Journal articles: 'Spatial references'

1

White, Janis M., Dennis M. Levi, and A. Philip Aitsebaomo. "Spatial localization without visual references." Vision Research 32, no. 3 (March 1992): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(92)90243-c.

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Court, John M. "Book Reviews : Spatial References in Mark." Expository Times 103, no. 12 (September 1992): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001452469210301215.

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Janner, Michael, Karthik Narasimhan, and Regina Barzilay. "Representation Learning for Grounded Spatial Reasoning." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 6 (December 2018): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00004.

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The interpretation of spatial references is highly contextual, requiring joint inference over both language and the environment. We consider the task of spatial reasoning in a simulated environment, where an agent can act and receive rewards. The proposed model learns a representation of the world steered by instruction text. This design allows for precise alignment of local neighborhoods with corresponding verbalizations, while also handling global references in the instructions. We train our model with reinforcement learning using a variant of generalized value iteration. The model outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on several metrics, yielding a 45% reduction in goal localization error.

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Gurfinkel, V. S., F. Lestienne, Yu S. Levik, and K. E. Popov. "Egocentric references and human spatial orientation in microgravity." Experimental Brain Research 95, no. 2 (August 1993): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00229791.

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Gurfinkel, V. S., F. Lestienne, Yu S. Levik, K. E. Popov, and L. Lefort. "Egocentric references and human spatial orientation in microgravity." Experimental Brain Research 95, no. 2 (August 1993): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00229792.

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Gellersen, Hans, Carl Fischer, Dominique Guinard, Roswitha Gostner, Gerd Kortuem, Christian Kray, Enrico Rukzio, and Sara Streng. "Supporting device discovery and spontaneous interaction with spatial references." Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 13, no. 4 (July 3, 2008): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00779-008-0206-3.

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Contreras, Diana, Alondra Chamorro, and Sean Wilkinson. "Review article: The spatial dimension in the assessment of urban socio-economic vulnerability related to geohazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 1663–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1663-2020.

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Abstract. Society and economy are only two of the dimensions of vulnerability. This paper aims to elucidate the state of the art of data sources, spatial variables, indicators, methods, indexes and tools for the spatial assessment of socio-economic vulnerability (SEV) related to geohazards. This review was first conducted in December 2018 and re-run in March 2020 for the period between 2010 and 2020. The gross number of articles reviewed was 27, from which we identified 18 relevant references using a revised search query and six relevant references identified using the initial query, giving a total sample of 24 references. The most common source of data remains population censuses. The most recurrent spatial variable used for the assessment of SEV is households without basic services, while critical facilities are the most frequent spatial category. Traditional methods have been combined with more innovative and complex methods to select and weight spatial indicators and develop indices. The Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI®) remains the benchmark for the assessment of SEV and a reference for its spatial assessment. Geographic information systems (GIS) is the most common tool for conducting a spatial assessment of SEV regarding geohazards. For future spatial assessments of SEV regarding geohazards, we recommend considering 3-D spatial indexes at the microscale at the urban level and involving the community in the assessments.

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Fabius, Jasper H., Martijn J. Schut, and Stefan Van der Stigchel. "Spatial inhibition of return as a function of fixation history, task, and spatial references." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 78, no. 6 (May 13, 2016): 1633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-016-1123-6.

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Lehodey, P., I. Senina, A. C. Dragon, and H. Arrizabalaga. "Spatially explicit estimates of stock size, structure and biomass of North Atlantic albacore Tuna (<i>Thunnus alalunga</i>)." Earth System Science Data Discussions 7, no. 1 (April 14, 2014): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-7-169-2014.

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Abstract. The development of the ecosystem approach and models for the management of ocean marine resources requires easy access to standard validated datasets of historical catch data for the main exploited species. They are used to measure the impact of biomass removal by fisheries and to evaluate the models skills, while the use of standard dataset facilitates models inter-comparison. Unlike standard stock assessment models, new state-of-the-art ecosystem models require geo-referenced fishing data with highest possible spatial resolution. This study presents an application to the north Atlantic albacore tuna stock with a careful definition and validation of a spatially explicit fishing dataset prepared from publically available sources (ICCAT) for its use in a spatial ecosystem and population dynamics model (SEAPODYM) to provide the first spatially explicit estimate of albacore density in the North Atlantic by life stage. Density distributions are provided (http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.831499) together with the fishing data used for these estimates http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.830797, http://doi.pangaea.de/10.15 1594/PANGAEA.828168, http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.828170, and http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.828171 (see section Source Data References).

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Zerva, Aspasia, and Vassilios Zervas. "Spatial variation of seismic ground motions: An overview." Applied Mechanics Reviews 55, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 271–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1458013.

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This study addresses the topic of the spatial variation of seismic ground motions as evaluated from data recorded at dense instrument arrays. It concentrates on the stochastic description of the spatial variation, and focuses on spatial coherency. The estimation of coherency from recorded data and its interpretation are presented. Some empirical and semi-empirical coherency models are described, and their validity and limitations in terms of physical causes discussed. An alternative approach that views the spatial variation of seismic motions as deviations in amplitudes and phases of the recorded data around a coherent approximation of the seismic motions is described. Simulation techniques for the generation of artificial spatially variable seismic ground motions are also presented and compared. The effect of coherency on the seismic response of extended structures is highlighted. This review article includes 133 references.

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Hu, T., J. Fan, H. He, L. Qin, and G. Li. "MASHUP SCHEME DESIGN OF MAP TILES USING LIGHTWEIGHT OPEN SOURCE WEBGIS PLATFORM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-565-2018.

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To address the difficulty involved when using existing commercial Geographic Information System platforms to integrate multi-source image data fusion, this research proposes the loading of multi-source local tile data based on CesiumJS and examines the tile data organization mechanisms and spatial reference differences of the CesiumJS platform, as well as various tile data sources, such as Google maps, Map World, and Bing maps. Two types of tile data loading schemes have been designed for the mashup of tiles, the single data source loading scheme and the multi-data source loading scheme. The multi-sources of digital map tiles used in this paper cover two different but mainstream spatial references, the WGS84 coordinate system and the Web Mercator coordinate system. According to the experimental results, the single data source loading scheme and the multi-data source loading scheme with the same spatial coordinate system showed favorable visualization effects; however, the multi-data source loading scheme was prone to lead to tile image deformation when loading multi-source tile data with different spatial references. The resulting method provides a low cost and highly flexible solution for small and medium-scale GIS programs and has a certain potential for practical application values. The problem of deformation during the transition of different spatial references is an important topic for further research.

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Raja K., Kanagavalli V. R., Nizar Banu P. K., and Kannan K. "An Efficient Methodology for Resolving Uncertain Spatial References in Text Documents." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 11, no. 3 (July 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2020070101.

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In recent decades, all the documents maintained by the industries are getting transformed into soft copies in either structured documents or as an e-copies. In text document processing, there is a number of ways available to extract the raw data. As the accuracy in finding the spatial data is crucial, this domain invites various research solutions that provide high accuracy. In this article, the Fuzzy Extraction, Resolving, and Clustering (FERC) architecture is proposed which uses fuzzy logic techniques to identify and cluster uncertain textual spatial reference. When the text corpus is queried with a spatial-keyword, FERC returns a set of relevant documents sorted in view of the fuzzy pertinence score. Any two documents may be compared in light of the spatial references that exist in them and their fuzzy similarity score is presented. This enables finding the degree to which the two documents speak about a specified location. The proposed architecture provides a better result set to the user, unlike a Boolean search where the document is either rated relevant or irrelevant.

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Chen, Lihan, Qingcui Wang, and Ming Bao. "Spatial References and Audio-Tactile Interaction in Cross-Modal Dynamic Capture." Multisensory Research 27, no. 1 (2014): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002441.

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In audiotactile dynamic capture, judgment of the direction of an apparent motion stream (such as auditory motion) was impeded (hence ‘captured’) by the presentation of a concurrent, but directionally opposite apparent motion stream (such as tactile motion) from a distractor modality, leading to a cross-modal dynamic capture (CDC) effect. That is to say, the percentage of correct reporting of the direction of the target motion was reduced. Previous studies have revealed the effect of stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) and the potential spatial remapping (by adopting a cross-hands posture) in CDC. However, further exploration of the dynamic capture process under different postures was not available due to the fact that only two levels of time asynchronies were employed (either synchronous or with an SOA of 500 ms). This study introduced a broad range of SOAs (−400 ms to 400 ms, tactile stream preceded auditory stream or vice versa) to explore the time course of audio-tactile interaction in CDC with two spatial references — arms-uncrossed or arms-crossed postures. Participants judged the direction of auditory apparent motion with tactile distractors. The results showed that in the arms-uncrossed condition, the CDC effect was prominent when the auditory–tactile events were in the temporal integration window (0–60 ms). However, with a preceding tactile cueing effect of SOA equal to and above 150 ms, the CDC effect was reduced, and no CDC effect was observed with the arms-crossed posture. These results suggest CDC effect is modulated by both cross-modal interaction and the spatial reference (especially for the distractors). The magnitude of the CDC effects in audiotactile interaction may be accounted for by reliability of tactile spatial-temporal information.

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14

Iwaniak, A., I. Kaczmarek, J. Łukowicz, M. Strzelecki, S. Coetzee, and W. Paluszyński. "SEMANTIC METADATA FOR HETEROGENEOUS SPATIAL PLANNING DOCUMENTS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W1 (September 5, 2016): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w1-27-2016.

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Spatial planning documents contain information about the principles and rights of land use in different zones of a local authority. They are the basis for administrative decision making in support of sustainable development. In Poland these documents are published on the Web according to a prescribed non-extendable XML schema, designed for optimum presentation to humans in HTML web pages. There is no document standard, and limited functionality exists for adding references to external resources. The text in these documents is discoverable and searchable by general-purpose web search engines, but the semantics of the content cannot be discovered or queried. The spatial information in these documents is geographically referenced but not machine-readable. Major manual efforts are required to integrate such heterogeneous spatial planning documents from various local authorities for analysis, scenario planning and decision support. This article presents results of an implementation using machine-readable semantic metadata to identify relationships among regulations in the text, spatial objects in the drawings and links to external resources. A spatial planning ontology was used to annotate different sections of spatial planning documents with semantic metadata in the Resource Description Framework in Attributes (RDFa). The semantic interpretation of the content, links between document elements and links to external resources were embedded in XHTML pages. An example and use case from the spatial planning domain in Poland is presented to evaluate its efficiency and applicability. The solution enables the automated integration of spatial planning documents from multiple local authorities to assist decision makers with understanding and interpreting spatial planning information. The approach is equally applicable to legal documents from other countries and domains, such as cultural heritage and environmental management.

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15

Wu, Yi Zhou. "Urban Spatial System Planning of Disaster Prevention and Refuge." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 1061–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.1061.

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The current urban planning is focused on the economic development, and weakens the basic guarantee for security and crisis prevention function. Taking the case of Taiwan where earthquake happens frequently, the paper introduced its theory and framework of urban planning of disaster prevention and refuge. By analyzing the example of Yuanlin town, this paper selectively introduced some typical planning measures and solutions in order to provide references to urban spatial system planning of disaster prevention and refuge in China.

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Liu, Kongling, Mengjun Wang, Jianchang Li, Jingjing Huang, Xuhui Huang, Shuhang Chen, and Baoquan Cheng. "Developing a Framework for Spatial Effects of Smart Cities Based on Spatial Econometrics." Complexity 2021 (June 11, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9322112.

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The rapid urbanization in China has already put heavy pressures on imperfect infrastructure, especially for fundamental urban functions such as power and water supply, traffic, education, and healthcare. The emergence of smart cities can help cope with the rapidly expanding demands on urban infrastructure. However, the development of smart cities in China is just in its infancy, and there is still a lack of clear understanding of the development path of smart cities. This article focuses on the development of smart cities in China. It aims to (a) judge whether there is spatial autoregression in the construction of smart cities in 83 Chinese cities and (b) identify key influencing factors in the development of smart cities in China through a spatial econometric model developed by GeoDa software. The results show that there exists spatial autoregression in the development of smart cities in China. Four key influencing factors (governmental support, innovative level, economic development, and human capital) are identified. Based on these findings, suggestions for future promoting development of smart cities in China are put forward. This research can deepen the understanding of the spatial effects of smart cities and provide valuable decision-making references for policy makers.

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Grzywiński, Maksym, and Jacek Selejdak. "Weight Minimization of Spatial Trusses with Genetic Algorithm." Quality Production Improvement - QPI 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cqpi-2019-0032.

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Abstract A genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the weight minimization problem of spatial truss structures considering size and shape design variables. A very recently developed metaheuristic method called JAYA algorithm (JA) is implemented in this study for optimization of truss structures. The main feature of JA is that it does not require setting algorithm specific parameters. The algorithm has a very simple formulation where the basic idea is to approach the best solution and escape from the worst solution. Analyses of structures are performed by a finite element code in MATLAB. The effectiveness of JA algorithm is demonstrated through benchmark spatial truss 39-bar, and compare with results in references.

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Carey, A., M. Luyat, O. Cottencin, P. Thomas, and D. Guardia. "1443 – Impaired multisensory integration and disruption of spatial references in anorexia nervosa." European Psychiatry 28 (January 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76475-7.

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van Nes, Akkelies. "Spatial Configurations and Walkability Potentials. Measuring Urban Compactness with Space Syntax." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115785.

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This contribution demonstrates how space syntax methods on various scale levels can be used to identify and describe the spatial features of a compact city. Firstly, the term urban compactness is discussed. A short discussion of some writings on the compact city are elaborated. As it transpired, urban compactness can best be approached from a spatial topological point of view, since compactness is a topological property. Secondly, urban compactness will be reconsidered in spatial configurative terms through the use of space syntax and urban micro scale tools. Examples from car-, pedestrian-, and public transport-based centres in Oslo and Bergen will be used throughout this contribution. Discussions of the examples in this contribution are discussed with references to other space syntax research results. As the case studies show, enhancing compact neighbourhoods with good walkability potential from a spatial perspective relies on spatial interaccessibility on all scale levels. Accessibility depends on spatial configurative compactness. Seemingly, it depends on the following complex set of sufficient conditions: a spatially integrated street network on all scale levels, short urban blocks and streets with building entrances with windows and doors on the ground floor level.

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Escamilla, Imelda, Clodoveu A. Davis Jr., Marco Moreno-Ibarra, and Vladimir Luna. "Geocoding of Spatial Relationships Contained in Tweets." International Journal of Knowledge Society Research 7, no. 1 (January 2016): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijksr.2016010102.

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Human ability to understand approximate references to locations, disambiguated by means of context and reasoning about spatial relationships, is the key to describe spatial environments and to share information about them. In this paper, the authors propose an approach for geocoding that takes advantage of the spatial relationships contained in the text of tweets, using semantic and spatial analyses. Microblog text has special characteristics (e.g. slang, abbreviations, acronyms, etc.) and thus represents a special variation of natural language. The main objective of this work is to associate spatial relationships found in text with a spatial footprint, to determine the location of the event described in the tweet. The feasibility of the proposal is demostrated using a corpus of 200,000 tweets posted in Spanish related with traffic events in Mexico City.

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Câmara, Gilberto, and Antônio Miguel Vieira Monteiro. "Geocomputation techniques for spatial analysis: are they relevant to health data?" Cadernos de Saúde Pública 17, no. 5 (October 2001): 1059–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2001000500002.

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Geocomputation is an emerging field of research that advocates the use of computationally intensive techniques such as neural networks, heuristic search, and cellular automata for spatial data analysis. Since increasing amounts of health-related data are collected within a geographical frame of reference, geocomputational methods show increasing potential for health data analysis. This paper presents a brief survey of the geocomputational field, including some typical applications and references for further reading.

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Lehodey, P., I. Senina, A. C. Dragon, and H. Arrizabalaga. "Spatially explicit estimates of stock size, structure and biomass of North Atlantic albacore tuna (<i>Thunnus alalunga</i>)." Earth System Science Data 6, no. 2 (September 19, 2014): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-317-2014.

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Abstract. The development of the ecosystem approach and models for the management of ocean marine resources requires easy access to standard validated data sets of historical catch data for the main exploited species. They are used to measure the impact of biomass removal by fisheries and to evaluate the models outputs, while the use of a standard data set facilitates models inter-comparison. Unlike standard stock assessment models, new state-of-the-art ecosystem models require geo-referenced fishing data with the highest possible spatial resolution. This study presents an application to the North Atlantic albacore tuna stock with a careful definition and validation of a spatially explicit fishing data set prepared from publicly available sources (ICCAT) for its use in a spatial ecosystem and population dynamics model (SEAPODYM) to provide the first spatially explicit estimate of albacore density in the North Atlantic by life stage. Density distributions together with the fishing data used for the estimates are provided at http://doi.pangaea.de/ (see section Source Data References) (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828115; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828226; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828227; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828228; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828229; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828230; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828231; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828232; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828232; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828233; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828234; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828235; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828236; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828237; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828238; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828168; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828170; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828171).

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Bailey, Trevor C. "Spatial statistical methods in health." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 17, no. 5 (October 2001): 1083–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2001000500011.

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The study of the geographical distribution of disease incidence and its relationship to potential risk factors (referred to here as ''geographical epidemiology") has provided, and continues to provide, rich ground for the application and development of statistical methods and models. In recent years increasingly powerful and versatile statistical tools have been developed in this application area. This paper discusses the general classes of problem in geographical epidemiology and reviews the key statistical methods now being employed in each of the application areas identified. The paper does not attempt to exhaustively cover all possible methods and models, but extensive references are provided to further details and to additional approaches. The overall aim is to provide a picture of the "current state of the art" in the use of spatial statistical methods in epidemiological and public health research. Following the review of methods, the main software environments which are available to implement such methods are discussed. The paper concludes with some brief general reflections on the epidemiological and public health implications of the use of spatial statistical methods in health and on associated benefits and problems.

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Sun, Hai Jun, Pei Zhang, and Lei An. "Research on Spatial Pattern and Regional Path of Urban-Rural Integration for Typical Metropolitan Area, Northwestern China - Taking Xi'an as an Example." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.521.

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This paper analyses spatial Characteristics, influencing factors, power mechanism, development intention and strategic focus based on present urban-rural development situation and problems of Xi'an metropolitan area in details. And then puts forward spatial pattern and corresponding development path for urban-rural development of Xi'an metropolitan area, so as to provide important theory and practice references for urban-rural space integration of other typical metropolitan areas in Northwestern China.

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Rodríguez-Quiñonez, Julio César. "Intelligent Automatic Object Tracking Method by Integration of Laser Scanner System and INS." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 33, no. 1 (2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2021-33(1)-4.

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In the last years, autonomous vehicle navigation has had considerable improvements; however, this technology has not yet been able to effectively be integrated with mobile systems that work inside buildings, houses or without the influence of absolute references such as GPS. It is for this reason that this paper provides a methodological proposal that allows the integration of the use of object detection methods such as YOLO (You Only Look Once) or R-CNN (Region Convolutional Neural Networks), with laser scanning systems for the measurement of spatial coordinates and an INS system to obtain spatial positioning through relative references. This method integrates the principle of dynamic triangulation and the methodological proposal IKZ (Inertial Navigation with Kalman and Zero Update) that allow to obtain acceptable mobile autonomy times in which the sector of interest is re-scanned.

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Malakhov, Sergey. "ABOUT ARCHITECTURE AS A VITAL." Innovative Project 5, no. 11 (December 2020): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/ip.2020.5.11.9.

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Architecture is a spatial phenomenon of human culture. Its origins are puzzling with indispensable references to materiality and the distinction between shelter and surroundings. But it is these links that take us away from a few important concepts.

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Sazonov, Andrei V., Jan W. M. Bergmans, Pierre J. M. Cluitmans, Paul A. M. Griep, Johan B. A. M. Arends, and Paul A. J. M. Boon. "Model-Based Analysis and Optimization of the Mapping of Cortical Sources in the Spontaneous Scalp EEG." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 8, no. 3 (2007): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486700701526289.

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The mapping of brain sources into the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) depends on volume conduction properties of the head and on an electrode montage involving a reference. Mathematically, thissource mapping(SM) is fully determined by anobservation function(OF) matrix. This paper analyses the OF-matrix for a generation model for the desynchronized spontaneous EEG. The model involves a four-shell spherical volume conductor containing dipolar sources that are mutually uncorrelated so as to reflect the desynchronized EEG. The reference is optimized in order to minimize the impact in the SM of the sources located distant from the electrodes. The resulting reference is called thelocalized reference(LR). The OF-matrix is analyzed in terms of the relative power contribution of the sources and the cross-channel correlation coefficient for five existing references as well as for the LR. It is found that theHjorth Laplacian referenceis a fair approximation of the LR, and thus is close to optimum for practical intents and purposes. The other references have a significantly poorer performance. Furthermore, the OF-matrix is analyzed for limits to the spatial resolution for the EEG. These are estimated to be around 2 cm.

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PERNER, PETRA, ALEC HOLT, and MICHAEL RICHTER. "Image processing in case-based reasoning." Knowledge Engineering Review 20, no. 3 (September 2005): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888906000671.

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This commentary summarizes case-based reasoning (CBR) research applied to image processing. It includes references to the systems, workshops, and landmark publications. Image processing includes a variety of image formats, from computer tomography images to remote sensing and spatial data sets.

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Jiang, Fan, Wei Ping Chen, and Yuan Yuan Li. "Spatial Structure Injection Molding Analysis of Suspended Bio-Carriers." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.385.

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The realizability for spatial structure of suspended bio-carriers should be considered in the process of structure designing. Injection molding analysis could obtain the injection performance of spatial structure, and provide the references for economic benefit of structure realization and structure optimization, so it become an important tool for structure designing and optimization. In oder to apply the injection molding analysis to the process of bio-carriers designing, three structures, multi-plane spherical structure, straight chip columnar structure, wing panel structure are designed. Their injection performances, such as best location of injection, fill time, and injection pressure are be compared, the results show that the multi-plane spherical structure has the best injection economic benefit.

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ZHOU, Rong-Gang, and Kan ZHANG. "Object Location Judgments in Spatial Memory Based on Coordinating Egocentric and Allocentric References." Acta Psychologica Sinica 40, no. 12 (June 5, 2009): 1229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2008.01229.

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ZHENG, Yue, Yi LONG, Xiaona MING, and Rui YAN. "Natural Language Description of Geographic Location Considering Various Spatial Relations with Different References." Geo-information Science 13, no. 4 (August 30, 2011): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1047.2011.00465.

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32

Beconytė, Giedrė, Julija Snežko, Andrius Balčiūnas, and Inga Vidugirytė-Pakerienė. "Enhanced Conceptual Model for Spatial References in Works of Fiction: Mapping Vilnius Literature." Cartographic Journal 56, no. 4 (June 12, 2019): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2018.1533292.

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Westheimer, Gerald. "Hering Hermeneutics: Supplement to Translation and Commentary of Hering (1899) by Strasburger et al." i-Perception 9, no. 6 (November 2018): 204166951881592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669518815921.

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Strasburger et al.’s welcome translation of Hering’s seminal paper, and reminder of what Hering actually said about eye movements and spatial averaging in vernier acuity, is supplemented by references to further trends on how the subject has evolved to the present state of knowledge.

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Pan, Wen Jun, Xian Guo Ye, and Lei Chang. "Application of QR Method for Analysis of Spatial-Mega Frame Structure." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 6049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.6049.

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With the generalized displacement parameters of spline knots chosen as basic unknowns, the node displacement functions of spatial mega frames were built up, then element node displacements could be expressed by these parameters. New stiffness equation of spatial mega frame was deduced according to energy variational principle. The nodal displacement and nodal forces were worked out by the displacement parameters of spline knots. Process of block assembling for spline-discretization matrix was introduced briefly. One spatial mega frame was calculated by QR method and different finite element softwares. Comparation among the results and those of references proves that QR method is exactly an economical, effective and reliable method for computation of spatial mega frames. It provides a new approach for simplified calculation to spatial mega structures, so has good theoretical and practical value.

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Tian, Song, Ximin Cui, and Yu Gong. "An Approach to Generate Spatial Voronoi Treemaps for Points, Lines, and Polygons." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/787163.

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As a space-filling method, Voronoi Treemaps are used for showcasing hierarchies. Previously presented algorithms are limited to visualize nonspatial data. The approach of spatial Voronoi Treemaps is proposed in this paper to eliminate these problems by enabling the subdivisions for points, lines, and polygons with spatial coordinates and references. The digital distance transformation is recursively used to generate nested raster Voronoi polygons while the raster to vector conversion is used to create a vector-based Treemap visualization in a GIS (geographic information system) environment. The objective is to establish a spatial data model to better visualize and understand the hierarchies in the geographic field.

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Tian, Song. "Vector-Based Realisation of Geographical Voronoi Treemaps With the ArcGIS Engine." Journal of Information Technology Research 14, no. 1 (January 2021): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2021010103.

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In geographical field, the researches on spatial hierarchies are extensive, but there is a lack of effective method to generate and express hierarchical spatial structures. As a frequently-used visualising method, Voronoi Treemaps are able to represent hierarchical data, but limited to displaying non-spatial data. The approach of geographical Voronoi Treemaps is proposed to solve these problems by allowing for spatial division from point features with spatial coordinates and references. Additionally, this enables to create hierarchical layouts in the form of Voronoi Treemap in GIS environments with the ArcGIS Engine. The generated layouts are saved in a geodatabase, which is convenient for adding GIS enhancements such as colouring, edge sizes, legends, borders, scales, and compass. The approach aims to establish a kind of spatial data model to represent urban hierarchies, organisation structures and region differences and so on, which expands the application range of Voronoi Treemaps in the geographical field.

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Mu, Zai Gen, Jian Xiao, Yin Lan Shen, and Zhong Fan. "Study on the Arc-Cable Supported Long Span Spatial Structure of Erdos Dong-Sheng Stadium." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 1836–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.1836.

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This paper has introduced rational arch axis and built finite element models for the analysis of arch axis type selection, based on the retractable roof of Ordos Dong-sheng stadium under actual loads. And the approximation optimum method is used in adjustment of rational arch axis of the stadium's giant arch. At last, this paper supplies some references for this project design.

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Djenar, Dwi Noverini. "That’s how it is there." Narrative in ‘societies of intimates’ 26, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 402–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.26.2.09dje.

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Recent sociolinguistic research on narrative has underlined the understanding of place as being both spatially defined and socially constituted through shared experience as well as contestation. Drawing on studies on the philosophy of place and the ‘small stories’ perspective, this study approaches place as an abstract concept in which spatial environment, people, objects, and activity come together as a unified, complex structure. Two Indonesian narratives are examined to illustrate the connectedness between the different elements that make up that structure. Ambiguous uses of temporal phrases and person references suggest that these elements (e.g., people and objects) are often undifferentiated. It is argued that the narratives are not simply stories about place but are stories enabled by place, that is, by presence in a spatial environment, encounter with people and objects, and engagement in shared activities through time, and which highlight self-identity as being deeply embedded in the identities of others.

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Li, Xiao Fen, Rui Peng, and Min Xing Yang. "Analysis of Industrial Carbon Emissions Assessment and Spatial Distribution." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2745.

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Under the background of ecological civilization, the energy saving and emission reduction, low carbon eco-city construction is booming. At present, China industrial carbon emissions account for more than half of total carbon emissions in the whole society. The analysis of industrial carbon emissions and its spatial distribution is quite important. Consider the Park of Shenzhen international low-carbon city as the research object; based on the enterprise data from the 2011 industrial census, it combines both the top-down and bottom-up methods to evaluate its current industrial carbon emission levels and then discusses the relationship between the industrial structure and carbon emissions. Comprehensive utilization of the spatial distribution function of GIS, the spatial distribution characteristics of industrial carbon emissions and carbon intensity is evaluated, so as to provide the references for the related policy-making of low-carbon ecological city.

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van der Velde, Rogier, Andreas Colliander, Michiel Pezij, Harm-Jan F. Benninga, Rajat Bindlish, Steven K. Chan, Thomas J. Jackson, Dimmie M. D. Hendriks, Denie C. M. Augustijn, and Zhongbo Su. "Validation of SMAP L2 passive-only soil moisture products using upscaled in situ measurements collected in Twente, the Netherlands." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 473–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-473-2021.

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Abstract. The Twente region in the east of the Netherlands has a network with 20 soil monitoring stations that has been utilized for validation of the Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) passive-only soil moisture products. Over the period from April 2015 until December 2018, seven stations covered by the SMAP reference pixels have fairly complete data records. Spatially distributed soil moisture simulations with the Dutch National Hydrological Model have been utilized for the development of upscaling functions to translate the spatial mean of point measurements to the domain of the SMAP reference pixels. The native and upscaled spatial soil moisture means computed using the in situ measurements have been adopted as references to assess the performance of the SMAP (i) Single Channel Algorithm at Horizontal Polarization (SCA-H), (ii) Single Channel Algorithm at Vertical Polarization (SCA-V), and (iii) Dual Channel Algorithm (DCA) soil moisture estimates. In the case of the Twente network it was found that the SCA-V SMAP soil moisture observations collected in the afternoon had the best agreement with the native spatial mean, leading to an unbiased root mean squared error (uRMSE) of 0.059 m3 m−3, whereas for the upscaled in situ references primarily larger biases were found. These error levels are larger than the mission's target accuracy of 0.04 m3 m−3, which can be attributed to large over- and under-estimation errors (>0.08 m3 m−3), in particular at the end of dry spells and during freezing, respectively. The strong vertical dielectric gradients associated with rapid soil freezing and wetting cause the disparity in soil depth characterized by SMAP and in situ that leads to the large mismatches. Once filtered for frozen conditions and antecedent rainfall, the uRMSE improves to 0.043 m3 m−3.

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Pei, Shunzhe. "Study on the Spatial Form of Marginal Space of the Street and Crowd Behavior -Take Tanhualin Historic District as an example." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 03067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123303067.

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While people tend to overlook marginal space, it is the most important space for communication and integration. This paper took the historic districts of Tanhualin as the subject to explore the spatial elements, spatial characteristics and crowd behaviors of different types of marginal space from the perspective of typology. Based on the number of active users and the space utilization rate, we evaluated the marginal space using image data analysis. This paper explored the design of marginal space, providing references on the rational development of marginal space of urban blocks and improvement of marginal space.

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Ma, Jia, Tao Pei, Fen Dong, Yanhui Dong, Zhaogeng Yang, Jie Chen, Sihui Guo, et al. "Spatial and demographic disparities in short stature among school children aged 7–18 years: a nation-wide survey in China, 2014." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e026634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026634.

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ObjectivesTo identify spatial disparities and demographic characteristics of short stature, we analysed the prevalence of short stature collected in a nationwide health survey.SettingsData were obtained from the 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health (a cross-sectional study of China). Participants came from 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities (except Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan).ParticipantsThere were 213 795 Han school children between 7 and 18 years old enrolled in our study. All participants were sampled by stratified cluster.Primary and secondary outcome measuresShort stature; Chinese and WHO age-specific and gender-specific height growth references were used for short stature assessment.ResultsThe age-standardised and age–gender-standardised prevalence of short stature nationwide was 3.70% and 2.69% according to Chinese and WHO growth references, respectively. The short stature prevalence differed significantly among age groups, urban and rural areas, and regions with different socioeconomic development levels (all p<0.0001). The prevalence was 2.23% in urban versus 5.12% in rural areas (p<0.001). The prevalence was 2.60% in developed, 3.72% in intermediately developed, and 4.69% in underdeveloped regions (p<0.0001). These values were all according to China’s growth reference, but similar patterns were observed on prevalence based on the WHO reference. The spatial distribution of prevalence of short stature presented a clustered pattern. Moran’s I value was 0.474 (p<0.001) and 0.478 (p<0.001) according to the Chinese and WHO growth references, respectively. The southwest part of China showed a higher prevalence of short stature, whereas lower prevalence of short stature was observed mainly in the northeast part of China.ConclusionsThere is an appreciably high prevalence of short stature in rural, underdeveloped areas of China. There are high prevalence spatial clusters of short stature in southwestern China. This provides corroborating evidence for a tailored strategy on short stature prevention and reduction in special areas.

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Orel, Marko, and Jaroslava Kubátová. "Coworking as a model for conscious business." Journal of Global Responsibility 10, no. 3 (August 15, 2019): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-11-2018-0068.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to cross-reference the defining perspectives of coworking as an emerging integral model of conscious business. Design/methodology/approach The methodological framework is built on transdisciplinary research of spatial scale of existence by using the qualitative approach of participant observations and interviews. Findings The empirical data suggest that independently organized and self-financed coworking spaces can be categorized as conscious businesses. Research limitations/implications Coworking spaces are evolving and hybridizing. While a conscious business model can be cross-referenced with independently run coworking spaces that target the self-employed as their user group, this is not certain for larger, franchise-based coworking centers as a larger sample would need to be researched and analyzed. Originality/value No attempts have been made previously for identifying cross-references between the concept of conscious business and the coworking model.

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Leidner, Jochen L., and Michael D. Lieberman. "Detecting geographical references in the form of place names and associated spatial natural language." SIGSPATIAL Special 3, no. 2 (July 2011): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2047296.2047298.

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Almor, Amit, David V. Smith, Leonardo Bonilha, Julius Fridriksson, and Chris Rorden. "What is in a name? Spatial brain circuits are used to track discourse references." NeuroReport 18, no. 12 (August 2007): 1215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32810f2e11.

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Rehm, Matthias. "Being seaward-handed: a computational model of the acquisition of language-specific spatial references." Cognitive Processing 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10339-003-0007-6.

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Smart, Philip D., Alia I. Abdelmoty, and Baher El-Geresy. "Spatial Reasoning with Place Information on the Semantic Web." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 23, no. 05 (October 2014): 1450011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213014500110.

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Geographical referencing of data and resources on the Web has become prevalent. Discovering and linking this information poses eminent research challenges to the geospatial semantic web, with regards to the representation and manipulation of information on geographic places. Towards addressing these challenges, this work explores the potential of the current semantic web languages and tools. In particular, an integrated logical framework of rules and ontologies, using current W3C standards, is assessed for modeling geospatial ontologies of place and for encoding both symbolic and geometric references to place locations. Spatial reasoning is incorporated in the framework to facilitate the deduction of implicit spatial relations and for expressing spatial integrity constraints. The logical framework is extended with geo-computation engines that offer more effective manipulation of geometric information. Example data sets mined from web resources are used to demonstrate and evaluate the framework, offering insights to its potentials and limitations.

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Wang, Yuwei, Kaicheng Wu, and Wang Gao. "Analysis on spatial distribution pattern of football fields: A case study in Wuhan, China." E3S Web of Conferences 293 (2021): 02051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129302051.

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In order to promote the sustainable development of sports facilities, the statistical data of football fields in 13 districts of Wuhan city were selected. Based on geographic information system (GIS) and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) technology, this paper analyzed the global and local autocorrelation of the number of football fields per capita in Wuhan city. The results indicate that: (1) Comparing to the new districts in Wuhan, the number of football fields per capita in the central districts was relatively few. (2) In the global scale, the number of football fields per capita in Wuhan presented a spatial aggregation pattern. (3) In the local scale, the regional discrepancy and spatial clusters were confirmed in the local spatial autocorrelation analysis for football fields in Wuhan. At the same time, the research results could provide reasonable references for the planning of football field facilities.

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Kühne, Olaf, and Corinna Jenal. "Baton Rouge—A Neopragmatic Regional Geographic Approach." Urban Science 5, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5010017.

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The present contribution to a neopragmatic approach to regional geography attempts to collect, structure, and reflect knowledge with different spatial, social, and cultural references. This is not a matter of designing a classical regional or landscape “compartmentalization” of distinct spatial units, which are characterized by a specific reciprocal shaping of culture and the initial physical substrate, but of investigating and reflecting the reciprocal influences of different levels of scale as well as the construction mechanisms and contingency of spatial units. By means of “theoretical” and also empirical “triangulation”, a differentiated picture of complex research objects—here Baton Rouge, LA—is generated, whereby (partial) contradictions between theoretical approaches and the relationship between the various appropriately chosen theories and equally well-chosen empirical methods are also accepted.

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Du, Liang, Peng Lan, and Nian Li Lu. "Tangent Stiffness Matrix of Spatial Beam Element Considering Bend and Torsion Coupling Effect." Advanced Materials Research 1021 (August 2014): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1021.73.

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Based on the spatial beam-column differential equations, the slope deflection equations considering second-order and bend-torsion coupling effect are established. The additional moment caused by torsion and bend deflection are taken into account. Then the finite element pattern of spatial beam-column considering the couple effect of torsion and bend is given. The tangent stiffness matrix and relevant program for nonlinear analysis are further obtained. By the nonlinear calculation and stability analysis of single component which has high accuracy or precise solution, the precision of the FEM model given in this paper is verified by comparing the results with that given in references.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Spatial references'

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