces around the globe, in terms of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Because of such modifications, this study contextualizes the history of Brazilian territorial sea in 1970 and its political implications, on the national as well as on the international level. After that, it examines the alliances Brazil has formed, engaging in a so called “diplomatic battle”. This process went on for over nine years, comprised more than 130 countries and originated one of the most successful treaties in history: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Since then, the signatory states managed to secure their legal rights over the maritime soil and subsoil by means of submissions for the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, as defined by the Convention in its article 76. This achievement was of utmost importance because it enabled developing countries and small island states to access valuable natural resources such as oil, gas and minerals. Every coastal state who has signed the Convention acquired the right to claim its underwater territory or extended continental shelf up to 350 nautical miles from its coast. Due to the new regulations, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) began to undertake the analysis of submissions. This Commission is a body set up by the UNCLOS, in which experts, selected according to the criterion of geographic equity will accept, modify or reject claims. Furthermore, this study aims to account for procedures taken by coastal, insular, and archipelagic states when claiming the extension of its oceanic limits, with the main focus on measures taken by Brazil. More specifically, it intends to explain how Brazilian experts have brought about the expansion of the extended continental shelf and in which way planning and management, in political terms, can be carried out through the Interministerial Commission for Maritime Resources. Ultimately, it will be examined if the Brazilian government is able to assume such responsibility in the face of the growth of its borders and the capability of the state, in scientific, technological and political terms, of incorporating and enforcing the precepts of the Convention in its national policy for the seas.

This thesis explores crime hot spots and identifies risk factors of expressive and acquisitive crimes in Toronto, Ontario at the census tract scale using official crime offence data from 2006. Four research objectives motivate this thesis: 1) to understand a number of local spatial cluster detection tests and how they can be applied to inform law enforcement planning and confirmatory research, 2) explore spatial regression techniques and applications in past spatial studies of crime, 3) to examine the influence of social disorganization and non-residential land use on expressive crime at the census tract scale, and 4) integrate social disorganization and routine activity theories to understand the small-area risk factors of acquisitive crimes. Research chapters are thematically linked by an intent to recognize crime as a spatial phenomenon, provide insight into the processes and risk factors associated with crime, and inform efficient and effective law enforcement planning.

South African law treats planning and the environment separately, causing considerable problems when developing land. Concerns in this regard are worldwide and various approaches have been adopted to solve them. This research seeks to explore what legal solutions can be provided using some international examples, fitting them within the unique governance, historical and legal context of South Africa.
Jurisprudence
LLM

The research report is hereby submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Development Planning to the School of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017
The main aim of the study is to investigate the significance of the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (16 OF 2013) (SPLUMA) and its possible implications on land allocation in areas under traditional authority. In order to achieve this, the Act was reviewed as a data collection mechanism. This was done in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the act and its objectives before attempting to formulate the implications of this Act on land allocation in areas under traditional authority .This study explored how this new planning legislation (i.e. SPLUMA) will affect the roles and functions of traditional leaders in rural development and overall service provision, focusing mainly on land allocation. The research study discovered that SPLUMA was a significant Spatial and Land Use Management legislation in South Africa which is central in addressing issues of land rights and rural development. The findings were that there has been tension between traditional leaders and elected local government officials as they found contesting for power and authority in rural areas. This was because of the ambiguity and vagueness of the Constitution and the Traditional Leadership and Governance Act on issues of power and functions of the two institutions especially on matters of land allocation and administration. Another finding was regarding the socio-economic implication which showed that SPLUMA was a planning law which has potential to redress the socio-economic imbalances left by the colonial and apartheid regimes, but it requires the collaboration of traditional leaders as custodians of tribal land and customary law. Conclusions and key recommendations were that local government officials and traditional leaders need to cooperate on issues of land allocation and administration. However, clarification of roles and functions in SPLUMA regulations should be done to avoid tension and frustrations. Furthermore, there is also a need for national land allocation guidelines which traditional leaders should consider when allocating land. Lastly, capacitation of traditional leaders on spatial planning, land management and rural governance was indispensable in promoting land rights and rural development in areas under their jurisdiction.
MT2017

This diploma thesis is focused on legal aspects of a private and public construction law from builder's perspective with a special emphasis on several current issues of Czech legislation and jurisprudence. As its name suggests this thesis is divided into two parts which corresponds to construction entitlement and construction permit. The first part of the thesis is comparison of terms land and building within different legal regulations. These two terms are highly important because they represent a normative basis for the issue. Subsequently, the most frequent private- law titles, entitling the construction of a building, together with the institutions of usucaption and the problem of unauthorized construction, which are very closely related to these titles, are analyzed. The core of this thesis is the second part, dealing with spatial planning, planning proceeding and construction permitting. These partial problems are analyzed in a timeline as they naturally follow from one viewpoint of the builder. While less emphasis is placed on spatial planning and construction permits, a deeper analysis is devoted to the planning proceeding. This fact has its merit, because from the procedural point of view, the planning proceeding is of the greatest importance and also has a close connection with a...

This work primarily aims to investigate the ambiguity between the right to build and the need to preserve nature through one of its instruments: the National Ecological Reserve. In both national and international political effort, forced by increasing ecological awareness of the society were being created regulations for environmental problemsolving frameworks. This significant increase in provisions, that regulated the environment and spatial territory, are directly related to the objectives of the European community. In a year when the soil policy has changed, it is important to review the priorities of regional planning in the face of environmental policies. REN is a restriction of public utility that, among other things, aims to define and integrate diverse areas of our territory which by their structure are essential to the ecological stability of the environment. Going through a historical study of the various regimes that regulated REN, the present work aims to inform the understanding of the concept REN, exposing its objectives and form of delimitation of integrated areas, in order to answer questions about the nature of this institute. It were related to all regulations governing the ecological reserves and land, namely Scheme for Conservation of Nature and Biodiversity; Natura 2000, the National Agricultural Reserve, the Law of the ownership of water resources and water, and the RJIGT RJUE, checking to its compatibility with REN. Through a literature review regarding the jurisprudence of national courts applying the doctrine, analysis of legal regimes, analysis of maps depicting the REN, we carried out a qualitative assessment of the trend and legal effect of REN in protecting populations and environment. Therefore we will work with this reflect on the existing environment awareness in our society and its problems in the management of natural resources.
A presente dissertação tem como objectivo primordial investigar a ambiguidade existente entre o direito à construção e a necessidade de preservação da natureza, através de um dos seus instrumentos: a Reserva Ecológica Nacional. Num esforço político, tanto nacional como internacional, forçado pelo aumento da consciência ecológica da sociedade, foram sendo criados quadros normativos para a resolução dos problemas ambientais. Este aumento significativo de diplomas que regulamentam o ambiente e o ordenamento do território nacional estão directamente relacionados com os objectivos da comunidade europeia. Num ano em que a política dos solos sofreu alterações, é importante rever as prioridades do ordenamento do território face às políticas ambientais. A REN é uma restrição de utilidade pública que, entre outros aspectos, visa delimitar e integrar diversas áreas do nosso território que pela sua estrutura são indispensáveis à estabilidade ecológica do meio ambiente. Passando por um estudo histórico dos vários regimes que regularam a REN, o presente trabalho, visa dar a conhecer o entendimento do conceito REN, expondo os seus objectivos e forma de delimitação das áreas integradas, com vista a esclarecer as dúvidas sobre a natureza deste instituto. Relacionaram-se todos os diplomas que regem as reservas ecológicas e o ordenamento do território, nomeadamente o Regime de Conservação da Natureza e Biodiversidade; a Rede Natura 2000, a Reserva Agrícola Nacional, a Lei da Água e da titularidade dos recursos hídricos, o RJIGT e o RJUE, aferindo-se a sua compatibilidade com a REN. Através de uma revisão da literatura no que respeita à jurisprudência dos tribunais nacionais, aplicação das doutrinas, análise de regimes jurídicos, análise de mapas alusivos a REN, realizou-se uma avaliação qualitativa da tendência e eficácia jurídica da REN na protecção das populações e do meio ambiente. Desta forma, pretendemos com este trabalho reflectir sobre a consciência existente do ambiente, na nossa sociedade e dos seus problemas na gestão dos recursos Para isso propomos a vulgarização da REN, aumentando interesse nas áreas abrangidas por esse regime e assim evitar o isolamento das mesmas, potenciando um sustentável ordenamento do território.