Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Specialised terms'

International relations as well as multilingual organisations and institutions rely upon translation. In this particular field, translators are mostly concerned with different types of specialised documents, such as legal acts, technical reports and press statements. Due to the high precision and clarity requirements that are associated with these texts, terminology appears to be one of the most difficult aspects when it comes to translating specialised documents. This difficulty is the main focus of this study. More specifically, the aim is to describe and analyse how equivalents of specialised terms in the source language can be found in the target language and to study translation strategies that can be applied when translating international relations terminology. In order to obtain the primary data used in the study, NATO’s new strategic concept from 2010 was translated from French to Swedish. The concept is supposed to guide the organisation during a ten-year period. Throughout the translation process both lexical and textual sources were used. The analysis was made in the light of different translation theories and models, which include Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1977) “direct” and “indirect” translation techniques, as well as Cabré’s (1992) theories and methods on terminology. The results show the complexity of the subject, and most importantly, that parallel texts, that is to say specialised documentation, can play an important role when it comes to translating specialised terms, since many of them are not to be found in ordinary dictionaries.

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Terminologia e Gestão da Informação de Especialidade
The scope of this thesis is the process of establishing a specialized, bilingual, bidirectional dictionary of the medical area of dermatology that could facilitate the work of dermatologists, professionals of the area of dermatology and also researchers and translators that are working with the specialized language of dermatology. It will be stated how a practical dictionary should look like as well as the criteria that are important for the establishment of such a dictionary. Furthermore will be given an overview of the potential problems in relation of the dictionary´s establishment; moreover the description of the processing of data to come upon the technical terms that will be represented in the dictionary will be presented. Concluding a scheme for a specialized, bilingual dictionary of the medical area of dermatology in the German and Portuguese language was presented that not only provides information on grammar and syntax. First of all I would like to thank the love of my life for believing in me, for always supporting and loving me (…) Further my special thanks go to my family that I always have near me even if we are geographical separated. I would also like to thank my friends, especially my non-bff Sarah and Rolf, who always have a sympathetic ear for me.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007.
"December, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-48). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2008]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro
Resumo: A análise de sistemas altamente complexos quando e analizado o problema de planejamento de expansão de redes de transmissão de longo prazo, é o foco principal deste trabalho. Os modelos e metodos propostos são aplicados ao problema de planejamento estático tradicional, que é um problema de otimização matemática classificado como NP-completo, não-linear inteiro misto. O qual envolve no investimento, variáveis operacionais contínuas e variáveis inteiras. O comportamento normal de cada sistema pode conter informação essencial para a criação de novos métodos, como os planos de corte baseados em cortes de diferença de ângulos para problemas de grande escala, o que é a base é o ponto de partida deste trabalho, derivando em desigualdades válidas é ciclos críticos. Os cortes angulares básicos reduzem o espaço de busca do problema e o tempo total de cálculo deste problema, enquanto ao método de inequações válidas que pode ser usado para fornecer limites inferiores sólidos no investimento ótimo do planejamento de transmissão, já que a diferença entre o modelo DC (modelo exato) e o modelo de transporte (modelo mais relaxado) são as restrições angulares. Os ciclos críticos têm sido desenvolvidos para melhoraralguns dos modelos tradicionais do problemas de planejamento da expansão da rede de transmissão de longo prazo. A razão por trás disso é a ausência da segunda lei de Kirchhoff, que completa a representação do sistema, mas aumenta a complexidade. Para resolver os problemas resultantes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The analysis of highly complex systems when solving the long-term transmission network expansion planning problem is the main focus of this work. The proposed improved models and methodology are applied to the traditionalstatic planning problem, which is a mathematical optimization problem classified as NP-complete and mixed-integer nonlinear problem. It involves continuousoperating variables and integer investment variables. The normal behavior of each system can be shown essential information to the creation of new methods, as the cutting-planes based in bus-angle difference cuts for large-scale problems which were the starting point of this work, deriving in valid inequalities and critic cycles. The angular cuts aim to reduce the search space of the problem and the total computation time of this NP-hard problem as for the valid inequalities methodthat can be used to provide strong lower bounds on the optimal investment of the transmissionplanning, since the difference between the DC model (exact model) and the transport model (more relaxed model) are the angular constraints. Critic cycles has been develop in order to improve some of the traditional long-term transmission network expansion planning problem models. The reason behind it is the absence of second Kirchhoff’s law which completes the representationof the system, but increase the complexity. In order to solve the resulting problems, this work uses the modeling language AMPL with the solver CPLEX. In test systems w... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Este trabajo presenta un estudio empírico del uso y función del metalenguaje en el conocimiento científico experto y los lenguajes de especialidad en lengua inglesa, con especial atención al establecimiento, modificación y negociación de la terminología común del grupo de especialistas de cada área. Mediante enunciados discursivos llamados Operaciones Metalingüísticas Explícitas se formaliza y analiza el carácter dinámico de las estructuras conceptuales científicas y los sublenguajes que las vehiculan.
Por otro lado, se presenta la implementación de un sistema automático de extracción de información metalingüística en textos de especialidad. El sistema MOP (Metalinguistic Operation Processor) extrae enunciados metalingüísticos y definiciones de documentos especializados, utilizando tanto autómatas de estados finitos como algoritmos de aprendizaje automático. El sistema crear bases semi-estructuradas de información terminológica llamadas Metalinguistic Information Databases (MID), de utilidad para la lexicografía especializada, el procesamiento del lenguaje natural y el estudio empírico de la evolución del conocimiento científico, entre otras aplicaciones.
This work presents an empirical study of the use and function of metalanguage in expert scientific knowledge and special-domain languages, with special focus on how each field's terminology is established, modified and negotiated within the group of experts. Through discourse statements called Explicit metalinguistic Operations the dynamic nature of conceptual structures and the sublanguages that embody them are formalized and analyzed.
On the other hand, it presents a system implementation for the automatic extraction of metalinguistic information from specialized texts. The Metalinguistic Operation Processor (MOP) system extracts metalinguistic statements and definitions from special-domain documents, using finite-state machinery and machine-learning algorithms. The system creates semi-structured databases called Metalinguistic Information Databases (MID), useful for specialized lexicography, Natural Language Processing, and the empirical study of scientific knowledge, among other applications.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi criar um modelo de glossário de futebol composto por verbetes marcados por diferenças culturais entre o Brasil e a Inglaterra. Partimos da hipótese de que os diferentes jeitos de jogar, a história do futebol em cada cultura, a apropriação cultural das regras na Inglaterra e no Brasil e outros fatores de ordem histórico-social contribuíram para a criação do léxico do futebol em português e inglês. Para conduzir a pesquisa, baseamo-nos na Linguística de Corpus, na Terminologia Textual e na Tradução Técnica como ato comunicativo sujeito a condicionantes culturais, áreas que compartilham o interesse de observar a linguagem real em seu contexto de ocorrência. Recorremos ao conceito antropológico formarepresentação para melhor explicar as diferenças entre o futebol brasileiro e o futebol inglês. O corpus de estudo é comparável e possui 469.765 palavras em português e 600.079 em inglês. Cada subcorpus é composto por cinco categorias de textos: resultados de partidas, descrição de partidas, relatos de partidas com comentários de internautas, notícias sobre compra e venda de jogadores e técnicos e notícias sobre a situação dos times nos campeonatos. O corpus foi submetido à etiquetagem morfossintática por meio do etiquetador Tree Tagger e analisado semi-automaticamente com auxílio do programa WordSmith Tools. Selecionamos dezessete termos e combinatórias léxicas especializadas (CLEs) que são culturalmente marcados e que deram ensejo aos estudos de caso que compõem o modelo de dicionário proposto. A análise desses casos revelou dois aspectos importantes: 1) o futebol brasileiro é frequentemente associado a palavras como drible, criatividade, espontaneidade, habilidade, beleza e ginga, ao passo que o futebol inglês é quase que exclusivamente associado a palavras de força e rapidez; 2) os aspectos histórico-culturais e a história do futebol no Brasil e na Inglaterra influenciaram, de forma direta, a terminologia do futebol em português e inglês, confirmando nossa hipótese. Ao final do trabalho, o modelo de dicionário proposto é apresentado em anexo.
The primary aim of this research is to present a model for a football dictionary consisting of entries marked by cultural differences between Brazil and England. The central hypothesis of this dissertation is that the different ways of playing, the football history in each culture, the cultural appropriation of rules in England and Brazil and other historical and social factors have contributed to the creation of the football lexicon in Portuguese and English. The theoretical dimensions underlying this study are Corpus Linguistics, Textual Terminology and Technical Translation as a communicative act subject to cultural conditions, areas which share an interest in observing language in its actual context of occurrence. We also highlighted the anthropological form-representation concept to better explain the differences between Brazilian football and English football. In order to carry out our analysis, we compiled a comparable study corpus which comprises 469,765 words in Portuguese and 600,079 in English. Each subcorpus consists of five categories of texts: match results, match description, match reports with comments from Internet users, news about players and coaches purchase and sale and news on the position of the teams in the championships. The corpus was annotated with part-of-speech tags through Tree Tagger and investigated with the linguistic analysis software WordSmith Tools. Seventeen culturally marked terms and specialized lexical combinations (CLEs) gave rise to the case studies which constitute the dictionary model. The analysis of these cases revealed two important aspects: 1) Brazilian football is often associated with words like \'dribble\', \'creativity\', \'spontaneity\', \'ability\', \'beauty\' and \'ginga\' whereas English football is almost exclusively associated with words of strength and speed; 2) the historical and cultural aspects and the history of football in Brazil and England have direct impact on the football terminology in Portuguese and English, a conclusion which confirms our initial hypothesis. A model of dictionary entries is attached to this dissertation.

Cette étude en anglais de spécialité s’inscrit dans le domaine de la terminologie du discours des annonces pour l’emploi en milieu scientifique, domaine encore inexploré d’un point de vue linguistique. Le discours des annonces pour l’emploi est la somme de plusieurs discours, notamment discours des ressources humaines, discours publicitaire, discours qu’on peut appeler « touristique » et discours scientifique. Puisque le but primordial de l’annonce est de faire la publicité de l’entreprise ou du laboratoire de recherche, le discours scientifique y est réduit au minimum car il s’avère que ce discours ne peut se plier à la finalité et aux contraintes des annonceurs. Après une analyse des vocables des ressources humaines, un travail a été entrepris sur les domaines scientifiques concernés et une nouvelle terminologie a été proposée, articulée notamment autour de hyperdomaines, domaines et sous-domaines scientifiques. L’analyse des vocables scientifiques suggère une distinction nécessaire entre les vocables scientifiques et les termes spécialisés. Enfin, le travail se clôt par un examen des moyens linguistiques et graphiques mis en œuvre dans le discours publicitaire
This dissertation focuses on English for Specific Purposes and more particularly on the terminology of scientific job advertisements discourse, an area still in pristine condition from a linguistic point of view. Job advertisements discourse is the sum of various discourses, i.e. human resources, advertising as well as a discourse which may be termed as "tourist" discourse and scientific discourse. Since the main purpose of advertisements is to advertise the company or the research laboratory, science discourse is minimized because it appears that this particular discourse fails to comply with the announcers’ ultimate aim. Once an analysis of human resources terms was done, a study was undertaken on scientific fields and a new terminology has been suggested, namely that of scientific hyperfields, fields and sub-fields. The analysis of scientific terms calls for a necessary distinction that has to be made between scientific terms and specialized terms. At last, the dissertation undertakes an analysis of linguistic and graphic means used in the advertising discourse

Research have revealed that the accounting profession engage multi-disciplinary teams in the assurance of sustainability reports. However, how such teams are composed or the values that these teams bring to the assurance engagement process, and how reliance is established on the work performed by such teams has been left uncovered. This research sought to fill this gap, and hence, contributed to providing an understanding surrounding this issue. Semi-structured interviews with auditors from the Big Four Audit firms, engaged with performing sustainability assurance was conducted. The findings revealed that the engagement of multi-disciplinary teams, comprising both financial accountants and sustainability specialists from various disciplines, was necessary in ensuring quality assurance work performance. Firstly, the in-depth knowledge of sustainability subject matters possessed by the sustainability experts, enabled the questioning of the correctness of sustainability items reported by the clients. Secondly, sustainability experts were valuable in the planning stage of the engagement, in identifying client risk areas. Thirdly, sustainability expert involvement, enabled the winning of work contracts. Additionally, the engagement of multi-disciplinary teams was revealed to be valuable to the client firms. Firstly, the sustainability experts assisted clients in identifying the most valuable issues to report to their stakeholders. Secondly, due to the expert’s knowledge and experience, it enabled them to inform clients on high reporting levels. Finally, sustainability experts provided clients with valuable feedback that aids the improvement of the client processes, and the management of risks. The establishment of reliance on the work performed by the teams, requiring an accountant to signoff every engagement work performed by the team, as required by the applicable assurance standards, was partially supported by this study. Sustainability experts, who were non-accountants, was revealed to be engaged in this signing off ritual, hence, leaving room for the questioning of such assurance engagements signed off by sustainability experts.

This study was performed in Eskilstuna, Sweden in the spring of 2011. The Sörmland CountyCouncil (SCC) initiated the study to improve the communication with the public by adjustingthe language on its website. The website is an important communicative tool since manypeople search for health care information online. Thirty-six terms on the website of the SCCwere the objects of study, a majority of them being names of the departments atMälarsjukhuset Hospital. The departments are presented as a list of links on the website. Fouradditional medical terms were included. The comprehension of the 36 terms was investigatedamong 210 health care centre visitors in Eskilstuna. A questionnaire was used where theinformants were asked to shortly explain what health care issues are dealt with in the differentdepartments. The understanding varied greatly among the terms, from Klinisk fysiologi ochnukleärmedicin (clinical physiology and nuclear medicine/Clinical physics and nuclearmedicine) which only 14.6% of the informants understood to Ögon (eyes/Ophthalmology)which was understood by 92.98%. Seven of the terms were understood by less than 50% ofthe informants. The recommendation of the study to the SCC was to replace terms that werehard to understand to direct the website visitors to the information they are looking for andalso to review the language in all written communication with this study in mind.

Dans les domaines de spécialité, les applications telles que la recherche d’information ou la traduction automatique, s’appuient sur des ressources terminologiques pour prendre en compte les termes, les relations sémantiques ou les regroupements de termes. Pour faire face au coût de la constitution de ces ressources, des méthodes automatiques ont été proposées. Parmi celles-ci, l’analyse distributionnelle s’appuie sur la redondance d’informations se trouvant dans le contexte des termes pour établir une relation. Alors que cette hypothèse est habituellement mise en oeuvre grâce à des modèles vectoriels, ceux-ci souffrent du nombre de dimensions considérable et de la dispersion des données dans la matrice des vecteurs de contexte. En corpus de spécialité, ces informations contextuelles redondantes sont d’autant plus dispersées et plus rares que les corpus ont des tailles beaucoup plus petites. De même, les termes complexes sont généralement ignorés étant donné leur faible nombre d’occurrence. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au problème de la limitation de la dispersion des données sur des corpus de spécialité et nous proposons une méthode permettant de densifier la matrice des contextes en réalisant une abstraction des contextes distributionnels. Des relations sémantiques acquises en corpus sont utilisées pour généraliser et normaliser ces contextes. Nous avons évalué la robustesse de notre méthode sur quatre corpus de tailles, de langues et de domaines différents. L’analyse des résultats montre que, tout en permettant de prendre en compte les termes complexes dans l’analyse distributionnelle, l’abstraction des contextes distributionnels permet d’obtenir des groupements sémantiques de meilleure qualité mais aussi plus cohérents et homogènes
In specialised domains, the applications such as information retrieval for machine translation rely on terminological resources for taking into account terms or semantic relations between terms or groupings of terms. In order to face up to the cost of building these resources, automatic methods have been proposed. Among those methods, the distributional analysis uses the repeated information in the contexts of the terms to detect a relation between these terms. While this hypothesis is usually implemented with vector space models, those models suffer from a high number of dimensions and data sparsity in the matrix of contexts. In specialised corpora, this contextual information is even sparser and less frequent because of the smaller size of the corpora. Likewise, complex terms are usually ignored because of their very low number of occurrences. In this thesis, we tackle the problem of data sparsity on specialised texts. We propose a method that allows making the context matrix denser, by performing an abstraction of distributional contexts. Semantic relations acquired from corpora are used to generalise and normalise those contexts. We evaluated the method robustness on four corpora of different sizes, different languages and different domains. The analysis of the results shows that, while taking into account complex terms in distributional analysis, the abstraction of distributional contexts leads to defining semantic clusters of better quality, that are also more consistent and more homogeneous

There is minimal research into families where a person who is receiving palliative care has dependent children. In particular, there is a lack of information about the work that palliative care social workers undertake with such families. This study examines the role of the palliative care social worker in safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children of adults receiving specialist palliative care. This is a qualitative study involving the collection of information from a total of 57 palliative care social workers in three ways: focus groups, survey and semi-structured interviews. The analysis demonstrates that palliative care social workers understand the term 'safeguarding children' to mean more than child protection alone. The analysis also focuses on the process of referral, institutional barriers, supports for their work with children, and inter-agency collaboration. An equally important aspect of the analysis, and one generally neglected in psycho-social studies, relates to the socio-economic context of the palliative care social workers' work, including the effects of the immigration status of families on children. In the main, concerns about the present and future care of children come to the attention of palliative care social workers via members of the multidisciplinary team in which they are based. The numbers are reported to be relatively small in contrast to the total number of referrals received. The extent to which support to children is provided varies considerably; some palliative care agencies do not encourage palliative care social workers to work directly with children prior to bereavement and others restrict direct work with children post-bereavement. The main emphasis for all workers, however, is on support to the parents to help them understand their children's needs during the terminal phase of the illness. The well-being of children at this time of emotional stress is included in the palliative care social workers' definition of 'safeguarding children'. In addition, the wide-ranging examination of the palliative care social workers' involvement with the families illustrates the extent of the dedication involved in an under-resourced and little understood area of their work. Whilst palliative care social workers reported receiving basic training on child protection within their agency, with some themselves providing this training, further training on safeguarding children is not always available or known about. The amount and type of professional supervision and support is also varied, particularly in relation to child-care matters; not all have access to supervision from another social work professional. There are a small number of examples given in the study where children are considered to be at risk in some way. Children cared for by lone parents are recognised as being especially vulnerable, particularly if future care plans are not in place before the death of the parent. Also identified as vulnerable are children of parents whose immigration status is in question as their future location may be in doubt, placing children and the surviving parent under additional stress. One of the major difficulties for palliative care social workers is securing support services from local authority children's services. Whilst there are examples of collaboration and co-operation, the findings in this study echo those of others which examine the relationship between adult and children's services. In this study, palliative care social workers speak of frustration and disappointment in the responses they receive, and they are concerned that the needs of children of dying parents are not understood. This study contributes to the debate about the focus of children in care services for adults and how staff may be supported in their task of safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children. This study also adds to the limited existing knowledge about palliative care social work practice.

Bakgrund: Ordet kejsarsnitt kommer från latin och innebär att barnets tas ut genom livmoderväggen med ett snitt långt ner på buken. Det föds närmare 200 000 barn om året i Sverige och av dessa är 17,3 procent förlösta genom kejsarsnitt. Tidigare forskning beskriver vikten av en fungerande och tydlig kommunikation i operationsteamet kring patienten, för att patientsäkerheten ska uppfyllas och en säker vård ska kunna bedrivas vid ett akut kejsarsnitt. Syfte: Att beskriva operationsteamets erfarenheter av kommunikation under ett akut kejsarsnitt. Metod: En kvalitativ studie där data inhämtades via 14 stycken frågeformulär utformade enligt critical incident technique. Data analyserades enligt en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och redovisas genom tabell, citat och löpande text. Resultat: Kommunikation är viktigt vid akuta kejsarsnitt, men beroende på vilka som ingår i operationsteamet och vilken erfarenhet de har med sig kan kommunikationen vara mer eller mindre uttalad. Aspekter, förutom yrkeserfarenhet, för en välfungerande kommunikation är tid, samarbete och rutiner. Slutsats: I resultatet framkommer att kommunikationen tar sig olika uttryck i olika team, där rutiner och yrkeserfarenhet påverkar hur man kommunicerar. En fungerande kommunikation behöver operationsteamet arbeta aktivt med, då det medför ett positivt teamarbete, bra stämning på sal och en säker vård.
Background: The word caesarean section is Latin and means that the baby is delivered through the uterine wall with an incision far down on the abdomen. Nearly 200,000 babies are born each year in Sweden and of these, 17.3 per cent are delivered by caesarean section. Previous literature describes the importance of clear and well-established communication in the surgical team responsible for the patient, so that patient safety standards are met, and safe care can be provided in an emergency caesarean section. Aim of the study: To describe the operating team's experiences of communication during an emergency caesarean section. Methodology: A qualitative study where data were collected via 14 questionnaires designed according to the critical incident technique and data were analyzed according to a qualitative content analysis and reported by table, citation and running text. Results: Communication is important in acute caesarean sections, though depending on who is part of the surgical team and what experience they have, the quality of the communication can vary. Elements, besides professional experience, for a well-functioning communication were time, attitude, and clarity. Conclusion: The result shows that the communication patterns varies depending on whom is a part of the team, where routines and professional experience form the communication. The operating team needs to work actively with a functioning communication as it is important for a positive team work, a good atmosphere in the ward and safe care.

Sjuksköterskor har lång erfarenhet av att möta och vårda multisjuka äldre som lever och lider av långvarig smärta. Smärtan kan visas som symtom orsakad av otillräckligt eller ej adekvat behandling. Det resulterar i en gradvis funktionsnedsättning både fysiskt och psykiskt hos multisjuka äldre. Därför är det av stor vikt att undersöka samt få mer kunskap om hur sjuksköterskor upplever att vårda multisjuka äldre med långvarig smärta. Syftet är att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor upplever att vårda multisjuka äldre med långvarig smärta. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ forskningsdesign. Åtta sjuksköterskor deltog och bidrog med sin kunskap och erfarenhet. Materialet som insamlades analyserades med induktiv innehållsanalys. Analysen av sjuksköterskors upplevelse resulterade i tre kategorier; Se hela människan, Lindra smärtan samt Kunskap och kompetens. Kategorierna var i sin tur uppbyggda av totalt sju subkategorier. I diskussionen diskuteras vikten av att ha kunskap om vad individuell anpassning innebär samt en strukturerad smärtlindring som bidrar till att minska patientens lidande. Det är av största vikt är att uppnå en ökning av patientens livskvalité genom förbättring av fysisk och psykisk hälsa. Som blivande specialistsjuksköteror med inriktning Vård av Äldre kan denna kunskap bidra till ett vårdande förhållningssätt, vilket innebär att stötta och hjälpa patienten med att öka sin livskvalitet.
Background: Nurses have for many years cared for multi-sick elderly people whom are suffering from long-term pain. The pain may appear as symptoms caused by inadequate treatment. This results in a gradual impairment of both physical and mental health of the multi-ill elderly. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate and gain more knowledge about how nurses perceive caring for multi-ill elderly people with long-term pain. Aim: The purpose is to describe how nurses experience caring for multi-sick elderly people with long-term pain. Method: The study has a qualitative inductive approach to elucidate nurses' experience, knowledge and attitude. Data was collected using three phases, eight nurses participated and contributed with their knowledge and experience. The data collected was analyzed by means of qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis of nurses' experiences resulted in three categories; see the entire person, pain relief, knowledge and competence. The categories were made up by seven subcategories. Conclusion: The importance of having knowledge of what individual adaptation means and having a structured adequate pain relief that helps to reduce the patient's suffering. It is important to achieve an increase in the patient's quality of life through improvement of physical and mental health. As future specialist nurses with a focus on Care for the Elderly, this knowledge can contribute to a way of working that is based on an attitude which means to support and help the patient to increase their quality of life.

La presente investigación busca determinar y explicar la percepción que el personal de laboratorio (patólogos clínicos y tecnólogos médicos) de tres hospitales de Lima tiene acerca de la calidad de los instructivos de pruebas diagnósticas traducidos del inglés al español. Para ello, se realizó un estudio de enfoque mixto (cuantitativo y cualitativo) con el fin de definir la opinión general de los usuarios de tales textos, así como las percepciones disonantes respecto a su experiencia con instructivos traducidos. Para lograrlo, se utilizaron encuestas basadas en la escala de Likert proporcionada que brinde información cuantitativa sobre cuatro variables adaptadas de los rasgos del lenguaje científico identificados por Navarro (Navarro, 2008): claridad, veracidad, precisión terminológica y función textual. Luego, se realizaron entrevistas para profundizar en las motivaciones de las respuestas obtenidas en las encuestas, explorar opiniones contradictorias e identificar estrategias que el personal desarrolla al encontrarse con elementos que consideren extraños en la versión traducida. Frente a estas situaciones, el personal de laboratorio desarrolla estrategias para poder corregir en la práctica los elementos que afecten la calidad de las traducciones. Los datos cualitativos dieron a conocer dos tipos de estrategias: individuales y sociales; el tipo de estrategia elegido se relaciona con el nivel de experiencia de los patólogos y tecnólogos. La experiencia demuestra ser un factor definitivo en el uso y evaluación de las traducciones. La investigación contribuye al reconocimiento del usuario final especializado como potencial evaluador de la calidad en el proceso de traducción y al retroalimentar la traducción como producto.
This research seeks to identify and explain the perception that medical laboratory professionals (clinical pathologists and medical technologists) of three Lima hospitals have concerning the quality of laboratory test's user manuals translated from English into Spanish. For this purpose, a study with a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative) was carried out to characterize the users' general opinion and the differing perceptions regarding their experience with translated user manuals. Surveys based on the 5-point balanced Likert scale provided quantitative information on four variables adapted from Navarro's characteristics of scientific language (Navarro, 2008): clarity, accuracy, terminological precision and textual function. Afterwards, interviews were held to delve into the rationale behind the survey’s answers, to explore conflicting opinions, and to identify strategies developed by the personnel when facing unfamiliar elements in the translation. In response, the laboratory professionals developed strategies to address the elements affecting translation quality during their practice. The qualitative data revealed two types of strategies: individual and social; the type chosen is related to the level of experience of pathologists and technologists. Experience proves to be a major factor in the use and evaluation of translations. This research contributes to the acknowledgement of specialized end users as potential quality evaluators during the translation process and by providing feedback on the translation product.
Trabajo de investigación

A carência de estudos descritivos sobre a linguagem especilizada da aviação dificulta a criação e o desenvolvimento de cursos de Inglês para Fins Específicos (doravante ESP) para essa área de conhecimento. O trabalho de pesquisa aqui apresentado busca suprir em parte tal carência, na medida em que, partindo do estudo de textos especializados, orundos de manuais de operações aeronáuticas, busca descrever as unidades especializadas poliléxicas nominais (doravante UEPNs). As UEPNs são muito freqüentes em textos especializados, e de fundamental importância para o entendimento das especificidades de seu conteúdo, uma vez que representam nodos conceituais de uma área de especialidade. A motivação para a escolha dessas unidades como objeto de estudo parte da percepção das dificuldades dos alunos de ESP em entender os conceitos representados pelas UEPNs e em identificar as unidades na tecitura do texto dos manuais. Neste estudo, portanto, as unidades são observadas em seu seu ambiente textual, e o texto é visto como um objeto de comunicação. O suporte teórico utilizado constitui-se em uma vinculação entre os estudos terminológicos com viés comunicativo, conforme apresentado pela Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (TCT) de Cabré (1999, 2003a, 2003b e 2005a), Cabré e Feliu (2001 e 2002), os estudos sobre as linguagens de especialidade, conforme Sager et al. (1980, 1993 e 2007), e a teoria funcionalista de Simon Dik (1989 e 1997). Embasamo-nos ainda nas análises de unidades terminológicas feitas por Estopá (1999), Café (1999 e 2003) e Faulstich (2003) e na descrição da linguagem dos manuais de aviação feita por Lerhberger (1982). O estudo utiliza como ferramenta de análise o Corpógrafo,1 um corpus de estudo da aviação previamente elaborado, e baseia-se em unidades extraídas dos textos de manuais em inglês e na identificação de seus padrões de predicação. A partir dessa descrição, são buscadas as regularidades entre as funções semântica e sintática dos componentes das UEPNs, e a forma como a terminologia é utilizada no seu contexto comunicativo profissional. Com a aplicação didática desses resultados, objetiva-se buscar meios de facilitar a interpretação das UEPNs pelos alunos de ESP para a aviação.
The lack of descriptive studies about the specialized language of aviation hampers the creation and development of courses of English for Specific Purposes (henceforth ESP) in this area of study. This research is an attempt to fulfill this need through the analysis of specialized texts in aeronautical operations manuals, by describing long specialized noun phrases (henceforth LSNP). Long specialized noun phrases are very common in specialized texts and also very important in order to understand specialized content, as they represent conceptual nodes of a specialized area. The reason for choosing these lexical items as the object of study is the ESP students´ difficulty to understand the concepts these noun phrases stand for, and to identify them in the organization of texts in manuals. Thus, in this study, these units are examined as integrated parts of a text environment, and the text is seen as an object of communication. This study is supported by theories of Terminology with a communicative perspective, according to the Communicative Theory of Terminology of Cabré (1999, 2003a, 2003b e 2005a), Cabré e Feliu (2001 e 2002), to the description specialized languages, (Sager et al., 1980, 1993 e 2007) and the functionalist theory of Simon Dik (1989 e 1997). We have also based our studies on the analyses of terminological units made by Estopá (1999), Café (1999 e 2003) and Faulsich (2003) and on the analyses of the language of aviation manuals made by Lerhberger (1982). The study uses the Corpógrafo2 as a tool for analysis, as well as an aviation corpus previously constructed. It is based on compounds extracted from texts of English aviation manuals and in the identification of their predicative patterns. From this description, the semantic and syntactic patterns of the LSNP components are searched, as well as the way the terminology is used in the professional communicative context. The application of the results obtained aims at finding ways to make it easier for aviation ESP students to interpret the LSNP.

Na presente pesquisa, empreende-se um estudo comparativo sobre o funcionamento de unidades de significação especializada (USE) formadas por um núcleo eventivo (NE) e um núcleo terminológico (NT) na área de gestão de resíduos, em textos escritos em língua alemã e portuguesa. Analisa-se o modo como essas unidades especializadas são retomadas ao longo do texto nessas duas línguas e quais conseqüências essas diferenças ou semelhanças trazem para o processo de tradução. A análise é efetuada a partir de um corpus comparável formado por textos em língua alemã e língua portuguesa extraídos de revistas especializadas e também de um corpus paralelo composto por textos nas duas direções tradutórias. Para a categorização das formas de retomada textual, são integrados aportes da Lingüística Textual e da Terminologia, mais especificamente abordagens sobre coesão e variação terminológica. No âmbito dos Estudos da Tradução, é proposta uma categorização das modalidades tradutórias que embasam a análise das escolhas feitas pelos tradutores. Verificaram-se algumas diferenças nos textos em relação aos mecanismos de retomada das unidades analisadas. Enquanto nos textos em língua alemã percebe-se uma tendência a usar a forma plena da unidade de significação especializada, nos textos em língua portuguesa evidencia-se uma preferência pela forma reduzida. Essas particularidades trazem conseqüências para a tradução, pois, conforme verificamos, as modalidades tradutórias não apresentam a mesma distribuição. Depois da substituição terminológica, que se mostrou a modalidade mais usada nas duas direções tradutórias, os textos traduzidos para o alemão empregam o acréscimo, enquanto, nos textos traduzidos para o português, há uma preferência pelo apagamento.
This study develops a comparative study about units with specialized meaning, in particular those composed of eventive and terminological nuclei in the field of waste management, in German and Portuguese. Our focus is on how such units are recalled all through the text in both languages and the consequences of differences or similarities in the translation process. Analysis was performed based on a comparable corpus, composed of texts in German and Portuguese from specialized periodicals, and on a parallel corpus composed of texts translated from German into Portuguese and from Portuguese into German. In order to classify how units are retaken, we relied on the literature about Text Linguistics and Terminology, especially in what concerns cohesion and terminological variation. As a contribution to the Translation Studies, we suggest a classification of translation modalities that are behind the translators' choices. There were some differences in texts as to how units are recalled (recalling mechanisms). While in texts written in German we realize a trend to use the full form of the unit with specialized meaning, in Portuguese there is a clear preference for the reduced form. Such particularities have consequences to translation, because, as evidenced through our analysis, translation modalities are not evenly distributed. After terminological replacement, which is the most frequent modality used in both translation directions, translated texts from Portuguese into German employ addition, while in the German-Portuguese direction, omission is preferred.

Este trabalho trata do uso dos verbos modais em manuais de aviação em inglês sob uma perspectiva da lingüística de corpus. O objetivo é gerar subsídios que permitam elaborar materiais didáticos que reflitam as estruturas lingüísticas como aparecem em seu contexto de uso. Parte-se da hipótese de que o uso dos verbos modais no corpus de estudo apresenta peculiaridades com relação à freqüência de ocorrência, estrutura sintática e sentidos. O corpus de estudo é composto de três manuais técnicos da aeronave BOEING 737, sendo dois manuais de operações destinados a pilotos e um manual de manutenção destinado a mecânicos. A pesquisa é realizada em três etapas. Na primeira etapa é realizado um contraste entre o corpus de estudo, um corpus de referência de inglês geral e um corpus de contraste composto de manuais de sistemas operacionais para computadores pessoais. Esse contraste visa a verificar as diferenças de ocorrências entre os verbos modais e as suas estruturas sintáticas. Depois, são realizadas comparações entre os três manuais que compõem o corpus de estudo também com relação às freqüências dos modais e suas estruturas sintáticas. Na terceira etapa são verificadas as colocações principais de cada VM no manual de manutenção e em um dos manuais de operações. Outro objetivo desta investigação é contrastar o manual de manutenção e um livro didático que tem por objetivo ensinar inglês técnico para mecânicos de aeronaves. Nesse sentido, é feita uma análise do livro no que tange os verbos modais e sugeridas algumas modificações. O trabalho reúne referenciais teóricos da Lingüística de Corpus, Lingüística das Linguagens Especializadas e Verbos Modais. Os resultados do trabalho mostram que há diferenças entre a presença dos modais nos três corpora pesquisados e principalmente entre os três manuais que compõe o corpus de estudo. O estudo mostra a importância de realizar pesquisas baseadas em corpus para revelar as peculiaridades de uma linguagem especializada e assim fornecer subsídios para a elaboração de material didático com propósitos específicos mais de acordo com as necessidades do público alvo.
This thesis is about the use of modal verbs in aviation manuals in the light of corpus linguistics. The goal is to gather subsides to enable the creation of classroom material which presents the linguistic structures as they appear in their natural context. The hypothesis is that the use of modal verbs in the corpus has peculiarities in terms of frequency, syntactic patterns, and meanings. The aviation corpus is composed of three manuals from the BOEING 737 aircraft: two operations manuals directed to pilots and one maintenance manual directed to mechanics. The research has been carried out in three stages. In the first stage, the aviation corpus is contrasted to a reference corpus and another specialized corpus composed of personal computer operational systems. Such contrast aims at verifying the differences in the number of modal tokens and their syntactic patterns. In the second stage, the three manuals that make up the aviation corpus are compared in terms of modal frequencies and their syntactic patterns. In the third stage, the main collocations of each modal are checked. This thesis also aims at contrasting the maintenance manual and a course book designed to teach aviation English to mechanics. Thus, an analysis of the modal verbs in the course book is carried out and changes to the book are suggested. This thesis brings together theoretical assumptions from Corpus Linguistics, the Linguistics of Specialized languages and Modal Verbs. The results point out that there are differences in the use of modal verbs in the three investigated corpora and mainly among the three manuals that compose the aviation corpus. This study shows the importance of corpus based research to reveal the peculiarities of a specialized language and, therefore, provide input to produce specific pedagogical material which better meets the needs of the target public.

This research explored the perception of the incorporation of ‘future-self’ for young people (YP) moving from specialist provision for children where the Local Authority have identified the provision as Moderate Learning Difficulties and additional needs, their parent/carers views, and the perspectives of professionals supporting their transition to mainstream further education. The ‘future-self’ approach had its basis in social cognitive theory, as the creation of imagined ‘future-selves’ is thought to influence an individual’s behaviour to aid them to work towards their aspired self (Baker, 2015; Markus & Nurius, 1986; Oysterman & James, 2011). Phase one used a case study methodology using semi-structured interviews to explore the YP and their parent/carer’s experience of transition planning having included the young person’s vision of their ‘future-self’, at aged 16. Materials were designed to aid their understanding using visual support. Phase two gained the views of YP using focus groups as they approach transition out of FE at aged 19 or older into continued training, employment, and on towards adulthood, in relation to inclusion of their vision of their ‘future-self’ in this preparation. This phase also explored the perceptions of the professionals for incorporating the young person’s view of their ‘future-self’ using semi-structured interviews. Interview transcripts were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six stage thematic analysis to identify themes in the data. Focus groups were thematically analysed using Ritchie and Spencer’s (1994) five stage analysis. A number of themes were found for the YP at both stages, the parents/carers and the professionals. Findings indicated that the YP are more involved in the transition planning and a range of methods are applied to prepare the YP however there are a number of barriers still limiting the options for the YP such as: lack of choice available, protectiveness of others, low aspirations, failure to explore holistic longer term outcomes, insufficient multi-agency involvement, overreliance on parents, and the need for more effective strategic planning and awareness of the systems around the YP. The findings from this research indicate that applying a ‘future-selves’ approach for YP as a method to generate future aspirations to motivate YP’s behaviour has been effective as a tool to add to existing transition preparations. This could act as a way to overcome the currently existing poorer long term outcomes for YP with this population. Based upon this small scale project, further investigation would be required to assess the benefit for a wider population.

This study is in the area of terminology activities in Zimbabwe and it analyses the term creation used in the following selected specialised terms dictionaries: Duramazwi Reurapi Neutano (Dictionary of Biomedical Terms), Duramazwi Remimhanzi (Dictionary of Shona Musical Terms), and Duramazwi Redudziramutauro NeUvaranomwe (Dictionary of Shona Linguistic and Literature Terms). The study specifically analyses and explores how terminographers together with health, music, language and literature specialists made use of their term creation skills and strategies in the creation of new specialised terms for the field of music, health and linguistics. In addition, this research takes into account the impact of factors such as culture, socio- economic, etymological purity, attitudes of the target users, language policy, as well as availability of resourceson term creation. Hence, term creation is an exercise that involves many aspects and interlinked factors. This research advances the argument that while some term creation strategies (compounding, coining and derivation) can be adequate and appropriate, however, at times; they are some which result in created terms that are rather cumbersome, vague, artificial, and difficult to master and remember. In addition, this study found out that some term creation strategies (semantic expansion and loan translations) are unproductive; that means they do not add any value on the Shona language vocabulary. Moreover, the borrowing term creation strategy was analysed on the basis of whether it is promoting and elevating the Shona language or is it undermining its value and vitality. This study emphasises the need for a collaborative approach to term creation, with terminologists, linguists, subject area specialists and target language users during the different phases of word formation processes for the collective ownership of the created term and their acceptability to the target users. This study highlights that, through good term creation strategies the Shona Language can significantly contribute to the promotion and development of Shona language in Zimbabwe. Overally, the research yields a substantial amount of information in the terminological formation processes as well as the identification of factors that can be used to improve term creation strategies in order to develop indigenous languages for use in all spheres of life.The major contribution of this study is the identification and highlighting of the major strength and weaknesses of term creation strategies as a way of developing indigenous languages. The useful findings in this study will benefit the indigenous language development and language policy planners and terminologists in Zimbabwe and other African languages in similar situations. The significant amount of information about term creation that was used in the analysis of term creation in the three dictionaries was solicited from questionnaires and interviews that were carried out with linguists, the specialised dictionary compilers, music students, medical students and high school students doing Shona language and literature subject in Zimbabwe. More information on the term creation was done through content analysis of the three specialised dictionaries and the present researcher’s own experiences as a former Shona high school teacher, linguist and above all as a Shona language speaker.
African Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Text in English
Abstracts in English, isiXhosa and Afrikaans
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, mandates the state to take practical and positive measures to elevate the status and the use of indigenous languages. The implementation of this pronouncement resulted in a growing demand for specialised translations in fields like technology, science, commerce, law and finance. The lack of terminology and resources such as specialised bilingual dictionaries in indigenous languages, particularly isiXhosa remains a growing concern that hinders the translation and the intellectualisation of isiXhosa. A growing number of African scholars affirm the importance of specialised dictionaries in the African languages as tools for language and terminology development so that African languages can be used in the areas of science and technology. In the light of the background above, this study explored how parallel corpora can be interrogated using a bilingual concordancer, ParaConc to extract bilingual terminology that can be used to create specialised bilingual dictionaries. A corpus-based approach was selected due to its speed, efficiency and accuracy in extracting bilingual terms in their immediate contexts. In enhancing the research outcomes, Descriptive Translations Studies (DTS) and Corpus-based translation studies (CTS) were used in a complementary manner. Because the study is interdisciplinary, the function theories of lexicography that emphasise the function and needs of users were also applied. The analysis and extraction of bilingual terminology for dictionary making was successful through the use of the following ParaConc features, namely frequencies, hot word lists, hot words, search facility and concordances (Key Word in Context), among others. The findings revealed that English-isiXhosa Parallel Corpus is a repository of translation equivalents and other information categories that can make specialised dictionaries more user-friendly and multifunctional. The frequency lists were revealed as an effective method of selecting headwords for inclusion in a dictionary. The results also unraveled the complex functions of bilingual concordances where information on collocations and multiword units, sense distinction and usage examples could be easily identifiable proving that this approach is more efficient than the traditional method. The study contributes to the knowledge on corpus-based lexicography, standardisation of finance terminology resource development and making of user-friendly dictionaries that are tailor-made for different needs of users.
Umgaqo-siseko weli loMzantsi Afrika ukhululele uRhulumente ukuba athabathe amanyathelo abonakalayo ekuphuhliseni nasekuphuculeni iilwimi zesiNtu. Esi sindululo sibangele ukwanda kokuguqulelwa kwamaxwebhu angezobuchwepheshe, inzululwazi, umthetho, ezemali noqoqosho angesiNgesi eguqulelwa kwiilwimi ebezifudula zingasiwe-so ezinjengesiXhosa. Ukunqongophala kwesigama kunye nezichazi-magama kube yingxaki enkulu ekuguquleleni ngakumbi izichazi-magama ezilwimi-mbini eziqulethe isigama esikhethekileyo. Iingcali ezininzi ziyangqinelana ukuba olu hlobo lwezi zichazi-magama luyimfuneko kuba ludlala iindima enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kweelwimi zesiNtu, ekuyileni isigama, nasekusetyenzisweni kwazo kumabakala obunzululwazi nobuchwepheshe. Olu phando ke luvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwekhophasi equlethe amaxwebhu esiNgesi neenguqulelo zawo zesiXhosa njengovimba wokudimbaza isigama sezemali esinokunceda ekuqulunqweni kwesichazi-magama esilwimi-mbini. Isizathu esibangele ukukhetha le ndlela yophando esebenzisa ikhompyutha kukuba iyakhawuleza, ulwazi oluthathwe kwikhophasi luchanekile, yaye isigama kwikhophasi singqamana ngqo nomxholo wamaxwebhu nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukufumana iintsingiselo nemizekelo ephilayo. Ukutyebisa olu phando indlela yekhophasi iye yaxhaswa zezinye iindlela zophando ezityunjiweyo: ufundo lwenguguqulelo oluchazayo (DTS) kunye neendlela zokuguqulela ezijoliswe kumsebenzi nakuhlobo lwabasebenzisi zinguqulelo ezo. Kanti ke ziqwalaselwe neenkqubo zophando lobhalo-zichazi-magama eziinjongo zokuqulunqa izichazi-magama ezesebenzisekayo neziluncedo kuninzi lwabasebenzisi zichazi-magama ngakumbi kwisizwe esisebenzisa iilwimi ezininzi. Ukuhlalutya nokudimbaza isigama kwikhophasi kolu phando kusetyenziswe isixhobo sekhompyutha esilungiselelwe ikhophasi enelwiimi ezimbini nangaphezulu ebizwa ngokuba yiParaConc. Iziphumo zolu phando zibonise mhlophe ukuba ikhophasi eneenguqulelo nguvimba weendidi ngendidi zamagama nolwazi olunokuphucula izichazi-magama zeli xesha. Kaloku abaguquleli basebenzise amaqhinga ngamaqhinga ukunika iinguqulelo bekhokelwa yimigomo nemithetho yoguqulelo enxuse abasebenzisi bamaxwebhu aguqulelweyo. Ubuchule beParaConc bokukwazi ukuhlela amagama ngokwendlela afumaneka ngayo kunye neenkcukacha zamanani budandalazise indlela eyiyo yokukhetha imichazwa enokungena kwisichazi-magama. Iziphumo zikwabonakalise iintlaninge yolwazi olufumaneka kwiKWIC, lwazi olo olungelula ukulufumana xa usebenzisa undlela-ndala wokwakha isichazi-magama. Esi sifundo esihlanganyele uGuqulelo olusekelwe kwiKhophasi noQulunqo-zichazi-magama zobuchwepheshe luya kuba negalelo elingathethekiyo kwindlela yokwakha izichazi-magama kwilwiimi zeSintu ngokubanzi nancakasana kwisiXhosa, nto leyo eya kothula umthwalo kubaqulunqi-zichazi-magama. Ukwakha nokuqulunqa izichazi-magama ezilwimi-mbini zezemali kuya kwandisa imithombo yesigama esinqongopheleyo kananjalo sivelise izichazi-magama eziluncedo kwisininzi sabantu.
Die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Wet 108 van 1996, gee aan die staat die mandaat om praktiese en positiewe maatreëls te tref om die status en gebruik van inheemse tale te verhoog. Die implementering van hierdie uitspraak het gelei tot ’n toenemende vraag na gespesialiseerde vertalings in domeine soos tegnologie, wetenskap, handel, regte en finansies. Die gebrek aan terminologie en hulpbronne soos gespesialiseerde woordeboeke in inheemse tale, veral Xhosa, wek toenemende kommer wat die vertaling en die intellektualisering van Xhosa belemmer. ’n Toenemende aantal vakkundiges in Afrika beklemtoon die belangrikheid van gespesialiseerde woordeboeke in die Afrikatale as instrumente vir taal- en terminologie-ontwikkeling sodat Afrikatale gebruik kan word in die areas van wetenskap en tegnologie. In die lig van die voorafgaande agtergrond het hierdie studie ondersoek ingestel na hoe parallelle korpora deursoek kan word deur ’n tweetalige konkordanser (ParaConc) te gebruik om tweetalige terminologie te ontgin wat gebruik kan word in die onwikkeling van tweetalige gespesialiseerde woordeboeke. ’n Korpusgebaseerde benadering is gekies vir die spoed, doeltreffendheid en akkuraatheid waarmee dit tweetalige terme uit hulle onmiddellike kontekste kan onttrek. Beskrywende Vertaalstudies (DTS) en Korpusgebaseerde Vertaalstudies (CTS) is op ’n aanvullende wyse gebruik om die navorsingsuitkomste te verbeter. Aangesien die studie interdissiplinêr is, is die funksieteorieë van leksikografie wat die funksie en behoeftes van gebruikers beklemtoon, ook toegepas. Die analise en ontginning van tweetalige terminologie om woordeboeke te ontwikkel was suksesvol deur, onder andere, gebruik te maak van die volgende ParaConc-eienskappe, naamlik, frekwensies, hotword-lyste, hot words, die soekfunksie en konkordansies (Sleutelwoord-in-Konteks). Die bevindings toon dat ’n Engels-Xhosa Parallelle Korpus ’n bron van vertaalekwivalente en ander inligtingskategorieë is wat gespesialiseerde woordeboeke meer gebruikersvriendelik en multifunksioneel kan maak. Die frekwensielyste is geïdentifiseer as ’n doeltreffende metode om hoofwoorde te selekteer wat opgeneem kan word in ’n woordeboek. Die bevindings het ook die komplekse funksies van tweetalige konkordansers ontknoop waar inligting oor kollokasies en veelvuldigewoord-eenhede, betekenisonderskeiding en gebruiksvoorbeelde maklik identifiseer kon word wat aandui dat hierdie metode viii doeltreffender is as die tradisionele metode. Die studie dra by tot die kennisveld van korpusgebaseerde leksikografie, standaardisering van finansiële terminologie, hulpbronontwikkeling en die ontwikkeling van gebruikersvriendelike woordeboeke wat doelgemaak is vir verskillende behoeftes van gebruikers.
Linguistics and Modern Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics (Translation Studies))

The purpose of this dissertation is to study which inventors benefit from working in teams, taking into consideration their level of specialization and their past experience. To answer the research question, it was analyzed inventors’ data collected from EPO-PastSat database from 1979 until 1999. The results show that, consistent to previous research, teams produce better inventions than lone inventors. Moreover, specialist inventors benefit from collaboration more than generalists, but only if the team have a significant number of coinventors. Lastly, the positive impact on invention quality is more relevant for experienced inventors.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2009.
Title from title screen (site viewed January 12, 2010). PDF text: v, 101 p. ; 1.58 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3365739. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
體育學系
100
The study was aimed to understand the attitude of athletic directors in Kaohsiung municipal elementary schools toward athletic teams' students attending junior high school specialized sport education programs and to explore the differences among various background variables by questionnaires investigation. The questionnaires of “the Kaohsiung athletic directors’ attitude toward athletic teams’ students attending junior high school specialized sport education programs” was used to collect data, and descriptive statistics, Hotelling Trace, and one-way MANOVA were adopted to analyze data. The main finding was as following: 1. The attitude of athletic directors in Kaohsiung municipal elementary school toward athletic teams’ students attending junior high school specialized sport education programs was positive; the degree of agreement was highest in cognitive aspect, second in affective aspect, and lowest in behavioral tendency. 2. No differences among the background variables of gender, age, the highest educational background, service period, school scale, and the provision of specialized education programs, while obvious differences was found in the professional background and serving as a coach in school or not in behavioral tendency. But none of any differences was found in cognitive and affective aspects. According to the findings above, this study offered the following suggestions for the reference to educational administration authority, schools administration and future studies.

碩士
輔仁大學
跨專業長期照護碩士學位學程在職專班
108
Introduction: Diabetes is prevalent in many countries and its costs of medical care are increasing. The proportion of diabetes is higher in psychiatric patients than that of general population, and the difficulties of treatment also raises significantly. Purpose: Most studies about integrated diabetes care were focused on non-psychiatric patients. Our study will analyze the glycemic change in chronic psychiatric patients with type 2 diabetes in a psychiatric center, after a full-time specialist of endocrinology and metabolism participated in the long-term-care team and directly involved in the integrated care. Methods: Our retrospective study included 56 resident patients in the chronic psychiatric wards. The specialist of endocrinology and metabolism was engaged in the integrated care team since January 2018. We first used paired-t test to analyze the glycemic change between 2016 and 2017 before our interventional care, and then analyze the glycemic change between 2017 and 2018 after our interventional care. Results: The results showed that this care model has positive impacts on the patient's eating habits and activity habits. Chi-square test analysis showed significant relationship between the improvement of eating habits and average glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level (X2=4.487, p=0.034), and also between the improvement of activity habits and average HbA1c level (X2=11.864, p=0.001). The average HbA1c and fasting blood glucose (AC) of all patients were both significantly improved (p<0.05). For female patients, the average HbA1c and AC were both improved, but there was no significant change noted (p>0.05). For male patients, the average HbA1c was significantly improved, but there was no significant change found in average AC (P>0.05). Conclusion: To our best knowledge, this is the first study of diabetes care based on a full-time specialist of endocrinology and metabolism, who was directly involved in the long-term care team in a psychiatric center. The results showed that this care model has positive impacts on the patient's eating habits and activity habits. The average HbA1c and AC were both significantly improved after our intervention. This study not only provides a positive and feasible approach to medical systems of long-term care, but also setup a health promotion measure that deserves attention and should be actively implemented and promoted.

The dissertation analyzes the personnel management system in healthcare facilities with after-care and long-term care in the Czech Republic, focusing on the implementation of certain personnel activities. The main focus is on the characteristics of health facilities and the subsequent long-term care in the Czech Republic, staffing and elements that influence the work of personnel in such organizations. The individual personnel activities in healthcare facilities with after-care and long-term care in the Czech Republic are put into a structure. The thesis includes a qualitative research survey of the level of personnel management in healthcare facilities with after-care and long-term care in the Czech Republic established by both public and private sector, having different legal structures. The research survey focuses on learning about the form of personnel management in healthcare facilities with after-care and long-term care in the Czech Republic, it tracks personnel management as a complex system of partial personnel activities.

Dissertação de mestrado em Enfermagem
Introdução: Numa sociedade envelhecida caraterizada pelo aumento de doenças crónicas incapacitantes e co-morbilidades o conceito de conforto e mais concretamente o cuidado confortador assumem especial relevância. O enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem de reabilitação (EEER), enquanto cuidador especializado de uma área do conhecimento em saúde, na sua ação profissional, toma decisões de grande complexidade procurando dar respostas às necessidades das pessoas que requerem intervenções de natureza técnica/instrumental diferenciadas, mas, também, necessidades centradas na valorização dos aspetos emocionais, psicológicos e espirituais da pessoa e da família, tendo em conta os seus valores, vontade, desejos de natureza individual e a manutenção da sua máxima funcionalidade e autonomia. Objetivos: descrever o significado atribuído pelos EEER ao cuidado confortador; identificar as intervenções associadas ao cuidado confortador implementadas pelos EEER; e comparar as intervenções implementadas pelos EEER em contexto de Unidades de Cuidados Paliativos (UCP) e Unidades de Longa Duração e Manutenção (ULDM). Metodologia: abordagem qualitativa com recurso a entrevistas semiestruturadas com a participação de 12 EEER. A análise de conteúdo efetuou-se utilizando a metodologia de Bardin. Foram atendidos os princípios éticos para a realização de estudos científicos. Resultados: apuradas duas categorias: Significado do cuidado confortador e Intervenções associadas ao cuidado confortador implementadas pelo EEER. Os EEER têm presente o conceito de cuidado confortador na tomada de decisão sobre os cuidados a implementar e executam as intervenções de enfermagem orientados pelo quadro de referência da profissão. As intervenções prioritárias são: o alivio, o conforto físico e psicoespiritual, a melhoria da qualidade de vida e do bem-estar e a melhoria do conforto. Quando se compara as intervenções implementadas pelos EEER nos dois contextos, fica a perceção que o “rótulo” colocado às UCP, associado à proximidade da morte e ao doente oncológico, influencia o significado atribuído ao cuidar pelos EEER e a sua intencionalidade na assistência. Conclusão: admite-se que os EEER, pelas competências que detêm, prestam cuidados diferenciados tendo como intencionalidade a promoção do conforto, cuidando da pessoa com humanidade e dignidade. Priorizam as suas intervenções de acordo com a vontade e o desejo da pessoa e da família. Há diferenças entre os EEER nas UCP e ULDM quanto ao significado atribuído ao cuidado confortador e às intervenções implementadas.
Introduction: In an aging society characterized by the increase of disabling chronic diseases and comorbidities, the concept of comfort and, more concretely, comforting care assume special relevance. The nurse specialist in rehabilitation nursing, a specialized caregiver of a health knowledge area, in her professional action, makes decisions of great complexity in order to respond to the needs of those who require differentiated technical / instrumental interventions. , also, needs centered in the valuation of the emotional, psychological and spiritual aspects of the person and the family, taking into account their values, will, desires of individual nature and the maintenance of its maximum functionality and autonomy. Objectives: to describe the meaning attributed by nurse specialist in rehabilitation nursing to comforting care; to identify the interventions associated with the comfort care implemented by nurse specialist in rehabilitation nursing; and to compare the interventions implemented by the nurse specialist in rehabilitation nursing in the context of Palliative Care Units and Long-Term Care Units. Methodology: qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews with the participation of 12 nurse specialist in rehabilitation nursing. Content analysis was performed using the Bardin methodology. The ethical principles for scientific studies were met. Results: two categories were identified: Meaning of comfort care and Interventions associated with comfort care implemented by nurse specialist in rehabilitation nursing. They are aware of the concept of comforting care in decision-making on the care to be implemented and perform the nursing interventions guided by the professional framework. Priority interventions are: relief, physical and psycho-spiritual comfort, improved quality of life and well-being, and improved comfort. When comparing the interventions implemented by EEERs in the two contexts, it is perceived that the "label" placed on the Palliative Care Units, associated with the proximity of death and the oncological patient, influences the meaning attributed to nurse specialist in rehabilitation nursing care and its intentionality in care. Conclusion: it is accepted that the nurse specialist in rehabilitation nursing, by the competences they possess, provide differentiated care with intentionality as the promotion of comfort, taking care of the person with humanity and dignity. They prioritize their interventions according to the will and desire of the person and the family. There are differences between the nurse specialist in rehabilitation nursing in the Palliative Care Units and Long-Term Care Units as to the meaning attributed to the comforting care and the interventions implemented.

Plusieurs études ont montré que la collaboration interprofessionnelle (CIP) produit des retombées positives pour les usagers, les professionnels de la santé et les organisations de soins. Cependant, les chercheurs estiment que son adoption dans les organisations et les services de santé est insuffisante. Cette situation conduit à des conflits souvent nuisibles entre les professionnels, à des erreurs médicales, à une augmentation des coûts de soins de santé et à des taux de mortalité élevés. Il existe un besoin de recherche pour identifier les variables associées à la CIP, particulièrement dans le domaine de la santé mentale (SM). La présente thèse vise à combler les lacunes susmentionnées et à permettre d’approfondir les connaissances que nous avons à l’heure actuelle sur la CIP. Trois cent quinze (315) professionnels œuvrant dans les équipes interdisciplinaires de soins primaires (N=101) et spécialisés (N=214) de SM, localisées dans quatre réseaux locaux de services (RLS) du Québec, ont participé à l’étude. Plusieurs variables reconnues comme étant fortement associées à la CIP dans la littérature scientifique du domaine de la santé ont été prises en compte et catégorisées dans un cadre conceptuel inspiré du modèle de Bronstein (2003). Trois objectifs spécifiques ont été fixés, et chacun a fait l’objet d’un article scientifique. Le premier article visait à identifier les variables associées à la CIP dans les équipes interdisciplinaires de SM implantées dans les RLS. Des analyses de régression linéaire ont été effectuées. Cinq variables liées aux caractéristiques interpersonnelles (l’engagement affectif envers l'équipe, le climat d'équipe, l’autonomie de l'équipe, le partage et l’intégration des connaissances), une variable liée au rôle professionnel (l’identification multifocale) et une autre liée aux caractéristiques personnelles (l’âge) étaient associées à la CIP. Le deuxième article visait à identifier les profils de professionnels de la SM selon leurs perceptions de la CIP ainsi que les variables associées pouvant les différencier. À l'aide de l’analyse typologique, quatre profils de professionnels en SM ont été identifiés. Deux profils présentaient un niveau élevé de perception de la CIP, un profil présentait un niveau moyen et un autre présentait un niveau faible. Le support organisationnel, la participation à la prise de décisions, la confiance mutuelle, l’engagement affectif envers l’équipe, les croyances aux bénéfices de la collaboration interdisciplinaire, le partage et l’intégration des connaissances étaient associés aux profils ayant des scores élevés de la CIP. Enfin, le troisième article a porté sur la comparaison des variables associées à la CIP selon le contexte de soins, à savoir : les soins primaires de SM (SP-SM) et les services spécialisés. Deux modèles de régression multivariée ont été réalisés, et ont permis d’identifier les variables significativement associées à chacun des contextes. Il s’agit du partage des connaissances pour les équipes de SP-SM, du soutien organisationnel et de l’âge pour les services spécialisés. Au regard de ce qui précède, des recommandations ont été formulées à l’intention des gestionnaires des services de SM, aux CSSS et organisations de soins.
Studies have shown that interprofessional collaboration (IPC) has a positive impact on service users, health professionals and healthcare organizations. However, researchers believe that the adoption of IPC in organizations and health services is insufficient, leading to conflict among professionals, medical errors, increased costs of care and higher mortality rates. While IPC has emerged over the past several years as a best practice, research is needed to identify variables associated with IPC, particularly in mental health (MH) which has received relatively little attention. The present thesis aims to fill these gaps and to deepen the present state of knowledge about IPC, particularly in the MH field. Three hundred and fifteen (315) MH professionals working in interdisciplinary primary care teams (N = 101) and specialized MH teams (N = 214) located in four Quebec local service networks (RLS) participated in the study. Many of the variables recognized as strongly associated with IPC in the health sciences literature, were integrated and categorized within a conceptual framework inspired by the Bronstein model (2003). Three specific study objectives were established, with each one the subject of a scientific article. The first article aimed to identify variables associated with IPC in interdisciplinary MH teams. Linear regression analyzes were performed. Five variables related to interpersonal characteristics (emotional commitment to the team, team climate, team autonomy, knowledge sharing and integration), one variable related to professional role (identification multifocal) and another related to personal characteristics (age) were associated with IPC. The second article aimed to identify profiles of MH professionals according to their perception of IPC as well as other distinguishing variables. Using Cluster Analysis, four profiles of MH professionals were identified. Two profiles had high levels of IPC, one profile an average level, and the other profile a low level of IPC. Organizational support, participation in decision-making, mutual trust, emotional commitment to the team, belief in the benefits of IPC, knowledge sharing, and knowledge integration were associated with the profiles that revealed high IPC scores. By contrast, team conflicts were associated with the profile of MH professionals with the lowest IPC score. Finally, the third article focused on a comparison of IPC-related variables by care settings: primary health care (PHC) and specialized MH care. These two contexts of care differ in terms of their activities, clients served, the actors involved in care episodes of care and the roles of team members. Two multivariate regression models were performed, identifying the following variables as significantly associated with each of the care settings: knowledge sharing for PHC teams, and organizational support and age for specialized MH teams. Considering the above, recommendations have been made to managers, health and social service centers and care organizations for promoting IPC in interdisciplinary MH teams.

As a social worker practising in long-term residential care for people living with dementia, I am alarmed by discourses in the media and health policy that construct persons living with dementia and their health care needs as a threatening “rising tide” or crisis. I am particularly concerned about the material effects such dominant discourses, and the values they uphold, might have on the collective provision of care and support for our elderly citizens in the present neoliberal economic and political context of health care. To better understand how dominant discourses about dementia work at this time when Canada’s population is aging and the number of persons living with dementia is anticipated to increase, I have rooted my thesis in poststructural methodology. My research method is a discourse analysis, which draws on Foucault’s archaeological and genealogical concepts, to examine two contemporary health policy documents related to dementia care – one national and one provincial. I also incorporate some poetic representation – or found poetry – to write up my findings. While deconstructing and disrupting taken for granted dominant crisis discourses on dementia in health policy, my research also makes space for alternative constructions to support discursive and health policy possibilities in solidarity with persons living with dementia so that they may thrive.
Graduate
0452
0680
0351
macsuz@shaw.ca