Dissertations / Theses: 'Spatial references'

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Blisard, Samuel N. "Modeling spatial references for unoccupied spaces for human-robot interaction /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1426048.

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Claassen, Joel. "The role of a spatial-temporal deictic paradigm in literary analysis : an evaluation of Karel Schoeman's triptych "Stemme” ['Voices']." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8015.

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Deixis has had a useful, yet fairly one-dimensional history in Linguistics. The core of traditional deixis is essentially the manner that the utterance reflects the spatial and temporal position of the narrator. The aim of this study has been to pursue a paradigmatic application of deixis to literature, much as Snyman (1983), Anker (1987) and Fludernik (1997) have utilised deixis as a stylistic tool in the analysis of poetry, short stories and shorter novels. What this dissertation proposes is that deixis could also be a viewed as a literary paradigm in the analysis of literary texts. The deictic paradigm can also be especially important, as a narrative structural principle, in the evaluation of literary texts where space and time causes particular difficulty. In order to develop deixis as a paradigm, a spatial and temporal deictic analysis, is emphasized.

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Wade, Richard Peter. "A systematics for interpreting past structures with possible cosmic references in Sub-Saharan Africa." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05052009-174557/.

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Feliachi, Abdelfettah. "Interconnexion et visualisation de ressources géoréférencées du Web de données à l’aide d’un référentiel topographique de support." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1179/document.

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Plusieurs ressources publiées sur le Web de données sont dotées de références spatiales qui décrivent leur localisation géographique. Ces références spatiales sont un moyen favori pour interconnecter et visualiser les ressources sur le Web de données. Cependant, les hétérogénéités des niveaux de détail et de modélisations géométriques entre les sources de données constituent un défi majeur pour l’utilisation de la comparaison des références spatiales comme critère pour l’interconnexion des ressources. Ce défi est amplifié par la nature ouverte et collaborative des sources de données du Web qui engendre des hétérogénéités géométriques internes aux sources de données. En outre, les applications de visualisation cartographique des ressources géoréférencées du Web de données ne fournissent pas une visualisation lisible à toutes les échelles.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un vocabulaire pour formaliser les connaissances sur les caractéristiques de chaque géométrie dans un jeu de données. Nous proposons également une approche semi-automatique basée sur un référentiel topographique pour acquérir ces connaissances. Nous proposons de mettre en oeuvre ces connaissances dans une approche d’adaptation dynamique du paramétrage de la comparaison des géométries dans un processus d’interconnexion. Nous proposons une approche complémentaire s’appuyant sur un référentiel topographique pour la détection des liens de cardinalité n:m. Nous proposons finalement des applications qui s’appuient sur des données topographiques de référence et leurs liens avec les ressources géoréférencées du Web pour offrir une visualisation cartographique multiéchelle lisible et conviviale
Many resources published on the Web of data are related to spatial references that describe their location. These spatial references are a valuable asset for interlinking and visualizing data over the Web. However, these spatial references may be presented with different levels of detail and different geometric modelling from one data source to another. These differences are a major challenge for using geometries comparison as a criterion for interlinking georeferenced resources. This challenge is even amplified more due to the open and often volunteered nature of the data that causes geometric heterogeneities between the resources of a same data source. Furthermore, Web mapping applications of georeferenced data are limited when it comes to visualize data at different scales.In this PhD thesis, we propose a vocabulary for formalizing the knowledge about the characteristics of every single geometry in a dataset. We propose a semi-automatic approach for acquiring this knowledge by using geographic reference data. Then, we propose to use this knowledge in approach for adapting dynamically the setting of the comparison of each pair of geometries during an interlinking process. We propose an additional interlinking approach based on geographic reference data for detecting n:m links between data sources. Finally, we propose Web mapping applications for georeferenced resources that remain readable at different map scales

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Greenauer, Nathan Michael. "Micro- and macro-reference frames specifying hierarchical spatial relations in memory /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1247588305.

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Courrèges, Sandra. "L'espace et l'humain : les cadres de référence, leur développement et leurs relations avec les confusions spatiales." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20015.

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RésuméLa thèse porte sur les représentations spatiales et en particulier sur les cadres de référence spatiale. Ils permettent la localisation d’objets par rapport à d’autres dans un espace proche, comme dans l’exemple : « le sel est à gauche du poivre ». Il existe différents types de références : centré sur soi, centré sur l’objet et centré sur l’environnement. Celles qui sont préférentiellement utilisées par un individu dépendent de sa langue et de sa culture.Dans un premier temps, le développement des cadres de référence est analysé chez des sujets de culture française de 3 à 21 ans, grâce aux tâches du paradigme de rotation à 180° (Levinson, 2003). Dans un second temps, les relations entre les confusions gauche/droite et l’utilisation de cadres de référence sont examinées chez des adultes français, en s’appuyant sur un questionnaire d’auto-évaluation et sur une tâche du paradigme de rotation. Les résultats permettent de dessiner un chemin développemental concernant les cadres de référence en France, selon le modèle de la Redescription Représentationnelle de Karmiloff-Smith (1992). Ils montrent également le lien entre les confusions gauche/droite et les types de références spatiales utilisées chez certains adultes
The thesis is about spatial representations, especially spatial frames of reference, which are used to locate an object with respect to another in a small-scale space, for example: « the salt is to the left of the pepper ». Different references exist: self-centred, object-centred and environment-centred. The references preferentially employed by a subject depend on his language and culture.First of all, the development of frames of reference is analysed with French subjects from 3 to 21 years of age, thanks to 180° rotation paradigm tasks (Levinson, 2003). Secondly, the relations between left/right confusions and the use of frames of reference are examined with French adults, with a self-judgment questionnaire and a rotation paradigm task.Results show that the development of frames of reference in France follows the predictions of the Representational Redescription model of Karmiloff-Smith (1992). They also highlight a link between left/right confusions and spatial references used by some adults

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Craig, R. Gordon. "Switching attention between visual frames of reference." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343555.

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Laakso, Aarre. "The significance of spatial representation /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9935455.

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Haggerty, Kathryn Ann. "How do mothers communicate to young children about location." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/512.

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We conducted three experiments to better understand how mothers structure their input to young children for finding hidden objects and how young children use this input to guide their searches. We examined the reference frames and spatial terms mothers use to communicate with their 2.5-, 3.0-, and 3.5-year-old children about location by asking mothers to verbally disambiguate a target hiding container from an identical non-target hiding container for their child. We varied the relative proximity of the target and non-target containers to a landmark and to the mother and child. The target and non-target containers were on opposite sides of the landmark in Experiment 1 and on the same side of the landmark in Experiments 2 and 3. The absolute distance of the containers from the landmark was increased in Experiment 3, while the relative distance of the containers to the landmark and to the mother and child remained the same. In all of the experiments, mothers' reference frame use was governed by the relative proximity of the target and non-target containers to the landmark and themselves. Older children followed directions more successfully than did younger children. The Discussion focuses on how the age of the child and the characteristics of the task shape maternal spatial communication.

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Richard, Laurence. "Towards a Definition of Intrinsic Axes: The Effect of Orthogonality and Symmetry on the Preferred Direction of Spatial Memory." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1310492651.

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Porter, Erica May. "Applying an Intrinsic Conditional Autoregressive Reference Prior for Areal Data." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91385.

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Bayesian hierarchical models are useful for modeling spatial data because they have flexibility to accommodate complicated dependencies that are common to spatial data. In particular, intrinsic conditional autoregressive (ICAR) models are commonly assigned as priors for spatial random effects in hierarchical models for areal data corresponding to spatial partitions of a region. However, selection of prior distributions for these spatial parameters presents a challenge to researchers. We present and describe ref.ICAR, an R package that implements an objective Bayes intrinsic conditional autoregressive prior on a vector of spatial random effects. This model provides an objective Bayesian approach for modeling spatially correlated areal data. ref.ICAR enables analysis of spatial areal data for a specified region, given user-provided data and information about the structure of the study region. The ref.ICAR package performs Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling and outputs posterior medians, intervals, and trace plots for fixed effect and spatial parameters. Finally, the functions provide regional summaries, including medians and credible intervals for fitted values by subregion.
Master of Science
Spatial data is increasingly relevant in a wide variety of research areas. Economists, medical researchers, ecologists, and policymakers all make critical decisions about populations using data that naturally display spatial dependence. One such data type is areal data; data collected at county, habitat, or tract levels are often spatially related. Most convenient software platforms provide analyses for independent data, as the introduction of spatial dependence increases the complexity of corresponding models and computation. Use of analyses with an independent data assumption can lead researchers and policymakers to make incorrect, simplistic decisions. Bayesian hierarchical models can be used to effectively model areal data because they have flexibility to accommodate complicated dependencies that are common to spatial data. However, use of hierarchical models increases the number of model parameters and requires specification of prior distributions. We present and describe ref.ICAR, an R package available to researchers that automatically implements an objective Bayesian analysis that is appropriate for areal data.

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Barclay, Michael John. "Reference object choice in spatial language : machine and human models." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3163.

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The thesis underpinning this study is as follows; it is possible to build machine models that are indistinguishable from the mental models used by humans to generate language to describe their environment. This is to say that the machine model should perform in such a way that a human listener could not discern whether a description of a scene was generated by a human or by the machine model. Many linguistic processes are used to generate even simple scene descriptions and developing machine models of all of them is beyond the scope of this study. The goal of this study is, therefore, to model a sufficient part of the scene description process, operating in a sufficiently realistic environment, so that the likelihood of being able to build machine models of the remaining processes, operating in the real world, can be established. The relatively under-researched process of reference object selection is chosen as the focus of this study. A reference object is, for instance, the `table' in the phrase ``The flowers are on the table''. This study demonstrates that the reference selection process is of similar complexity to others involved in generating scene descriptions which include: assigning prepositions, selecting reference frames and disambiguating objects (usually termed `generating referring expressions'). The secondary thesis of this study is therefore; it is possible to build a machine model that is indistinguishable from the mental models used by humans in selecting reference objects. Most of the practical work in the study is aimed at establishing this. An environment sufficiently near to the real-world for the machine models to operate on is developed as part of this study. It consists of a series of 3-dimensional scenes containing multiple objects that are recognisable to humans and `readable' by the machine models. The rationale for this approach is discussed. The performance of human subjects in describing this environment is evaluated, and measures by which the human performance can be compared to the performance of the machine models are discussed. The machine models used in the study are variants on Bayesian networks. A new approach to learning the structure of a subset of Bayesian networks is presented. Simple existing Bayesian classifiers such as naive or tree augmented naive networks did not perform sufficiently well. A significant result of this study is that useful machine models for reference object choice are of such complexity that a machine learning approach is required. Earlier proposals based on sum-of weighted-factors or similar constructions will not produce satisfactory models. Two differently derived sets of variables are used and compared in this study. Firstly variables derived from the basic geometry of the scene and the properties of objects are used. Models built from these variables match the choice of reference of a group of humans some 73\% of the time, as compared with 90\% for the median human subject. Secondly variables derived from `ray casting' the scene are used. Ray cast variables performed much worse than anticipated, suggesting that humans use object knowledge as well as immediate perception in the reference choice task. Models combining geometric and ray-cast variables match the choice of reference of the group of humans some 76\% of the time. Although niether of these machine models are likely to be indistinguishable from a human, the reference choices are rarely, if ever, entirely ridiculous. A secondary goal of the study is to contribute to the understanding of the process by which humans select reference objects. Several statistically significant results concerning the necessary complexity of the human models and the nature of the variables within them are established. Problems that remain with both the representation of the near-real-world environment and the Bayesian models and variables used within them are detailed. While these problems cast some doubt on the results it is argued that solving these problems is possible and would, on balance, lead to improved performance of the machine models. This further supports the assertion that machine models producing reference choices indistinguishable from those of humans are possible.

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Lo, Brano Virginia. "Étude contrastive des tournures idiomatiques en lien avec la représentation spatiale en italien et en français contemporains dans un corpus de romans graphiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3107.

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La présente étude, faisant objet d’une thèse de doctorat, a trait à l’étude des expressions idiomatiques en lien avec la représentation spatiale en italien. Ce travail a pour objectif d’étudier et d’analyser ces expressions idiomatiques dans la langue italienne, en nous intéressant aux implications que cela peut avoir sur la représentation de l’espace en italien. L’étude que nous nous proposons de mener a pour objet la compréhension de ces structures figées en italien et de leurs équivalents en français. L’analyse des effets des expressions idiomatiques dans le discours du langage quotidien, rendue possible par l’élaboration d’un corpus de 25 romans graphiques, a été l’occasion de mieux comprendre la productivité de ces locutions figées
This study as a doctoral thesis, deals with the analysis of the idiomatic expressions and spatial reference in the Italian and French languages. This research was aimed at describing the meanings of an idiom's element that plays important role in idiom interpretation and use, by raising the question of various non-literal forms evolves with a particular context as graphic novels. This work focuses on a systemic analysis of idiom types, the evidence relating to one major classes of idiom comprehension models: non-composition models, which assume the compositional meanings of phrases and sentences are routinely generated and used in the development of 25 graphic novels; the items are considered as one opportunity to better understand the structure of the idiom

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Dera, Abdullah S. "English spatial prepositions with particular reference to Arabic-speaking learners." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14678/.

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The learner's first language (L1) plays a significant role in the learning of a second language (12). This role is depicted as interfering with acquisition and production of (L2). The notion of interference has emerged as a legitimate area of linguistic investigation (Lado, 1957; Selinker, 1972;James, 1980). This study explores and assesses the Arab learners' performance in using English spatial prepositions. It focuses on the role of the Arab learners' first language in learning English, particularly spatial prepositions, as a second/ foreign language. The data of this study consists of the results of five tests which are designed firstly: to examine the learners' performances in acquiring certain English prepositions, which are considered to be among the most difficult items for Arab learners of English (AI-Sayed, 1983; Mukattash, 1985; Zughoul, 1979); and secondly to assess the degree of interference from Arabic in learning English spatial prepositions, the main objective of this study. Three statistical techniques were employed in analysing the data: The ANOVA test, regression analysis and chi-square test These procedures were used to examine performance of the learners over the years, possible sources of errors, and the interchangeability of English spatial prepositions in the responses to tests. The results of this study confirm that a high percentage (48%) of errors committed in the use of English spatial prepositions by Arab learners of English can be attributed to the influence exerted by their first language (Arabic). These findings support the claims of Tadros (1966), Scott and Tucker (1974) and Mukattash (1988).

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Ball, Keira Louise. "What spatial reference frame is used for priming in visual search?" Thesis, Durham University, 2010. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/275/.

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The perception-action model proposes that vision for perception and vision for action are subserved by two separate cortical systems, the ventral and dorsal streams respectively (Milner & Goodale, 1995, 2006). It is argued that the dorsal stream codes spatial information egocentrically, that is, relative to the observer, and that these representations are highly transient. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether short-term spatial memory can use egocentric information. This was achieved by using spatial priming in visual search. Spatial priming manifests itself in speeded detection times for a target when that target appears in the same location that it previously appeared in (Shore & Klein, 2001). Target locations can be defined in either egocentric (i.e. relative to the body or a specific part of the body) or allocentric (i.e. relative to other items in the display) frames of reference. However, it is unclear which of these are used in spatial priming. It was found that both allocentric and egocentric cues were used, and that egocentric cues were the most effective for short-term priming (Study A). In exploring the nature of the egocentric frame of reference further, it was found that target location was not coded using an eye-centred frame of reference but rather it was coded relative to the observer’s body (Study B). Moreover, when participants moved to a new location and the relationship with the target was maintained, priming effects were still observed (Study C). The availability of egocentric information was tested further, and the priming effects were still observed after a minimum delay of eight seconds between the first and second presentations of a target location (Study D). Finally, it was found that the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the posterior parietal cortex did not modulate either allocentric or egocentric spatial priming effects (Study E). While the perception-action model predicts that egocentric information is short lived, the findings from the experiments presented in this thesis suggest that egocentric information can persist for several seconds.

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Cao, Zhiwen, and 曹志文. "GABAergic transmission in developmental establishment of a gravity-related spatial reference." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47151304.

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In rats, the subnuclei of the inferior olive (IO) and thalamus exist topographic spatial representation to sinusoidal horizontal linear translations along either the antero-posterior or interaural direction. To examine the effect of GABAergic neurotransmission within the vestibular nucleus on the establishment of gravity-related topographic spatial representation in relay station of the central vestibular pathway, GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline was used to chronically perturb GABA transmission within the vestibular nucleus of postnatal rats. Implantation of bicuculline-loaded or saline-loaded Elvax slice onto the dorsal surface of vestibular nucleus was performed in P1 rats which were allowed to recover into adulthood. Fos protein expression was used as an indicator to identify central neurons responsive to horizontal linear accelerations. In stationary or labyrinthectomized rats, Fos-immunoreactive (ir) neurons were either absent or sporadically scattered throughout the IO and thalamic subnuclei, indicating that the Fos expression in these neural area was otolithic in origin. In the saline control group, Fos expression induced by horizontal antero-posterior linear acceleration was observed in both the IO and thalamus. Responsive IO subnuclei include β subnucleus of IO and dorsomedial cell column while those in the thalamus include central medial nucleus, paracentral nucleus, mediodorsal nucleus, central lateral nucleus, zona incerta and subparafascicular nucleus of thalamus. For-ir neurons responsive to horizontal interaural linear acceleration were found in those IO subnuclei and thalamic subnuclei. When compared with the saline-treated group, the number of Fos-ir IO neurons responsive to horizontal linear acceleration was significantly lower in adult rats perturbed with bicuculline at P1. Besides, the pattern of Fos expression in both the IO and thalamus was altered in adult rats pretreated with bicuculline. In the utricle-related thalamic subnuclei, the postnatal time when Fos-ir neurons were found triggered by otolithic stimulation was delayed and the number of these Fos-ir neurons was fewer in the bicuculline-treated group than those in the saline-treated group. To investigate whether there exists a critical period for postnatal establishment of topographic spatial representation in the IO and thalamus, implantation of bicuculline-loaded Elvax slice onto the vestibular nucleus was carried out in P14 rats. The topographic spatial representation in IO and thalamus of those rats were unchanged as compared with adult rats pretreated with saline at P14. These results indicate that the GABAergic neuronal circuit in the vestibular nucleus plays an important role in postnatal establishment of topographic spatial representation in the central vestibular system. Most importantly, we documented the occurrence of a postnatal critical period (between P1 and P14) during which GABAergic transmission regulated the formation of a gravity-related spatial framework in the brain.
published_or_final_version
Physiology
Master
Master of Philosophy

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Barodien, Glynnis Erica. "Field computers for spatially referenced social surveys." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7671.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This study explores the use of a palm computer, linked to a hand held global positioning system receiver, by members of an informal settlement and a rural community to collect socio-economic (SE) data. The theoretical foundation is taken from such disciplines as Semiotics, Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and Survey Research Methods. This theory was used to develop a methodology, which enabled the researcher to investigate whether it is feasible to use icons to represent SE variables, whether HCI theory is useful for assessing the field observations of the volunteers using the palm computer, and whether the data collected is useful in terms of informal settlements and Communal Property Associations (CPA's). The research approach involved developing a set of icons, which were then pretested using feedback from volunteers in Mitchell’s Plain (Cape Town) before doing field-testing in Algeria and Imizamo Yethu. Next, two field studies were conducted. In Algeria and Imizamo Yethu, the volunteers were asked to identify a set of SE icons, they were taught how to use the palm computer and the CyberTracker software, and each volunteer was asked to conduct a mini-survey. The volunteer responses to the SE icons were analysed using semiotic criteria to determine how well they identified the icons. Next, the field observations were assessed with usability criteria from HCI. Finally, the two data sets were evaluated to determine its usefulness. The recommendations of this research are that if a set of SE icons is to be developed, the researcher suggests that symbols, which are well known by the community be used. That these symbols be tested in a 32x32 pixel format to determine if there is enough detail for recognition. Also, avoid detail in a picture that could cause confusion. Also, detailed investigations into the effect of culture, gender and background, as well as human perception is needed with the focus on communities. The main motivation for this is that informal settlements are a mix between rural, urban, educated and not, and also having different cultures. Next, it is further recommended that tests in homogeneous communities also be done to determine whether they do have the same mental concept. Further field studies are required to sort out various technical problems and to test a larger set of icons. Finally, other applications for this system should be investigated, e.g. land allocation distribution.

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Gelder, Michael Sean. "An investigation into the location of vibration sources with reference to structural condition monitoring." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325564.

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Klinghammer, Mathias [Verfasser]. "Investigating spatial reference frames for reaching in a naturalistic scenario / Mathias Klinghammer." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122432917/34.

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McKenzie, Kirsten J. "The Integration of Visual and Haptic Information and Spatial Frames of Reference." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519406.

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Watson, Sally. "Spatial variation in agricultural research, with particular reference to spaced plant experiments." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282342.

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Eliker, Michelle Lee. "The use of spatial reference cues and primary cue strategies for maze running by the desert tortoise, Gopherus Agassizii." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1438.

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Cooper, A. K. (Antony Kyle). "Standards for exchanging digital geo-referenced information." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23151.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to assess digital geo-referenced information and standards for exchanging such information, especially the South African National Exchange Standard (NES). The process of setting up a standard is exacting. On the one hand, the process demands a thorough scrutiny and analysis of the objects to be standardised and of all related concepts. This is a prerequisite for ensuring that there is unanimity about their meaning and inter-relationships. On the other hand, the process requires that the standard itself be enunciated as succinctly, comprehensibly and precisely as possible. This dissertation addresses both these facets of the standards process in the context of standards for exchanging digital geo-referenced information. The dissertation begins with an analysis of geo-referenced information in general, including digital geo-referenced information. In chapters 2 and 3, the various aspects of such information are scrutinised and evaluated in more detail. The examination of concepts is backed up by a comprehensive Glossary of terms in the domain under discussion. Chapter 4 examines the nature of standards. It also proposes a novel way to approach a standard for the exchange of digital geo-referenced information: namely, that it can be viewed as a language and can accordingly be specified by a grammar. To illustrate the proposal, NES is fully specified, using the Extended Backus-Naur Form notation, in an Appendix. Apart from the advantages of being a succinct and precise formal specification, the approach also lends itself to deploying standard tools such as Lex and yacc for conformance testing and for developing interfaces to NES, as illustrated in a second appendix. As a final theme of the dissertation, an evaluation of such standards is provided. Other standards that have been proposed elsewhere for purposes similar to that of NES are surveyed in chapter 5. In chapter 6, features of NES are highlighted, including the fact that it takes a relational approach. Chapter 7 concludes the dissertation, summarising the work to date, and looking ahead to future work. AFRIKAANS : Die doel van hierdie verhandling is om versyferde geo-verwysde inligting en standaarde vir die uitruil van sulke inligting te ondersoek, met spesifieke verwysing na die Suid- Afrikaanse Nasionale Uitruilstandaard (NES). Die proses om ’n standaard op te stel is veeleisend. Aan die een kant vereis die proses ’n volledige bestudering en ontleding van die objekte wat gestandaardiseer gaan word, asook van al die verwante konsepte. Hierdie is ’n voorvereiste om te verseker dat daar oor hul betekenisse en onderlinge verwantskappe eenstemmigheid bestaan. Aan die ander kant vereis die proses dat die standaard so kernagtig, volledig en presies moontlik gestel moet word. Hierdie verhandeling spreek beide hierdie fasette van die standaardiseringsproses aan, en wel in die konteks van standaarde vir die uitruil van versyferde geo-verwysde inligting. Dié verhandling begin met ’n oorhoofse analise van geo-verwysde inligting, insluitend versyferde geo-verwysde inligting. In hoofstukke 2 en 3 word verskeie aspekte van dié inligting in meer detail ondersoek en geëvalueer. Hierdie ondersoek van konsepte word deur ’n omvattende woordelys van terme in die veld onder bespreking gesteun. Hoofstuk 4 ondersoek die aard van standaarde. Dit stel ook ’n nuwe manier voor om ’n standaard vir die uitruil van versyferde geo-verwysde inligting te benader, naamlik dat dit as ’n taal beskou kan word, en dat dit gevolglik deur middel van ’n grammatika gespesifiseer kan word. Om die voorstel te illustreer, word NES volledig in ’n aanhangsel deur middel van die Uitgebreide Backus-Naur Vorm notasie gespesifiseer. Afgesien van die voordeel van ’n kernagtige en presiese formele spesifikasie, ondersteun die benadering ook standaardgereedskap soos Lex en yacc wat vir konformeringstoetsing en vir NES koppelvlakke gebruik kan word, soos in ’n tweede aanhangsel illustreer word. As ’n finale tema van die verhandeling word ’n evaluasie van tersaaklike standaarde voorsien. Standaarde wat elders vir soortgelyke doeleindes aan dié van NES voorgestel is, word oorsigtelik in hoofstuk 5 beskou. In hoofstuk 6 word kenmerkende eienskappe van NES uitgelig, insluitend die feit dat dit op ’n relasionele benadering gebaseer is. Hoofstuk 7 sluit die verhandeling af met ’n opsomming van werk tot op datum en ’n blik op toekomstige werk.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 1993.
Computer Science
unrestricted

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Finlayson, Mark Alan 1977. "Development of a scintillating reference grid for spatial-phase-locked electron-beam lithography." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16793.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
by Mark Alan Finlayson.
S.M.

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Can, Ayse. "Modeling spatial variation in housing price determinants : with special reference to Columbus, MSA /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487673114113057.

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Orth, Verena [Verfasser], and Peter H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Seeburg. "Influence of Altered Hippocampal CKAMP44 Expression on Spatial Reference-/Spatial Working- and Recency-Dependent-Memory / Verena Orth ; Betreuer: Peter H. Seeburg." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1179784278/34.

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Schafer, Wendy Ann. "Supporting Spatial Collaboration: An Investigation of Viewpoint Constraint and Awareness Techniques." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11148.

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Spatial collaboration refers to collaboration activities involving physical space. It occurs every day as people work together to solve spatial problems, such as rearranging furniture or communicating about an environmental issue. In this work, we investigate how to support spatial collaboration when the collaborators are not colocated. We propose using shared, interactive representations of the space to support distributed, spatial collaboration. Our study examines viewpoint constraint techniques, which determine how the collaborators individually view the representation, and awareness techniques, which enable the collaborators to maintain an understanding of each other's work efforts. Our work consists of four phases, in which we explore a design space for interactive representations and examine the effects of different viewpoint constraint and awareness techniques. We consider situations where the collaborators use the same viewpoints, different viewpoints, and have a choice in viewpoint constraint techniques. In phase 1, we examine current technological support for spatial collaboration and designed two early prototypes. Phase 2 compares various two-dimensional map techniques, with the collaborators using identical techniques. Phase 3 focuses on three-dimensional virtual environment techniques, comparing similar and different frames of reference. The final phase reuses the favorable techniques from the previous studies and presents a novel prototype that combines both two-dimensional and three-dimensional representations. Each phase of this research is limited to synchronous communication activities and non-professional users working together on everyday tasks. Our findings highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques for spatial collaboration solutions. Also, having conducted multiple evaluations of spatial collaboration prototypes, we offer a common set of lessons with respect to distributed, spatial collaboration activities. This research also highlights the need for continued study to improve on the techniques evaluated and to consider additional spatial collaboration activities.
Ph. D.

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Whale, George A. "An investigation of spatial strategy in observational drawing." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/2726.

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O'Hanlon, Simon. "Spatial and temporal distribution of onchocerciasis in West Africa, with particular reference to Ghana." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/59136.

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Background. Quantifying and predicting the effect of control interventions against infectious diseases requires knowledge about prevalence prior to the implementation of such control measures as well as knowledge of key parameters which affect model outcomes. Here is presented the first geostatistical map estimating the prevalence of human onchocerciasis in the former Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP) before the initiation of vector control operations in 1975. The map is used to quantify the burden of onchocercal skin disease prior to interventions. The results of a socioeconomic survey investigating coverage and compliance to community-directed treatment with ivermectin are then presented. Methods and Findings. The OCP epidemiological database was investigated for spatial autocorrelation. A total of 737 village surveys had parasitological examinations conducted prior to the start of control. Using these 737 pre-control data points plus environmental covariates, a Bayesian model-based geostatistical (B-MBG) approach was used to generate a continuous surface (at a pixel resolution of 25km2) of microfilarial prevalence in West Africa prior to the commencement of the OCP. The mean Pearson’s correlation between observed prevalence and model-estimates of prevalence at hold-out locations was 0.693; mean prediction error was 0.77% and mean absolute prediction error was 12.2%. Within OCP boundaries, 17.8 million people were deemed to be at risk and 7.6 million infected in 1975 which is greater than previous estimates. The mean microfilarial prevalence across all countries was 45% (range: 2–90%). Conclusions and Significance. This is the first map of continuous onchocerciasis prevalence in West Africa, developed using robust geostatistical methods. Important environmental predictors of infection prevalence were identified and used in a model that out-performs those without spatial-random effects or environmental covariates. Our results may be compared with recent epidemiological mapping efforts to find areas of persisting transmission, informing feasibility of elimination with current and novel tools.

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Dallas, Helen Fiona. "Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in lotic systems : implications for defining reference conditions for macroinvertebrates." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6249.

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Bibliography: leaves 195-210.
Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of lotic systems was examined by assessing variability in macroinbertebrate assemblages in two geographic regions, the Western Cape and Mpumalanga, in South Africa. Assemblages were assessed using the South African Scoring System (SASS), a rapid bioassessment method. The implication of spatial variability at regional, subregional and habitat levels, and temporal variability for defining reference conditions for macroinvertebrates was evaluated.

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Usui, Tomoko. "Cognitive time model : with special reference to temporal and spatial phenomena in natural language." Kyoto University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136452.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第13916号
人博第389号
新制||人||96(附属図書館)
19||人博||389(吉田南総合図書館)
UT51-2008-C832
京都大学大学院人間・環境学・環境学研究科人間・環境学専攻
(主査)教授山梨正明, 教授大木充, 准教授河崎靖
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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LEONE, GILLES. "Systemes de reference, detection des symetries et transformations spatiales." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066373.

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Ce memoire regroupe un ensemble de travaux experimentaux et de simulations informatiques centrees sur la contribution des cadres de references non visuelles sur la perception visuelle des proprietes de symetries des formes. En particulier, ce travail etudie pour des formes bi-dimensionnelles la pregnance de l'axe vertical de symetrie, en manipulant les conditions environnementales externes (sujet en microgravite), les conditions de presentations des formes (en vision foveale ou en hemi-champs partage) et le type de reponse produite par le sujet. Un modele simple de reseau de neurones artificiels rend compte d'une partie des resultats experimentaux. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous abordons la discrimination entre deux objets tridimensionnels enantiomorphes. Nous etudions l'influence de certains facteurs cognitifs (entrainement intensif mais espace dans le temps, complexite du stimulus et habilite initiale des sujets envers l'imagerie visuelle) et de la microgravite sur ce processus

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Harjoko, Triatno Yudo, and n/a. "Urban kampung: its genesis and transformation into metropolis, with particular reference to Penggilingan in Jakarta." University of Canberra. Resources, Environmental and Heritage Sciences, 2003. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050411.145222.

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Urbanism in the discipline of architecture has largely been confined to the analysis of physical appearance of cities. Such an analysis may overlook the crucial issue, which is political, on the spatial formation of a city like Jakarta This formation results from the structuration process of a society where the production and reproduction of society assumes domination from one another. In a dual society, such as in the city of Jakarta, such a process has an implication of the urban form, that is, the dual quality of urbanism. This study examines this dual image of Jakarta, with a particular concern for the transformation of the inner dynamic of its social life. It concerns the triad of knowledge-power-space in which the society is produced and reproduced in the timespace dimension. The kampung is investigated as a locale of social practices, especially in regard to the low-income urban population. The idea and term tropotopia is introduced to describe urban form or spatiality that is in a continuous process of formation and transformation. The study looks particularly the history of the reproduction of society in Indonesia, where dominant social systems control allocative and authoritative resources. Such practices primarily govern the spatial formation of Jakarta. In these systems, planners and designers acting as agents have played crucial roles in the structuration of society, and of the space. Planners and designers are seen to be part of the episteme that develops and informs the poor relation of society. The dissertation concludes with a reflection on the ways in which the dual quality of Jakarta is revealed in the interplay in social practices within a triadic knowledge-power- space.

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Lee, Wai-pang Raymond. "Glutamate transmission and developmental establishment of gravity-related spatial reference in the vestibulo-olivary pathway." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39558241.

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Lee, Wai-pang Raymond, and 李偉鵬. "Glutamate transmission and developmental establishment of gravity-related spatial reference in the vestibulo-olivary pathway." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39558241.

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Pirbabaei, Mohammad Taghi. "Urban form and state: an approach to investigate cities' spatial concepts with reference to Iran." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411709.

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Gueguen, Marc. "Intégration multisensorielle et variabilité interindividuelle." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00659199.

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Tout individu extrait de ses informations sensorielles des invariants directionnels lui permettant de percevoir sa propre situation spatiale ainsi que celle des objets qui l'entourent. Dans les situations habituelles, les traitements relatifs à l'orientation spatiale s'effectuent à partir de référentiels relativement redondants. Cette redondance autorise à la fois la mise en place d'une sensibilité individuelle préférentielle à l'égard d'un de ces référentiels ainsi qu'une large flexibilité dans le choix du référentiel. Lors de ce travail nous avons voulu tester deux hypothèses principales. La 1ère est que les différences interindividuelles observées lors de tâches de perception d'orientation spatiales dépendent du choix du référentiel. La 2nd hypothèse est que l'un des facteurs explicatifs de la variabilité interindividuelle lors de tâches de perception d'orientation spatiale se situe au niveau des règles d'intégration multisensorielle utilisées par les individus. Les résultats montrent que l'ensemble des cadres de références semblent pris en compte par les individus rejetant ainsi la 1ère hypothèse selon laquelle les différences interindividuelles s'expliqueraient par la capacité de certains sujets à exploiter le "bon" cadre de référence. Les résultats montrent que l'un des facteurs explicatifs des différences interindividuelles se situe dans la manière dont le système nerveux central combinerait les différentes informations, certains sujets (DC) semblant incapables de minimiser l'influence des "mauvais" cadre de référence (les moins appropriés, les plus biaisés) en diminuant leur poids respectifs.

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Chen, Fan Robinson P. J. "Spatio-temporal variations of reference evapotranspiration in North Carolina." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,589.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geography." Discipline: Geography; Department/School: Geography.

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Tornés, Bes Elisabet. "Distributional patterns of diatom communities in Mediterranean rivers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7875.

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Aquesta tesi tracta la jerarquia i l'heterogeneïtat dels sistemes fluvials que afecten l'estructura de les comunitats bentòniques de diatomees. A nivell regional, es van buscar diferents grups de punts i les seves espècies indicadores, es va estudiar la resposta de les comunitats de diatomees als gradients ambientals, es va avaluar la utilitat de diferents índexs de diatomees i es va buscar el millor sistema de classificació per a condicions de referència. A nivell de conca, es volien definir els factors que determinen la distribució longitudinal de la diversitat de les comunitats de diatomees. Finalment, a nivell d'hàbitat es van determinar quins factors afecten les algues i els cianobacteris a aquesta escala i es va examinar la contribució relativa de l'ambient i l'espai en la distribució de la biomassa i composició d'algues i cianobacteris. Per tant, els diferents capítols d'aquesta tesi han estat desenvolupats seguint aquest esquema.
This thesis deals with the hierarchy and heterogeneity of stream systems affecting the structure of benthic diatom communities. At a regional level, I search for different groups of sites and their indicator taxa, I studied the responses of the diatom communities to the gradients of environmental variables, I tested the usefulness of diatom indices and I searched for the best classification system for reference conditions. At a watershed level my interest was to define the factors that determined the longitudinal distribution of diversity of diatom communities. Finally, at a habitat level it was interesting to determine the factors affecting algae and cyanobacteria at this scale and examine the relative effects of environmental factors and space on the distribution of biomass and composition of benthic algae and cyanobacteria. Thus, the different chapters of the thesis had been approached following this scheme.

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Hörberg, Thomas. "Influences of Form and Function on Spatial Relations : Establishing functional and geometric influences on projective prepositions in Swedish." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Linguistics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6867.

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The present work is concerned with projective prepositions, which express the relation between two objects by referring to a direction in three-dimensional space. The projective prepositions have been regarded as expressing simple schematic relations of a geometric nature. A theory of the apprehension of projective relations can account for their meanings when they express strictly geometric relations. However, many studies have shown that the appropriateness of the prepositions also depends on the functional relation between the objects and that a number of functional factors influence the comprehension of English prepositions. This experimental study investigates if the acceptability of the Swedish prepositions över, under, ovanför and nedanför are influenced by functional factors as well, and whether acceptability judgments about över and under are more sensitive to functional influences than judgments about ovanför and nedanför, as has been shown for the corresponding English prepositions over and under, and above and below, respectively. It also investigates how the shapes and the parts of the related objects influence their functional interaction, and how the acceptability of the prepositions is in consequence influenced by the shapes of the objects. It was found that the theory of apprehension can indeed account for the acceptability of the prepositions when the relation between the objects is strictly geometric. It was further found that acceptability judgments about them are influenced by functional factors in a similar manner to the corresponding English prepositions when the objects are functionally related, although judgments about under and nedanför are not differentially influenced by these factors. Furthermore, the shapes and the parts of both of the related objects influence acceptability judgments about the prepositions in predictable manners. An extension of the theory of apprehension is suggested which can account for the functional influences indicated in the present study.

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Shivute, Vaino P. "A study of plant spatial arrangements in intercropping with particular reference to the maize/beans combination." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279653.

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Gibbs, D. C. "The spatial implications of restructuring in the British clothing industry, with particular reference to Greater Manchester." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376578.

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Houdou, Bérengère 1978. "Three-Dimensional spatial memory graining using virtual reality : effects of reference frame and point-of-view." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69234.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Pages 131 and 132 blank.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-63).
Humans are usually able to imagine how a terrestrial environment will appear from a new perspective, and usually avoid disorientation because of their ability to transform spatial mental models of their environment. However, astronauts must transform their spatial mental models in three dimensions, and our previous experiments have shown that this is initially not an easy task, though most subjects eventually learn to orient themselves, particularly those who are taught specific strategies. The present experiments are the first to investigate the effects of using a Self-rotation vs. an Array-rotation assumption when transforming mental models of an environment, and to see whether subjects can change rotation modes easily. Also, does performance depend on the point-of-view (Inside vs. Outside)? Subjects (n=29) had first to memorize the arrangement of 6 animal picture icons painted on the interior walls of a virtual cubic room. The room was kept in a fixed orientation during the first four trials in order to allow the subjects to memorize icon locations in a canonical orientation. In each subsequent trial, they were then asked to imagine that either they (Self-rotation mode) or the array (Array-rotation) had rotated. Based on the identification of icons displayed in front and below them, they had to deduce their new orientation and indicate the direction of a specific unseen "target" icon. The speed and accuracy of their responses were recorded. The experimental design was blocked by point-of-view (Inside vs. Outside). Each of the four groups was assigned a specific rotation mode in the first ("training") phase of the experiment; they were then instructed to switch to the alternate mode in the second ("testing") phase. We looked for but found no strong evidence that the groups differed greatly in intrinsic skill. Most subjects managed to master their assigned point-of-view and first rotation mode by the end of the training phase, although learning rates differed between groups. During the training phase, Arrayrotation groups performed significantly better than Self-rotation groups (Kruskal-Wallis, p=0.05). However, after training, the group that trained Inside but was tested in Self-rotation mode performed significantly better than the others (Kruskal-Wallis, p=0.005). Even though they had no practice trials during the testing phase, most groups were able to switch rotation modes gracefully, without significant performance decrement. Targets on the left and right were less accurately identified than those in other directions. Implications for spatial memory training of astronauts are discussed.
by Bérengère Houdou.
S.M.

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Esseili, Fatima A. "Deictic Reference: Arabs vs. Arab Americans." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1147284821.

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Karnchanaporn, Nuttinee. "Fear as a cultural phenomenon in Thailand with special reference to the spatial relations of domestic architecture." Thesis, Open University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412390.

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Kafkalas, G. "Spatial integration of production : A case study of the non-ferrous sector with specific reference to Greece." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375842.

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Hårleman, Maud. "Daylight Influence on Colour Design : Empirical Study on Perceived Colour and Colour Experience Indoors." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4395.

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It is known that one and the same interior colouring will appear different in rooms with windows facing north or facing south, but it is not known how natural daylight from these two compass points affects perceived colour and the ways in which colour is experienced. The objective is to describe the perceived colours to be expected in rooms with sunlight and diffused light, and thus develop a tool for colour design. Two empirical investigations provide the basis for six attached papers. The model is exploratory with a qualitative character. One hundred and ninety-one studies were carried out with 79 observers in full-scale rooms, with double-glazed transparent room windows facing north or south. The NCS colour sample collection and colour terminology were used, with three yellow, red, blue and green hues in two nuances: whitish 1010 and more chromatic 1030. The walls were painted in a total of 23 selected inherent colours with each colour observed in up to 10 studies. Colour matching was achieved using a colour reference box and results were analysed with the aid of the terms inherent colour and identity colour. The colour reference box was tested in a separate study to investigate any methodological problems. Room character was described using semantic differentials, and data was processed using the SPSS statistics program. Verbal description using own words was applied in a descriptive and reflecting method to find sensory differences and precise, yet ordinary descriptions. Colour differences between rooms were assessed using verbal description of hue and nuance, and a supplementary method with specified colour samples. Emotional impressions of colour and rooms were assessed using a method describing primary emotions and the results were compared with results from another study using small colour samples. The colouring that enhanced or neutralised room light situation was compared as regards emotional impression and thereafter compared with results from another study. Daylight from the different compass points caused a clear shift in hue and nuance. The perceived colour was consistently more chromatic and more blackish than the inherent colour used. Nuance 1010 shifted more in chromaticness than nuance, while 1030 instead increased most in chromaticness. Even minor colour differences resulted in major differences in colour experience. The north-facing room in yellowish colours shifted towards reduced yellowishness in both hue and chromaticness. Indications were that north-facing rooms in reddish blue become more reddish than south-facing rooms.
QC 20100716

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Ho, Shuk-ting Michelle, and 何淑婷. "A study of the transport needs of patients for medical services, with special reference to their spatial pattern." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31945661.

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Pocock, Michael James Orlando. "The spatial population dynamics of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) with reference to the potential transmission of zoonoses." Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369343.

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Ho, Shuk-ting Michelle. "A study of the transport needs of patients for medical services, with special reference to their spatial pattern." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25263286.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spatial references'

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