Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Special terminology'

This study illustrates the demand for Arabic terminology policy to provide the language with the necessary means to meet the new challenges to Arabic in the age of globalisation. It is part of the emergent literature on Arabic term innovation, the field in which most significant language planning and reforms are needed. The researcher highlights the contribution of the Jordan Academy of Arabic in lexical generation, the most significant activity of Arabic language planning. He investigates the language planning efforts of the Jordan Academy in lexical formation. The data for the quantitative analysis in this research is 861 medical terms sanctioned by the Jordan Academy. Before analysing the total data, the researcher investigates the work mechanism employed by the Jordan Academy in inventing and sanctioning terminology. He also investigates the terminological problems of Arabic. The analysis of the data shows which word-formation techniques the Jordan Academy has resorted to when inventing and sanctioning medical terms. All processes of lexical enhancement in Arabic including the controversial process of lexical borrowing have been employed by the Academy except blending. This study provides the foundation for further studies in Arabic terminology planning in particular, and Arabic language planning more generally.

By combining quantitative and qualitative methods, the present study aims to investigate what strategies may be used in the translation of a text on football from English to Swedish, with focus on terminology and the metaphor FOOTBALL IS WAR. Special attention is paid to the trait of football language as a special language. Dictionaries and parallel texts, as well as different sources on football language and translation theory, such as Bergh & Ohlander (2012), Levin (2008) and Newmark (1988) were consulted in the translation and the subsequent analysis. As expected, the results show that borrowing is a very common strategy in the translation of football terminology. The loanwords were categorised as either direct (letter-for-letter or adjusted) or indirect (with the same or reversed order of inherent elements), and the most common kind was indirect loans (calques) with retained order of elements. Moreover, some terminology had to be translated by means of Vinay & Darbelnet’s (1958) equivalence. With regard to terms based on the FOOTBALL IS WAR metaphor, many could be reproduced in the target text, while others were changed to another image, and yet others reduced to literal language, after careful consideration of their frequency and appropriateness in Swedish football language. One of the major conclusions drawn from the present study is that some knowledge about the topic of the source text, as well as extensive and proper use of parallel texts is necessary, considering the distinctiveness of football language as opposed to general language.

This thesis discusses the problem of accounting terminology in the Australian context and investigates the difficulties of lexicography and translation of accounting terms and the disadvantages created by lack of standardised terminology in the Arab World. It has been discovered that accounting terms have various equivalents in ordinary and specialised dictionaries. The translation of terms is so problematical that it is difficult to distinguish between one term and the next. Although the definitions given to some terms may vary from one dictionary to the other, the Arabic equivalents adopted confuse the user as to the real meaning and usage of such terms. Confusion is deepened when terms of different accounting and commercial nature are being used as if they were synonyms, judging by the Arabic equivalents given to them. Furthermore, there are accounting terms referring to taxation which are unique to Australia and require explanation and translation. Having evaluated the dictionaries and assessed the equivalents given to certain terms, I discovered the need for a new method in lexicography. The introduction of this new method is to make easier the user's task of looking up an entry in the dictionary or trying to identify it. The results achieved in this research should be beneficial to users of general and accounting dictionaries. They are concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentation of terms specific to a single subject area - accounting with reference to taxation. The introduction of an improved method in lexicography, the manner of identifying the terms, the listing of entries and the steps followed in checking equivalents are major achievements of this research. The conclusions reveal to the users the disadvantages of existing arrangements and the way the entries use listed and lack of proper equivalents. This research has led to the formulation of accounting and taxation terms that are unique to Australia and have no equivalents in the Arab World. Such inclusion of new terms would enable the Arabic speaking people to understand the accounting system and the taxation structure in Australia. Such an introduction of terms is made easy by implementing the new method with terms numbered, defined, translated, identified and cross-referenced<br>University of Western Sydney

This thesis discusses the problem of accounting terminology in the Australian context and investigates the difficulties of lexicography and translation of accounting terms and the disadvantages created by lack of standardised terminology in the Arab World. It has been discovered that accounting terms have various equivalents in ordinary and specialised dictionaries. The translation of terms is so problematical that it is difficult to distinguish between one term and the next. Although the definitions given to some terms may vary from one dictionary to the other, the Arabic equivalents adopted confuse the user as to the real meaning and usage of such terms. Confusion is deepened when terms of different accounting and commercial nature are being used as if they were synonyms, judging by the Arabic equivalents given to them. Furthermore, there are accounting terms referring to taxation which are unique to Australia and require explanation and translation. Having evaluated the dictionaries and assessed the equivalents given to certain terms, I discovered the need for a new method in lexicography. The introduction of this new method is to make easier the user's task of looking up an entry in the dictionary or trying to identify it. The results achieved in this research should be beneficial to users of general and accounting dictionaries. They are concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentation of terms specific to a single subject area - accounting with reference to taxation. The introduction of an improved method in lexicography, the manner of identifying the terms, the listing of entries and the steps followed in checking equivalents are major achievements of this research. The conclusions reveal to the users the disadvantages of existing arrangements and the way the entries use listed and lack of proper equivalents. This research has led to the formulation of accounting and taxation terms that are unique to Australia and have no equivalents in the Arab World. Such inclusion of new terms would enable the Arabic speaking people to understand the accounting system and the taxation structure in Australia. Such an introduction of terms is made easy by implementing the new method with terms numbered, defined, translated, identified and cross-referenced

The purpose of this study is to implement an intervention designed to develop background knowledge and investigate its effects on science proficiency for students who are at risk for failure. Pretest scores for 130 students were analyzed to identify students with prior knowledge deficits that may put them at risk for failure. Of the 44 students identified, 26 were matched by pretest scores and randomly assigned to treatment or control conditions. Prior to the start of a Human Body systems unit, students in the experimental condition were explicitly taught the function and location of 15 organs of the human body. I analyzed pre-and posttest scores to determine if the instruction had an impact on student recall. This study was conducted using a pre/post experimental design to investigate the effectiveness of using explicit instruction to pre-expose students to content knowledge to help improve student outcomes. Quantitative data was analyzed to determine if student posttest scores for two measures of science proficiency improved significantly as a result of instruction provided during intervention. Study limitations and future directions for research are discussed.

Denna studie bygger på empiri från två genomförda fokusgrupper med syftet att undersöka hur elever med lindrig utvecklingsstörning på gymnasiesärskolan upplever termen särskola. Den teoretiska referensram som använts är ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv med sär-skild fördjupning på teorier om kategorisering. Studiens resultat analyserades genom tematisk innehållsanalys och resultatet visade att samtliga elever som deltog i fokusgrupperna upplevde termen särskola negativ och att de önskade att termen togs bort. Termen särskola bidrog till tankar och känslor av att vara mindre värd och att vara avvikande. De nackdelar eleverna lyfte med termen och skolformen var att det bidrar till begränsningar, mobbing och stämpling. Ena fokusgruppen upplevde att skolformen som sådan är positiv, medan den andra fokusgruppen upplevde att den är negativ. I båda fokusgrupperna lyftes att vilken annan term som helst vore bättre än termen särskola, men att det inte borde finnas en särskilt term överhuvudtaget. I ena fokusgruppen lyftes oro kring att en förändrad term inte skulle göra någon skillnad. Studiens slutsatser är att terminologin och samhällets attityder bör förändras. Särskild vikt bör läggas vid att informera professionella, som har kontakt med elever på särskolan, om elevernas upp-levelser av termen. Vidare bör termen särskola studeras ytterligare, särskilt ur ett elevperspek-tiv.<br>This study is based on empirical data from two completed focus groups that explore how stu-dents with mild intellectual disabilities in special secondary schools perceive the term “sär-skola”. A social constructionist perspective is used with particular specialization in theories of categorization. Study results were analyzed trough thematic content analysis and the result showed all participating students experienced disadvantages of the term “särskola”, which they wanted removed. The term contributed to thoughts and feelings of being inferior and deviant. The disadvantages students raised with the term were that it contributes to limits, bullying and stamping. One focus group felt that the school form as such is positive, while the other focus group felt that it is negative. Both groups highlighted that any other term than the existing would be better, but they preferred no special term at all. Concerns were raised that a changed terminology would not make any long-term difference. The study’s conclusions are that the terminology and society's attitudes should change. Particular attention should be paid to inform the professionals, who have contact with students in special curriculum, of students’ experiences of the term. Furthermore, the term should be studied further, particularly from a student perspective.

Inclusive education is increasingly being accepted worldwide as the most appropriate means for the education of all children, including those with disabilities. The principle of inclusive education is based on the philosophy that mainstream educational provision should include all children and respond to individual needs. This, however, has profound implications for educators, education planners, and crucially teachers, as they are expected to be able to respond to increasingly diverse classrooms and schools. This research will examine how the Brunei Education system is attempting to respond to pupil diversity in terms of learning needs, by examining the views of policy makers, head teachers and teachers. This study focuses on the factors which have influenced the development of inclusion in Brunei, the different conceptualisations of needs, the practices which have been adopted and the views of those who are involved in shaping the Brunei education system’s attempt to respond to diverse learning needs in the mainstream education system. Data were generated through interviews, questionnaires, observations and analysis of official policies and documents. The research involved 14 Brunei Government Primary Education schools. The findings of the study indicated that responding to the needs of all children in the mainstream school is a complex challenge. There are several factors which have constrained the development of inclusion in Brunei, some of which are related to how the Brunei education system is structured and the constraints which operate at different levels within the education system. The findings suggest that inclusive education in Brunei is regarded as the integration of children with special educational needs into the mainstream education system and there is little consideration of how to respond to individual needs. There remains a high level of confusion and concern amongst stakeholders in the Ministry in this move to make the Brunei education system more inclusive.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o conjunto terminológico que constitui o texto do Código Penal Parte Especial e os processos de ressemantização e retextualização desse texto, a fim de verificar se há variação na interpretação dos termos que constituem a área de especialidade e de como essa variação interfere na compreensão. A partir dessa textualidade jurídica, buscamos compreender esse universo de discurso próprio, identificar seu conjunto terminológico e os sentidos que esses elementos estabelecem entre si. Para tanto, constituímos os corpora de análise por textos dos doutrinadores Jesus (2001) e Delmanto (2007) e por 140 (cento e quarenta) termos, levantados a partir das orientações de modelos teóricos da Terminologia (documentos base), pela leitura de obras gerais de Direito e de Direito Penal e pela Parte especial do Código Penal (corpus de análise). Para a análise comparativa dos processos de ressemantização e retextualização dos termos, construímos uma Ficha terminológico-discursiva, que foi preenchida com contextos colhidos em manuais específicos e da Matéria Penal das Revistas dos Tribunais. Essas fichas foram duplicadas para serem preenchidas com os contextos fornecidos por cada doutrinador em estudo. A análise comparativa explicitou que as unidades terminológicas ganham, com frequência, novos contornos semânticos ao serem empregadas, sofrendo ressemantizações para ajustar-se à realidade, demandas e cenários contemporâneos. A análise dos processos de ressemantização e retextualização dos textos em estudo apresentou uma realidade linguística, embora marcada pela estabilidade e terminologia do discurso normativo, permeada por redimensionamentos de valores e ideologias que põem em relevo a presença do leitor, ao transfigurar e adequar o sentido dos termos e do texto à realidade sócio-político-cultural.<br>This research aims to analyze the terminological set which constitutes de Penal Code Special Part and the processes of resematization and retextualization of this text, in order to check if there is any variation concerning the terms that make the area of specialty and how this variation interferes in the understanding. From this juridical contexture, we desired to understand this universe of the discourse itself, identifying its terminological set and the meaning these elements established among themselves. We constituted the corpora of analysis by texts of doctrinaire Jesus (2001) and Delmanto et al (2007) and by 140 (one hundred and forty) terms, gathered from the orientation of the theoretical patterns of Terminology (base documents), through general works of reading of Law and Penal Law and through the Special Part of Penal Code (analysis corpus). For the comparative analysis of the processes of resemantization of the terms, we built a terminological-discursive form, which was filled with the contexts selected from specific guides and from the Penal Subject from Magazines from Tribunals. These forms were doubled to be filled with the contexts presented by each doctrinaire in study. The comparative analysis explicated that the terminological unities frequently acquire new semantics patterns when are used, suffering resemantization to fit themselves in the reality, demands and contemporary scenarios. The analysis of the processes of resematization and retextualization of the texts shows a linguistic reality, although marked by the stability and terminology of the normative speech, permeated by new dimensions of values and ideologies that highlight the readers presence, by the time it transfigures and adjusts the meaning of the terms and the text to the socio-political-cultural reality.

Este trabalho centra-se no processo de QA (na sigla em inglês para quality assurance – ou garantia da qualidade em português) que é feito no setor da localização, visando a melhorar o trabalho do tradutor. Localização consiste em um processo e um campo de atuação profissio-nal que visam a adaptar produtos (geralmente de software) segundo o idioma e as convenções culturais de determinada localidade com o objetivo facilitar a entrada de um produto ou servi-ço em um país ou mercado. Com relação ao QA, uma de suas etapas consiste na validação da terminologia de um projeto de tradução. O QA terminológico envolve o uso de um software que verifica se a terminologia aplicável é usada na tradução. As ocorrências que o software considera incorretas são salvas em uma lista de validação terminológica, que é conferida nor-malmente por um tradutor ou editor. Itens que o tradutor considerar incorretos são corrigidos na tradução; os demais são descartados. Por ignorar aspectos linguísticos, o software gera muito ruído, ou falsos positivos, resultando em listas extensas, que não compensam o tempo dedicado a sua revisão. A fim de prover insumos para solucionar o problema, este trabalho emprega uma abordagem comunicativa, cognitiva e funcional à terminologia e à tradução para analisar uma lista de validação terminológica, em um projeto de localização real, no par de idiomas inglês dos Estados Unidos e português do Brasil. Para tal fim, foi gerada uma lista de validação por meio de um software de QA usado na área da localização. Ocorrências dessa lista foram analisadas e classificadas segundo critérios de base fraseológica, variacional e tra-dutória, além de morfológica e discursiva. O objetivo é oferecer subsídios que norteiem o desenvolvimento de aplicações computacionais linguisticamente motivadas que reduzam a incidência de ruído nestas listas. Os resultados mostram que a maior parte do ruído decorre de fatores linguísticos gerais, como morfológicos e discursivos, indicando também que 1/3 des-tes coocorrem com fenômenos fraseológicos, variacionais e tradutórios.<br>This paper focuses on the process of Quality Assurance (QA) that is undertaken by the Local-ization industry, aiming at improving the work of translators. Location consists of a process and a professional field whose purpose is to adapt goods or services (usually software-related) according to the language and cultural conventions of a particular locale in order to facilitate market penetration in a given country or market. One of the QA stages consists of validating the terminology on a translation project. The QA for terminology makes use of software to check if the applicable terminology is used in translation. Occurrences that the software iden-tifies as incorrect are saved in a list for terminology validation. The list is usually reviewed by a translator or an editor. The items considered incorrect by the translator are corrected in the translation, and the remaining entries are discarded. Because the software does not take lan-guage aspects into account, a good deal of noise is generated, resulting in large lists that are not cost-effective or time-efficient to review. With the purpose of providing input to solve the problem, this work employs a communicative, cognitive and functional approach to terminol-ogy and translation for the analysis of a terminology validation list in U.S. English and Brazil-ian Portuguese, on a genuine localization project. To complete this task, a list for validation was generated via a well-known QA software product used in the Localization field. Occur-rences from the generated list were analyzed and categorized according to phraseological, variational and translational criteria in addition to morphological and discursive criteria. The objective is providing input to drive the development of linguistically motivated computer applications that may reduce the incidence of noise on the lists. Results show that most of the noise is due to general linguistic factors, such as morphological and discourse aspects, also suggesting that 1/3 of that noise occurs simultaneously with phraseological, variational and translational phenomena.

Cette recherche consiste à étudier les réalités de l’anglais pour spécialistes d’autres disciplines dans l’enseignement supérieur tunisien ainsi que les enjeux qui en résultent. Ainsi, la situation d’enseignement/apprentissage de cette discipline est mise en évidence dans le contexte tunisien à travers les entretiens et les questionnaires réalisés sur le terrain. Ces enquêtes ont été menés en collaboration avec les acteurs locaux de cette discipline (doyens, enseignants, étudiants) des universités offrants différentes sortes de formation tels que la santé (médecine et pharmacie), science et technologie, droit et commerce. Ces institutions sont choisis dans différentes zones géographiques du pays pour être représentatifs le plus possible. Ce travail permet de mettre à jour et analyser, en mobilisant des méthodes d’enquête qualitative et quantitatives, un ensemble diversifié de données (notamment représentations des acteurs : responsables universitaires, enseignants de langue, étudiants). Cette recherche nous permet d’analyser également les enjeux pédagogiques et politiques de la formation en anglais et souligner l’importance de la formation des enseignants d’anglais du secteur LANSAD. Enfin, l’analyse de la situation d’enseignement/apprentissage de l’anglais pour spécialistes d’autres disciplines en Tunisie nous permet d’identifier les lacunes qui sont à améliorer. À cet égard, des recommandations sont formulées<br>The present dissertation sheds light on the realities of English for specific purposes in the Tunisian higher education as well as the resulting stakes. Thus, the situation of ESP education is highlighted in the Tunisian context through interviews and questionnaires conducted in the field. The surveys were conducted with the collaboration of local deans, teachers and students of universities with different specialities such as health (medicine and pharmacy), science and technology, law and commerce. These institutions are selected from different geographical areas of the country to be as representative as possible. This work helps to update and analyze, by the means of methods of qualitative and quantitative survey, a diverse set of data (related essentially to deans, language teachers and students). The present dissertation allows us also to analyze the pedagogical and political stakes related to English language training and emphasize the importance of ESP teachers’training. Finally, the analysis of the situation of ESP education in Tunisia allows us to identify the obstacles that need to be overcome. In this respect, recommendations are made

La première partie de cette thèse décrit l’aménagement terminologique en France et démontre que cet aménagement fait la suite d’une longue série d’interventions par l’État en matière linguistique. Tirant profit des études s’intéressant aux résultats d’autres entreprises d’aménagement terminologique dans domaines et langues différents, une variété de facteurs supposés exercer une influence sur l’implantation des termes spécialisés est identifiée. Les méthodologies développées dans les études précédentes sont mises au point pour permettre des appréciations plus nuancées et fiables de l’implantation terminologique. La première partie de cette thèse se conclut par l’énonciation de notre hypothèse principale, de nos hypothèses spécifiques et de la justification du choix du domaine spécialisé auquel appartiennent les termes étudiés. Dans sa deuxième partie, cette thèse décrit les corpus terminologique et documentaire constitués ainsi que la méthodologie par laquelle ils sont exploités et les données obtenues, gérées et analysées.La troisième partie de cette thèse décrit l’influence de nombreux facteurs sur l’implantation des termes recommandés des sciences et techniques spatiales. Après avoir comparé les tendances générales dans les données avec celles des autres études, l’influence des facteurs terminologiques, socioterminologiques et procéduraux est étudiée à tour de rôle. Plusieurs facteurs de chaque type sont impliqués dans l’implantation réussie de certains termes recommandés. Il est également démontré que certains facteurs favorisent l’implantation contrairement aux constats d’autres études. Aucun des facteurs examinés n’est, à lui seul, capable de garantir l’implantation d’un terme recommandé, l’implantation dépendant de nombreux facteurs, leurs interactions et les compromis qu’ils engendrent<br>This thesis examines the effects of the concerted language policy that was developed and implemented by successive French governments in the second half of the 20th century. As a response to the perceived threat of the pre-eminence of the English language in so many different areas of modern life, the French state has, for nearly half a century, sought to secure the place of the French language in the present and the future by developing a series of commissions charged with recommending French technical terms to supplant borrowed or native forms considered to be inadequate, or name new inventions and concepts. The first part of this thesis describes the terminological planning undertaken in France and demonstrates that it is the product of a long series of interventions by the French state in matters of language. This thesis seeks to evaluate the real-world efficacy of terminological planning carried out in France, by identify the factors that facilitate or hinder the implantation of recommended terms. Drawing on similar studies on the real-world results of terminological planning activities in various specialised domains and involving different languages, a variety of different factors supposed to influence the implantation of specialised terms is identified. Methodologies developed in the literature are enhanced to provide a more nuanced and reliable appreciation of the implantation of recommended terms. The first part of this thesis concludes with the enunciation of the general and specific hypotheses and the justification of the choice of the specialised domain to which the studied terms belong. The second part of this thesis then describes the terminological and documentary corpora compiled and details the methodology by which the corpora are exploited, and the results gathered, managed and analysed.This thesis then describes the influence of different factors on the implantation of the recommended terms of space sciences and technologies. After comparing the global trends observed in the data with those observed in other studies, the influences of terminological, socioterminological and procedural factor are studied in turn. Several factors of each type are found to be involved in the successful implantation of some recommended terms, and certain factors studied are found to favour to the implantation of recommended terms, previous studies having found or supposed the opposite. No single factor examined is found to be sufficient to guarantee, alone, the successful implantation of a recommended term, implantation depending on numerous factors, their interplay and their trade-offs

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-06-14T13:29:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cleiton Eduardo Rabello_.pdf: 1244857 bytes, checksum: c7ff119863885a243423abd401bacbe4 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T13:29:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cleiton Eduardo Rabello_.pdf: 1244857 bytes, checksum: c7ff119863885a243423abd401bacbe4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-20<br>CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Pró-Sinos - Consórcio Público de Saneamento Básico da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio dos Sinos<br>Esta tese tem por objetivo a investigação dos processos de formação de termos, examinando-se como a dimensão cognitiva das diferentes áreas ou subáreas do conhecimento se mostra nas escolhas lexicais para a formação morfológica das unidades especializadas. Além disso, partimos do pressuposto de que os termos das grandes áreas especializadas, área científica e técnico/tecnológica, apresentam características distintas, mesmo que compartilhem algumas, o que justifica que sejam examinados de modos diferentes. A pesquisa se apoia nos fundamentos trazidos por Sager (1993), Temmerman (2000) e Cabré e Estopà (2007) em relação aos diferentes processos de formação terminológicas, que possibilitam a criação de termos. Partimos do pressuposto de que a dimensão cognitiva das áreas ou subáreas de especialidade exerce significativa influência na formação morfológica dos termos e que, devido a essa influência, os termos passam a refletir o conhecimento dos setores dos quais se originam. O corpus da pesquisa é composto por 240 termos selecionados a partir de glossários e dicionários especializados e de manuais técnicos de quatro diferentes subáreas especializadas: Dermatologia, Geologia, Indústria moveleira e setor de Manutenção, Reparo e Revisão de aeronaves (MRO). A análise partiu da organização dos termos de acordo com seus respectivos processos de formação morfológica. Depois disso, a partir de mapas conceituais desenvolvidos para cada setor de especialidade, analisou-se o papel da dimensão cognitiva nos processos de formação. Mediante a análise, foi possível identificar que os conhecimentos específicos de cada área são acionados na formação dos termos e que, através das escolhas morfológicas realizadas, se mostram nas unidades de especialidade. Além disso, foi possível identificar diferenças na configuração dos termos das diferentes áreas, o que justifica que sejam divididos em distintas categorias, científica e técnico/tecnológica, e que, a partir disso, sejam examinados de modo particular.<br>This thesis aims to investigate the formation processes of the terms, examining how the cognitive dimension of the different areas or subareas of knowledge are shown in lexical choices for the morphological formation of specialized units. Moreover, we assume that the terms of large specialized areas, scientific and technical/technological, have different characteristics, even though they share some, which justifies be examined by different ways. The research is based on the foundations brought by Sager (1993), Temmerman (2000) and Cabré and Estopà (2007), in relation to the different terminological processes that enable the creation of terms. We assumed that the cognitive dimension of the areas or subareas of specialty has significant influence on the morphological formation of terms and that due to this influence, the terms tend to reflect the knowledge of the sectors from which they originate. The corpus of the research consists of 240 terms that were selected from glossaries and specialized dictionaries and technical manuals of four different specialized sub-areas: Dermatology, Geology, Furniture industry and MRO sector. The analysis was started with the organization of the terms according to their morphological formation processes. After that, from conceptual maps developed for each specialty sector, we analyzed the role of cognitive dimension in the training process. With the analysis, it was possible to identify that the specific knowledge of each area is used during the formation of terms and, through morphological choices made, are shown in the specialty units. Moreover, it was possible to identify differences in the arrangement of the terms of different areas, which justifies that be divided into different categories, scientific and technical/technological, and, from that, may be examined in particular.

Este trabalho objetiva, com base nos postulados teórico-metodológicos da Terminologia teórica e aplicada, da Socioterminologia e da Tradutologia, apresentar uma proposta para popularização do conhecimento científico, e tem como resultado uma amostra de catálogo de espécies arbóreas, em linguagem popular. Para tanto, delimitamos o corpus deste estudo e analisamos a passagem do científico ao popular, considerando o continuum entre parâmetros (do científico ao popular) e o continuum tipológico (gênero textual), que nos serviram de base para estabelecer o parâmetro das distâncias entre os níveis. Utilizamos a tradução intralingual como mediadora do conhecimento científico, para re-explicar os conceitos difíceis e diminuir a complexidade do texto de especialidade. Descrevemos a trajetória do processo de diminuição da densidade terminológica do texto para a elaboração das definições que compõem a amostra do catálogo. Em conclusão, constatamos que é possível, em Terminologia, permanecermos dentro de um mesmo universo de discurso e gênero textual, mudando, apenas, o nível de registro, de acordo com objetivos e públicos específicos. Observamos, também, que a Tradução utiliza-se da Terminologia, assim como a Terminologia utiliza-se do processo de tradução para a elaboração das definições de conceitos e termos, sendo a tradução intralingual, assim como a tradução interlingual e intersemiótica, uma etapa imprescindível na construção do saber.<br>This work examines the basis of theoretical and methodological postulates of theoretical and applied Terminology, of Socioterminology and of Traductology, to present a proposal for popularization of the scientific knowledge, which results in a catalog sample of tree species, in a popular language. Thus, restricting the corpus of this study and analyzing the transition from scientific to popular language, considering the continuum between parameters (from scientific to popular) and the typological continuum (textual gender), which helped to form the basis for the parameter of the distances between those language levels. The intralingual translation has been used as a mediator of knowledge to reexplain the difficult concepts and reduce the complexity of the specialized text. A description is given of the trajectory of decreasing process of terminological density of the text to write the definitions which compose our catalog sample. In conclusion, it has been verified that it is possible, in Terminology, to remain within the same universe of discourse and textual gender, changing, just, the level of register in accordance with specific objectives and audiences. It is also observed that the Translation uses the Terminology as well the Terminology uses the translation process to write the definitions of concepts and terms, being intralingual translation as well as interlingual and intersemiotic translations, an essential step in the building of knowledge.

Malgré l’importance d'une nomenclature internationale, le domaine de la chimie souffre encore de quelques problèmes linguistiques, liés notamment à ses unités terminologiques simples et complexes, pouvant gêner la communication scientifique. L’arabe ne fait pas exception, d’autant plus que sa graphie agglutinante et, en général, non-voyellée, pose d’énormesproblèmes d’ambiguïté. A cela s’ajoute l’emploi récurrent d’emprunts. La question est de savoir comment représenter les unités terminologiques simples et complexes de cette langue spécialisée. En d’autres termes, formaliser les caractéristiques terminologiques en étudiant les mécanismes de la construction morphosyntaxique des termes de la chimie en arabe. Cette étude devrait aboutir à la mise en place d’un outil de désambigüisation sémantique qui vise à constituer un outil d’extraction des termes de la chimie en arabe et de leurs relations. Une recherche pertinente en arabe passant obligatoirement par un système automatisé du traitement de la langue ; le traitement automatiquement des corpus écrits en arabe ne pouvant se faire sansanalyse linguistique ; cette analyse linguistique, plus précisément, cette étude terminologique, est la base pour la construction des règles d’une grammaire d’identification afin de déterminer les termes de la chimie en arabe. La construction de cette grammaire d’identification nécessite la modélisation des patrons morphosyntaxiques à partir de leur observation en corpus etdébouche sur la définition de règles de grammaire et de contraintes<br>Despite the importance of an international nomenclature, the field of chemistry still suffers from some linguistic problems, linked in particular to its simple and complex terminological units, which can hinder scientific communication. Arabic is no exception, especially since its agglutinating spelling and, in general, not vowelized, may lead to enormous ambiguity's problems. This is in addition to the recurring use of borrowings. The problematic is how to represent the simple and complex terminological units of this specialized language. In other words, formalize the terminological characteristics by studying the mechanisms of themorphosyntactic construction of the chemistry' terms in Arabic. This study should lead to the establishment of a semantic-disambiguation tool that aims to create a tool for extracting the terms of Arabic chemistry and their relationships. A relevant search in Arabic cannot be done without an automated system of language processing; this automatic processing of corpuswritten in Arabic cannot be done without a language analysis; this linguistic analysis, more exactly, this terminology study, is the basis to build the rules of an identification grammar in order to identify the chemistry's terms in Arabic. The construction of this identification grammar requires modelling of morphosyntactic patterns from their observation in corpus and leads to the definition of rules of grammar and constraints

This thesis falls within the framework of the Language Toolkit project, born from the collaboration between the Romagna Chamber of Commerce and the Department of Interpretation and Translation of Forlì. This project allows students to put into practice what they have learned over the course of their studies by carrying out internships in local companies. Thanks to the collaboration with Cora Seeds Srl, the candidate localized part of the website www.coraseeds.com from Italian into Russian. The work is composed of four chapters. The first chapter briefly contextualizes the thesis project, introducing the company and describing the work to be carried out by the candidate. Furthermore, it analyzes the main points relating to the internationalization of companies, with particular focus to the linguistic and cultural skills necessary for this process. The second chapter is a theoretical study on the topic of localization. It includes a brief historical overview of its evolution, an analysis of the GILT model, and a presentation of the various types of localization with particular attention to that of websites. It then proceeds to illustrate the phases and the professional figures usually involved in the localization process and the software available to them. The third chapter is dedicated to the concepts of specialized languages and terminology. Moreover, the terminological work carried out in preparation for the translation work is presented in this section. The fourth and final chapter focuses on the actual translation work. The first part is dedicated to the analysis of the entire site, with particular attention to the text to be localized. Thereafter follows a commentary on the translation, where the types of intervention adopted during the translation phase are explained through concrete examples extrapolated directly from the source and the target texts.

La ricerca intende illustrare le modalità applicative attraverso le quali si possono esprimere in lingua cinese le terminologie specialistiche dei campi tecnici e scientifici del XXI secolo. Un percorso che attraversa la storia delle scienze in Cina dal terzo secolo a.C. fino ai nostri giorni, ricostruisce le regole che passo dopo passo, non senza deviazioni e ripensamenti, gli studiosi cinesi hanno stabilito per creare e gestire le loro “parole” composte con innumerevoli caratteri, gli hanzi, simbolo della cultura e della civiltà cinese, icone che ancora oggi “parlano” ai lettori, espressioni grafiche di oggetti e di concetti. La presentazione dell'opera di Feng Zhiwei, uno tra i maggiori esponenti della terminologia cinese contemporanea, ci accompagna nell'approfondimento degli orientamenti degli studi terminologici cinesi e nel confronto con quelli euro americani, a partire dagli studi svolti da Eugen Wüster all'inizio del XX secolo. L'analisi della terminologia cinese nella tecnologia del fotovoltaico e nel mondo economico-finanziario, costituisce il terreno di verifica delle pratiche terminologiche in essere nella lingua cinese e delle tendenze nella costruzione neologica e neonimica.<br>This research aims to illustrate the methodes used for creation of the specialized terminologies in the technical and scientific fields in the XXI century’s Chinese language. A pathway crossing the history of sciences in China from the III century B.C. until our days, reconstructs the rules that step after step the Chinese scholars have established in order to create and manage their “words” with the lot of characters, the hanzi, symbol of the Chinese culture and civilization, icons that still today “speak” to the readers, graphical expressions of objects and concepts. The presentation of the work of Feng Zhiwei, one among the greatest exponents of the contemporary Chinese terminology, is our guideline in a close examination of the Chinese terminological studies’ orientations, in comparison with the euro-americans ones, starting from the studies developed by Eugen Wüster at the beginning of the XX century. The analysis of the Chinese terminology in the photovoltaic technology and in the economic-financial world, constitutes the ground of verification of the actual terminological practices in the Chinese language and the tendencies in the neological and neonymical construction.

La ricerca intende illustrare le modalità applicative attraverso le quali si possono esprimere in lingua cinese le terminologie specialistiche dei campi tecnici e scientifici del XXI secolo. Un percorso che attraversa la storia delle scienze in Cina dal terzo secolo a.C. fino ai nostri giorni, ricostruisce le regole che passo dopo passo, non senza deviazioni e ripensamenti, gli studiosi cinesi hanno stabilito per creare e gestire le loro “parole” composte con innumerevoli caratteri, gli hanzi, simbolo della cultura e della civiltà cinese, icone che ancora oggi “parlano” ai lettori, espressioni grafiche di oggetti e di concetti. La presentazione dell'opera di Feng Zhiwei, uno tra i maggiori esponenti della terminologia cinese contemporanea, ci accompagna nell'approfondimento degli orientamenti degli studi terminologici cinesi e nel confronto con quelli euro americani, a partire dagli studi svolti da Eugen Wüster all'inizio del XX secolo. L'analisi della terminologia cinese nella tecnologia del fotovoltaico e nel mondo economico-finanziario, costituisce il terreno di verifica delle pratiche terminologiche in essere nella lingua cinese e delle tendenze nella costruzione neologica e neonimica.<br>This research aims to illustrate the methodes used for creation of the specialized terminologies in the technical and scientific fields in the XXI century’s Chinese language. A pathway crossing the history of sciences in China from the III century B.C. until our days, reconstructs the rules that step after step the Chinese scholars have established in order to create and manage their “words” with the lot of characters, the hanzi, symbol of the Chinese culture and civilization, icons that still today “speak” to the readers, graphical expressions of objects and concepts. The presentation of the work of Feng Zhiwei, one among the greatest exponents of the contemporary Chinese terminology, is our guideline in a close examination of the Chinese terminological studies’ orientations, in comparison with the euro-americans ones, starting from the studies developed by Eugen Wüster at the beginning of the XX century. The analysis of the Chinese terminology in the photovoltaic technology and in the economic-financial world, constitutes the ground of verification of the actual terminological practices in the Chinese language and the tendencies in the neological and neonymical construction.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:36:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Livia Lenzi.pdf: 642882 bytes, checksum: f32ecef8127269ba98b58daff4d268d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-20<br>It studies the language of specialty of the domain of the Technological Innovation, under the optics of the terminology in the enrolled one. The research intends to answer to following investigations/problem: Exists terminological statute in the vocabulary used in the domain of the technological innovation? How the theories of the terminology can assist in the establishment of mediating languages of the technological innovation? Objective with this work auxiliary in the transference of scientific knowledge for the productive sector, controlling it semantic-conceptual dispersion of the units vocabularies of the domain of the innovation. Using fiches of collection of terms, terms used in the domain of the Technological Innovation will be collected. With the accomplishment of the collection, it will be proceeded analysis from the terms, which will result in a proposal of establishment of the structure of the terminology of the domain Technological Innovation.<br>Estudo da linguagem de especialidade do dom?nio da Inova??o Tecnol?gica, sob a ?tica da terminologia nela inscrita. A pesquisa pretende responder ?s seguintes indaga??es/problema: Existe estatuto terminol?gico no vocabul?rio utilizado no dom?nio da inova??o tecnol?gica? Como as teorias da terminologia podem auxiliar no estabelecimento de linguagens mediadoras da inova??o tecnol?gica? Objetiva-se com este trabalho auxiliar na transfer?ncia de conhecimento cient?fico para o setor produtivo, controlando-se a dispers?o sem?ntico-conceitual das unidades vocabulares do dom?nio da inova??o. Empregando-se fichas de coleta de termos, foram coletados termos utilizados no dom?nio da Inova??o Tecnol?gica. Com a realiza??o da coleta, procedeu-se a an?lise dos termos, a qual resultou numa proposta de estabelecimento da estrutura da terminologia do dom?nio Inova??o Tecnol?gica, para, assim, sugerir a articula??o, a partir do escopo proposto, entre termo e descritor. A proposta de escopo do campo da Inova??o Tecnol?gica apresentada ao final permitir? subsidiar a estrutura??o terminologia do campo, conferindo maior rigor ? circula??o da informa??o, sua recupera??o e uso para a produ??o do conhecimento.

Si la traduction est simplement définie comme un processus de communication bilingue dont le but général est de reproduire en langue cible un texte qui soit fonctionnellement équivalent au texte de départ (Reiss 2004 : 168-169), l’approche empruntée dans la présente thèse est celle d’une opération interculturelle et systématique qui vise à capturer le message issu d’une langue étrangère, à le décrypter en tenant en compte des nuances culturelles ou inhérentes à la discipline, et à le rendre le plus clairement possible en se servant d'éléments linguistiques et extralinguistiques compréhensibles dans la langue du locuteur cible. L'objectif est de déterminer la contribution de la traduction à l’expansion lexicale du sesotho, domaine qui demeure peu exploré par les spécialistes de cette langue. La problématique de ce travail repose sur la constatation que les néologismes en sesotho ne sont pas documentés de manière satisfaisante, si bien qu’il est difficile d'évaluer la contribution de la traduction à l’expansion lexicale. Les études antérieures sur la morphologie, la dérivation, la composition, l’emprunt et la dénomination s’appuient sur la mesure de la productivité, soulevant la question de savoir si la traduction en soi contribue à l’enrichissement terminologique du sesotho. Le point de départ de la thèse est l'hypothèse selon laquelle l’interaction avec le monde européen a nécessité de traduire de nombreux concepts qui n’existaient pas dans les systèmes traditionnels du Lesotho, ce qui a entraîné un nouveau dynamisme qui a permis de combler des lacunes terminologiques évidentes et de s’ouvrir et de s’adapter aux nouvelles réalités. Pour mettre cette hypothèse à l’épreuve et arriver à des conclusions éclairées et fiables, je cherche à répondre à trois questions : 1) Quelle est la structure des mots sesothos par rapport à celle de l’anglais en tant que langue source de traduction en sesotho, et du français en tant que langue de rédaction de la thèse ? 2) Etant donné que le sesotho est utilisé concomitamment avec l’anglais sans pour autant être la langue d'une culture inventrice en matière technologique, quel est le rôle que joue l’emprunt dans son expansion lexicale ? 3) D’un point de vue lexicologique, comment le sesotho répond-il aux besoins terminologiques dans les domaines de spécialité techno-scientifiques ? Pour y répondre, je m'appuie sur Doke (1954) et Matšela et al. (1981) pour situer le sesotho parmi les langues bantoues, préciser les fonctions du préfixe classificateur et établir la différence entre les composés sesothos d'une part et les composés anglais et français d'autre part. J’utilise ensuite la théorie avancée par Lederer (1990) pour démontrer l’influence syntaxique, sémantique et morphologique que l’anglais a sur le sesotho et pour présenter les différents procédés d’emprunt du sesotho. Diki-Kidiri (2008), Dispaldro et al. (2010) et Baboya (2008) démontrent la nécessité de faire appel aux informateurs-spécialistes pour confirmer l’hypothèse de départ. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence qu’en effet, la traduction a contribué à l’expansion du sesotho moderne, bien que cela n’ait pas été documenté, d’où la recommandation d'un travail collaboratif entre lexicologues au Lesotho, au Botswana, en Namibie et en Afrique du Sud, pour ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives d’études linguistiques sur le sesotho et pouvoir suivre et mesurer l’évolution de la langue<br>Whilst translation is simply defined as a communication process whose main objective is to reproduce in the target language a text that is functionally equivalent to the source text (Reiss 2004: 168-169), the approach taken in this study views translation as an intercultural and systematic operation whose objective is to capture the message from the foreign language, to decrypt it taking into account cultural nuances or those inherent in the field at hand and to render it in the clearest possible manner using linguistic and extra linguistic elements which are comprehensible to the speaker of the target language. This study is aimed at determining the contribution of translation to the lexical expansion of Sesotho, an area which has been little explored by specialists of the language. The core issue is centred on the observation that Sesotho neologisms are not well documented, so that it is hard to measure the contribution of translation towards the lexical expansion of Sesotho. Analyses of morphology, derivation, compounding, borrowing and denomination are mainly focused on productivity in order to determine whether translation as a discipline contributes towards the creation of new words in the language.The study begins by positing the hypothesis that the interaction with the Western world necessitated the translation of numerous concepts which were absent from the then existing Sesotho systems. This process of interaction contributed a new dynamism that helped the language to bridge the terminological gap, to open up and adapt to new realities. In order to put this hypothesis to the test and arrive at well-researched and reliable conclusions, I attempt to probe three issues of concern: firstly, what is the structure of the Sesotho language compared to that of the English language as the source language of most translations into Sesotho and compared to that of the French language as the language in which this study is presented? Secondly, considering that Sesotho is used simultaneously with English even though it is not a techno-scientifically inventing language, what is the role played by the processes of borrowing in the lexical expansion of Sesotho? Thirdly, from the word-formation point of view, how does Sesotho respond to the terminological deficiencies in various fields of specialisation?To address these issues, Doke (1954) and Matšela et al. (1981) serve as references to situate Sesotho among the Bantu languages, to highlight the functions of the class prefix and to establish the difference between Sesotho and English and French compounding. Secondly, the theory advanced by Lederer (1990) serves as a springboard to analyse the syntactic, semantic and morphological influences that English has on Sesotho and to present the different borrowing processes. The third issue is addressed based on the theories presented by Diki-Kidiri (2008) while the theories proposed by Dispaldro et al. (2010) and Baboya (2008) led to the decision to call upon specialist informants to confirm the original hypothesis. The results obtained provide evidence that translation has, in fact, contributed to the lexical expansion of modern Sesotho, even though this has not been well documented. The study recommends collaborative work between Lesotho, Botswana, Namibian and South African linguists in order to open new avenues of linguistic studies on Sesotho with the aim to measure and monitor the evolution of the language

Telemetry system, Optimisation, Sensoric networks, Smart Grid, Internet of Things, Sensors, Information security, Cryptography, Cryptography algorithms, Cryptosystem, Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication, Data freshness, Non-Repudiation.

The study on kinship terminology is concerned with the treatment of terms in dictionaries. Studies of this nature have been undertaken about several African languages, but such studies on Setswana were limited and were done a long time ago. The motive behind looking at kinship terms is that the researcher, being a native speaker of Setswana, has realised that entries of kinship terms in dictionaries are not satisfactory or, in some cases, do not exist at all. The study is aimed at investigating entries of Setswana kinship terms and evaluating their appropriateness. There are cases where no entries exist, hence the researcher intends to come up with definitions for such terms. In cases of ambiguity, that is, where a term can be used to refer to more than one relation, the researcher will identify the other instances where such a term can be used. In addition, the researcher aims at comparing Setswana with other Sotho languages. There are cases where these languages use borrowed words because of their integration with other languages in their localities, especially with Afrikaans. The study is divided into six chapters. The first deals with the introduction to the study of Setswana kinship terminology, the statement of the problem, aim of the study, research methodology and the scope of the study. The second chapter deals with the theoretical background of kinship. Chapter 3 covers kinship terminology with reference to the man’s family. The treatment of kinship terms in dictionaries is also discussed. Chapter 4 is almost similar to the preceding chapter, but deals with kinship terminology pertaining to the man’s wife’s relatives. The fifth chapter provides a mono-lingual glossary of kinship terminology in Setswana. The sixth and last chapter contains the conclusion as well as recommendations by the researcher.<br>Dissertation (MA (Setswana))--University of Pretoria, 2006.<br>African Languages<br>unrestricted

Podstawowym celem pracy doktorskiej było opracowanie interdyscyplinarnego słownika terminologicznego (IST) jako specyficznego produktu konstruowania terminograficznego, przedstawienie typologii słowników proponowanego rodzaju oraz odpowiednich ich modeli. Powyższy cel osiągnięto poprzez wskazanie zestawów powtarzalnych cech dystynktywnych, nazwanymi „konceptami wędrownymi”, wyróżnionych w parach lub grupach terminów z dyscyplin pokrewnych. Takie ujęcie terminu pozwoliło określić termin interdyscyplinarny, jako jeden z pary lub grupy terminów funkcjonujących w dwóch lub więcej zbliżonych dyscyplinach naukowych, w których strukturze pojęciowej koncept wędrowny stanowi dominującą część. Pozostałe cechy tych terminów są zdeterminowane przez pola pojęciowe, w których funkcjonują. Oba komponenty znaczenia, wspólny i różnicujący, zostały uwzględnione przy sporządzaniu modelu interdyscyplinarnego słownika terminologicznego. Opracowany model zakłada, że IST powinien ilustrować znaczenie terminów w ramach każdej z dyscyplin, jak i wskazywać na różnice wynikające z „cienia semantycznego” (Pec 2007) pomiędzy terminami interdyscyplinarnymi funkcjonujących w pokrewnych dyscyplinach naukowych. Adekwatne wskazanie relacji intradyscyplinarnych jak i interdyscyplinarnych przy wykorzystaniu techniki nexusa (Zmarzer 2008) pozwoli na skonstruowanie słownika użytecznego w dydaktyce poszczególnych dyscyplin i nauczaniu specjalistycznych języków obcych, oraz stanowiącego wartościowe narzędzie pracy tłumaczy. Dodatkowo IST, jako słownik czerpiący zarówno z idei słownika monotematycznego jak i politematycznego, może stanowić interesujący obiekt badań dla terminologów i terminografów.

This study focuses on the comparison of medical and health terms with special reference to Sesotho sa Leboa and Western languages. The study was conducted in the communities of Zebediela, Groblersdal and Marble Hall. From time immemorial, traditional medical and health terms were associated with certain types of diseases and health problems among Africans. With the introduction of Western civilisation, most of the medical and health terms which were used in the past by the Basotho ba Leboa, are no longer in use, as Western languages are regarded as prestige languages compared to the indigenous African languages. This perception led to a shortage of Sesotho sa Leboa documents that explain medical and health terms. The literature review revealed that traditional medicine is used for healing by many communities. Scholars further revealed that Western health terminology is more developed than traditional health terminology. The study uses the qualitative approach to explain concepts, and coding schemes were used to categorise medical and health terms. Ethnographic and historical theories were used to analyse data. The similarities and differences between the Sesotho sa Leboa terms and their Western counterparts were discussed and assessed. The study found that a relationship exists between diseases and the body parts in both Sesotho sa Leboa and Western terminology, and that the diseases were classified according to the affected body parts. The medical terms of both languages have similar and different semantic properties. Most of the differences were brought about by the cultural differences of the two communities. As the Sesotho sa Leboa medical terms are inimitable, the culture specific terms used in this study are discussed in Sesotho sa Leboa rather than in Western terminology. Conversely, as most of the recent outbreaks of diseases are named in Western terminology, they are translated into Sesotho sa Leboa.<br>African Languages<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>Consistent under-reporting of autism cases by Indiana physicians to the Indiana Birth Defects and Problems Registry (IBDPR) has made quality autism-related data very difficult to obtain (Indiana Birth Defects and Problems Registry [IBDPR], 2011). As a result, the Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH) currently also utilizes data from billing information that it receives from hospital discharges. However, such cases must be investigated further because autism is often merely suspected as a possibility in the discharge data. A chart auditor must therefore review the child’s chart to determine if the condition is confirmed. Meanwhile, the Indiana Department of Education (IDOE) has a different diagnostic procedure from physicians for determining whether a student has an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which qualifies him or her for special education. A physician diagnosis of autism does not guarantee that a child will receive special education from public schools. With all of these current complications surrounding autism, announced changes in the definition of autism by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) will likely have effects on both the special education field and the public health field. There is a possibility that children who had previously received special education could cease to maintain their eligibility and may find it difficult to obtain benefits. The IDOE may find it necessary to reevaluate their criteria for determining special education eligibility. Additionally, public health officials may see the definition changes affect the number of autism cases they perceive their populations to have, thus impacting community and policy decisions. This study was performed as an attempt to investigate and compare the sources used by the IBDPR to obtain autism data, and determine whether or not the resulting data creates an accurate depiction of the autistic population of Indiana. It was also performed to speculate whether a stricter definition of autism will result in a higher quality of data for the IBDPR and a more consistent view on the disorder between the ISDH and the IDOE. Perhaps from such consistency and simpler definitions, future recorded data will more closely resemble that of reality, enabling the ISDH to utilize the IBDPR to its full extent. Using current definitions for an exploratory analysis of data from the past five years, a discrepancy clearly exists between the IBDPR and the reality of the population of Indiana.

This diploma thesis deals with the Italian terminology of the Justice System. The work is divided into two parts. In the first part, the author focuses on the description of the special language, methods of his research, translational methods and problems of the translator. It describes also the Czech and Italian system of justice and defines the semantic field of the terminology of the Justice System that she will work with. In the second part she works with a selected sample of keywords compiled by the created corpora. The sample is divided into a several groups according to the semantic classification. The aim of the thesis is to review the existing Czech translations, if need be propose her own translations and recommend the translation that should be registered in a bilingual dictionary. The Czech-Italian and Italia-Czech vocabulary and the semantic dictionary is the supplement of this thesis.

Este trabalho tem como temática central a Lexicografia Bilingue de Especialidade (Português-Kimbundu) no Domínio da Saúde. Esta investigação resulta das constatações e das pesquisas feitas por nós, no banco de urgência dos diversos hospitais de Luanda, onde nos deparamos com a falta de comunicação entre os pacientes que falam a língua Kimbundu e os médicos que falam a língua Portuguesa. A nossa investigação incide sobre a situação geolinguística de Angola, a caracterização sociolinguística do Bengo, as características gerais do Kimbundu, as metáforas terminológicas no domínio da saúde; subjacente ao trabalho, estão os princípios teóricos e metodológicos em lexicografia bilingue, em línguas de especialidades e no ensino da Terminologia; o trabalha termina com a proposta de um modelo de e-dicionário bilingue Português-Kimbundu em saúde.<br>This work has as its central theme the Lexicography Bilingual Specialization (Portuguese - Kimbundu) in the field of health. As a result of research and investigations made by us in the emergency ward of the various hospitals of Luanda, where we encountered a lack of communication between patients who speak the Kimbundu language and doctors who speak Portuguese. Our research focuses on the geolinguístic situation in Angola, the sociolinguistic characterization of Bengo, the generalities of the two languages in contact, theoretical and methodological foundations in lexicology, lexicigraphy, language specialties, terminology metaphors in health, and the model of our e-bilingual dictionary in question.

Sanga-Nguni cattle have been present in Southern Africa for more than seven hundred years. They are the cattle traditionally owned by the Zulu people and have always been of great cultural and economic significance. They are distinguished by their hardiness and adaptability and are characterised by the great variety of their colours and patterns. This dissertation is a study of Sanga-Nguni cattle with special reference to colour pattern terminology and naming-practice in Zulu. More than three hundred terms in Zulu denote colour-pattern, horn-shape and type of beast. There are also a great number of terms for animals used for ritual purposes, especially those connected with the practice of ukulobola, in which cattle are exchanged during marriage negotiations. Many of these names, particularly those which refer to colour-pattern, are richly metaphorical, using imagery and analogy which connect the cattle with the birds, animals and plants that share their environment. Both archival and field sources have been employed to document as many of these names as possible and to classify them according to cultural significance, type, colour-pattern configuration and metaphorical content. Cattle names cannot be appreciated in isolation and in order to understand the complexity of the Zulu terminology, the significance of cattle in the cultural and economic life of the Zulu people as well as their biology and history has also been described. 'Cattle lore' concerning beliefs about cattle and perceptions of them in the cosmology of the Zulu people are recorded. The role of cattle in the oral tradition and cattle imagery in proverbs, poetry and tales as well as the praises of cattle themselves, have been explored in overview and provide insight into how the Zulu people perceive their herds. The dissertation is divided into four sections: i) Research setting ii) Pastoralism in Zulu society iii) Colour-pattern terminology and related naming-practice iv) perceptions of cattle and the role of cattle in the oral tradition. Although this is a primarily a language study, the subject of which is the documenting and analysis of the vast range of cattle terms found in Zulu, it is also a study of the role of cattle in Zulu society and their significance in the thought patterns of the people who own them and with whom they have lived in such close contact for so many centuries.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1996.

This diploma thesis deals with the Italian terminology of the fashion industry. The work is divided into two parts. In the opening of the first, theoretical, part the author delimite the semantic field of the fashion industry that she will work with. The author focuses on the description of the language of fashion, contemporary Italian language and the Languages for Special Purposes. Finally she divides the Italian lexicon and decribes its each group in detail. The second, analytical, part handles with the chosen sample of keywords compiled by the created corpora and segments it according to the above mentioned division. The aim of the thesis is to discover the structure of the contemporary terminology of the fashion industry and to determine general tendencies of lexical enrichment in the language of fashion. The supplement comprises the Italian-Czech and Czech-Italian vocabulary and the semantic classification of the keywords.

The diploma thesis focuses on linguistic terminology in current mass media discourse. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the occurrences of linguistic terms in the corpus SYN2013PUB and to describe their function, meaning and context and the process of their determinologization. The first part concerns the existing approaches to terms and terminology, the specifics of the linguistics terminology, the function of the terms in the professional style and their use in the journalistic style. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the relations between general lexicon and terminology, terminologization and determinologization. The analysis of the examples indicates, how to follow the determinologization in the texts. The examples are classified according to the indicators of determinologization. These indicators are typical means of journalistic style (which contains terms), journalistic innovation of the collocability, specific ways of explaining the terms and the semantics or formal modifications of the terms. The determinologization is considered an unfinished process, accomplished for diverse corpus occurrences of linguistic terms in various extent.

This given thesis addresses the terminology of Visual Arts in the large bilingual dictionary and provides a reflection on the problem of terminology. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part gives definitions of language for special purposes, language for general purposes, term, terminology, synonymy, equivalence or terminological dictionary. The second part of the thesis analyses the given dictionary entries of the Visual Arts from the linguistic, terminological and lexicographical point of view in the large bilingual dictionary.

A presente pesquisa intitulada “Terminologia do Direito Penal Angolano” tem como pano de fundo a proposta de elaboração de uma ferramenta terminológica do tipo dicionário do domínio do Direito Penal. Assim, como é óbvio, o termo assume um papel fulcral no desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Por esta razão, concentramos a orientação da referida pesquisa ao estudo dos termos. A natureza do produto terminológico “dicionário”, que pretendemos desenvolver passa necessariamente pela análise linguística e terminológica dos dados extraídos do corpus de pesquisa, que posteriormente servirão de base à concretização do dicionário que pretendemos desenvolver. Assim, dada a pertinência do discurso jurídico-penal, restringimos o nosso olhar aos termos complexos. Por conseguinte, o estudo hora proposto visa auxiliar o exercício da actividade dos profissionais do fórum da área penal, de entre eles, juízes, procuradores e advogados.<br>The present research entitled "Terminology of the Angolan Criminal Law" has as background the proposal of elaboration of a terminology tool of the dictionary type of the field of Criminal Law. Thus, of course, the term plays a central role in the development of this work. In this way, we focus the orientation of this research to the study of terms and their relation to the concepts that designate them. The nature of the terminology product "dictionary" that we intend to develop necessarily passes through the linguistic and terminological analysis of the pertinent data verified in the corpus of research, which will subsequently serve as a basis for the conception of said product. Thus, given the pertinence of the legal-penal discourse we restrict our eyes to complex terms. Therefore, the proposed time study aims to assist the practice of the professionals of the forum of the criminal area, among them, judges, prosecutors and lawyers.

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Linguagem<br>A presente dissertação visa refletir sobre a terminologia turística angolana e a consequente proposta de uma base de dados ontoterminográfica multilingue: português, inglês com equivalentes em kimbundu e umbundu para o Ministério do Turismo de Angola. Pretendemos, através desta base de dados, criar uma ferramenta de trabalho, de pesquisa e de consulta, para técnicos de turismo, estudantes da área, turistas e público em geral, de forma a suprimir a lacuna existente deste vocabulário específico. A definição terminológica, o contexto de uso e as relações conceptuais dos termos assumem um papel fulcral no desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Por esta razão, centramos a orientação da referida pesquisa nestes três aspetos fundamentalmente. A natureza do produto terminológico «base de dados terminográfica» que pretendemos desenvolver passa necessariamente pela análise linguística, terminológica dos dados extraídos do corpus especializado que serviram de suporte à concretização da base de dados que desenvolvemos. Assim, dada a pertinência e abrangência do discurso do domínio turístico, restringimos o nosso olhar aos termos de especialidade.<br>This dissertation aims to reflect on Angolan tourism terminology and the consequent proposal of a multilingual ontoterminographic database: portuguese, english with equivalents in kimbundu and umbundu for the Angolan Ministry of Tourism. We intend, through this database, to create a working, research and consultation tool, for tourism technicians, area students, tourists and the general public, in order to fill the existing gap of this specific vocabulary. The terminological definition, the context of use and the conceptual relationships of the terms assume a central role in the development of this research. For this reason, we focus the orientation of this research on these three aspects fundamentally. The nature of the terminology product "terminographic database" that we intend to develop necessarily involves linguistic, terminological analysis of the data extracted from the specialized corpus that served to support the implementation of the database that we developed. Thus, given the relevance and scope of the tourism discourse, we restrict our gaze to terms of specialty.

Heterogenität von Umweltbedingungen gilt als einer der wichtigsten Faktoren für die Verteilung von Artenreichtum weltweit. Laut der Habitatheterogenität-Hypothese bieten räumlich heterogenere Gebiete eine höhere Vielfalt an Umweltparametern und weisen mehr Refugien und Möglichkeiten zur Isolation und Radiation auf. Dadurch begünstigen sie Koexistenz, Persistenz und Diversifikation von Arten. Die Erforschung potentieller positiver Effekte von Heterogenität auf Artenreichtum fasziniert Ökologen und Evolutionsbiologen seit Jahrzehnten. Dementsprechend existieren zahlreiche Studien über die Beziehung zwischen Heterogenität und dem Artenreichum verschiedener Taxa unter unterschiedlichsten ökologischen Gegebenheiten. Heterogenität kann sich auf biotische und abiotische Bedingungen beziehen und wurde daher mittels vieler verschiedener Maße quantifiziert. Diese finden zudem auf sehr unterschiedlichen Skalen Anwendung, die von der Architektur einer einzelnen Pflanze über Landschaftsstruktur bis hin zu topographischem Relief reichen. Die Vielfalt der Maße sowie eine oft unbestimmte und inkonsistente Terminologie, die in der Forschung zu Heterogenität-Artenreichtums-Beziehungen verwendet wird, erschweren das Verständnis, den Vergleich und die Synthese der entsprechenden Studien. Desweiteren gibt es große Unterschiede in der Form und Stärke der Beziehungen: während viele Studien einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen Heterogenität und Artenreichtum nachwiesen, sind auch negative, unimodale und nicht signifikante Zusammenhänge bekannt. Deshalb existiert bisher kein eindeutiger Konsens bezüglich der generellen Heterogenität-Artenreichtums-Beziehung. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation fertige ich ein systematisches Literaturreview an, mit dem ich einen Überblick über die verwendeten Maße und Begriffe gebe, die bisher in der Forschung zu Heterogenität-Artenreichtums-Beziehungen Anwendung fanden. Basierend auf 192 Studien identifiziere ich 165 verschiedene Heterogenitätsmaße, die ich bezüglich ihrer Themenfelder und Berechnungsmethoden klassifiziere. Es werden fünf Themenfelder unterschieden, nämlich Landbedeckung und Vegetation als biotische Komponenten, und Klima, Boden und Topographie als abiotische Komponenten von Heterogenität. Desweiteren identifiziere ich achtzehn verschiedene Berechnungsmethoden, wie z.B. Anzahl, Standardabweichung und Variationskoeffizient. Die Höhenspannweite in einem Gebiet erweist sich als das häufigste Heterogenitätsmaß in der Literatur, wohingegen Maße von klimatischer Heterogenität und Bodenheterogenität unterrepräsentiert sind. Weiterhin stelle ich ein deutliches räumliches und taxonomisches Ungleichgewicht in der Forschung fest, wobei ein Großteil der Studien den Einfluss von Heterogenität in der Paläarktis untersucht und sich auf den Artenreichtum von Vertebraten oder Pflanzen konzentriert. Ich kompiliere über 100 verschiedene Begriffe für Heterogenität, wie z.B. Habitatdiversität oder Habitatheterogenität, und weise auf mangelhafte und teilweise sogar widersprüchliche Definitionen hin. Solche Unklarheiten erschweren das Verständnis der Begriffe und Studien, weshalb ich für eindeutige Terminologie plädiere und mich gegen die Verwendung von Synonymen ausspreche. Desweiteren gebe ich einen Überblick über mögliche Mechanismen, die als Grundlage von positiven Zusammenhängen zwischen Heterogenität und Artenreichtum in der Literatur diskutiert werden. Insgesamt identifiziere ich sieben Hauptmechanismen, die mit der Förderung von Koexistenz, Persistenz und Diversifikation von Arten zusammenhängen. Diese Mechanismen stelle ich in Beziehung zu den Themenfeldern der Heterogenitätsmaße, den Taxa und den räumlichen Skalen, die in den jeweiligen Studien behandelt werden. Basierend auf dem gleichen Datensatz von 192 Studien und 1148 Datenpunkten führe ich anschließend eine Meta-Analyse durch, um die generelle Richtung und Stärke des Zusammenhangs zwischen Heterogenität und dem Artenreichtum terrestrischer Pflanzen und Tiere zu untersuchen. Hierbei weise ich quantitativ nach, dass der Zusammenhang von der Landschaftsebene bis zur globalen Skala über Taxa, Habitattypen und räumliche Skalen hinweg generell positiv ist. Während kein signifikanter Unterschied in der Effektgröße zwischen biotischer und abiotischer Heterogenität besteht, weisen Vegetations- und topographische Heterogenität signifikant stärkere Assoziationen mit Artenreichtum auf als klimatische Heterogenität. Durch gemischte Meta-Regressionen identifiziere ich weiterhin Studieneigenschaften, die die Stärke des Zusammenhangs zwischen Heterogenität und Artenreichtum beeinflussen. Räumliche Skalen, insbesondere Flächenkonstanz, räumliche Auflösung und Ausdehnung, stellen sich als besonders wichtige Einflussgrößen für die untersuchte Beziehung zwischen Artenreichtum und auf Landbedeckung und Höhe basierenden Heterogenitätsmaßen heraus. Ausgehend von den Ergebnissen des Literaturreviews untersuche ich schließlich die Ähnlichkeit zwischen einer Reihe von Heterogenitätsmaßen sowie deren differentiellen Einfluss auf den globalen Artenreichtum terrestrischer Säugetiere. Ich berechne systematisch 51 verschiedene Heterogenitätsmaße auf globaler Ebene, die alle fünf Themenfelder von Heterogenität abdecken und neun verschiedene Berechnungsmethoden beinhalten. Ich zeige, dass manche dieser Maße sich deutlich voneinander abheben, während andere stärker kollinear und zum Teil redundant sind. Ich stelle Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Regionen in Bezug auf räumliche Muster einzelner Heterogenitätsmaße sowie einen multidimensionalen Heterogenitätsraum heraus, der auf einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse beruht. Außerdem untersuche ich den Zusammenhang zwischen jedem einzelnen Heterogenitätsmaß und dem Säugetierreichtum in einfachen und multiplen Regressionsmodellen, welche zusätzlich den Einfluss von Klima, biogeographischer Region und menschlichem Einfluss berücksichtigen. Mit Hilfe von bedingten Inferenzbäumen analysiere ich den Einfluss der verschiedenen Themenfelder und Berechnungsmethoden der Heterogenitätsmaße auf die Modellgüte über drei räumliche Auflösungen hinweg. Die Wahl der Themenfelder stellt sich dabei als wichtigster Einflussfaktor heraus, wobei sich Maße klimatischer und topographischer Heterogenität besonders positiv auf die Modellgüte auswirken. Desweiteren zeichnen sich Modelle mit Anzahl- oder Spannweitemaßen ebenfalls durch hohe Modellgüte aus, wohingegen der Variationskoeffizient und ein Geländeschroffheitsindex mit relativ geringer Modellgüte zusammenhängen. Insgesamt betonen meine Ergebnisse die hohe Bedeutung methodischer Entscheidungen auf die Ergebnisse von Heterogenität-Artenreichtums-Studien. Dies wiederum dokumentiert wie wichtig es ist, sinnvolle, taxon- und skalenabhängige Heterogenitätsmaße zu verwenden, die dem jeweiligen Untersuchungssystem und dem zu untersuchenden Mechanismus entsprechen. Diese Dissertation stellt die bisher umfangreichste Untersuchung der Quantifizierung und Terminologie von Heterogenität über Themenfelder und verschiedene taxonomische Gruppen hinweg dar. Sie belegt erstmals einen generell positiven Zusammenhang zwischen biotischer und abiotischer Heterogenität und dem Artenreichtum terrestrischer Pflanzen und Tiere auf relativ großen räumlichen Skalen. Meine Forschung demonstriert deutlich die enorme Komplexität von Heterogenität als Thema und Forschungsgebiet. Trotz der beachtlichen Fortschritte, die durch diese Arbeit in der Erforschung von Heterogenität-Artenreichtums-Beziehungen gemacht wurden, gilt es noch zahlreiche offene Fragen zu beantworten. Die vorliegende Dissertation soll eine solide Basis schaffen, um diese Herausforderung in Zukunft anzugehen.

Oggetto del presente lavoro è stata la tematica dei reati a concorso necessario (detti anche plurisoggettivi): una categoria penalistica scarsamente presa in considerazione da parte della dottrina e giurisprudenza più recenti, eppure dai risvolti sistematici di un certo rilievo, in quanto coinvolge profili sia di parte generale che speciale del diritto penale. L’indagine è partita dal piano definitorio e classificatorio: sono state riportate dettagliatamente le diverse tesi dottrinali sviluppatesi sul tema (suddivisibili in due macrocategorie, quella dei sostenitori di una concezione ampia di reato a concorso necessario e quella dei sostenitori di una concezione ristretta dello stesso), nonché le pronunce della Cassazione ritenute maggiormente significative. Un’attenzione particolare è stata dedicata alla delimitazione – in negativo – del campo d’indagine, tracciando le differenze intercorrenti fra i reati a concorso necessario (o plurisoggettivi, a seconda della terminologia impiegata) ed istituti ritenuti erroneamente contigui, primo fra tutti quello del concorso eventuale di persone nel reato. Dopodiché, all’interno del secondo capitolo si è scelto di riflettere sulle questioni maggiormente rilevanti e problematiche attinenti ai reati a concorso necessario impropri: in primis, la ratio che giustifica l’esenzione dalla pena in capo ad un soggetto; secondariamente, la possibilità di punire o meno la condotta tipica, nonché le eventuali condotte atipiche, poste in essere dal soggetto non punibile per mezzo dell’applicazione degli artt. 110 ss. c.p. in funzione incriminatrice. La panoramica di orientamenti dottrinali e giurisprudenziali quanto mai oscillanti e fra loro divergenti su questioni di particolare importanza, non è stata solo funzionale ad offrire al lettore una dettagliata ricognizione in generale, piuttosto, da questa è scaturita una vera e propria esigenza di (ri)considerare l’intera materia in modo organico e chiarificatore. Per tale ragione, nel terzo capitolo è stata introdotta una nuova definizione, in sostituzione a quella maggiormente impiegata da dottrina e giurisprudenza: “fattispecie incriminatrici normativamente plurisoggettive”. Una definizione idonea a ricomprendere tutti quegli illeciti penali che, a livello astratto, presentano caratteristiche simili: il riscontro di una pluralità di soggetti e di condotte quali elementi costitutivi del fatto tipico. Pertanto, si è cercato di individuare i confini della categoria assumendo quale criterio di partenza il piano normativo astratto, in considerazione del fatto che ciò che il legislatore ha scelto di codificare come tipo criminoso è dato dall’insieme degli elementi oggettivi e soggettivi, i quali compaiono nella descrizione della norma incriminatrice. La visione d’insieme ha permesso di non limitare l’attenzione al solo soggetto punibile, bensì di spostarla anche sul soggetto non punibile, il quale, con la sua condotta rientrante fra gli elementi oggettivi del fatto tipico, contribuisce alla configurabilità del reato. Infine, all’interno del quarto capitolo si è proceduto all’analisi dei principali reati classificati da parte della dottrina come a concorso necessario impropri, per verificare, tenuto conto della nuova definizione proposta, se possano o meno essere qualificati come fattispecie incriminatrici normativamente plurisoggettive improprie. Il confronto con la parte speciale ha permesso di evidenziare l’estrema delicatezza dell’operazione d’individuazione di fattispecie incriminatrici normativamente plurisoggettive (in senso lato): anzitutto, perché non sempre la pluralità di soggetti e di condotte costitutive del fatto tipico è oggetto di descrizione espressa, risultando alle volte ricavabile solo a seguito di un attento esame della tipologia e del significato delle parole impiegate dal legislatore; secondariamente, perché alle volte è facile lasciarsi confondere dal piano naturalistico della realtà concreta, mentre l’individuazione di una fattispecie incriminatrice in termini di plurisoggettività normativa dovrebbe avvenire, secondo l’impostazione adottata, a partire dal piano normativo astratto. Da ultimo, ci si è soffermati sul ruolo del soggetto non punibile che tenga rispettivamente la condotta tipica o una condotta ulteriore e diversa da quella descritta, cercando di offrire una possibile soluzione al problema. Nel primo caso, si è concluso per l’impossibilità di applicare l’art. 110 c.p. in funzione incriminatrice, pena la violazione delle garanzie proprie del sistema penalistico. Nel secondo, invece, si è concluso in senso affermativo, precisando che l’interprete è tenuto a prestare attenzione a diversi aspetti, fra cui il tipo d’equilibrio intercorrente fra le condotte dei soggetti parte della fattispecie incriminatrice normativamente plurisoggettiva impropria, nonché l’alterità effettiva della condotta atipica rispetto a quella descritta, pena la violazione dei principi di legalità, tipicità e certezza del diritto.