Academic literature on the topic 'Special Milk Program (U.S.)'

AbstractAn interregional reactive programming model of the United States dairy industry is used to test the welfare implications of several dairy program changes on milk producers, milk consumers, and taxpayers. The results showed that each of the tested alternatives (price support reduction, price support reduction with frozen minimum Class I price, assessments, and production quotas) could reduce price support expenditures substantially. However, assessments reduced expenditures most effectively in terms of cost to milk producers for the United States generally while price support reduction with frozen minimum Class I price was most efficacious in terms of cost to Southeast producers.

Relevance. The role of pediatric dentistry in younger generation health improvement is undeniable; therefore, developing pediatric dental service is an important health care issue.Purpose. To present the contribution of Lubov Sergeevna Litovkina to paediatric dental service development in connection with her death on December, 23, 2019.Materials and methods. Based on the analysis of professional activity and scientific works of L.S. Litovkina the achievements that have contributed to the development of pediatric dentistry service in Volgograd Region were identified.Results. Public, clinical and scientific activities of L.S. Litovkina were highlighted. Special attention was paid to such areas of her work as the organization of epidemiological dental examinations of children’s population, the implementation of milk fluoridation program for prevention of dental caries in preschool children, school dentistry improvement and applying the dental educational program for the elementary schoolchildren.Conclusions. The organizational and scientific activities of L.S. Litovkina contributed to the development of the paediatric dental service and oral health improvement of children’s population.

Retail milk samples (231) of pasteurized, whole milk powder (WMP), and ultrapasteurized (UP) were collected in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, to determine the incidence of multiple antibiotic resistance. Pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella were determined as well as nonpathogens such as Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Hafnia alvei. Drug resistance of each isolated culture was tested using the Kirby-Bauer technique. The following antibiotic discs and concentrations were used: amikacin 30 mcg, ampicillin 10 mcg, carbenicillin 100 mcg, cefamandole 30 mcg, chloramphenicol 30 mcg, erythromycin 15 mcg, gentamicin 10 mcg, kanamycin 30 mcg, nitrofurantoin 300 mcg, penicillin 10 U, polymixin B 300 U, tetracycline 30 mcg, and tobramycin 10 mcg. Sixty-seven percent of the pasteurized milk samples contained fecal coliforms with multiple drug resistance. Four percent contained Salmonella which was 100% resistant to penicillin and showed some resistance to polymixin B and chloramphenicol. S. aureus which was drug resistant was present in 2.9% of the samples. The WMP and UP samples were relatively pathogenic free; however, nonenteric coliforms were detected showing multiple drug resistance. E. coli isolated in 1 UP showed resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, polymixin B, and tetracycline. A high incidence of drug-resistant organisms in milk products represents a public health hazard in that food poisoning outbreaks would be difficult to treat and this pool of multidrug-resistant organisms in the food supply represents a reservoir for transferable resistant genes. An active surveillance and monitoring program should be mandated to minimize this risk for the consumer.

ABSTRACT During oil spill incidents involving damaged tankers, the amount of product released may be uncertain. Many accidents occur under adverse conditions, so determining the volume lost by sounding the tanks may not be practical. In the first few hours, initial volume estimates often are based on visual observations of the resulting slick, a notoriously unreliable approach. Oils that have special characteristics, such as group V oils and Orimulsion®, that may or may not result in a surface slick, further complicate this problem. The Hazardous Materials Response Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/HAZMAT) has developed a leaking tank module for its oil weathering software, ADIOS2. Because the present version of the model is not designed for heavy oils, NOAA/HAZMAT is undertaking a series of model-scale tests using releases of canola oil and Orimulsion®. These tests are an extension of leaking tank experiments done earlier for NOAA and for the U. S. Coast Guard, and are part of a joint research program by NOAA/HAZMAT and the U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center on the behavior of heavy oil products. This paper describes these tests and their possible application to new spill release models.

IntroductionPharmacologic measures to prevent venous thromboembolism were first routinely incorporated into the practice of general surgeons, urologists, and orthopedic surgeons in 1975, after the landmark International Multicentre Trial was published.1 This randomized trial allocated 4,121 surgical patients either to unfractionated heparin 5,000 U, beginning 2 hours preoperatively and continuing every 8 hours for 7 days, or to no heparin. Among the heparin-treated group, two patients had massive pulmonary embolism (PE) verified upon autopsy, compared with 16 among the no heparin group.These dramatic differences were reinforced by a subsequent meta-analysis of 15,598 surgical patients in randomized trials of venous thromboembolism prevention with low fixed dose (“minidose”) heparin.2 Those assigned to heparin prophylaxis had a two-thirds reduction in predominantly asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a one-third reduction in nonfatal pulmonary embolism, and a marked reduction in fatal PE (19 in heparin patients compared with 55 among controls). Based upon the results of these studies, unfractionated heparin in a dose of 5,000 U twice or three times daily, beginning 2 hours preoperatively, became the standard pharmacologic approach to perioperative prevention of DVT and PE.Despite the intensive study of venous thromboembolism in thousands of surgical patients, the investigation of DVT and PE developing as a complication among medical patients hospitalized for other primary conditions has languished, except for in stroke and myocardial infarction patients. Several fundamental issues are apparent. First, the incidence of venous thromboembolism among hospitalized patients has not been precisely elucidated. Second, subsets of patients with potentially the greatest risk, such as those in medical intensive care units, warrant special attention. Third, the failure rates of conventional low-dose heparin prophylaxis and mechanical prophylaxis with intermittent pneumatic compression boots have not been adequately defined among contemporary hospitalized medical patients. Fourth, the Food and Drug Administration has not approved low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in medical patients. Such approval awaits the design, execution, and analysis of appropriate clinical trials in this understudied population.An Israeli study undertaken more than two decades ago provided intriguing evidence to support the concept that mortality reduction could be achieved in hospitalized general medical patients with low-dose heparin prophylaxis.3 This hypothesis was tested in 1,358 consecutive patients greater than 40 years of age who were admitted through the emergency department to the medical wards of an acute care hospital. Eligible patients with even numbered hospital records were assigned to receive 5,000 U low-dose heparin twice daily. Those with odd numbered records served as controls. Among patients allocated to heparin, there was a 31% reduction in mortality from 10.9% in the control group to 7.8% in the heparin group. The reduction in mortality in the heparin-treated group was evident from the first day, and the difference increased significantly and consistently with time until the end of the study period. Because the death rate was highest in the first 2 days in both groups, the reduction in mortality in absolute numbers was greatest on those 2 days. However, the relative mortality reduction remained stable throughout the study period.While low-dose heparin was demonstrated in the 1970s to be effective and safe for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in many thousands of surgical patients, only miniscule studies were carried out among medical patients during that era. For example, the Royal Infirmary in Glasgow studied 100 medical patients hospitalized with heart failure or chest infection.4 Patients were randomized to receive either heparin 5,000 U every 8 hours or to receive no specific prophylaxis measures. The diagnosis of DVT was established by iodine-125 fibrinogen leg scanning, which was undertaken in all study patients within 24 hours of hospitalization and repeated every other day for 14 days or until hospital discharge. The results in this group of hospitalized medical patients were dramatic. Among controls, 26% developed DVT, whereas the rate was only 4% among those receiving low-dose heparin.In a trial in 1986 that focused on octogenarian medical inpatients, a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study5 utilized a once daily low molecular weight heparin (Pharmuka 10169, subsequently renamed enoxaparin). The dose was 60 mg injected subcutaneously once daily. The potential development of DVT was assessed by iodine-125 fibrinogen leg scanning in all patients. The trial lasted 10 days, and 270 patients were enrolled. The majority of subjects suffered from heart failure, respiratory diseases, stroke, or cancer. Of 263 evaluable patients, 9% in the placebo group developed DVT, compared with 3% of those receiving LMWH prophylaxis. Except for injection site hematomas, bleeding complications were not appreciably increased in the LMWH group.A trial involving 11,693 medical patients with infectious diseases randomized patients to receive either 5,000 U of heparin every 12 hours or no prophylaxis.6 Although patients were treated for a maximum of 3 weeks, follow-up was carried out for a maximum of 2 months. Heparin prophylaxis delayed the occurrence of fatal PE from a median of 12 days to a median of 28 days. Far more nonfatal thromboembolic complications in the control group (116 vs. 70, p = 0.0012). However, the prespecified primary endpoint was clinically relevant, autopsy-verified PE. In this respect, there was virtually no difference between the two groups: 15 heparin treated and 16 control group patients had autopsy-verified fatal PEs. This large trial, which yielded disappointing results, may have been flawed had the following study design flaws: 1) a lack of statistical power to detect a difference between the two groups in the primary endpoint, 2) the restriction of heparin prophylaxis to 3 weeks, and 3) an inadequate dose of heparin. (Keep in mind that the International Multicentre trial1 used low-dose heparin every 8 hours, not every 12 hours.)In the past decade, low molecular weight heparin has supplanted unfractionated heparin for prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in total hip replacement7 and has proved superior both to warfarin8,9 and to graduated compression stockings10 for total knee replacement. This does not necessarily mean, however, that low molecular weight heparin will prove superior to unfractionated heparin, warfarin, or graduated compression stockings for prophylaxis of hospitalized medical patients.The MEDENOX trial of enoxaparin prophylaxis in medical patients completed enrollment of approximately 1,100 subjects in July 1998. Patients were randomized to one of three groups in a double-blind controlled trial: enoxaparin 20 mg once daily, enoxaparin 40 mg once daily, or placebo. The principal endpoint is the incidence of DVT as assessed by contrast venography on approximately day 10 of hospitalization. The results of this crucially important trial which favored enoxaparin 40 mg once daily, will be presented at the August 1999 XVII Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis.Also, the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program has organized a randomized trial to study the effect of low-dose heparin prophylaxis on mortality among hospitalized general medical patients.11 Results will be available in about 5 years.Intermittent pneumatic compression devices constitute an alternative, nonpharmacologic approach to prevent PE and DVT. Though effective, special care must be taken to ensure that these devices are worn as prescribed.12 Frequent removal and nonuse can be problematic, especially in patients outside of an intensive care unit. In addition to the mechanical effect of increasing venous blood flow in the legs, these devices appear to cause an increase in endogenous fibrinolysis, due to stimulation of the vascular endothelial wall.13-15 It is possible that for hospitalized medical patients, combined mechanical and pharmacologic prophylaxis will find a special niche. For example, in certain surgical subspecialties, combined prophylaxis modalities are routinely used. Urologists combine intermittent pneumatic compression boots and adjusted-dose warfarin following radical prostatectomy.16 Neurosurgeons employ compression boots plus fixed, low-dose heparin in craniotomy patients with malignancies.17 The medical intensive care unit setting remains one of the last frontiers where the culture of routine venous thromboembolism prophylaxis is not well developed. Prophylaxis should be part of the standard admission orders, just like H2-blockers or carafate are almost always ordered routinely to prevent stress ulcers. Intensive care unit patients pose special challenges when planning prophylaxis strategies. First, these patients are often bleeding overtly or are admitted with thrombocytopenia. Accordingly, heparin or warfarin are often contraindicated. Second, leg ulcers, wounds, or peripheral arterial occlusive disease will preclude the use of intermittent pneumatic compression devices. With these problems in mind, it is useful to examine the current state of prophylaxis among intensive care unit patients.In 1994, the Venous Thromboembolism Research Group at Brigham and Women’s Hospital found that only one-third of consecutive patients admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit received prophylaxis against PE and DVT.18 In a subsequent survey of this population, one-third of patients developed DVT, and half of these were proximal leg DVTs. Overall, 56% received prophylaxis.19 Surprisingly, prophylaxis appeared to have little impact on DVT rates. The overall DVT rate in patients who had received either heparin or pneumatic compression prophylaxis was 34%, compared with 32% in patients who did not receive any prophylaxis. This observation should be interpreted cautiously because these patients were not randomly allocated to prophylaxis.There is currently no consensus on optimal prophylaxis for medical intensive care unit patients.20 Two prior trials have failed to show the superiority of low molecular weight heparin compared with unfractionated low-dose heparin among hospitalized medical patients.21,22 These two trials may have administered subtherapeutic doses of LMWH.We have just completed a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of heparin 5,000 U twice daily (“miniheparin”) versus enoxaparin 30 mg twice daily among Medical Intensive Care Unit patients. This multicentered study has the principal endpoint of venous thrombosis proven by ultrasound examination. Approximately, almost 300 patients have been enrolled. We expect to present the results of this trial at the August 1999 XVII Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

The euphoria greeting the election of Barack Hussein Obama as the forty-fourth president of the United States seized the popular imagination in Africa, much as it did in the U. S. There was hope and enormous goodwill on the continent, derived from President Obama's special tie to Africa—the dreams from his father that he has translated so eloquently. There was hope that the Obama administration would initiate new policies based on mutual respect, multilateral collaboration, and an awareness that there will be no security unless there is common security—and also that security must be broadly defined, extending beyond the military to include the environment, the economy, and health, as well as political and social rights. Yet as many anticipated, given the enormous and wide-ranging problems confronting the new administration, Africa has not been front and center on its agenda. Although President Obama visited Egypt in June and Ghana in July 2009, only a few months into his presidency, Africa has not become a centerpiece of his foreign policy.In his much-publicized speech in Accra, President Obama lauded Ghana for its “repeated peaceful transfers of power,” declared that “development depends on good governance,” and urged Africans to take responsibility for their continent: “to hold [their] leaders accountable, and to build institutions that serve the people.” He pledged that the United States would support their efforts and committed his administration to opening the doors to African goods and services in ways that previous administrations have not. He pledged $63 billion to a new, comprehensive global health strategy that would promote public health systems and combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, polio, and other devastating diseases. In the months that followed, he pledged to double American foreign aid to $50 billion a year and to develop a multilateral program to combat hunger.

The influence of family, school and peers on students' emotional social development is very important as a starting point for the design of school activities that will also improve student development in an integral way. The Star of the Week program was developed with the aim of helping students apply the knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to socialize and understand and manage emotions. This study uses the Thiagarajan model stages, namely define, design, develop, and disseminate (4D). The results of the validity test from the experts show that this program has workable value with 91.1% material aspects, 90% emotional development aspects and 92% presentation aspects. For the practicality test results through teacher questionnaires obtained scores of 90%, and 88.67% through teacher observations of children who are in the high practical category. The results of the program effectiveness test showed a value of 89.08% on children's social-emotional development, because it showed an increase in values ​​before and after the intervention. The implication of further research is that it is hoped that various kinds of learning methods will develop aspects of child development based on cooperation and peer relationships.
 Keywords: Early Childhood, Peer Relationships, Star of the Week Program, Social Emotional
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The definition of lifestyle in psychology is traditionally associated with various aspects of the development of personality and social groups. The way of life depends not only on objective social factors, but also on a person himself, on what external and internal activity he represents in the objective process of life. Thus, the formation and development of personality is reflected in his activity increasing in preserving or transforming own way of life.
 One of the main features of the present is the existence of such social group as entrepreneurs. The development of this social group is connected with the formation of the independence of our state and the activation of a certain social stratum of the development of entrepreneurial way of life. Entrepreneurship in Ukraine has been developing ever since 1991. During the years of independence in Ukraine, the socio-economic situation has changed significantly. Favorable socio-economic conditions of the early 2000s have increased the activity of people to transform their own way of life and the realization of entrepreneurial activity. We were interested in how this was reflected in the development of socio-psychological qualities of an individual.
 The purpose of our research is to determine the socio-psychological peculiarities of the individual in the making a way of life for entrepreneurs at different stages of small business development in independent Ukraine (in the 1990s and in the period from 2010 to 2014).
 The following methods and techniques were used. 16 PF Kettell (Form C) adaptation A. G. Shmelev, V. I. Pohilko, A. S. Solovaychik, the method of personal differentiation (V. F. Bazhin, E. A. Golinkina, A. M. Etkind), the method of determining the level of subjective control (V. F. Bazhin, E. A. Golinkina, A. M. Etkind), the method of graphical scaling D. Guilford for determining the level of risk, the test-questionnaire for the diagnosis of the presence and severity degree of the main psychological barriers for entrepreneurship (O. P. Ermolaeva), the method of pair comparisons of L. Terstoun, methods "Self-Cost" and "New social status" O. M. Laktionov, the method of determining the severity of entrepreneurial activity indicators of S. G. Ianovska. Mathematical-statistical processing of results was carried out using a number of mathematical statistics methods (Mann-Whitney U-criterion, Student's t-criterion).
 A comparative analysis of the socio-psychological qualities of entrepreneur’s personality at different stages of small business development in Ukraine revealed that the transformation that has occurred over the time is manifested in the following features: increasing the role of the communicative unit of a personality profile of an entrepreneurial entity, increasing the internal locus of control and the value of economic wealth values in regulating the entrepreneurial activity. The role of the professional component of entrepreneurial professional activity is changing: the importance of professional knowledge and special training in running business is growing. The results of the study were used to create a training program for the development of entrepreneurial activity, which was implemented during the last year in work with internal immigrants and start-uppers.

Background:Proprioception sense might be deteriorated due to joint related diseases. Different exercise programs were shown beneficial for improving proprioception sense. However, the effect of exercise on cervical position error was not investigated in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).Objectives:To investigate the effect of cervical stabilization exercises on cervical position error in patients with axSpA.Methods:Thirty-nine patients with axSpA were randomly allocated into two groups as exercise group (n: 20, 11 males) and control group (n: 19, 12 males). All patients were evaluated regarding to physical characteristics (age, body-mass index), disease activity (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index), functional status (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index), and spinal mobility (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index). Cervical position error was evaluated in flexion, extension, rotation and lateral flexion directions and was calculated using a special formula (1). All evaluations were performed at baseline and after six weeks. Exercise group performed a progressive home-based cervical stabilization exercise program, while the control group did not receive any exercise intervention. Exercise adherence control and exercise progression was delivered by sending messages and video instructions via a freeware and cross-platform messaging service (WhatsApp Messenger) in a weekly basis.Results:Baseline physical and disease related characteristics were similar between groups (p>0.05, table 1). Exercise group showed significant improvements in all directions related to cervical proprioception following six weeks (p<0.05, Table 2), however, no improvements were observed in the control group (p>0.05, Table 2).Table 1.Comparison of the Groups at BaselineExercise Group (n: 20)Median (IQR 25/75)Control Group (n: 19)Median (IQR 25/75)p*Physical CharacteristicsAge (years)40.5 (36.0/52.5)44.0 (39.0/49.5)0.496Body-Mass Index (kg/m2)27.5 (24.5/30.2)26.8 (23.6/29.3)0.569Disease Related CharacteristicsBASDAI (score)2.0 (1.0/3.3)1.8 (1.3/2.5)0.687BASMI Total (score)2.9 (1.7/4.1)2.3 (1.8/3.1)0.127BASFI (score)1.8 (0.6/2.9)1.2 (1.0/2.2)0.496*Mann-Whitney U Test, IQR 25/75: Interquartile range 25/75, BASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, BASMI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index, BASFI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, p<0.05.Table 2.In-Group Comparison of Cervical Position Sense ErrorBeforeMedian (IQR 25/75)AfterMedian (IQR 25/75)p*Exercise Group (n: 20)Flexion(o)4.9 (2.2/7.0)2.8 (1.7/3.8)0.033Extension(o)4.5 (3.3/6.4)3.1 (1.8/4.8)0.040Right Rotation(o)5.2 (3.0/8.9)3.7 (1.9/4.7)0.006Left Rotation(o)4.3 (2.5/5.0)2.8 (2.2/3.3)0.017Right Lateral Flexion(o)4.9 (3.3/6.8)2.3 (1.8/3.7)0.009Left Lateral Flexion(o)4.3 (2.1/6.7)2.0 (1.5/3.4)0.010Control Group (n: 19)Flexion(o)6.3 (3.5/7.3)5.2 (3.8/7.0)0.856Extension(o)5.5 (4.5/7.3)4.1 (3.3/8.2)0.809Right Rotation(o)6.4 (4.3/9.0)5.5 (3.0/8.5)0.472Left Rotation(o)5.4 (3.5/7.9)5.0 (3.5/7.2)0.778Right Lateral Flexion(o)5.9 (3.6/8.4)4.3 (2.7/7.7)0.717Left Lateral Flexion(o)3.8 (2.4/5.6)4.9 (2.9/5.7)0.904*Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, IQR 25/75: Interquartile range 25/75,o: degree, p<0.05.Conclusion:A six-week cervical stabilization exercise program is beneficial for impaired cervical proprioception sense in patients with axSpA.References:[1]Dugailly P-M, De Santis R, Tits M, Sobczak S, Vigne A, Feipel V. Head repositioning accuracy in patients with neck pain and asymptomatic subjects: concurrent validity, influence of motion speed, motion direction and target distance. European Spine Journal. 2015;24:2885-2891.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

It was a great honor and personal privilege for us to organize the 9th Eurasia Conference on Chemical Sciences (EuAs C2S-9) in Antalya, Turkey, 9-13 September 2006. The choice of Turkey as a venue was especially appropriate in view of its special location and character as a bridge between Europe and Asia. Turkey's rich history and diversified cultural heritage provided an extra dimension to the atmosphere of the conference. The aim of the Eurasia Conferences is to support the scientific research of chemists in the Eurasia continent by inviting the participation of leading scientists from around the world. The Eurasia region has increased its profile in chemistry, particularly in chemical biology, over the last 20 years.The growing role of chemistry and the contributions of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries to science are significant. The next century will witness more momentous achievements in chemistry as well as its application in different fields for the benefit of mankind in terms of healthy, productive, long, and comfortable life.We particularly thank the participants who contributed scientific studies as oral and poster presentations at this conference. With the participation of the world's leading scientists from 39 countries, the conference was a good opportunity for all researchers to access recent information on achievements in the chemical sciences as well as to share and exchange their experiences during the conference.The scientific program consisted of 10 plenary lectures, 35 invited lectures, 12 session lectures, 24 oral presentations, and 128 poster presentations. The topics covered included biodiversity and natural product chemistry, biomolecular chemistry, catalysis and nanotechnology, computational chemistry, coordination chemistry (organized as a mini-symposium through the efforts of Prof. Dr. Susumu Kitagawa), environmental and analytical chemistry, and materials science and solution chemistry.The IUPAC-sponsored conference was attended by 268 participants from 39 countries. The participation of a large group of active young Turkish chemists was made possible by the financial support of the TUBITAK. In addition, a half-day excursion was organized for participants to Aspendos, Perge, and Side.The lecturers included: Prof. Dr. Robert Huber, Nobel laureate, from Germany and keynote speaker; HRH Princess Prof. Dr. Chulabhorn Mahidol from Thailand; Prof. Dr. U. K. Pandit; Prof. Dr. B. M. Rode; Prof. Dr. T. Norin; Prof. Dr. M. Isobe; Prof. Dr. S. Kitagawa; and Prof. Dr. H. Ohtaki.Six plenary lectures are published in this issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry along with the manuscripts from the project "Chemistry for Biology". The conference proceedings are being published by Springer-Verlag as Innovations in Chemical Biology.The news of the sudden and untimely death of Prof. Dr. Hitoshi Ohtaki on 5 November 2006 was received after the conference. He enthusiastically promoted international cooperation and took it upon himself to publicize Japanese science to the wider world. His plenary lecture will serve as a memorable contribution to that goal. He also prepared a separate chapter, including tributes, in the proceedings. Prof. Dr. Ohtaki will be missed by all of us.The next Eurasia conference, the 10th Eurasia Conference on Chemical Sciences (EuAs C2S-10), will be held in Manila, Philippines in 2008.Prof. Dr. Bilge SenerChair, National Organizing Committee