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Sturrock, Hugh. "Spatial epidemiology of parasitic infections and optimal survey design." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2011. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4609914/.
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Recent years have seen a shift towards integrated control of a number of tropical diseases. Such a strategy, however, relies on an understanding of the spatial distribution and overlap of different diseases. Using a combination of fieldwork, spatial and economic analyses and computerized simulations, optimal survey designs were explored for soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium /alciparum in East Africa, and the potential of an integrated survey approach was evaluated. For STH, analysis indicated that hookworm clusters over larger scales than Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, and that surveying small numbers of children, from four to five schools per district, provides a rapid and cost-effective approach to target treatment at district levels. For S. mansoni, Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) was compared to a geostatistical survey design that allows spatial prediction at unsurveyed locations based on a subset of schools. Results showed that targeted treatment was more cost-effective than presumptive treatment and that, whilst LQAS correctly classified a higher proportion of schools requiring treatment, a geostatistical design proved more cost-effective. An investigation into the optimal spatial scale to conduct surveys for STH, S. mansoni and P. /alciparum in Kenya found that, over various cost scenarios, surveying fifty children from three randomly selected sites per sub-district provided a balance of performance and cost-effectiveness for all species. In sub-districts of low S. manson; and P.alciparum prevalence, LQAS should be used to target treatment. This thesis has shown that species-specific differences in spatial heterogeneity of infection and the costs of both mapping surveys and programme intervention have important implications for the optimal design of surveys. A two stage framework for integrated surveys is proposed allowing for a flexible approach to mapping. Similar studies in different settings are crucial and would help to assess whether changes in survey strategy are required as transmission drops due to control activities.
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Ropinski, Timo, Steffen Oeltze, and Bernhard Preim. "Survey of Glyph-based Visualization Techniques for Spatial Multivariate Medical Data." Institut für Informatik, Münster, Germany, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-92864.
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In this survey article, we review glyph-based visualization techniques, which have been exploited when visualizing spatial multivariate medical data. To classify these techniques, we derive a taxonomy of glyph properties, which is based on classification concepts established in information visualization. By considering both the glyph visualization as well as the interaction techniques that are employed to generate or explore the glyph visualization, we are able to classify glyph techniques into two main groups: those supporting pre-attentive and those supporting attentive processing. With respect to this classification, we review glyph-based techniques described in the medical visualization literature. Based on the outcome of the literature review, we propose design guidelines for glyph visualizations in the medical domain.
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Sterling, David L. "A Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Techniques for Determining Shoaling Rates of the Atlantic Ocean Channel." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35072.
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The United States of Army Corp of Engineers (USACE) closely monitors the changing depths of navigation channels throughout the U.S. and Western Europe. The main issue with their surveying methodology is that the USACE surveys in linear cross sections, perpendicular to the channel direction. Depending on the channel length and width, these cross sections are spaced 100 - 400 feet apart, which produces large unmapped areas within each cross section of a survey.
Using a variety of spatial interpolation methods, depths of these unmapped areas were produced. The choice of spatial interpolator varied upon which method adequately produced surfaces from large hydrographic survey data sets with the lowest amount of prediction error. The data used for this research consisted of multibeam and singlebeam surveys. These surveys were taken in a systematic manner of linear cross-sections that produced tens of thousands of data points.
Nine interpolation techniques (inverse distance weighting, completely regularized spline, spline with tension, thin plate spline, multiquadratic spline, inverse multiquadratic spline, ordinary kriging, simple kriging, and universal kriging) were compared for their ability to accurately produce bathymetric surfaces of navigation channels. Each interpolation method was tested for effectiveness in determining depths at "unknown" areas. The level of accuracy was tested through validation and cross validation of training and test data sets for a particular hydrographic survey.
By using interpolation, grid surfaces were created at 15, 30, 60, and 90-meter resolution for each survey of the study site, the Atlantic Ocean Channel. These surfaces are used to produce shoaling amounts, which are taken in the form of volumes (yd.3). Because the Atlantic Ocean Channel is a large channel with a small gradual change in depth, a comparison of grid resolution was conducted to determine what difference, if any, exists between the calculated volumes from varying grid resolutions. Also, a comparison of TIN model volume calculations was compared to grid volume estimates.
Volumes are used to determine the amount of shoaling and at what rate shoaling is occurring in a navigation channel. Shoaling in each channel was calculated for the entire channel length. Volumes from varying grid resolutions were produced from the Atlantic Ocean Channel over a seven-year period from 1994-2001.
Using randomly arranged test and training datasets, spline with tension and thin plate spline produced the mean total error when interpolating using singlebeam and multibeam hydrographic data respectively. Thin plate spline and simple kriging produced the lowest mean total error in full cross validation testing of entire singlebeam and multibeam hydrographic datasets respectively.
Volume analysis of varying grid resolution indicates that finer grid resolution provides volume estimates comparable to TIN modeling, the USACE's technique for determining sediment volume estimates. The coarser the resolution, the less similar the volume estimates are in comparison to TIN modeling. All grid resolutions indicate that the Atlantic Ocean Channel is shoaling. Using a plan depth of 53 feet, TIN modeling displayed an annual average increase of 928,985 cubic yards of sediment from 1994 - 2001.
Master of Science
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Aguiar, Douglas Vieira de. "Grid configuration and land use : a syntactic survey of Porto Alegre (Brazil)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301615.
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Claridge, Justin. "Spatial prediction of soil properties from historic survey data using decision trees and conceptual modelling /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16266.pdf.
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DuBois, Jennifer Faith. "Spatial and Temporal Changes in Tsunami Risk Perception in Canterbury." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1440.
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Risk perception for rare, low-probability hazards, such as tsunamis, tends to be low due to individual's unfamiliarity with them and the tendency to see them as synonymous with non-occurrence events. Visitors to an area tend to have even lower risk perception and knowledge of hazards, warning systems and appropriate actions to take during an event. Risk perception, however, can increase, if only temporarily, after a catastrophic event, such as the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami. To determine the changes in resident's knowledge and perception and the differences between those of residents and visitors two surveys were conducted. In the first survey interview style surveying was conducted at eleven locations in the coastal Christchurch and Banks Peninsula area of the Canterbury Region The questionnaire was composed of scaled, open, and closed ended questions and the main themes included knowledge of risk, preparation and warnings, what to do during a tsunami, and changes since the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami. The second survey of five coastal communities was conducted via a postal questionnaire and was aimed at obtaining residential views. Survey data was then analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software. The residential data was compared with that of the non-residents to determine the differences in perception of residents and visitors. The residential information was then compared with survey data from the 2003 National Coastal Survey. Visitors knew less about general tsunami information such as when the last tsunami occurred and were less likely to believe that a tsunami could occur imminently. Non-residents reported less receipt of information and did considerably less information seeking. Differences in knowledge of warning systems were difficult to ascertain. The Boxing Day event certainly made an impact, increasing people's knowledge and awareness, though most likely only temporarily.
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Tzimeas, Constantinos. "Image resolution analysis: a new, robust approach to seismic survey design." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2431.
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Seismic survey design methods often rely on qualitative measures to provide an optimal image of their objective target. Fold, ray tracing techniques counting ray hits on binned interfaces, and even advanced 3-D survey design methods that try to optimize o?set and azimuth coverage are prone to fail (especially in complex geological or structural settings) in their imaging predictions. The reason for the potential failure of these commonly used approaches derives from the fact that they do not take into account the ray geometry at the target points. Inverse theory results can provide quantitative and objective constraints on acquisition design. Beylkin??s contribution to this ?eld is an elegant and simple equation describing a reconstructed point scatterer given the source/receiver distribution used in the imaging experiment. Quantitative measures of spatial image resolution were developed to assess the e?cacy of competing acquisition geometries. Apart from the source/receiver con?guration, parameters such as the structure and seismic velocity also in?uence image resolution. Understanding their e?ect on image quality, allows us to better interpret the resolution results for the surveys under examination. A salt model was used to simulate imaging of target points located underneath and near the ?anks of the diapir. Three di?erent survey designs were examined. Results from these simulations show that contrary to simple models, near-o?sets do not always produce better resolved images than far-o?sets. However, consideration of decreasing signal-to-noise ratio revealed that images obtained from the far-o?set experiment are degrading faster than the near-o?set ones. The image analysis was performed on VSP ?eld data as well as synthetics generated by ?nite di?erence forward modeling. The predicted image resolution results were compared to measured resolution from the migrated sections of both the ?eld data and the synthetics. This comparison con?rms that image resolution analysis provides as good a resolution prediction as the prestack Kirchho? depth migrated section of the synthetic gathers. Even in the case of the migrated ?eld data, despite the presence of error introducing factors (di?erent signal-to-noise ratios, shape and frequency content of source wavelets, etc.), image resolution performed well exhibiting the same trends of resolution changes at di?erent test points.
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Otepka, Johannes, Sajid Ghuffar, Christoph Waldhauser, Ronald Hochreiter, and Norbert Pfeifer. "Georeferenced Point Clouds: A Survey of Features and Point Cloud Management." MDPI AG, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi2041038.
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This paper presents a survey of georeferenced point clouds. Concentration is, on the one hand, put on features, which originate in the measurement process themselves, and features derived by processing the point cloud. On the other hand, approaches for the processing of georeferenced point clouds are reviewed. This includes the data structures, but also spatial processing concepts. We suggest a categorization of features into levels that reflect the amount of processing. Point clouds are found across many disciplines, which is reflected in the versatility of the literature suggesting specific features. (authors' abstract)
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Martin, Camie Frandsen. "A Survey of Invasive Exotic Ants Found on Hawaiian Islands: Spatial Distributions and Patterns of Association." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3854.
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An intensive sampling of all ant species encountered on 6 Hawaiian Islands: Big Island, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, and Lanai took place between 1988 and 1996. Species presence and absence was recorded at each site. Using remote sensing, variables were added insitu and used throughout my analysis. Species accumulation curves suggest that sampling was comprehensive. There is a significant trend between island area and species richness which validates the Theory of Island Biogeography for invasive species. Islands were found to be significantly nested by area, order, and tourism. Cluster analysis shows a link between elevation, land-use and island, and species presence. Predictive models can be built to predict spread of particular ant species as they continue toward equilibrium.
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Tilligkeit, Jacqueline Elizabeth. "The Spatial Distribution of K-Factor Values Across a Toposequence and a Soil Survey Map Unit." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/826.
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Rivers and streams are adversely affected by an increase in sedimentation in their waters from eroding land. High sediment loads in streams can bury fish eggs and prevent hatching, increasing nutrients in the water causing algae blooms, or even contaminating the water with heavy metals carried in or on the aggregates. The erodibility of soil is valuable knowledge to all land users so that we may predict soil loss and its potential to pollute streams. This is done by using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). By predicting soil loss from a given landscape, land managers can take mitigation measures. The precision of the current scale available for soil erodibility (K-factor) by the US Department of Agriculture is not useful to small landowners or on a site-by-site basis. In California’s Central Coast, a grassland hillslope toposequence was investigated in a Los Osos-Diablo soil series complex. Geographic information systems software was used for spatial analysis of variation in the K-factor as well as interpolating areas that were not sampled. Analysis of soils’ particle size, infiltration rate, organic matter content, and structure across the toposequence allowed calculation of the soils’ K-factor values. K-factor values for the footslope, backslope, and shoulder were found to be statistically different from one another. All slope position’s average K-factor values were statistically different than the published Los Osos and Diablo series’ K-factor with the exception of the backslope which was not significantly different than Diablo’s K-factor value. The average of all K-factors was found not to be statistically different than the Los Osos’ K-factor but it was statistically different from the Diablo’s soil series K-factor. The USDA K-factors overestimated the predicted soil loss for the study site.
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Cui, Zheng. "Management, retrieval, and visualization of spatial data from airborne light detection and ranging system (LIDAR) survey." FIU Digital Commons, 2001. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2685.
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The primary purpose of this research was to develop new methodologies to process and analyze large amount of topographic data from airborne LIDAR (light detection and ranging) survey.
This research developed a suite of algorithms to resample dense clouds of point data from LIDAR survey, cut the large data set into smaller tiles, and filtered data to remove points from non-ground surface features such as vegetations, buildings, and vehicles. These algorithms were implemented on the PC platform using C++. The test results showed that the developed application software package based on these algorithms worked well. This application software package provided users an efficient way to retrieve, analyze, and display large volumes of LIDAR survey data, and to extract topographic information.
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Khosravan, Najafabadi Shohreh. "Optimal vector interpolation of asynoptic spatial survey of vector quantities for interpolating ADCP water velocity measurements." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27381.
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In fields of study such as geophysics and hydraulics, many random variables are vector quantities, not scalars. Vector quantities require statistical techniques that are independent of choice of coordinate system. In this research a new optimal vector interpolation method, suitable for interpolation of asynoptically measured spatial vector fields, was developed and tested. The new method was compared to scalar interpolation by kriging. The test data were spatial Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) surveys of depth average fluvial water velocity in reaches upstream and downstream of a bridge. The interpolation procedures were evaluated by interpolating the fields with various amounts of data removal, and comparing to the actual measured field using a vector correlation coefficient previously developed by Crosby et al. (1993). The new optimal vector interpolation method was superior to kriging when all data were utilized (upstream reach) and for data removal rates of up to 30% (downstream reach).
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Costaregni, Amanda Rose. "The Our Florida Reefs Coastal Use Survey: An Online Survey to Support Stakeholder Management Recommendations for Southeast Florida." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/398.
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Coral reefs are an important resource world-wide. Unfortunately, coral reef conditions are declining in many areas due to both global and local stressors. The objective of this study was to survey stakeholders in southeast Florida to better understand reef use in the region. Stakeholders spatially identified where and how often they conducted their activities. These data were compiled and analyzed in GIS to determine spatial use patterns. Both location and intensity of use were analyzed to determine which areas may be under greater stress from recreational activities. It was found that reef use was not evenly distributed in the region but clustered around inlets and piers. Reef use differed between user groups (i.e. SCUBA divers, fishers) and demographics. It was also found that use in the Broward-Miami Coral Reef Ecosystem Region was spread out over a wider spatial scale than the use in the regions north and south..
These data are important as they have the potential to inform the recommendations being made to improve coral reef management in southeast Florida. The study can provide a better understanding of human-environmental relationships and the trade-offs involved so that recommendations can better decrease user conflicts, maximize economic productivity, and preserve the environment.
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Stum, Alexander Knell. "Random Forests Applied as a Soil Spatial Predictive Model in Arid Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/736.
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Initial soil surveys are incomplete for large tracts of public land in the western USA. Digital soil mapping offers a quantitative approach as an alternative to traditional soil mapping. I sought to predict soil classes across an arid to semiarid watershed of western Utah by applying random forests (RF) and using environmental covariates derived from Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and digital elevation models (DEM). Random forests are similar to classification and regression trees (CART). However, RF is doubly random. Many (e.g., 500) weak trees are grown (trained) independently because each tree is trained with a new randomly selected bootstrap sample, and a random subset of variables is used to split each node. To train and validate the RF trees, 561 soil descriptions were made in the field. An additional 111 points were added by case-based reasoning using aerial photo interpretation. As RF makes classification decisions from the mode of many independently grown trees, model uncertainty can be derived. The overall out of the bag (OOB) error was lower without weighting of classes; weighting increased the overall OOB error and the resulting output did not reflect soil-landscape relationships observed in the field. The final RF model had an OOB error of 55.2% and predicted soils on landforms consistent with soil-landscape relationships. The OOB error for individual classes typically decreased with increasing class size. In addition to the final classification, I determined the second and third most likely classification, model confidence, and the hypothetical extent of individual classes. Pixels that had high possibility of belonging to multiple soil classes were aggregated using a minimum confidence value based on limiting soil features, which is an effective and objective method of determining membership in soil map unit associations and complexes mapped at the 1:24,000 scale. Variables derived from both DEM and Landsat 7 ETM+ sources were important for predicting soil classes based on Gini and standard measures of variable importance and OOB errors from groves grown with exclusively DEM- or Landsat-derived data. Random forests was a powerful predictor of soil classes and produced outputs that facilitated further understanding of soil-landscape relationships.
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Nauman, Travis William. "Digital Soil-Landscape Classification for Soil Survey using ASTER Satellite and Digital Elevation Data in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193446.
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Digital soil mapping supervised and unsupervised classification methods were evaluated to aide soil survey of unmapped areas in the western United States. Supervised classification of landscape into mountains and basins preceded unsupervised classification of data chosen by iterative data reduction. Principal component data reduction, ISODATA classification, Linear combination of principal components, Zonal averaging of linear combination by ISODATA class, Segmentation of the image into polygons, and Attribution of polygons by majority ISODATA class (PILZSA process) comprised steps isolating unique soil-landscape units. Input data included ASTER satellite imagery and USGS 30-m elevation layers for environmental proxy variables representing soil forming factors. Results indicate that PILZSA captured general soil patterns when compared to an existing soil survey while also detecting fluvial soils sourced from different lithologies and unique mountain areas not delineated by the original survey. PILZSA demonstrates potential for soil pre-mapping, and sampling design efforts for soil survey and survey updates.
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Müller, Daniel. "Land-use change in the Central Highlands of Vietnam a spatial econometric model combining satellite imagery and village survey data /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969930011.
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Wright, Sarah E. "Sample Frequency, Duration, and Spatial Representation Considerations of Great Lakes Beach Sanitary Survey Data at Three Beaches in Racine, Wisconsin." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1416922217.
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DeGirolamo, Gregory J. "Impact of Sequence and Cognitive Aging On Spatial Learning From Ground Level and Aerial Perspectives." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1336103643.
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Fox, Michael J. "Effects of Orientation Change on Spatial Learning of Novel Environments on Younger and Older Adults." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1420839362.
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Yu, Hao. "Spatial and temporal population dynamics of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in Lake Erie." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28586.
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Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in Lake Erie support valuable commercial and recreational fisheries critical to the local economy and society. The study of yellow perch's temporal and spatial population dynamics is important for both stock assessment and fisheries management. I explore the spatial and temporal variation of the yellow perch population by analyzing the fishery-independent surveys in Lake Erie. Model-based approaches were developed to estimate the relative abundance index, which reflected the temporal variation of the population. I also used design-based approaches to deal with the situation in which population density varied both spatially and temporally.
I first used model-based approaches to explore the spatial and temporal variation of the yellow perch population and to develop the relative abundance index needed. Generalized linear models (GLM), spatial generalized linear models (s-GLM), and generalized additive models (GAM) were compared by examining the goodness-of-fit, reduction of spatial autocorrelation, and prediction errors from cross-validation. The relationship between yellow perch density distribution and spatial and environmental factors was also studied. I found that GAM showed the best goodness-of-fit shown as AIC and lowest prediction errors but s-GLM resulted in the best reduction of spatial autocorrelation. Both performed better than GLM for yellow perch relative abundance index estimation. I then applied design-based approaches to study the spatial and temporal population dynamics of yellow perch through both practical data analysis and simulation. The currently used approach in Lake Erie is stratified random sampling (StRS). Traditional sampling designs (simple random sampling (SRS) and StRS) and adaptive sampling designs (adaptive two-phase sampling (ATS), adaptive cluster sampling (ACS), and adaptive two-stage sequential sampling (ATSS)) for fishery-independent surveys were compared. From accuracy and precision aspect, ATS performed better than the SRS, StRS, ACS and ATSS for yellow perch fishery-independent survey data in Lake Erie. Model-based approaches were further studied by including geostatistical models. The performance of the GLM and GAM models and geostatistical models (spatial interpolation) were compared when they are used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of the yellow perch population through a simulation study. This is the first time that these two types of model- based approaches have been compared in fisheries. I found that arithmetic mean (AM) method was only preferred when neither environment factors nor spatial information of sampling locations were available. If the survey can not cover the distribution area of the population due to biased design or lack of sampling locations, GLMs and GAMs are preferable to spatial interpolation (SI). Otherwise, SI is a good alternative model to estimate relative abundance index. SI has rarely been realized in fisheries.
Different models may be recommended for different species/fisheries when we estimate their spatial-temporal dynamics, and also the most appropriate survey designs may be different for different species. However, the criteria and approaches for the comparison of both model-based and design-based approaches will be applied for different species or fisheries.Ph. D.
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Flint, E. S. "Investigating the relationship between labour market status and minor psychiatric morbidity : longitudinal and spatial analysis of the British Household Panel Survey, 1992-2008." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1347257/.
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Background: Previous research has demonstrated a strong association between labour market status and minor psychiatric morbidity (MPM). This PhD thesis aims to uncover the role of mediating factors, and the extent to which the relationship varies over space and time. In addition, this research seeks to establish the direction of causality and to differentiate between secure and insecure employment, and between various forms of joblessness. Methods: MPM was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Analyses were undertaken using British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) data from 1992-2008. Firstly, unstratified and gender-stratified series of nested linear and logit autoregressive random effects models were run to assess the role of confounding and mediating factors in the relationship between labour market status and MPM. Secondly, three complementary multilevel modelling approaches were used to assess the extent to which independent variation in GHQ-12 scores existed at the Local Authority District (LAD) level, and whether area-level unemployment rate was independently predictive of MPM. Thirdly, unstratified and age-group stratified fixed effects models were run in order to assess the effects of labour market transitions on MPM and therefore to investigate causality and age effects. Results: Across both genders it was shown that after adjustment for a range of confounding factors: insecure employment, unemployment, permanent sickness and other inactivity were significantly predictive of MPM compared to secure employment. Transition analyses suggest that this relationship is causal. Virtually no independent variation in GHQ-12 scores was found at the LAD level, but unemployment was comparatively less distressing for those living in high unemployment areas. Age was found to moderate the relationship between labour market status and MPM to some degree. Conclusions: This research deepens our understanding of the causal processes underlying the relationship between labour market status and psychological wellbeing, whilst considering the roles of spatial, temporal and macroeconomic context.
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Ozkan, Selcen Ozgul. "Appropriation And Allocation In The (re)production Of Public Spaces: A Survey On Three Cases From Ankara." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612577/index.pdf.
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Public space is one of the most essential components of urban spaces, as the notion refers to the society and its values. Besides, public spaces provide the society with an opportunity of expression and identificationthey have the potential of signification and of orientation of citizens
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Levi, Matthew Robert. "Predictive Soil Mapping in Southern Arizona's Basin and Range." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/232477.
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A fundamental knowledge gap in understanding land-atmosphere interactions is accurate, high-resolution soil properties. Remote sensing and spatial modeling techniques can bridge the gap between site-specific soil properties and landscape variability, thereby improving predictions of soil attributes. Three studies were completed to advance soil prediction models in semiarid areas. The first study developed a soil pre-mapping technique using automated image segmentation that utilized soil-landscape relationships and surface reflectance to produce an effective map unit design in a 160,000 ha soil survey area. Overall classification accuracy of soil taxonomic units at the suborder was 58 % after including soil temperature regime. Physical soil properties were not significantly different for individual transects; however, properties were significantly different between soil pre-map units when soils from the entire study area were compared. Other studies used a raster approach to predict physical soil properties at a 5 m spatial resolution for a 6,265 ha area using digital soil mapping. The second study utilized remotely-sensed auxiliary data to develop a sampling design and compared three geostatistical techniques for predicting surface soil properties. Ordinary kriging had the smallest prediction error; however, regression kriging preserved landscape features present in the study area and demonstrated the potential of this technique for quantifying variability of soil components within soil map units. The third study applied quantitative data from soil prediction models in study 2 and additional models of subsurface properties to a pedotransfer function for predicting hydraulic soil parameters at the landscape scale. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention parameters were used to predict water residence times for loss to gravity and evapotranspiration across the landscape. High water residence time for gravitational water corresponded to both low drainage density and high clay content, whereas high residence of plant available water was related to increased vegetation response. These studies illustrate the utility of digital soil mapping techniques for improving soil information at landscape scales, while reducing required resources. Resulting soil information is useful for quantifying landscape-scale processes that require constraint of spatial variability and prediction error of soil properties to better model hydrological and ecological responses to climate and land use change.
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Ngouhouo, Poufoun Jonas. "Livelihoods strategies, deforestation and biodiversity conservation : a micro econometric analysis using rural households survey in the Tridom transboundary conservation landscape." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0324/document.
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Cette thèse examine les principaux déterminants des stratégies de subsistance des ménages ruraux. Elle cherche à comprendre comment ces stratégies impactent la déforestation à petite échelle et la conservation de la biodiversité suivant une approche paysagère. A partir d’une base de données unique obtenue grâce à une enquête en face-à-face auprès d’un échantillon représentatif de 1035 ménages dans le paysage transfrontalier de conservation du Trinational Dja-Odzala-Minkébé (Tridom-TCL)-Bassin du Congo, cette thèse vise à répondre à trois questions et s’organise en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre analyse "comment les ménages autochtones et locaux formulent leurs préférences parmi les stratégies et moyens d’existence” à l’aide d’un model Probit autorégressif spatial. Le deuxième chapitre examine "comment et à quelle amplitude ces stratégies impactent la déforestation à petite échelle" à l’aide d’un modèle de décalage spatial. Compte tenu de la nature des interactions entre les ménages et de la faune, de leurs principales activités, le troisième chapitre examine "les préférences des ménages pour la conservation des éléphants de forêt” à l’aide des modèles à variable qualitatives limitées.Les actifs financiers (transfert d’argent et emprunts), la distance au marché, les dommages résultant des conflits homme-éléphant et l’ethnicité, plus précisément, l’autochtonie comptent parmi les facteurs déterminants des choix de stratégies de subsistance des ménages ruraux dans le Tridom-TCL. Nous montrons en outre que l’intensité de déforestation des ménages varie significativement en fonction de ces stratégies de subsistance. Par conséquent, les engagements en faveur de la réduction de la déforestation peuvent être favorisés par une bonne prise en compte des facteurs qui gouvernent les choix des modes de subsistance opérés par les ménages. Ils peuvent également être favorisés par la prise en compte les interactions entre ménages ainsi que leur localisation dans le paysage. En effet, nous trouvons qu’il existe des effets d’imitation, dans la décision de déforestation, entre les ménages d’un même voisinage, avec des effets spatiaux indirects susceptibles d’amplifier la déforestation à petite échelle.Les solutions transversales, aux trois questions abordées dans cette thèse, en faveur d’un paysage durable devraient viser l’optimisation des compromis entre les stratégies de subsistance des ménages, les forêts et/ou les habitats naturels de la faune. Les décideurs devraient, par exemple, procéder à l’intégration des corridors de mobilité de grands mammifères dont les éléphants de forêt, dans des zones à forte concentration de la faune et loin des espaces communautaires afin de réduire le risque de conflits hommes-fauneThis thesis investigates the key drivers of rural households’ choices of livelihoods, and how these choices impact forest clearing and biodiversity conservation under a landscape approach. Using a novel and unique database obtained from a face-to-face survey with a representative sample of 1035 households in the Dja-Odzala-Minkébé trinational transboundary conservation landscape (Tridom-TCL)- Congo basin , this PhD thesis address three main questions investigated in three chapters. Using a spatial probit model, the first chapter investigates “how do local and indigenous households formulate their preferences among livelihoods strategies?” Using a spatial lag model, the second chapter investigates “how and how much do these livelihoods strategies, given wildlife constrains such as human-wildlife conflicts, impact smallscale deforestation?” Using corner solution models, the third chapter investigates "how the nature of the interactions among households and wildlife, the households’ main activities as well as their land holdings impact their willingness to pay to prevent endangered forest elephant extinction?”Among other, we find that livelihoods strategies are determined by autochthonous status, financial assets (money transfer and access to loan), distance to market and larger crop losses resulting from human-wildlife conflicts. Further, we show that livelihoods strategies are important for deforestation. Therefore, the commitments to reducing small-scale deforestation may be favored by a good consideration of factors that drive households’ livelihoods strategies. We find out that spatial issues seem to be important. Proximity among households yields spatial shift effects and spatial spillover effects that are likely to amplify small-scale deforestation. We also argue that, cross-cutting solutions towards a sustainable landscape considering these three crucial issues involve optimizing trade-off between households’ livelihoods strategies, forest and the natural habitats of fauna. Therefore, the issues of community land security, of where natural habitat is needed and of how it should be managed are at the core of the problem. For example, decision-makers should proceed with the integration of large mammals mobility corridors far away from the community settlements in order to enhance zero-conflict-oriented elephant habitats; corridors should be consistently placed relatively to high elephant-concentration zones without crossing into zones with denser human populations
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Sikder, Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal. "Analyzing Spatial Variability of Social Preference for the Everglades Restoration in the Face of Climate Change." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2565.
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The South Florida Everglades is a unique ecosystem. Intensive water management in the system has facilitated agricultural, urban, and economic development. The Everglades offers a variety of ecosystem services (ES) to the people living in this region. Nevertheless, the ecosystem is under imminent threat of climate change, which would alter the way water is managed today and ultimately affect the ES offered by the system. On the other hand, substantial restoration is underway that aims to restore the Everglades closer to its historic condition. This research tried to map the public’s preference for Everglades restoration. Using a geocoded discrete-choice survey dataset, the study showed variation in the public’s preference by changing the levels of ES. Additionally, the general public’s attitude toward climate change risk to the Everglades and preference for mitigation were also assessed using the survey data.
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Fernández, Toledano Jorge H. "Spatial and temporal relationships between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) abundance estimates at sea and plankton records from the CPR survey in the North Atlantic Ocean." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227115.
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The present study investigated spatial and temporal relationships between fluctuations in the abundance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and plankton records from the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) in the North Atlantic Ocean. Analyses that examined co-variation in time series of salmon pre-fishery abundance (PFA) from fishing nations on both sides of the North Atlantic revealed a high degree of common variation between neighbouring nations for abundance of one sea winter salmon (1SW) and a common decline in the long-term abundance trends for multi-sea winter salmon (MSW). An appraisal of the data attributes for a selection of plankton taxa sampled by the CPR, corresponding to seasonal abundance in specific regions, indicated that these data capture useful spatial and temporal information on the abundance of the sampled taxa. Spatial interpolations were carried out using Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA) for planktonic taxa that have been proven to relate to Atlantic salmon in previous studies, namely Calanus finmarchicus, Euphausiacea and Hyperiidae. Geographical boundaries were established for distinct populations of Calanus finmarchicus and for distinct aggregations of species in the cases of the Euphausiacea and the Hyperiidae. This knowledge was enhanced with information on the likelihood of persistence of these populations obtained by analysing the coherency of their seasonal cycles of abundance. This study detected strong relationships, in the form of long-term correlations, between the three selected plankton taxa (Calanus finmarchicus, Euphausiacea, Hyperiidae) and the diatom component of phytoplankton. These results indicated that the population dynamics of plankton species assemblages in these regions are influenced by common biotic and abiotic factors. Significant relationships were found between pre-fishery abundance PFA estimates for post-smolt salmon and Hyperiid amphipods. The relationships detected were particularly strong for 1SWsalmon of British and Icelandic origin at a lag of 1 year, i.e. corresponding to effects on the early phase of migration at sea. Relationships detected corresponding to the Euphausiacea and Calanus finmarchicus were more prevalent at lag-0 after the first winter at sea i.e. they relate to effects on the adult salmon. The results corresponding to MSW salmon also provided some indication of carry-over effects from the early phase of migration on adult survival. This work provided support for the hypothesis that early marine mortality is critical to the overall dynamics of salmon populations. Such information on ecosystem interactions is needed to improve the current knowledge on factors relating to salmon survival at sea. This information can be used to fine-tune important parameters of predictive models for stock management or conservation of salmon, especially in the face of the pressures of climate change.
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Weimann, Amy. "The use and disaggregation of survey data to study the cross-sectional and spatial distribution of multimorbidity and its association with socioeconomic disadvantage in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22926.
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This study identified the need to provide a proof of concept of the use and disaggregation of existing health data in order to study the cross-sectional and spatial distribution of HIV, tuberculosis and noncommunicable disease multimorbidity and the association with socioeconomic disadvantage at a South African, Western Cape Province and urban/intra-urban scale for 2008 and 2012. This study was framed within a health geography context and draws attention to the reality of health variations which are influenced by place-based effects, including the surrounding social, cultural and economic structural factors and mechanisms that, together, constitute the social determinants of health. However, in order to identify and understand these variations in health, access to health data that is able to be disaggregated by key characteristic and spatial scales, is essential. Therefore, this study utilised existing health data from the National Income Dynamics Study, a longitudinal study with a sample of approximately 28 000 people, to perform secondary data analysis using a positivist approach to research. This study found that the coupling of geospatial and health data is able to produce new health information and the graphical representation of data provides unique insights in health variations. Secondly, the burden of disease is not consistent between spatial scales which suggests variations in epidemiological profiles between sub-national geographies, thereby supporting the argument for the need of data disaggregation. Finally, the cross-sectional analysis of this study found multimorbidity to be associated with age, socioeconomic deprivation, obesity and urban areas, while the spatial analysis showed clusters (hot spots) of higher multimorbidity prevalence in parts of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape, which compared with the socioeconomic disadvantage spatial pattern. Therefore, this study provides an example of the research needed to provide information to support policy improvement and enable the urban planning and public health professions to work together.
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Tuncer, Aylin. "Deposition And Dislocation Of Pottery As Surface Assemblages In Semi-arid Regions." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605927/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims to discuss the archaeological concerns about how surveys can provide data tht is meaningful to construct spatial patterning and its intricacies for inferences through altering processes diversified as cultural and natural processes. Along with that there is also a second concern dealing with the application of these theoretical issues to practical basis. It consists both methodological limits and also limits governed by the legislation of the particular area according to the aim of the study. A particular space, semi-arid climate is selected for comparing the amount of attrition and accretion caused by natural factors, to be able to apply the studies to Anatolian geography. However applications from around the world are frequently discussed here, these are mainly the case studies bringing methodological scheme for the appropriate data collection.
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Gondet, Sébastien. "Occupation de la plaine de Persépolis au Ier millénaire av. J.-C. (Fars central, Iran)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20026/document.
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Fondée par Darius Ier (522-486 av. J.-C.), Persépolis constituait une des résidences royales temporaires des souverains de l’Empire achéménide (550-330 av. J.-C.). Elle était également un centre administratif et économique, capitale d’une vaste province, la Perse, située au cœur de l’Empire. L’organisation de Persépolis reste largement méconnue de même que celle du vaste territoire, la plaine environnante, qu’elle contrôlait.Notre étude vise à mieux comprendre d’une part l’occupation du site de Persépolis qui va de la terrasse monumentale à la nécropole royale à 6 km au nord, d’autre part la mise en valeur de la plaine, en replaçant la période achéménide dans le contexte plus large du Ier millénaire av. J.-C. Dans un premier temps, l’étude prend en compte les dynamiques environnementales de la région. Les recherches sont fondées sur les méthodes de prospections archéologiques (reconnaissances à vue et méthodes géophysiques). Elle aboutit à une reconstitution d’une ville répartie en plusieurs blocs de fonctions différentes (habitats ordinaires, zones artisanales, résidences de l’élite et bâtiments de prestige) séparés les uns des autres par de vastes espaces non-bâtis mais probablement aménagés.Pour la plaine (100 km par 30 km), la prospection des sites achéménides a dû prendre en compte les graves destructions liées à la modernisation (agriculture, urbanisation, voies de communication) et s’est concentrée sur quelques sites préservés et des zones de piedmonts sélectionnées. Ces recherches ont montré une occupation très distendue essentiellement localisée dans la partie nord de la plaine et incluant la zone de Persépolis. La partie sud de la plaine était beaucoup moins exploitée. Cependant cette reconstitution doit tenir compte de la réduction sévère du potentiel archéologique, tout particulièrement dans le cadre de l’étude de l’occupation à la période achéménide, lorsque l’exploitation du sol reposait sur des installations rurales de dimensions modestesFounded by Darius I (522-486 BC), Persepolis represented one of the seats of the kings of the Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BC). Moreover, the site served as an administrative and economic centre and acted as capital for the vast province, named Persia, situated in the heart of the Empire. The spatial character of both the royal site as well as the wider hinterland it controlled, the vast surrounding plain, are however largely unknown.The study aims at providing better insight in both the occupation of the site of Persepolis, stretching from the monumental terrace to the royal necropolis 6 km farther north, along with that of the supporting plain. It therefore frames and evaluates the Achaemenid period within the context of the first millennium BC. At the outset, the study integrates the environmental dynamics of the region. The research was based on the methods of archaeological survey (field survey and geophysical methods) and allowed to reconstruct a ‘city’ composed of different functional zones (common housing, industrial quarters, elite residences, and royal monuments) separated from one another by large areas, presumably unbuilt though exploited.For the plain (100 by 30 km), the survey of Achaemenid sites was biased by the important destructions by recent development (industrialised agriculture, urbanism, transport and communication). Research has therefore been focussed on a number of preserved sites on the one hand and on selected piedmont areas on the other. These surveys brought to light a scattered occupation, predominantly situated in the northern part of the plain, also encompassing the Persepolis zone, while the southern region of the plain was less occupied. Nonetheless, this reconstruction should take into account the important reduction of archaeological potential, particularly in the case of a study focussing on the Achaemenid occupation since settlement in the wider Persepolis area was first and foremost of rural natural and of rather modest size
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Trousselle, Anaïs. "Une géographie de la multi-localisation familiale : ruralités nicaraguayennes à l'épreuve des mobilités (cas de la vallée du Río Negro)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30087.
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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans une réflexion géographique sur les recompositions rurales à l’œuvre au Nicaragua. Elle interroge les incidences des mobilités spatiales sur les pratiques, les stratégies et la reproduction socio-économiques des familles. Plus généralement, elle questionne le devenir des agricultures et des sociétés rurales. À travers le concept de système familial multi-localisé, la thèse analyse la manière dont les espaces de vie familiaux se construisent dans la dispersion géographique à partir du maintien des liens sociaux dans la distance et le temps. L’objectif est de comprendre comment ces liens, et l’ensemble des arrangements qui se jouent à l’échelle de la famille nucléaire ou élargie, font ressource dans les stratégies et les trajectoires de moyens d’existence des ruraux. La région d’étude est la vallée du Río Negro, au nord du Nicaragua, située en périphérie des axes de développement du pays. Dans cette région rurale soumise à de fortes contraintes agro-climatiques, les populations diversifient leur système d’activité, en pratiquant des mobilités circulaires de proximité et frontalières, ou en migrant vers des destinations plus lointaines, en Europe ou dans les Amériques. Pour documenter ces dynamiques, la recherche se fonde sur une méthodologie plurielle de collecte de données croisant entretiens, récits de vie, observations participantes, reconstitutions des trajectoires familiales, dans le cadre d’enquêtes multi-situées, visant à suivre les familles dans leurs lieux de résidence et d’activité à travers plusieurs pays (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Espagne, États-Unis). La thèse propose au final une géographie par le bas, qui accorde une place primordiale aux pratiques et aux représentations, aux expériences vécues et aux trajectoires de vie, ainsi qu’aux stratégies et aux intentionnalités des individus et de leurs familles dans leur rapport à l’espace. Les dynamiques de l’espace local d’origine sont ainsi pensées dans leurs liens à l’ailleurs. La thèse met à jour la force du lien familial à distance dans les stratégies quotidiennes des populations, la flexibilité des organisations familiales aux contours mouvants et, au final, le rôle central de la ressource sociale. Dans le même temps, elle met en évidence une différenciation des familles dans leurs manières de faire avec l’espace, du fait d’une inégalité d’accès aux différentes ressources (migratoires, économiques, physiques, sociales) et d’une asymétrie des rapports sociaux intra-familiaux. La thèse pose également la question cruciale du coût social élevé des systèmes familiaux multi-localisés, lié à l’épreuve du franchissement des frontières, aux difficiles conditions d’emploi à destination, ou encore à la séparation et à l’absence qu’induit la dispersion au sein du monde d’aujourd’huiThis thesis is part of a geographical reflection on rural recompositions at work in Nicaragua. It examines the impact of spatial mobility on the socio-economic practices, strategies and reproduction of families. More generally, it questions the future of agriculture and rural societies. Through the concept of a multi-localized family system, the thesis analyses how family living spaces are constructed in geographical dispersion from the maintenance of social ties in distance and time. The objective is to understand how these links, and the set of arrangements that are played out at the level of the nuclear or extended family, are a resource in rural livelihood strategies and trajectories. The study area is the Río Negro valley in northern Nicaragua, located on the periphery of the country's development axes. In this rural region subject to strong agro-climatic constraints, populations diversify their system of activity, by practicing circular local and border mobility, or by migrating to more distant destinations in Europe or the Americas. To document these dynamics, the research is based on a plural methodology of data collection combining interviews, life stories, participating observations, reconstructions of family trajectories in the context of multi-sited surveys, aimed at following families in their places of residence and activity across several countries (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Spain, United States). The thesis finally proposes a bottom geography, which gives a primordial place to practices and representations, to lived experiences and life trajectories, as well as the strategies and intentionalities of individuals and their families in their relationship to space. The dynamics of the original local space are thus thought in their links to the elsewhere. The thesis reveals the strength of the remote family link in the daily strategies of populations, the flexibility of family organizations with shifting contours and, ultimately, the central role of the social resource. At the same time, it highlights a differentiation of families in their ways of dealing with space, due to unequal access to different resources (migratory, economic, physical, social) and an asymmetry in intra-family social relations. The thesis also raises the crucial question of the high social cost of multi-localized family systems, linked to the challenge of crossing borders, the difficult conditions of employment at destination, or the separation and absence that dispersion induces in today's world
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Fearer, Todd Matthew. "Evaluating Population-Habitat Relationships of Forest Breeding Birds at Multiple Spatial and Temporal Scales Using Forest Inventory and Analysis Data." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29243.
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Multiple studies have documented declines of forest breeding birds in the eastern United States, but the temporal and spatial scales of most studies limit inference regarding large scale bird-habitat trends. A potential solution to this challenge is integrating existing long-term datasets such as the U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program and U.S. Geological Survey Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) that span large geographic regions. The purposes of this study were to determine if FIA metrics can be related to BBS population indices at multiple spatial and temporal scales and to develop predictive models from these relationships that identify forest conditions favorable to forest songbirds. I accumulated annual route-level BBS data for 4 species guilds (canopy nesting, ground and shrub nesting, cavity nesting, early successional), each containing a minimum of five bird species, from 1966-2004. I developed 41 forest variables describing forest structure at the county level using FIA data from for the 2000 inventory cycle within 5 physiographic regions in 14 states (AL, GA, IL, IN, KY, MD, NC, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, and WV). I examine spatial relationships between the BBS and FIA data at 3 hierarchical scales: 1) individual BBS routes, 2) FIA units, and 3) and physiographic sections. At the BBS route scale, I buffered each BBS route with a 100m, 1km, and 10km buffer, intersected these buffers with the county boundaries, and developed a weighted average for each forest variable within each buffer, with the weight being a function of the percent of area each county had within a given buffer. I calculated 28 variables describing landscape structure from 1992 NLCD imagery using Fragstats within each buffer size. I developed predictive models relating spatial variations in bird occupancy and abundance to changes in forest and landscape structure using logistic regression and classification and regression trees (CART). Models were developed for each of the 3 buffer sizes, and I pooled the variables selected for the individual models and used them to develop multiscale models with the BBS route still serving as the sample unit. At the FIA unit and physiographic section scales I calculated average abundance/route for each bird species within each FIA unit and physiographic section and extrapolated the plot-level FIA variables to the FIA unit and physiographic section levels. Landscape variables were recalculated within each unit and section using NCLD imagery resampled to a 400 m pixel size. I used regression trees (FIA unit scale) and general linear models (GLM, physiographic section scale) to relate spatial variations in bird abundance to the forest and landscape variables. I examined temporal relationships between the BBS and FIA data between 1966 and 2000. I developed 13 forest variables from statistical summary reports for 4 FIA inventory cycles (1965, 1975, 1989, and 2000) within NY, PA, MD, and WV. I used linear interpolation to estimate annual values of each FIA variable between successive inventory cycles and GLMs to relate annual variations in bird abundance to the forest variables.
At the BBS route scale, the CART models accounted for > 50% of the variation in bird presence-absence and abundance. The logistic regression models had sensitivity and specificity rates > 0.50. By incorporating the variables selected for the models developed within each buffer (100m, 1km, and 10km) around the BBS routes into a multiscale model, I was able to further improve the performance of many of the models and gain additional insight regarding the contribution of multiscale influences on bird-habitat relationships. The majority of the best CART models tended to be the multiscale models, and many of the multiscale logistic models had greater sensitivity and specificity than their single-scale counter parts. The relatively fine resolution and extensive coverage of the BBS, FIA, and NLCD datasets coupled with the overlapping multiscale approach of these analyses allowed me to incorporate levels of variation in both habitat and bird occurrence and abundance into my models that likely represented a more comprehensive range of ecological variability in the bird-habitat relationships relative to studies conducted at smaller scales and/or using data at coarser resolutions.
At the FIA unit and physiographic section scales, the regression trees accounted for an average of 54.1% of the variability in bird abundance among FIA units, and the GLMs accounted for an average of 66.3% of the variability among physiographic sections. However, increasing the observational and analytical scale to the FIA unit and physiographic section decreased the measurement resolution of the bird abundance and landscape variables. This limits the applicability and interpretive strength of the models developed at these scales, but they may serve as indices to those habitat components exerting the greatest influences on bird abundance at these broader scales.
The GLMs relating average annual bird abundance to annual estimates of forest variables developed using statistical report data from the 1965, 1975, 1989, and 2000 FIA inventories explained an average of 62.0% of the variability in annual bird abundance estimates. However, these relationships were a function of both the general habitat characteristics and the trends in bird abundance specific to the 4-state region (MD, NY, PA, and WV) used for these analyses and may not be applicable to other states or regions. The small suite of variables available from the FIA statistical reports and multicollinearity among all forest variables further limited the applicability of these models. As with those developed at the FIA unit and physiographic sections scales, these models may serve as general indices to the habitat components exerting the greatest influences on bird abundance trends through time at regional scales.
These results demonstrate that forest variables developed from the FIA, in conjunction with landscape variables, can explain variations in occupancy and abundance estimated from BBS data for forest bird species with a variety of habitat requirements across spatial and temporal scales.Ph. D.
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Chengxi, Liu. "Understanding the Impacts of Weather and Climate Change on Travel Behaviour." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, ekonomi och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187019.
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Human behaviour produces massive greenhouse gas emissions, which trigger climate change and more unpredictable weather conditions. The fluctuation of daily weather corresponds to variations of everyday travel behaviour. This influence, although is less noticeable, can have a strong impact on the transport system. Specifically, the climate in Sweden is becoming warmer in the recent 10 years. However, it is largely unknown to what extent the change of travel behaviour would respond to the changing weather. Understanding these issues would help analysts and policy makers incorporate local weather and climate within our policy design and infrastructure management. The thesis contains eight papers exploring the weather and climate impacts on individual travel behaviour, each addressing a subset of this topic. Paper I explores the weather impact on individual’s mode choice decisions. In paper II and III, individual’s daily activity time, number of trips/trip chains, travel time and mode shares are jointly modelled. The results highlight the importance of modelling activity-travel variables for different trip purposes respectively. Paper IV develops a namely nested multivariate Tobit model to model activity time allocation trade-offs. In paper V, the roles of weather on trip chaining complexity is explored. A thermal index is introduced to better approximate the effects of the thermal environment. In paper VI, the role of subjective weather perception is investigated. Results confirm that individuals with different socio-demographics would have different subjective weather perception even given similar weather conditions. Paper VII derives the marginal effects of weather variables on transport CO2 emissions. The findings show more CO2 emissions due to the warmer climate in the future. Paper VIII summaries the existing findings in relations between weather variability and travel behaviour, and critically assesses the methodological issues in previous studies.QC 20160516
Understanding the complexity of changes of travelers’ activity-travel choices and related transport CO2 emissions due to the variation of weather and climate in Sweden (Centre för Transport Studie, projekt kod: 446)
Understanding the impacts of weather and climate change on travel behavior (Centre för Transport Studie, projekt kod: 291)
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Koja, Suliman F. "Sand dune movement and its impact on human activities in the North Western coast region of Libya. An analysis of the sediment characteristics of sand dunes, and their movement using satellite images, and the effects of encroachment on farms assessed by a questionnaire survey." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7292.
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Sand movement is one of the many environmental problems facing humans in the dry and semi-dry areas of the world. This study has investigated the observed changes in sand dune coverage compared to predictions, and has also assessed the impact of sand movement on human activity in the north western coastal region of Libya. The study used three methods. The first was a statistical model proposed by Bagnold, which correlates wind shear velocity with particle size, in order to predict likely sand movement. It was found that 60% of sand grains within the study area have a diameter of less than 0.25 mm, making them liable to be moved by the wind speeds recorded, particularly from March until September, and mostly in a northerly direction. The sand in the western part of the study area had a greater predicted rate of sand transport compared with the sand in the eastern part, which was related to its origin. The second method involved the analysis of satellite images for four different years; from 1986 to 2003. The land cover in the study area was found to have changed over this time. Sand dune area cover had increased, and there were other changes particularly a decline in forest. The third method was the use of a questionnaire (the respondents being land owners), which showed that there was notable loss of crop production (by about a quarter) due to sand movement, and that land owners mostly used afforestation to help control the sand movement in the region. The observed sand movement did not match the predictions based solely on sand grain size and wind speed, and climatic analyses showed no convincing trends which could explain increased sand movement except perhaps an increase in wind gusts. The thesis concludes that the overriding determinant in greater sand movement over the period studied was the loss of forest from the area due to human impacts, which farmers are having to compensate for by planting trees locally to reduce sand movement.
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Moore, Alahna. "Using Digital Mapping Techniques to Rapidly Document Vulnerable Historical Landscapes in Coastal Louisiana: Holt Cemetery Case Study." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2018. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2477.
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This thesis outlines a technique for rapid documentation of historic sites in volatile cultural landscapes. Using Holt Cemetery as an exemplary case study, a workflow was developed incorporating RTK terrain survey, UAS aerial imagery, photogrammetry, GIS, and smartphone data collection in order to create a multifaceted database of the material and spatial conditions, as well as the patterns of use, that exist at the cemetery.
The purpose of this research is to create a framework for improving the speed of data creation and increasing the accessibility of information regarding threatened cultural resources. It is intended that these processes can be scaled and adapted for use at any site, and that the products generated can be utilized by researchers, resource management professionals, and preservationists. In utilizing expedited methods, this thesis specifically advocates for documentation of sites that exist in coastal environments and are facing imminent destruction due to environmental degradation.
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Večerek, Petr. "Vliv finanční krize na hodnoty finančních ukazatelů evropských společností." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114169.
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Content of this thesis is displaying impact of financial crisis on values of ratios of total assets turnover, fixed assets turnover, current assets turnover, trade deficit, current liquidity, quick liquidity, immediate liquidity, return on assets, return on equity, return on sales, debt ratio and labor productivity ratio. Thesis is related to companies from industry sectors from selected countries of European Union. Data are from years 2006 to 2009. In all ratios start of financial crisis was registered. In case of turnover ratios, return ratios, debt ratio and labor productivity ratios decreased was caused by decrease of sales which was caused by financial crisis. In case of liquidity ratios of examined industry companies there was increase in values of these ratios during crisis mostly caused by increase of receivables. Generally the best values of ration from examined periods regarding industry companies had Germany, Ireland and Great Britain. The worst values were in France, Portugal and Italy. From the point of view of sectors the best values were in sector CA "Mining and quarrying of energy producing materials", E "Electricity, gas and water supply" and CB "Mining and quarrying, except of energy producing materials". The worst sectors were DC "Manufacture of leather and leather products", DD "Manufacture of wood and wood products" and DM "Manufacture of transport equipment".
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Koja, Suliman Farag. "Sand dune movement and its impact on human activities in the north western coast region of Libya : an analysis of the sediment characteristics of sand dunes, and their movement using satellite images, and the effects of encroachment on farms assessed by a questionnaire survey." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7292.
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Sand movement is one of the many environmental problems facing humans in the dry and semi-dry areas of the world. This study has investigated the observed changes in sand dune coverage compared to predictions, and has also assessed the impact of sand movement on human activity in the north western coastal region of Libya. The study used three methods. The first was a statistical model proposed by Bagnold, which correlates wind shear velocity with particle size, in order to predict likely sand movement. It was found that 60% of sand grains within the study area have a diameter of less than 0.25 mm, making them liable to be moved by the wind speeds recorded, particularly from March until September, and mostly in a northerly direction. The sand in the western part of the study area had a greater predicted rate of sand transport compared with the sand in the eastern part, which was related to its origin. The second method involved the analysis of satellite images for four different years; from 1986 to 2003. The land cover in the study area was found to have changed over this time. Sand dune area cover had increased, and there were other changes particularly a decline in forest. The third method was the use of a questionnaire (the respondents being land owners), which showed that there was notable loss of crop production (by about a quarter) due to sand movement, and that land owners mostly used afforestation to help control the sand movement in the region. The observed sand movement did not match the predictions based solely on sand grain size and wind speed, and climatic analyses showed no convincing trends which could explain increased sand movement except perhaps an increase in wind gusts. The thesis concludes that the overriding determinant in greater sand movement over the period studied was the loss of forest from the area due to human impacts, which farmers are having to compensate for by planting trees locally to reduce sand movement.
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Noirot, Gaël. "The CARLA-Hubble survey : spectroscopic confirmation and galaxy stellar activity of rich structures at 1.4 < z < 2.8." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC153.
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Les études détaillées d'amas de galaxies confirmés à grands redshifts sont peu nombreuses. L’objectif de cette Thèse est d’établir le premier catalogue d'amas confirmés spectroscopiquement à grand redshift et, pour la première fois à ces redshifts, d’étudier de manière statistique les propriétés des galaxies membres des amas. Dans cette Thèse, nous caractérisons et étudions 20 candidats amas à redshifts 1.4 < z < 2.8 parmi les candidats les plus prometteurs de l’échantillon CARLA. Nous réduisons et analysons des données spectroscopiques grism sans fente et imagerie proche-infrarouge des amas candidats, obtenues avec le télescope spatial Hubble. Nous mesurons plus de 700 redshifts au sein des champs observés, et confirmons spectroscopiquement 16 amas CARLA dans l’intervalle 1.4 < z < 2.8; ces amas sont associés à des noyaux galactiques actifs à fortes émissions radios (RLAGN) en leur centre, par sélection. Cet effort fait plus que doubler le nombre d’amas confirmés à ces redshifts. Nous étudions également le taux de formation stellaire des galaxies membres des amas en fonction de leur masses stellaires, et de la distance aux RLAGN. Nous trouvons que les galaxies membres massives sont situées sous la séquence principale jusqu’à z=2, ce qui suggère déjà à ces redshifts une évolution accélérée des galaxies massives au sein des amas. Nous trouvons également une concentration plus importante de membres actifs à plus petits rayons des RLAGN, jusqu’à z=2. Ceci est en accord avec un renversement de la relation densité vs. taux de formation stellaire pour nos amas CARLA à 1.4 < z < 2.0, ce qui suggère que les amas CARLA représentent une phase de transition de l’évolution des galaxies au sein des amas. Nous étudions également les populations stellaires de deux de nos amas confirmés à redshift z=2.0. Nous analysons les relations couleurs-couleurs et couleurs-magnitudes de ces deux amas et montrons que l’une des structures à z=2 possède une séquence rouge de galaxies passives. Globalement, nos résultats démontrent que les amas CARLA représentent des structures riches comprenant des populations mixtes de galaxies évoluées et massives sans formation stellaire, et des galaxies actives formant des étoiles. Cet échantillon sans précédent de 16 amas confirmés spectroscopiquement dans l’intervalle de redshift 1.4 < z < 2.8 constitue un échantillon idéal pour étudier statistiquement la phase de transition des amas de galaxies, ainsi que les mécanismes de suppression de la formation stellaire. (Abrégé)Detailed studies of high-redshift confirmed galaxy clusters are based on a few individual objects. In this Thesis, we therefore aim at building the first sample of spectroscopically confirmed clusters at high-redshifts and, for the first time at these redshifts, statistically infer cluster member galaxy properties. In this Thesis, we study and characterize 20 cluster candidates at redshifts 1.4 < z < 2.8, which represent the most promising cluster candidates from the CARLA sample. We reduce and analyze slitless grism spectroscopic and near-infrared imaging data of the fields, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope. We measure redshifts for over 700 star-forming sources in the 20 fields, and we spectroscopically confirm 16 CARLA clusters in the range 1.4 < z < 2.8; by selection, these clusters are associated with powerful radio-loud active galactic nuclei (RLAGN) at their center. This effort alone more than doubles the number of confirmed clusters at these redshifts. We study cluster member star-formation rates (SFRs) as a function of their stellar masses and distances from the RLAGN. We find that massive members are located below their star-forming main-sequence up to z=2. This implies that the massive star-forming end of the cluster population already followed an accelerated evolution at these high redshifts. We also find an increasing concentration of star-forming members with smaller radii relative to the RLAGN, at all redshifts up to z=2. Our 1.4 < z < 2.0 cluster members are therefore consistent with a reversal of the SFR-density relation. This is a first evidence showing that CARLA clusters represent a transition phase for cluster galaxy evolution. We also study stellar populations of two of our confirmed CARLA clusters at z=2.0. We study their color-color and color-magnitude relations and show that one of the two structures is comprised of a z=2 red sequence of passive candidate members. Together, these results provide clear evidence that our confirmed CARLA clusters represent rich structures comprised of mixed populations, including both evolved, passive, massive galaxies, and galaxies with ongoing star formation. Together, this unprecedented sample of 16 confirmed clusters at 1.4 < z < 2.8 constitutes an ideal sample for further statistical investigation of the cluster transition phase, including study of quenching mechanisms. (Abridged)
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Junior, José Geraldo de Abreu Sousa. "Sensoriamento remoto e sistema de informações geográficas na caracterização de solos e quantificação de seus atributos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-02032006-170350/.
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Com a crescente adoção da agricultura de precisão, há uma busca por informações mais detalhadas da variabilidade espacial dos solos em escalas que viabilizem um manejo diferenciado da área de produção. Entretanto, o custo das análises de solo é sem dúvida um dos principais entraves para obtenção dessas informações. A adoção do geoprocessamento, utilizando-se o sensoriamento remoto, GPS e sistemas de informações geográficas para caracterização de solos e quantificação de seus atributos, é um desafio que vem sendo buscado por vários pesquisadores por ser uma tecnologia alternativa de avaliação do solo, podendo ser mais barata, rápida e com menor impacto ambiental. Contudo, como qualquer tecnologia de ponta, ela deve ser devidamente testada e ajustada para os mais diversos tipos de solos e regiões. Para tanto, foram escolhidas áreas localizadas na região de São Carlos e Ibaté, São Paulo, tendo os seguintes objetivos: (i) caracterizar o comportamento espectral de solos por sensores terrestre (FieldSpec) e orbital (ASTER); (ii) determinar alterações no comportamento espectral dos solos ao longo de diferentes toposseqüências; (iii) gerar modelos de quantificação de atributos químicos e granulométricos dos solos a partir de sua radiação eletromagnética e (iv) caracterizar os solos da região conforme a altitude e declividade do terreno utilizando-se técnicas de sistema de informações geográficas. Para isso foram coletadas amostras no campo e realizado o mapeamento da área. As amostras foram avaliadas por diferentes sensores e correlacionou-se seus atributos com a reflectância. Desta forma, modelos espectrais de atributos dos solos foram elaborados. O mapa de solos elaborado foi cruzado com informações de declive e altitude para sua caracterização. Verificou-se que os atributos granulométricos e a matéria orgânica possuem uma grande influência no comportamento espectral dos solos. Verificou-se também, que solos localizados em cotas mais elevadas do relevo apresentam maior intensidade de reflectância do que os situados em posições inferiores, devido à variação do material de origem da referida região. As correlações entre os atributos e os dados espectrais do solo indicam uma tendência de aumentar o coeficiente de correlação em maiores comprimentos de onda. Os modelos elaborados para quantificação dos atributos granulométricos resultaram em valores estimados muito próximos dos determinados pelas análises convencionais (argila: R² = 0,69). Em escalas regionais há uma tendência de ocorrência de determinadas classes de solo em altitudes e declividades similares. Na área estudada, por exemplo, o Latossolo Amarelo foi encontrado predominantemente nas cotas mais altas (815-835 m) e em relevo plano (1-3 %). Conclui-se que a partir de informações de declividade e elevação da área, a extrapolação pedológica em locais sem apoio de campo deve ser feita com cautela.With the increasing in adoption of precision agriculture, there is a need more detailed information about soil spatial variability in order to make possible a better management of crop fields. However, the cost of soil chemical analysis is the most important obstacle to obtain this information. The use of geoprocessing techniques, such as remote sensing, GPS and geographic information system, for soil characterization and quantification of their attributes is a challenge pursued for several researchers because it is an alternative technology for soil evaluation that can be cheaper, faster, and with lower environmental impact. Nevertheless, like any new technology, it must be tested and adjusted with different soil types located in different areas. For this research, two areas were chosen: São Carlos and Ibaté, São Paulo region, with the following objectives: (i) characterize the soil spectral response using terrestrial (FieldSpec) and orbital (ASTER) sensors; (ii) determine the changes on soil spectral response across different toposequences; (iii) generated models to quantify soil chemical and granulometric attributes based on its electromagnetic radiation and (iv) characterize the soil in conformity with altitude and slope using geographic information system techniques. Soil samples were collected and a soil map was developed. Soil samples were analyzed by both sensors and their attributes was correlated with spectral reflectance. Then spectral models were developed to quantify soil attributes. Soil map was crossed with declivity and elevation information for characterization. It was verified that the granulometric and organic matter attributes have a great influence on soil spectral response. It was verified that soils located in higher altitudes presented higher reflectance intensity than those located in lower positions due to the variation on parent material. The correlations between soil attributes and spectral data showed a tendency to increase the correlation coefficient at higher wavelengths. The models elaborated to quantify the granulometric attributes resulted in estimated values very close to the determined by conventional laboratory analysis (clay content: R² = 0.69). In regional scale there is a tendency of some soil classes occur at similar altitudes and slope. For example, the Typic Haplustox was found predominant at higher altitudes (815-835 m) and plan relief (1-3%). It was possible to conclude that based on information about slope and altitudes for this area, the pedologic extrapolation in new areas without field work should be done with caution.
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Siegloch, Ana Emilia. "Estrutura espacial das comunidades de Ephemeroptera HAECKEL, 1896 (Insecta) em riachos da Serra da Mantiqueira e da Serra do Mar, Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-23042010-163346/.
Full textAbstract:
Este estudo teve como objetivos, i) investigar a composição taxonômica das duas vertentes da Serra da Mantiqueira (Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão e Região de Pindamonhangaba) e da Serra do Mar (Núcleos Santa Virgínia e Picinguaba), com base na coleta de larvas e alados, ii) analisar quais as escalas espaciais (mesohábitat, riacho, vertente e serra) que melhor estruturam as comunidades de Ephemeroptera e iii) identificar e quantificar as variáveis ambientais que influenciam as comunidades de larvas de Ephemeroptera. Considerando o esforço conjunto de todos os métodos de coleta foram registradas oito famílias 33 gêneros e 21 espécies, das quais oito famílias 28 gêneros e 18 espécies na Serra da Mantiqueira e sete famílias 30 gêneros e 15 espécies no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. As duas serras apresentaram uma porção bastante significativa da riqueza taxonômica do Brasil, 41% e 45% dos gêneros e 80% e 70% das famílias, respectivamente. A alta riqueza registrada no estudo pode ser relacionada à metodologia de coleta empregada que abrangeu a coleta de larvas e alados e explorou diversos mesohábitats e riachos. Considerando todo o modelo hierárquico, houve variação significativa da riqueza e abundância das comunidades entre as quatro vertentes e os mesohábitats pedra e folha/corredeira. No entanto, a maior variação ocorreu entre as réplicas de um mesmo mesohábitat, refletindo o padrão de distribuição agregada das comunidades de Ephemeroptera. A maior riqueza foi encontrada no mesohábitat pedra/corredeira e na vertente que abrange o Núcleo Santa Virgínia. A ordenação mostrou tendência de segregação das amostras de cada vertente e tipo de mesohábitat. Essa tendência de segregação foi corroborada pela análise de variância multivariada (Permanova). Assim, a estrutura espacial das comunidades de larvas de Ephemeroptera parece predita pelos fatores ambientais da escala local ligadas aos mesohábitats e pelos fatores de maior magnitude da escala regional, associados às vertentes. A Análise de Redundância (RDA) evidenciou a altitude, condutividade elétrica, temperatura da água e Resumo Geral 10 largura como as variáveis ambientais locais que mais contribuíram para explicar a estrutura das comunidades. No entanto, as variáveis ambientais locais explicaram apenas 19,3% da variabilidade na abundância dos gêneros, 7,9% da variabilidade foi explicada pelas variáveis ambientais indissociáveis da matriz geográfica, 23,4% foi explicada pela posição geográfica dos riachos e 49,4% permaneceu inexplicada. Os resultados encontrados nesse estudo destacam a contribuição semelhante das variáveis ambientais locais e da posição geográfica dos riachos na estruturação das comunidades, indicando que além das variáveis ambientais locais os processos biológicos contagiosos, como dispersão, também influenciaram a estrutura das comunidades de larvas de Ephemeroptera na região estudadaThe purpose of this study was to i) inventory the taxonomic composition the mayfly fauna, larva and adult, in two slopes of the Mantiqueira Mountains (Campos do Jordao State Park and Pindamonhangaba Region) and of the Serra do Mar (Santa Virginia and Picinguaba Nuclei), located in São Paulo State, ii) analyze the spatial scales (mesohabitat, stream, slope and mountain) that best explain the spatial structure of Ephemeroptera assemblages and iii) identify and quantify the environmental variables that affects the communities of Ephemeroptera larvae. In all, 8 families, 33 genera and 21 species of Ephemeroptera were recorded. In the Serra da Mantiqueira 8 families, 28 genera and 18 species were found and in the Serra do Mar, 7 families, 30 genera and 15 species. Both mountains had a very significant portion of the genera reported to Brazil (41% and 45% of genera and 80% and 70% of families, respectively). The high Ephemeroptera richness in the areas may be related to the sampling methodology used, that included the collection of larvae and adults and explored several kinds of mesohabitats and streams. Considering the entire hierarchical model, there was a significant variation in both richness and abundance of the assemblages among the four slopes and between stone and leaf mesohabitats. Moreover, the highest variation in richness and abundance occurred among the samples from the same mesohabitat, which reflects the clumped distribution pattern of the assemblages of Ephemeroptera. Stone was the mesohabitat with the highest estimated richness, similarly Santa Virgínia Nucleus was the slope with highest estimated richness. The ordination showed a trend of segregation of samples from slopes and mesohabitats, this trend was confirmed by multivariate analysis of variance (Permanova). Thus, the spatial structure of the assemblages seems predicted by environmetal factors of local scale related to mesohabitats and the features of regional scale, associated with slopes. The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed elevation, electrical conductivity, water temperature and width as the local environmental variables that contributed most to explain the spatial structure of communities. However, local enrironmental factors explained only 19.3% of the data variability, 7.9% of the General Abstract 12 data variability was explained by environmental variables inseparable from the geographical matrix, 23.4% was explained by the geographical location of streams and 49.4% remained unexplained. The results of this study showed the similar contribution of local environmental variables and the geographic location in the community structure, indicating that the biological processes, as dispersal, also influenced the structure of the assemblages of Ephemeroptera larvae.
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Venard, Cédric. "La morphodynamique éolienne en régions sèches : des échelles spatiales et temporelles aux outils." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20092/document.
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Les régions sèches situées à la périphérie des déserts sont généralement peuplées et mises en valeur sur un mode sédentaire. Elles partagent cependant avec les milieux désertiques des conditions environnementales qui les rendent sensibles et fragiles. Cela implique de bien connaître les mécanismes de leurs milieux, a fortiori dans un contexte de désertification qui augmente le risque environnemental. Celui-ci est souvent évalué par le suivi de la végétation, mais l’expérience de terrain montre que les formes éoliennes pourraient apporter des compléments utiles. La morphodynamique éolienne joue en effet un rôle non négligeable dans le risque environnemental en régions sèches. Si, dans les systèmes désertiques, l’influence des activités humaines sur l’évolution des formes éoliennes de grande taille est réduite, dans les régions sèches non-désertiques, elles sont de plus petite dimension et leur vitesse de réaction aux changements des conditions du milieu est élevée. Elles sont de surcroît liées aux autres composants du paysage, avec lesquels elles interagissent fortement, et leur fonctionnement peut être corrélé aux modalités d’exploitation du milieu. Cela en fait des indicateurs pertinents et leur suivi doit donc être conçu dans une approche systémique appuyée sur une bonne maîtrise des fondements physiques de l’étude de la morphodynamique éolienne qui sont présentés en ouverture de ce mémoire. Différents outils et concepts élaborés dans les contextes désertiques, parmi lesquels les déplacements potentiels sableux et la densité d’obstacle, sont détaillés. Les effets paysagers de la morphodynamique éolienne sont illustrés par divers exemples. Son intégration dans les études de suivi est alors questionnée pour démontrer que de nouvelles approches peuvent être explorées. Les propositions faites s’intéressent en particulier à un objet, la forme éolienne d’obstacle, qui reste mal connu malgré la place qu’il tient dans les paysages des régions sèches. Une grille de caractérisation fine de cet objet est définie, à partir de laquelle un protocole de quantification et d’évaluation qualitative nécessaire à la production d’indicateurs peut être élaboré. Pour cela, les méthodes développées doivent être reproductibles et minimiser la complexité et les coûts de mise en oeuvre. Dans le domaine de la télédétection, la facilité d’utilisation et la précision des images du Pixy, paramoteur léger à voile souple, démontrent le potentiel des vecteurs de type drone. L’intérêt des satellites à très haute résolution spatiale pour, notamment, la généralisation d’études ciblées est également démontré. Les images produites correspondent notamment à une échelle intermédiaire qui faisait jusqu’alors défaut. Parmi les fournisseurs d’images très haute résolution spatiale, Google Earth est une alternative possible des fournisseurs commerciaux. La disponibilité de plus en plus grande d’images de résolution très élevée offre des perspectives d’applications dans des domaines variés. Leur exploitation présente cependant des contraintes que la Morphologie Mathématique (MM), discipline de l’analyse d’image orientée-objet, permet de contourner. Les outils de la MM facilitent l’analyse façon robuste des images non corrigées, du type Pixy ou Google Earth. Elle s’appuie sur des procédures simples à reproduire, dont les résultats s’expliquent facilement. Elle participe ainsi à réduire le coût des études. Or, la question économique du diagnostic environnemental ne peut être évacuée, en particulier dans les pays concernés par la lutte contre la désertification. Chaque chapitre de ce mémoire démontre l’importance de la prise en considération de deux seuils : d’une part, le seuil d’hétérogénéité, en-deçà duquel l’information recherchée est noyée dans le bruit d’un trop grand détail, d’autre part, le seuil d’homogénéité, au-delà duquel la maille d’analyse fait que l’information est trop lissée pour être pertinenteDrylands share with deserts many environmental conditions that make them sensitive and fragile. It is a necessity to understand the mechanisms of these environments, especially in contexts where there is a risk of desertification. Such an understanding is often assessed by monitoring vegetation. Field experience, however, shows that aeolian morphodynamics may provide useful additional information. The aeolian morphodynamics plays indeed a significant role in the environmental risk of drylands. In desert systems, the anthropogenic pressure on aeolian processes is low. On the other hand, in non-desert drylands, features are smaller but have a faster reaction time to environmental change. They interact strongly with other components of the landscape, such as human activities. Accordingly, the study of non-desertic aeolian morphodynamics has to be designed following a systematic approach. It relies on a good knowledge of fundamental physics of wind geomorphology that is described in this dissertation. Various tools and concepts developed in desert environments, including potential displacement and roughness density, are given. The effects of aeolian morphodynamics on landscapes are illustrated by various examples. Standard studies of wind dynamics are discussed and questioned to demonstrate that new approaches can be explored. This study focuses anchored dunes, which remain poorly studied despite their importance in drylands. Anchored dunes are described and characterized in detail. Then a protocole of quantification and qualitative evaluation can be elaborated.Our aim was to develop methods that are reproducible and minimize the complexity and costs of implementation. The unmanned platform, Pixy, illustrates the potential of drones which provide accurate images with a great flexibility of use. The interest of very high spatial resolution imagery provided by satellites such as QuickBird is also demonstrated. Their images introduce to an intermediate scale between field and large-scale satellite imagery. Among the providers of very high spatial resolution imagery, Google Earth (GE) appears to be a good alternative to commercial suppliers. Increasing availability of free high resolution images offers potential applications in various fields. However, their use has constraints that are managed by Mathematical Morphology (MM), an object-oriented image analysis discipline. Tools from MM allow the analysis of uncorrected images, like those of Pixy or GE. It relies on simple procedures easy to reproduce and explain. It thus contributes to reducing the cost of studies. This economic issue of environmental diagnosis cannot be ignored, especially in the countries concerned by the fight against desertification.Each chapter of this thesis demonstrates the importance of two thresholds through particular example. The threshold of heterogeneity, below which information is embedded in the background noise produced by too much detail, is the first one. The threshold of homogeneity, beyond which information is too smooth to be relevant, is the second one. This work attempts to show how these thresholds may have direct effects on results of a remote sensing study. This consideration is thus a structuring element of the methods used. Beyond the issue of aeolian morphodynamics, this thesis combines semi-automatic characterization methods of landscape elements with processes of multi-scalar integration. The results are potentially useful to any approach that seeks to understand the effects of a phenomenon at different scales
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Moreira, Rafael da Silveira. "Perda dentária em adultos e idosos no Brasil: a influência de aspectos individuais, contextuais e geográficos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-08012010-093149/.
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Introdução - As transições demográfica e epidemiológica vêm gerando mudanças no perfil sanitário de vários países. Dentre os vários campos da saúde, a saúde bucal expressa pela perda dentária encontra-se em situação preocupante. Objetivo - Identificar os fatores individuais e contextuais associados à perda dentária de adultos e idosos no Brasil e as características da distribuição espacial desses fatores. Métodos - Foram utilizados dados secundários do Projeto SB Brasil 2003, em que foi realizado um levantamento epidemiológico das condições de saúde bucal da população brasileira. Neste inquérito foi utilizada a técnica de amostragem probabilística por conglomerados, realizada em três estágios, totalizando 13.431 adultos entre 35 e 44 anos e 5.349 idosos entre 65 e 74 anos. A metodologia de análise empregou um modelo multinível de abordagem e a associação foi medida pela Razão de Médias e Razão de Prevalências, brutas e ajustadas. Utilizou-se a técnica de Processo Analítico Hierárquico (Analytical Hierarchy Process - AHP) e testes de dependência espacial para conhecer a distribuição espacial dos fatores associados à perda dentária. Resultados - Entre os adultos, as variáveis contextuais associadas com maior perda dentária foram: baixo número de cirurgiões-dentistas por mil habitantes (nível regional), maior número de exodontias por habitante (nível estadual) e municípios com menor porte populacional (nível municipal). As variáveis individuais associadas à perda dentária foram: maior número de pessoas por cômodo, ter consultado o cirurgião-dentista alguma vez na vida, há três anos ou mais e por motivo de dor, não ter recebido informações sobre prevenção de doenças bucais, ser do sexo feminino e a idade maior. Entre os idosos, duas análises foram feitas. Na primeira análise, as variáveis contextuais associadas ao edentulismo funcional foram as mesmas encontradas nos adultos, exceto o porte populacional. Na segunda análise, as variáveis contextuais associadas à menor necessidade de prótese total foram: maior taxa de primeira consulta odontológica programática (nível regional), da média de anos de estudo (nível estadual) e do porte municipal. Morar na área rural, maior número de pessoas por cômodo, ter tido a última consulta odontológica em serviço público, ser do sexo masculino, nãobranco e idade mais avançada foram associados à necessidade de prótese total. A análise espacial revelou áreas de risco estatisticamente significantes para a perda dentária e para a necessidade de prótese total. Conclusões - O estudo revelou os principais aspectos contextuais e individuais associados com maior perda dentária. A combinação espacial simultânea desses atributos gerou mapas de predisposição para a perda dentária e necessidade de prótese total que podem nortear as ações de Saúde Bucal Coletiva.Introduction - The demographic and epidemiological transitions are causing changes in the health profile worldwide. Among the various areas of health care, oral health expressed by tooth loss is in a precarious situation. Objective - The objective was thus to identify the individual and contextual factors associated with tooth-loss in adults and the elderly in Brazil and the characteristics of the spatial distribution of these factors. Methods - Secondary data from the 2003 SB Brasil Project were used. This was an epidemiological survey of the oral health of the Brazilian population. The study used the technique of probability sampling by clusters, in three stages, covering 13,431 adults aged between 35 and 44 years old and 5,349 elderly individuals aged between 65 and 74 years. A multilevel analysis was employed and the degree of association was measured using the crude and adjusted mean and prevalence ratios. The Analytical Hierachy Process (AHP) technique was used to ascertain the spatial distribution of factors associated with tooth- loss, along with tests of spatial dependence. Results - Among adults, the contextual variables associated with increased tooth-loss were: a lower number of dentists per thousand inhabitants (at regional level), an increased number of tooth extractions per capita (at state level) and a smaller population size (at municipal level). The individual variables associated with tooth-loss were: a greater number of individuals living in the same room, never having consulted a dentist, having consulted a dentist three years or more ago and because of pain, not having received information on prevention of dental diseases, being female, and increased age. A further two analyses were carried out for the elderly group. In the first analysis, the contextual variables associated with functional edentulism were found to be the same in adults, with the exception of the population size. Living in rural areas and being female were associated with functional edentulism. In the second analysis, the contextual variables associated with reduced need for total prosthesis were: greater coverage of the first dental consult program (at regional level), average number of years of schooling (at state level) and population size. Living in rural areas, a greater number of individuals per room, having had the last dental consultation in the public sector, being male, non-white and of greater age were associated with the need for total prosthesis. Spatial analysis shows critical areas of risk for tooth loss. Conclusions - The study revealed the key contextual and individual aspects associated with greater tooth-loss. The combination of simultaneous spatial attributes generated maps showing the geographical predisposition to tooth loss and the need for total prosthesis that will be able to guide the work of those working in the area of Collective Oral Health.
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Le, Guyader Damien. "Modélisation des activités humaines en mer côtière." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717420.
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Les mers côtières jouent un rôle essentiel pour les sociétés humaines. Mais la concentration et la diversité des activités qui s'y développent exercent une pression croissante sur cet espace et les milieux associés en générant des interactions parfois conflictuelles entre activités. La compréhension de ces interactions constitue un enjeu en termes de recherche et pour la société civile. Une méthodologie visant à décrire la distribution spatio-temporelle de différentes activités en mer côtière est donc conçue et mise en œuvre en rade de Brest. La collecte de données spatiales, temporelles, quantitatives et qualitatives combine l'analyse de bases de données spatio-temporelles comme celles issues du Système d'Identification Automatique (AIS), et le dépouillement d'entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès de personnes-ressources. À partir des données hétérogènes collectées, une information structurée dans une base de données spatio-temporelle (BDST) est produite. Dans un premier temps, son exploitation cartographique par un Système d'Information Géographique (SIG) permet la réalisation d'instantanés au pas de temps quotidien sur l'ensemble d'une année. La qualité de l'information temporelle et quantitative puis la nature et la source de l'information spatiale sont renseignées. Dans un second temps, la BDST est mobilisée pour identifier, spatialiser et quantifier les conflits d'usages potentiels et les interactions spatio-temporelles potentielles négatives entre les activités considérées en rade de Brest.
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Meinert, Markus. "Grenzen und Chancen der Organisationsform "Landesbetrieb nach § 26 LHO"." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1175/.
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Unter dem Eindruck einer zunehmenden Einengung finanzieller Spielräume entwickelt die öffentliche Hand Strategien zur Haushaltskonsolidierung, die über den Einsatz des Neuen Steuerungsmodells hinausgehen. Eine zentrale Bedeutung im Rahmen der Verwaltungsoptimierung nehmen aufgaben- und organisationskritische Ansätze ein. Letztgenannte umfassen Überlegungen, wie durch eine Ablösung hergebrachter behördlicher Strukturen nachhaltige Entlastungseffekte ausgelöst werden können. Das Organisationsrecht kennt hierfür auf allen Verwaltungsebenen grundsätzlich zahlreiche Ausgestaltungen von der Beleihung Privater Dritter über Beteiligungsgesellschaften, Anstalten oder Stiftungen bis hin zu Regiebetrieben. Die verbleibenden Möglichkeiten einer Einflussnahme durch Politik und Verwaltung gestalten sich. Im Interesse einer hinreichenden Steuerung durch politische und administrative Leitungsinstanzen erfahren Landesbetriebe nach § 26 der Landeshaushaltsordnungen in den letzten Jahren in vielen Landesverwaltungen eine Renaissance. Obgleich die betreffende Ermächtigung seit 1969 im Haushaltsrecht verankert ist und bereits Gegenstand der Reichshaushaltsordnung war, liegen kaum systematisierte Erkenntnisse über den Einsatz dieser Organisationsform vor. In den Rechts-, Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungswissenschaften finden sich praktisch keine über den Wortlaut des Gesetzes und hierzu kaum ergangene Verwaltungsvorschriften hinausgehenden Hilfestellungen.
Die Arbeit widmet sich dem Modell „Landesbetrieb nach § 26 LHO“, indem sie damit verbundene Entwicklungspotenziale für ein betriebswirtschaftliches Handeln und Rahmenbedingungen seines Einsatzes beleuchtet. Sie stellt den Landesbetrieb dabei in ein Verhältnis zu Behörden, welche unter Anwendung von Elementen des Neuen Steuerungsmodells geführt werden und privatrechtlich ausgestalteten Unternehmen. Zu diesem Zweck erfolgt eine vertiefte empirische Untersuchung der Landesbetriebe im amtlichen Geoinformationswesen, welche eine breite Aufgabenpalette aufweisen. Die in diesem Rahmen vollzogene Primäranalyse wird im Interesse einer Verbreiterung der Aussagekraft der Ergebnisse ergänzt um ausgewählte Sekundäranalysen zur praktischen Ausgestaltung weiterer Landesbetriebe insbesondere in den Bereichen Bau- und Liegenschaftsmanagement, Mess- und Eichwesen und der Datenverarbeitung. Ergänzend zu den deskriptiven Darstellungen der empirischen Betrachtung werden normative Betrachtungen für die einzelnen betriebswirtschaftlichen Funktionalbereiche vorgenommen soweit hier spezifische Problemstellungen in der Praxis der Landesbetriebe bekannt geworden sind.
Im Ergebnis kommt die Arbeit zu der Erkenntnis, dass Landesbetriebe ein Entwicklungspotenzial über das Neue Steuerungsmodell hinaus bergen, dieses aber weniger als erwartet im Bereich der Finanzwirtschaft und damit in der tatsächlichen Haushaltskonsolidierung liegt, als vielmehr in der strukturellen Optimierung der Verhältnisse zwischen, Betriebsleitung, Kunden sowie administrativer und politischer Spitze und der Gestaltungsräume der einzelnen Akteure.Due to a lack of financial flexibility the public sector develops strategies of budget consolidation, which go beyond the implementation of New Public Management. Doing this there is a focus on optimization by task and organisational criticism. Concerning organisational criticism this includes considerations, how it is possible to reach financial ease by replacing former official structures. Organisational law knows different possibilities on the administrative levels of the states and municipalities with different opportunities of influence by political and administrative leadership. In this context public utilities like mentioned in § 26 of budget laws became more and more important in the last years. Although they are known as an organisational option for years now, there is a lack of experience and systematic knowledge on this kind of administrative units. The dissertation lays emphasis on the possibilities of developing economic usage in these units and necessary or practised general conditions for their implementation. Public utilities in the sense of § 26 of budget laws are compared to authorities lead by the principles of New Public Management and private enterprises. There is at first an empirical examination of these kind of units established in the field of geodetic survey and spatial data, because of their broad spectrum of different kinds of tasks by primary analysis. It is completed by a sec-ondary analysis of practicism in further public utilities being responsible for example for real estate management, measuring and adjusting or technological infrastructures. The descriptive parts are supplemented by normative considerations on special economical, legal and organisational aspects in these public utilities like they are seen or known by affected people involved in the change from authorities to public utilities. As a result it is emphazised, that public utilities in the sense of § 26 of budget laws offer potencials for development going further than authorities lead by the principles of New Public Management. Never the less it is not the field of finance but organisation and steering, where the most important possibilities of structural redesign have to be seen. This concerns mostly the relationship between management, customers, stakeholder and politician or administrative leadership as far as flexibility of each individual participants.
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Barry, Jon. "Spatial and temporal statistics in the environmental sciences." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337435.
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Rotta, Luiz Henrique da Silva [UNESP]. "Inferência espacial para mapeamento de macrófitas submersas: estudo de caso." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86775.
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Este trabalho relata um estudo de caso, no qual se procedeu a um levantamento ecobatimétrico para se obter dados de profundidade do corpo de água e da altura da vegetação aquática submersa, realizado num trecho do Rio Uberaba, que faz parte do Reservatório de Porto Colômbia, abrangendo uma área de aproximadamente 360 mil m². Os dados foram processados e avaliados com o objetivo principal de desenvolver uma abordagem de inferência espacial no mapeamento de macrófitas submersas presentes na região pesquisada. Para isso, verificou-se a viabilidade do uso de interpoladores convencionais para mapear as variáveis coletadas pelo ecobatímetro, avaliou-se o potencial de imagem multiespectral de alta resolução espacial (QuickBird) na detecção da vegetação estudada, realizou-se uma análise espacial para avaliar tendência para esse tipo de ocorrência e, finalmente, estudou-se a possibilidade de se utilizar técnica de geoestatística na inferência da altura de macrófitas submersas da área de estudo. As interpolações convencionais não se mostraram satisfatoriamente adequadas para mapear a variável altura da vegetação submersa, porém, a utilização da interpolação linear por triangulação foi suficiente para representar adequadamente o relevo submerso. A imagem multiespectral se mostrou capaz de detectar aproximadamente 21% de macrófitas submersas. Com relação à análise espacial, os resultados indicaram que a dependência espacial é uma tendência que deve ser levada em consideração, daí ter sido utilizada a geoestatística na abordagem de inferência espacial da vegetação. A análise dos semivariogramas forneceu conhecimento relacionado aos métodos de levantamentos ecobatimétricos. A inferência espacial por krigagem apresentou resultado satisfatório, comparado às interpolações convencionais mencionadas anteriormente...
In this work was accomplished a case study in which an echo sounder survey was conducted to obtain data of water body depth and submerged aquatic vegetation height. The study was realized specifically on a region of Uberaba River with approximately 360.000 m². This river is part of the Porto Colombia reservoir. The data was processed and evaluated with main objective to develop an approach of spatial inference for map submersed macrophyte in the region studied. For this, it was verified the availability of using conventional interpolation to map the variables collected by the echo sounder, it was evaluated the potential of multispectral image with high spatial resolution (QuickBird) to detect the vegetation, it was done a spatial analysis and finally it was verified the possibility of using geostatistic technique to infer the submerged macrophytes height in the study area. The use of linear interpolation by triangulation was enough to represent rightly the underwater topography; however, the conventional interpolations were not satisfactorily to map the submerged vegetation height. The multispectral image was able to detect approximately 21% of submerged macrophytes. About spatial analysis, the results indicated that the spatial dependence must be considered, therefore, it was used the geostatistic in the spatial inference of submerged vegetation. Semivariograms analysis provided important knowledge about methods of echo sounder survey. The spatial inference by kriging showed satisfactory results if compared with conventional interpolations mentioned above. Finally, the approach used to mapping submerged macrophytes height can be applied in other regions and this can help the reservoirs management, allowing improve the knowledge about the local ecosystem and therewith developing an action strategy to contain the spread of submerged aquatic vegetation
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Lord, Evelyn. "Spatial and social interaction in S.E. Surrey, 1750-1850." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35568.
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One of the central problems facing academic local historians is the extent of the spatial and social space occupied by communities in the past. This is crucial to the definition of the 'local' component in local history. This thesis works towards using the space occupied by communities to define 'local' by measuring the effect of 6 spatial and social boundaries on 19 contiguous but socially and topographically diverse rural communities in S.E. Surrey, Sussex and Kent. Patterns of inter-action are mapped in relation to the administrative boundaries of the parish and county; the natural boundary of the pays; and the social boundaries formed by kinship; social structure; and religion. Finally these boundaries are dissolved to form social areas. The sources used contain elements that describe movement - the chief of these are marriage registers and census data, with a qualitative dimension added by diaries and family papers. Nominal and linguistic material is also used, as well as artifacts, whilst the whole is set within the socio-economic context of the area. The social areas defined by inter-action show a remarkable resemblance to those shown by dialect, material culture, surname distribution and kinship networks. The main characteristics of these areas are that they extend over at least 4 communities which share an intense level of activity. These communities nest within a symbiotic framework of looser activity that goes beyond the study area to include market towns and an important urban centre. Three keywords emerge in the study. The first of these is community - many parishes consisted of several communities reacting in different ways so that this is a more relevant description of groups of people on the ground than parish. The second is symbioses - each community was an integral part of the whole. The last is process, as the patterns of inter-action were not stable but responded to internal and external stimuli. In the final essence, the 'local' component in local history is defined as up to 4 communities set within a loose regional framework. A viable research area for local historians should consist of at least 4 communities as single community studies are unique rather than local. This work contributes both to the study of continuity and change within communities, as well as to the historiography and practice of local history.
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Wild, Vivienne. "Galaxies in redshift surveys : spatial distributions and interstellar dust." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615312.
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Burgoyne, Christine Anne. "The importance of identifying particular strengths : spatial ability in pupils who are at risk of not learning to read." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3150.
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Recent studies have shown that there may be evidence that children with reading difficulties have particular compensatory spatial ability, although the exact spatial ability has not been identified. This study used qualitative and quantitative methods to examine closely two spatial abilities, spatial visualisation (mental rotation from memory) and visual realism (three-dimensional drawing and construction ability) in students with reading problems and students with no problems. The aim was also to explore the question of whether students with spatial ability and reading problems were encouraged to use these strengths either in or out of school and whether such abilities could be identified in the early years environment. Equally, the question of motivational failure related to possible unrecognised potential, particularly in the area of non-verbal/spatial ability was also examined. This study used longitudinal case studies with five children and their mothers over a period of ten years. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using a grounded theory approach. Researcher observations as the teacher of the five children in their primary years provided additional evidence of their reading and spatial abilities at an early age. In addition, the study uses a Further Education College survey that examines spatial ability and reading problems in 133 post-16 year olds that provides the quantitative element of the study providing evidence about students with spatial abilities and their career choices. The data analysis revealed that the five case studies had largely overcome their reading problems due to early intervention strategies for reading together with encouragement and support outside school for their spatial abilities. Additionally, they have pursued careers, which for the most part, uses their spatial skills. The data analysis of the College survey showed that the link between spatial ability and reading problems was less secure, although there were a number of students with Specific Learning Difficulties (SpLD) who had high spatial abilities and this proved to be important from the point of view of identifying strengths alongside weakness in literacy, particularly in the early years at school. Early identification and acknowledgement of spatial ability as a perceived strength and used to support learning, as opposed to identification of reading problems, a perceived deficit, proved to be a key finding of the research.
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Rotta, Luiz Henrique da Silva. "Inferência espacial para mapeamento de macrófitas submersas : estudo de caso /." Presidente Prudente : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86775.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Nilton Nobuhiro ImaiBanca: Maria de Lourdes Bueno Trindade Galo
Banca: Júlia Celia Mercedes Strauch
Resumo: Este trabalho relata um estudo de caso, no qual se procedeu a um levantamento ecobatimétrico para se obter dados de profundidade do corpo de água e da altura da vegetação aquática submersa, realizado num trecho do Rio Uberaba, que faz parte do Reservatório de Porto Colômbia, abrangendo uma área de aproximadamente 360 mil m². Os dados foram processados e avaliados com o objetivo principal de desenvolver uma abordagem de inferência espacial no mapeamento de macrófitas submersas presentes na região pesquisada. Para isso, verificou-se a viabilidade do uso de interpoladores convencionais para mapear as variáveis coletadas pelo ecobatímetro, avaliou-se o potencial de imagem multiespectral de alta resolução espacial (QuickBird) na detecção da vegetação estudada, realizou-se uma análise espacial para avaliar tendência para esse tipo de ocorrência e, finalmente, estudou-se a possibilidade de se utilizar técnica de geoestatística na inferência da altura de macrófitas submersas da área de estudo. As interpolações convencionais não se mostraram satisfatoriamente adequadas para mapear a variável altura da vegetação submersa, porém, a utilização da interpolação linear por triangulação foi suficiente para representar adequadamente o relevo submerso. A imagem multiespectral se mostrou capaz de detectar aproximadamente 21% de macrófitas submersas. Com relação à análise espacial, os resultados indicaram que a dependência espacial é uma tendência que deve ser levada em consideração, daí ter sido utilizada a geoestatística na abordagem de inferência espacial da vegetação. A análise dos semivariogramas forneceu conhecimento relacionado aos métodos de levantamentos ecobatimétricos. A inferência espacial por krigagem apresentou resultado satisfatório, comparado às interpolações convencionais mencionadas anteriormente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In this work was accomplished a case study in which an echo sounder survey was conducted to obtain data of water body depth and submerged aquatic vegetation height. The study was realized specifically on a region of Uberaba River with approximately 360.000 m². This river is part of the Porto Colombia reservoir. The data was processed and evaluated with main objective to develop an approach of spatial inference for map submersed macrophyte in the region studied. For this, it was verified the availability of using conventional interpolation to map the variables collected by the echo sounder, it was evaluated the potential of multispectral image with high spatial resolution (QuickBird) to detect the vegetation, it was done a spatial analysis and finally it was verified the possibility of using geostatistic technique to infer the submerged macrophytes height in the study area. The use of linear interpolation by triangulation was enough to represent rightly the underwater topography; however, the conventional interpolations were not satisfactorily to map the submerged vegetation height. The multispectral image was able to detect approximately 21% of submerged macrophytes. About spatial analysis, the results indicated that the spatial dependence must be considered, therefore, it was used the geostatistic in the spatial inference of submerged vegetation. Semivariograms analysis provided important knowledge about methods of echo sounder survey. The spatial inference by kriging showed satisfactory results if compared with conventional interpolations mentioned above. Finally, the approach used to mapping submerged macrophytes height can be applied in other regions and this can help the reservoirs management, allowing improve the knowledge about the local ecosystem and therewith developing an action strategy to contain the spread of submerged aquatic vegetation
Mestre
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Young, Fred J. "Spatial variability of soil properties within a loess-covered, upland landscape /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9823319.
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