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Quint, Julien. "Spécification et réalisation d'un formalisme générique pour la segmentation multiple de documents textuels multilingues." Grenoble 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE10243.
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Le problème de la segmentation en mots, ou itémisation, est souvent considéré comme trivial grâce à la présence de séparateurs dans l'écriture. L'essor de l'Internet et surtout du Web a rendu disponibles des millions de documents dans une multitude de langues et généré un intérêt pour les applications multilingues, qui ont rapidement montré les limites des approches simplistes en vigueur jusqu'à présent. L'étude, d'une part, des systèmes d'analyse morphologiques (en particulier les formalismes fondés sur les états finis), et d'autre part, des applications spécialisées pour l'itémisation dans différentes langues réputées difficiles (japonais, chinois, thaï) mène à des observations contrastées. La notion même de mot, et donc le processus d'itémisation, varie grandement d'une langue à l'autre ; et s'il n'existe pas de méthode générique, surtout en l'absence de séparateurs entre les mots, des approches similaires sont employées par différents systèmes pour différentes langues. On propose de se placer au dessus de l'itémisation et de parler de segmentation de texte en général. On introduit un langage spécialisé pour la segmentation nommé Sumo (Segmentation Universelle Multiple par Ordinateur) dont la principale caractéristique est d'offrir une séparation claire entre le processus de segmentation et la ou les langues considérées. On a donc d'une part une structure de donnée dédiée, qui représente un document simultanément à différents niveaux de segmentation (en mots, en phrases, etc. ) À chaque niveau correspond un graphe d'items, les unités de segmentation à ce niveau. Cette structure à étages est fondée sur les automates d'états finis pondérés. D'autre part, on définit une algèbre pour la manipulation de ces structures, comme il en existe une pour la manipulation d'automates d'états finis. En plus de cette algèbre, on dispose également d'un langage de contrôle permettant de construire des applications de segmentation sophistiquées. Un prototype expérimental de calcul à états finis pondéré réalisé en Perl est présenté, et la réalisation d'un système complet, efficace et robuste est discuté. Les applications actuelles et potentielles de Sumo sont présentées, ainsi que les perspectives de développements à venir<br>The issue of word segmentation, or tokenization, is often treated as a trivial matter because of the use of separators in writing. The rise of the Internet and the Web led to the availability of millions of documents in countless languages, which in turn led to a renewed interest for mutlingual applications. These applications rapidly showed the limitations of the simplistic approaches in use until now. Studying morphological analyzers (especially the ones based on finite-state technology) on the one hand, and specific tokenization applications for “hard” languages (Chinese, Japanese or Thai) on the other hand yields contrasted observations. The very notion of word, and in turn of tokenization, varies widely from one language to the other; and if there is no universal method, especially when there are no written separators, similar approaches are used by different systems for different languages. A proposal is made to consider any kind of text segmentation, rather than tokenization. A specialized language for segmentation is introduced, named Sumo. Its main feature is to offer a clear distinction between the segmentation process and the considered language(s). Sumo defines a dedicated data structure based on weighted finite-state automata, as well as a set of operations on this structure similar to finite- state calculus. Programming sophisticated segmentation applications is done using a specialized control language. An experimental prototype for weighted finite-state calculus has been implemented in Perl, and the implementation of a full, efficient and robust system is discussed. Current and potential applications of Sumo are discussed, as well as future work on the formalism
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Botsis, Rachel. "Spatial languages in IsiXhosa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22965.
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This thesis investigates some aspects of spatial language of isiXhosa. It identifies the elements of isiXhosa used in the spatial domain and analyses their use and distribution across the language. Six isiXhosa-speaking language consultants were interviewed, all males between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two years. They have all grown up in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa and are currently attending tertiary institutions within the Western Cape. The methodological framework adopted for this research was developed by the 'Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics' (MPI) in Nijmegen, Netherlands. Their research tools "Man & Tree" and "Space Games" were employed to gather the language data on spatial language of isiXhosa. A particular focus in this study was placed on investigating the underlying spatial models employed in the deictic axis, i.e. the face to face model or the single file model. The data reveals that both models seem to be employed by the young male isiXhosa-speakers of the study. Furthermore, the thesis also analyses what frames of reference these particular isiXhosa speakers utilize. The survey revealed variation in the use of models among these young speakers. This variation can be explained as language contact phenomena since all language consultants are in an English speaking environment at least for several years.
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Fernando, Tim. "Temporal propositions as regular languages." Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2719/.
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Temporal propositions are mapped to sets of strings that witness (in a precise sense) the propositions over discrete linear Kripke frames. The strings are collected into regular languages to ensure the decidability of entailments given by inclusions between languages. (Various notions of bounded entailment are shown to be expressible as language inclusions.) The languages unwind computations implicit in the logical (and temporal) connectives via a system of finite-state constraints adapted from finite-state morphology. Applications to Hybrid Logic and non-monotonic inertial reasoning are briefly considered.
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Trim, Richard Peter. "Drug metaphors in European languages." Thesis, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338705.
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Maciá, Fábrega Josep. "Natural language and formal languages." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10348.
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Lomashvili, Leila. "Morphosyntax of complex predicates in South Caucasian languages." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193878.
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The dissertation explores the morphosyntax of complex predicate constructions (causatives and applicatives) in polysynthetic languages of South Caucasus Georgian, Mingrelian and Svan appealing to the tenets of Distributed Morphology within the Minimalist Program. It shows that the interface between syntax-semantics and morphology of these constructions is not always transparent and mismatches between these components are accounted for by post-syntactic processes, which often result from language-specific constraints on the realization of morphemes per word.
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Knooihuizen, Remco Mathijs. "Minority languages between reformation and revolution." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3289.
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In this thesis, I intend to further our knowledge of the sociolinguistics of Early Modern minority languages. Social and political developments in North-Western Europe in the 16th to 18th centuries caused an emancipation of vernacular languages, which took over from Latin as the main language in official domains. The sociolinguistics of this change are well known (e.g. Burke 2004); the fate of languages that did not make it to this new status, emerging ‘minority languages’, remains under-researched. Chapter 2 introduces some of the terminology used in this study. I discuss four categories of research methods into minority language shift and how they are applicable to research on historical situations, which often suffers from ‘bad data’. I then present a model of ethnolinguistic vitality that I use to survey the socio-historical backgrounds of several minority language groups in Chapter 3. Chapter 3 begins with a brief presentation of minority language groups from the Early Modern period. I choose three language groups to focus on in more depth: speakers of Norn in Shetland, of Flemish in Northern France, and of Sorbian in Germany. A survey of these three cases, with the initial wider presentation, identifies three recurring issues that are the focus of the subsequent chapters. The first of these is the influence of demographic change (Chapter 4). In the formation of nation-states in this period, many speakers of the majority language migrate to peripheral minority-language areas. I present two historical-demographic studies showing the integration of immigrants into the local community through intermarriage, based on 17th-century population registers from Shetland and Dunkirk (France). Both show a large amount of intermarriage, despite a bias towards in-group marriage. Intermarriage brings the majority language into the minority-language home; the strength of the bias against intermarriage is likely to be a factor in the rate of shift, one of the main differences between Shetland and Dunkirk. Language policies are the topic of Chapter 5. They are an important part of minority language studies in the present day, particularly with regard to language maintenance. I survey the language legislation that existed in Shetland, French Flanders, and Lusatia, its purpose and implementation, and its effects on language shift. Purpose and implementation of language policies were limited, and its effect on minority language communities therefore only secondary. Chapter 6 is about target varieties in language shift. The question of whether language shift happened through education in a standard variety or through contacts with majoritylanguage speakers from nearby areas can be answered by looking at the new majoritylanguage dialect in the minority area. I undertake two different studies in this context. The first is an analysis of Shetland Scots using theories of dialect contact. The dialect has a number of ‘standardised’ features, but I argue these are mainly due to koinéisation of various dialects of Scots immigrants to Shetland and a second-language variety of Scots spoken by the local population. The second is a study of the French dialect of French Flanders using computational methods of data comparison on data taken from dialect atlases. This dialect shares features with neighbouring Picard dialects, but we can also identify Standard French features. This pattern correlates with what we know of migration to the area (Chapter 4). Both new dialects suggest the shifting population acquired the majority language mainly through contacts with majority-language speakers in their direct environment. In conclusion, I show that language shift in the Early Modern period was an organic process, where the inception, the rate, and the result of shift were steered by the minority population’s social networks. The influence of institutions often blamed for language shift in modern situations – educational and language policies – was very restricted. In addition, I show that methods used in modern sociolinguistics can be successfully applied to historical situations, despite the bad data problem. This opens the door for more extensive research into the area.
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Du, Plessis Menán. "A unity hypothesis for the southern African Khoesan languages." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11852.
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Includes abstract.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 357-373).<br>The study demonstrates for the first time the probable genetic unity of the KHOE, JU and UJ -T AA groups of southern African Khoesan, by means of the first full-scale application of a conventional comparative approach. It is shown in the first stage that there are repeated cross-SAK resemblances in the morphology of those verbs most frequently enlisted for grammatical purposes in the context of multi-verb constructions; and that these languages furthermore display multiple similarities 'horizontally' across their specifier systems. where the resemblances are often also visible 'vertically', i.e. down the lists of possible exponents. These structural affinities are sufficiently thoroughgoing to warrant a working surmise that the SAK languages might be genetically related. In the second stage, cross-SAK comparative material from various sources is presented in the form of arrays. The tabulations reveal a range of repeating alternations involving the basic positional click types, with some associated patternings of the possible click 'accompaniments'. The fact that the alternations are iterated and do not necessarily involve identities makes it more likely, when combined with the weight of the structural evidence, that the items in the comparative series are inherited than borrowed.
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Sundberg, Cerrato Loredana. "Investigating Communicative Feedback Phenomena across Languages and Modalities." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tal, musik och hörsel, TMH, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4362.
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This thesis deals with human communicative behaviour related to feedback, analysed across languages (Italian and Swedish), modalities (auditory versus visual) and different communicative situations (human-human versus human-machine dialogues). The aim of this study is to give more insight into how humans use communicative behaviour related to feedback and at the same time to suggest a method to collect valuable data that can be useful to control facial and head movements related to visual feedback in synthetic conversational agents. The study of human communicative behaviour necessitates the good quality of the materials under analysis, the support of reliable software packages for the audio-visual analysis and a specific coding scheme for the annotation of the phenomena under observation. The materials used for the investigations presented in this thesis span from spontaneous conversations video recorded in real communicative situations, and semi-spontaneous dialogues obtained with different eliciting techniques, such as map-task and information-seeking scenarios, to a specific corpus of controlled interactive speech collected by means of a motion capture system. When motion caption is used it is possible to register facial and head movements with a high degree of precision, so as to obtain valuable data useful for the implementation of facial displays in talking heads. A specific coding scheme has been developed, tested and used to annotate feedback. The annotation has been carried out with the support of different available software packages for audio-visual analysis. The procedure followed in this thesis involves initial analyses of communicative phenomena in spontaneous human-human dialogues and human-machine interaction, in order to learn about regularities in human communicative behaviour that could be transferred to talking heads, then, for the sake of reproduction in talking heads, the investigation includes more detailed analyses of data collected in a lab environment with a novel acquisition set-up that allows capturing the dynamics of facial and head movements. Finally the possibilities of transferring human communicative behaviour to a talking face are discussed and some evaluation paradigms are illustrated. The idea of reproducing human behaviour in talking heads is based on the assumption that the reproduction of facial displays related to communicative phenomena such as turn management, feedback production and expression of emotions in embodied conversational agents, might result in the design of advanced systems capable of effective multi-modal interactions with humans.<br>QC 20100819
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Mathur, Gaurav 1972. "The morphology-phonology interface in signed languages." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8843.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2000.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-202).<br>This thesis provides a novel way of looking at verb agreement in signed languages by using an interaction of several processes within the Distributed Morphology framework. At the center of the model is a phonological re-adjustment rule, ALIGN-Sphere, which handles various forms of agreement, including orientation change, path movement, hand order, and/ or a combination of these. Further evidence is taken from cross-linguistic data from American Sign Language, German Sign Language, Australian Sign Language, and Japanese Sign Language, as well as from interaction with several other morphemes. An Optimality-Theoretic analysis is sketched in which the output of the ALIGN-Sphere process is filtered by various phonetic constraints and may be replaced by an alternative form that does not otherwise violate phonetic constraints. The model outlined above leads to a new typology of signs: first there are spatial verbs, followed by plain verbs which do not have two animate arguments, followed by aligning verbs which by definition have two animate arguments. These aligning verbs contain a subset of verbs that are in theory capable of undergoing ALIGN-Sphere without violating phonetic constraints. This subset in turn contains another subset of verbs that are listed as actually undergoing ALIGN-Sphere in a particular language. The model rests on the assumption that the referential use of space lies outside of the grammar. By removing the referential space from the grammar removes the modality difference between spoken and signed languages with respect to 'agreement.' The remaining differences will lie in how agreement is implemented, but that is no longer a modality difference. Both spoken and signed languages make use of different processes within the morphology component to generate the agreement system (e.g. impoverishment, vocabulary insertion, and phonological re-adjustment rules), but otherwise they draw on the same set of processes made available by the grammar.<br>by Gaurav Mathur.<br>Ph.D.
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Richards, Norvin W. (Norvin Waldemar) 1971. "What moves where when in which languages?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10236.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1997.<br>Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, leaves 348-363).<br>by Norvin W. Richards, III.<br>Ph.D.
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Aldholmi, Yahya. "Segmental Contributions to Speech Intelligibility in Nonconcatenative vs. Concatenative Languages." Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13421960.
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<p> This study investigated the contributions of segments (consonants vs. vowels) to speech intelligibility in Arabic and English. In these two languages, consonants and vowels play crucially different grammatical roles. Arabic is a nonconcatenative language that primarily assigns lexical information to consonants and morphosyntactic information to vowels, while English is a concatenative language that does not assign distinct roles to either class of segments. On this basis, we hypothesized that consonants and vowels would play very different roles in the intelligibility of the two languages. Five laboratory experiments were conducted, three on Arabic and two on English. Participants listened to words and sentences in which either all consonants or all vowels were replaced with silence and were asked to indicate what they heard. Unlike previous studies, all stimuli were carefully controlled for ratio of consonants to vowels. Results showed that in Arabic, consonants made a greater contribution than vowels to speech intelligibility, both in isolated words and in complete sentences. Furthermore, in consonant-only conditions, stimuli containing more consonants were more intelligible than those containing more vowels, displaying a clear effect of segmental ratio. In English, by contrast, the consonants and vowels made roughly equivalent contributions to speech intelligibility, and segmental ratio played a negligible role. These two disparate findings suggest that segmental contributions are crucially modulated by language-specific factors. That is, the different contributions of consonants and vowels to speech intelligibility are not solely determined by their distinct acoustic cues, but also by the grammatical role they play.</p><p>
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Elhindi, Yousif, and Theresa McGarry. "Gender-Linked Variation Across Languages." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. http://amzn.com/1612292224.
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"...this volume presents a collection of studies that highlights the linguistic diversity of the language and gender research currently being pursued, to emphasize the value of such work for the formulation of theories and methods and to stimulate more research across languages...." --Introduction<br>https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1040/thumbnail.jpg
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Printer, William. "The grammar of conditional sentences in the Romance languages." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254222.
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Schertz, Jessamyn Leigh. "The Structure and Plasticity of Phonetic Categories Across Languages and Modalities." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/322968.
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Speech sounds contrast on many acoustic dimensions. The constellation of acoustic "cues" defining a given sound contrast is language-specific, such that the "same" sounds in different languages are actually realized slightly differently. Furthermore, even within the same language group, speakers and listeners exhibit considerable variability in their use of acoustic cues. This work explores acoustic cue use in stop voicing contrasts across languages (Spanish, English, and Korean) and modalities (production and perception). A first group of experiments target "baseline" cue weights, or how speakers and listeners use multiple acoustic dimensions to define native and foreign sound contrasts in production and perception. A second set of experiments investigates how listeners modify their definitions of these categories in order to accommodate to changes in the input (e.g. a speaker with an "accent"), and in particular, how baseline cue-weighting strategies can influence and direct these adaptation patterns. Along with comparison of cross-linguistic differences in cue use, all of the studies focus on variability within language groups and examine the relationship between perception and production on an individual level. Taken together, the studies provide a detailed comparison of the way speakers and listeners make use of multiple acoustic cues cross-linguistically. The experiments give a comparative picture of the extent of between- and within-language variation in "baseline" cue weights across three languages and provide insight into the processes by which listeners adapt or "tune" their phonetic categories when confronted with changes in what they are hearing. The work highlights the complexity of the perception-production interface, as well as the interplay between language-specific knowledge, general learning mechanisms, and general auditory factors in how listeners use acoustic cues to define and modify their speech sound categories.
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Schwarz, Anne, and Ines Fiedler. "Linguistic Fieldnotes III: Information Structure in Gur and Kwa Languages." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5109/.
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This is the 16th issue of the working paper series Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure (ISIS) of the Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 632. The present issue continues the series on Linguistic Fieldnotes providing data elicited and documented by different members of the Sonderforschungsbereich 632. Here, the focus is placed on primary linguistic data from Gur and Kwa languages, collected and prepared by Anne Schwarz, former investigator in Project B1 and D2, and Ines Fiedler, former investigator in Project B1 and D2 and current member of Project B7 at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
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Levin, Lorraine S. "Operations on lexical forms : unaccusative rules in Germanic languages." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15202.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1986.<br>MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES<br>Bibliography: leaves 132-137.<br>by Lorraine S. Levin.<br>Ph.D.
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Manga, Louise Schieberl. "An explanation for ergative versus accusative languages: An examination of Inuktitut." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9475.
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This dissertation shows that when specific objects are checked accounts for a language being ergative or accusative. In ergative languages a specific object is checked at Spell-out by the object moving to (Spec, T) with the resultant Abs/Nom case marking of the object. This accounts for the wide scope only reading of Abs/Nom objects and native speakers interpretations of Abs/Nom objects as specific/referential. Since the object moves to (Spec, T) the subject remains inside the VP and is assigned Gen/Erg case by V. In accusative languages a specific object is not checked until after Spell-out and the subject moves to (Spec, T) where it gets Nom case and the object remains inside the VP where it gets Acc case. This accounts for the possibility of wide and narrow scope readings for Acc objects. Ergative languages are also characterized as having "split ergativity" whereby there is also a nominative-accusative case marking/agreement pattern. This is also explained. Specific objects move outside the VP at Spell-out with the resultant ergative case marking, while non-specific objects remain inside the VP are assigned Inst/Acc case through insertion of a postposition with the resultant accusative case marking pattern. This explanation for the existence of ergative and accusative languages eliminates the need for the stipulation in the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995, Chapter 4) that arguments have to move to have features checked while features on non-arguments could be checked in situ. It also illustrates the type of feature that is checked, and that features triggering movement for checking can be on the moved item. The analysis of ergativity is based on the North Baffin dialect of Inuktitut and uses field work data on sentences and nominals. The data on sentences shows that a speaker can make specific or non-specific reference to all types of objects: personal names, demonstratives, modified nouns, quantified nouns. It also shows that the audience interprets a specific object as the speaker intending to pick out an entity. Specificity is thus shown to be part of the semantic component (Donnellan 1966, 1978). The data on nominals supports the analysis of case assignment: arguments of derived and non-derived nominals have Erg/Gen case, and the subject and object arguments of gerunds have Erg/Gen and Inst/Acc cases respectively. Finally a discussion of agreement in Inuktitut supports the analysis of agreement being a relation rather than a functional projection, and the checking of specific objects at Spell-out.
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Liljegren, Heléna. "Språkprojekt en väg för utveckling av barns språkliga kompetens." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Educational Science (IUV), 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1657.
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<p>En människas språkutveckling är fantastiskt. Trots avsaknad av formell utbildning blir de flesta barn på några få år goda språkbrukare. Språket, som är ett abstrakt och komplicerat symbolsystem, utvecklas och förfinas hos de flesta av oss utan att vi egentligen vet eller reflekterar över hur det går till. Ändå har på senare år personal i skolor och förskolor signalerat att man känner oro över barns språk. En del barn har börjat första klass utan att ha de språkkunskaper som behövs för att klara undervisningen. Hur man valt att arbeta för att hjälpa dessa barn är olika. </p><p>I den här studien har jag valt att följa arbetet på en skola där man arbetar med ett ettårigt språkprojekt. Syftet med mitt arbete har varit att få kunskap om hur och varför man driver ett språkprojekt, för barn i förskola och skola. Hur lär sig barn språk? Hur kan skolan arbeta med elevernas språkutveckling? Hur beskriver pedagoger språkarbetet i skolan och hur upplever de deltagande pedagogerna språkprojektet? Detta var mina frågor vid starten av arbetet. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ ansats, där intervjuer och samtal varit den största och viktigaste informationskällan, men även observationer och studiebesök har legat till grund för resultatet. Mina tolkningar visar att det strukturerade arbetssätt som det pågående språkprojektet initierat, uppfattas som positivt av flera pedagoger, även om det finns kritik mot vissa delar.</p>
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Sallergård, Marie. "Språk för alla?" Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Educational Science (IUV), 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-878.
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<p>Syftet med det här arbetet har varit att ta reda på om alla människor har samma möjligheter att tillägna sig språk. Jag har velat ta upp olika teorier om hur man lär sig ett språk samt att redogöra för individuella skillnader vid språkinlärning. Jag vill även undersöka elevers och lärares attityder till ämnet grundspråk och se om eleverna påverkades av att de inte får betyg i ämnet grundspråk. En stor del grundar sig på litteraturstudier men jag har även en undersökande del där jag via enkäter undersökt elevers och lärares tankar om grundspråk. </p><p>Genom mitt arbete har jag dragit slutsatsen att alla inte har lika lätt för att lära sig språk. Det är många komponenter som ska stämma för att man ska kunna tillägna sig ett nytt språk. Vi måste inse att alla inte kan vara lika bra på allting och utgå därifrån.</p>
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Everdell, Michael Sklar. "Reconsidering the Puebloan Languages in a Southwestern Areal Context." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1368021379.
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Palmer, Blair D. "Production grammars for the kinship terminologies of Burmese and several Indonesian languages." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37156.pdf.
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Mesthrie, Rajend. "A history of the Bhojpuri (or "Hindi") language in South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19511.
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Bibliography: pages 308-318.<br>Although Indian languages have existed in South Africa for the last 125 years, there are no academic studies of any of them - of their use in South Africa, their evolution and current decline. Many misconceptions persist concerning their names, their structure, and status as 'proper' languages. This thesis deals with the history of one such language, Bhojpuri (more usually, but incorrectly, referred to as "Hindi"). I attempt to trace the origins of the South African variety of this language by examining the places of origin of the original indentured migrants who brought it to South Africa. A complex sociolinguistic picture emerges, since these immigrants came from a very wide area in North India spanning several languages. I also attempt to describe the early history of Bhojpuri in South Africa as a 'plantation' language. Subsequent changing patterns of usage are then detailed, including phonetic, syntactic, lexical and semantic change. The influence of other South African languages - chiefly English, but also Zulu, Fanagalo, and other Indian languages - is described in detail, as well as changes not directly attributable to language contact. A final section focusses on the decline of the language and the process of language death. From another (more international) perspective this study lays the foundation for comparisons between Bhojpuri in South Africa and other 'overseas' varieties of it, spawned under very similar conditions, in ex-colonies like Surinam, Fiji, Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad and others. Such a comparative study could well make as great a contribution to general and socio-linguistics as the study of creoles has in the recent past. Information concerning this unwritten language was gathered by field-work throughout Natal. This involved informal interviews with over two hundred fluent speakers, including four who had been born in India during the time of immigrations. The study also draws upon the author's observations on language practices as an 'inside' member of the community under study.
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Ndlovu, Sambulo. "A comparative analysis of metaphorical expressions used by rural and urban Ndebele speakers: the contribution of S'ncamtho." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29515.
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This thesis explores language expansion and change through metaphorical expressions that originate with urban youth varieties. It focuses on the impact of S'ncamtho, an Ndebele-based urban youth variety of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe along the variables of rural/urban, sex, age and level of education. The thesis uses Cognitive Metaphor Theory to build on research on metaphor in urban youth varieties to answer the overarching question; how is S'ncamtho impacting Ndebele? It confirms that sex and sexuality, music and partying, love and relationships are popular themes in S'ncamtho. The thesis identifies relexicalisation and replacement of metaphoric vehicles as the main metaphor derivational strategies in S'ncamtho and confirms the existence of clearly discernible genres of metaphor in S'ncamtho which are proverbs, sayings, aphorisms and euphemistic metaphors. While S'ncamtho and other youth varieties in Africa have been identified as urban varieties, the study brings in the dimension of measuring the spread of S'ncamtho to peri-urban and rural areas. Data from questionnaire tests, interviews and observations is analysed using the Idiom Familiarity and Comprehension Judgement Method to measure the impact and spread of S'ncamtho metaphors. The guiding theory in evaluating the spread of S'ncamtho metaphors is a Social Psychology framework- Social Impact Theory (SIT). The thesis argues that S'ncamtho metaphors spread outside Bulawayo’s high density male youth to female and older Ndebele speakers in and outside the city, it identifies male youth in the age cohort 15- 35 years as more familiar and using more S'ncamtho metaphors compared to females and older males in urban, peri-urban and rural areas. It also reveals that S'ncamtho metaphor familiarity declines with age and distance from Bulawayo, and that generally females use less S'ncamtho compared to males and the young are more familiar with S'ncamtho compared to adults. The research reveals that there is no significant difference between rural and urban professionals in S'ncamtho metaphor familiarity and this confirms that improved communication networks impact on the spread of S'ncamtho as professional people frequent Bulawayo for pay and other services. However, the study also noted that there are still more people who have negative attitudes towards S'ncamtho, compared to those who view its impact positively. The thesis argues that the popularity of S'ncamtho has seen S'ncamtho metaphors operating in professions including journalism, health professions, teaching and religious professions. Furthermore, attitudes are changing as some people have begun to view S'ncamtho positively outside the criminal prejudices.
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Murasugi, Kumiko G. 1960. "Crossing and nested paths--NP movement in accusative and ergative languages." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12894.
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Ada, Anil. "Non-deterministic communication complexity of regular languages." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112367.
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The notion of communication complexity was introduced by Yao in his seminal paper [Yao79]. In [BFS86], Babai Frankl and Simon developed a rich structure of communication complexity classes to understand the relationships between various models of communication complexity. This made it apparent that communication complexity was a self-contained mini-world within complexity theory. In this thesis, we study the place of regular languages within this mini-world. In particular, we are interested in the non-deterministic communication complexity of regular languages.<br>We show that a regular language has either O(1) or O(log n) non-deterministic complexity. We obtain several linear lower bound results which cover a wide range of regular languages having linear non-deterministic complexity. These lower bound results also imply a result in semigroup theory: we obtain sufficient conditions for not being in the positive variety Pol(Com).<br>To obtain our results, we use algebraic techniques. In the study of regular languages, the algebraic point of view pioneered by Eilenberg ([Eil74]) has led to many interesting results. Viewing a semigroup as a computational device that recognizes languages has proven to be prolific from both semigroup theory and formal languages perspectives. In this thesis, we provide further instances of such mutualism.
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Woode, Andrew Charles Anthony. "Medieval Occitan grammatical writings : the adaptation of Latin linguistic analysis to vernacular languages." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275256.
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Shimizu, Katsumasa. "A cross-language study of voicing contrasts of stop consonants in Asian languages." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20185.
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Andersson, Therése. "Mellanstadieelevers attityd till svensk grammatik. En jämförelse mellan mellanstadieelevers grammatikuppfattning 1985 och 2002." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Educational Science (IUV), 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1661.
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<p>Det är många elever i vår skola som förknippar svenskundervisningen med tråkiga grammatiklektioner. Mitt syfte är att i detta arbete söka svar på bland annat Har det alltid funnits grammatikundervisning i den svenska skolan?, Har Lpo förändrat inställningen till grammatik? och Uppfattas grammatik som tråkigt och något nödvändigt ont? Min undersökning bygger på en enkätundersökning gjord av Göran Strömqvist 1985. Jag har utfört en liknande undersökning för att se om det har skett någon förändring sedan Lpo 94:s tillkomst om mellanstadieelevers inställning till grammatik.</p>
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Eriksson, Karin. "En jämförande studie av grammatikundervisningen i Sverige och England." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Educational Science (IUV), 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-842.
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<p>Intresset för språk gav mig idén att undersöka hur grammatikundervisningen fungerar i dagens skola. Jag ville inte bara göra en undersökning om den svenska uppfattningen, utan även ta del av ett annat lands åsikter. Valet föll på England. Min tanke är att en sådan undersökning skulle kunna ge mig en klarare utgångspunkt för det kommande arbetet med språkundervisningen och ge en vägledning när det gäller att förbättra elevernas kunskap och förståelse för språkets betydelse. </p><p>I arbetet vill jag försöka komma fram till om och hur eleverna finner samband mellan grammtikstudier, läsning, skrivning och annan färdighetsträning. </p><p>Mina resultat har jag kommit fram till genom litteraturstudier och en empirisk undersökning bestående av en elevenkät och en lärarenkät.</p>
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Duanmu, San. "A formal study of syllable, tone, stress and domain in Chinese languages." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13646.
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Steensland, Henrik, and Dina Dervisevic. "Controlled Languages in Software User Documentation." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4637.
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<p>In order to facilitate comprehensibility and translation, the language used in software user documentation must be standardized. If the terminology and language rules are standardized and consistent, the time and cost of translation will be reduced. For this reason, controlled languages have been developed. Controlled languages are subsets of other languages, purposely limited by restricting the terminology and grammar that is allowed.</p><p>The purpose and goal of this thesis is to investigate how using a controlled language can improve comprehensibility and translatability of software user documentation written in English. In order to reach our goal, we have performed a case study at IFS AB. We specify a number of research questions that help satisfy some of the goals of IFS and, when generalized, fulfill the goal of this thesis.</p><p>A major result of our case study is a list of sixteen controlled language rules. Some examples of these rules are control of the maximum allowed number of words in a sentence, and control of when the author is allowed to use past participles. We have based our controlled language rules on existing controlled languages, style guides, research reports, and the opinions of technical writers at IFS.</p><p>When we applied these rules to different user documentation texts at IFS, we managed to increase the readability score for each of the texts. Also, during an assessment test of readability and translatability, the rewritten versions were chosen in 85 % of the cases by experienced technical writers at IFS.</p><p>Another result of our case study is a prototype application that shows that it is possible to develop and use a software checker for helping the authors when writing documentation according to our suggested controlled language rules.</p>
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Nay, Garrett K. "Areal Patterns of Possessive Morphology in the Languages of Eurasia." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3780.
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The goal of this study is to confirm Eurasia as an independent linguistic area with respect to four features of possessive morphology: locus of marking, position of pronominal possessive affixes, obligatory possessive inflection, and possessive classification. Raw data on these features was taken from the WALS database and then run through an algorithm of genealogical stratification called g-sampling, in order to minimize the bias of the sample. The resulting g-units were then categorized by type and geographical area (New World vs. Old World, Eurasia vs. the rest of the world). These counts were tested for significance using Fisher's exact test. Two features, locus of marking and possessive classification, were confirmed to be significantly different in Eurasia; the other two features were not significantly different. Possible reasons for these areal patterns-primarily structural reasons-are briefly discussed.
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Loza, Christian E. Mihalcea Rada F. "Cross language information retrieval for languages with scarce resources." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12157.
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Harvey, Sean Patrick. "American languages: Indians, ethnology, and the empire for liberty." W&M ScholarWorks, 2009. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623548.
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"American Languages: Indians, Ethnology, and the Empire for Liberty" is a study of knowledge and power, as it relates to Indian affairs, in the early republic. It details the interactions, exchanges, and networks through which linguistic and racial ideas were produced and it examines the effect of those ideas on Indian administration. First etymology, then philology, guided the study of human descent, migrations, and physical and mental traits, then called ethnology. It would answer questions of Indian origins and the possibility of Indian incorporation into the United States. It was crucial to white Americans seeking to define their polity and prove their cultivation by contributing to the republic of letters.;The study of Indian languages was both part of the ongoing ideological construction of the "empire for liberty" and it could serve practical ends for the extension and consolidation of imperial relations with the native groups within and on the borders of the United States. Administrators of Indian affairs simultaneously asserted continental mastery and implicitly admitted that it was yet incomplete. Language could be used to illustrate Indian "civilization" and Indian "savagery," the openness of the U.S. nation and its exclusivity, Indian affinities to "Anglo-Saxons" and their utter difference. Language was a race science frequently opposed to understandings of race defined through the body alone.;The War Department repeatedly sought linguistic information that it could use as the basis of policy, but philology was not a discourse of scientific control imposed upon helpless Indians. On the contrary, Indians lay at the heart of almost all that was known of Indian languages. This was especially true once European scientific interest shifted from the study isolated words to grammatical forms, which happened to coincide with debates over Indian removal in the United States. This meant that Indians were in an unprecedented position to shape the most authoritative scientific knowledge of "the Indian" at the moment that U.S. Indian policy was most uncertain. Native tutoring, often mediated through white missionaries, led Peter S. Du Ponceau to refute the notion, shared alike by apologists for removal (e.g. Lewis Cass) and European philosophers (e.g. Wilhelm von Humboldt) that the American languages indicated Indian "savagery.";Yet in attempting to prove that Native American languages were not "savage," Du Ponceau defined Indian grammatical forms as unchanging "plans of ideas" that all Indians, and only Indians, possessed. Henry R. Schoolcraft, Indian agent, protege of Cass, and husband to the Ojibwa-Irish Jane Johnston, extended this line of thought and defined a rigid "Indian mind" that refused "civilization." Such conclusions suggested that Indians possessed fixed mental traits. This conclusion largely agreed with those that ethnologists of the "American school" would advance years later, but those scientists argued that language could offer no information on physical race. The rapid (but brief) rise of the American school undermined the ethnological authority of the philological knowledge that Indians, such as David Brown (Cherokee) and Eleazer Williams (Mohawk) had produced in the preceding decades.;After decades of debate over Indian "plans of ideas," "patterns of thought," and whether Indian languages were a suitable medium for teaching the concepts of Christianity and republican government---debates intensified by the invention of the Cherokee alphabet and the understanding that Sequoyah, its author, intended it to insulate Cherokee society from white interference---the federal government began moving toward a policy of English-only instruction. Even after the strident opposition of the American school, language remained a key marker of civilization and nationhood.
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Tuttle, Siri G. "Metrical and tonal structures in Tanana Athabaskan /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8397.
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Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo, and Peter Kaulicke. "Research in Andean Linguistics." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113289.
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Ljungberg, Maria. "Tvåspråkiga barns situation i svenska skolan." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Educational Science (IUV), 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2259.
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<p>Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur man kan förbättra tvåspråkiga elevers situation i skolan. En litteraturstudie och intervjuer med fem lärare har legat till grund för undersökningen av hur viktig modersmålsundervisningen och undervisningen i svenska som andraspråk är för tvåspråkiga elever samt huruvida det skulle vara bättre att undervisa dessa elever på deras modersmål i till exempel samhällsorienterande ämnen. Resultatet visar att det är mycket viktigt att behålla modersmålet och utveckla det. Därför borde modersmåls- undervisningen ligga inom eller strax efter ordinarie skoltid. Man borde även sträva efter att förbättra modersmålslärarnas status. Arbetet visar att undervisningen i svenska som andraspråk har för lite resurser; en lösning kan dock vara att placera om resurserna på de skolor som har en hög procent elever som har behov av ämnet. Ett samarbete mellan sv2 läraren och modersmålsläraren borde vara självklart. Detta arbete har även visat att ett väl utvecklat modersmål underlättar inlärningen av ett andraspråk och en lösning till de tvåspråkiga elevernas situation i skolan kan vara att man involverar modersmålslärarna i skolvardagen så att eleverna kan få förklarat och översatt det de inte förstår.</p>
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Bergenhök, Malin. ""Schyst språk-Inget bråk"-en utvärdering av ett språk- och attitydprojekt." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Educational Science (IUV), 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-529.
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<p>Detta arbetes syfte har varit att beskriva och utvärdera"Schyst språk-Inget bråk"projektet som genomfördes på Solhagaskolan i Ryd, Linköping under läsåret 1998-99. Det startades p.g.a. att elevernas språk och beteende inte gick att tolerera längre och för att förbättra stämningen på skolan. Man hade en arbetsgrupp bestående av tre ur personalen som också var de ansvariga. Dessa tre tog kontakt med olika institutioner i närsamhället, som bildade en samverkansgrupp, för att alla som träffar barnen skulle vara enade mot samma mål. På skolan delades barnen in i kompisgrupper från sexårs till femte klass, där de ibland gjorde aktiviteter ihop under året. Man hade även en hel del samlingar med alla elever på skolan där syftet var att skapa en känsla av gemenskap på skolan. För att kunna nå mitt syfte har jag gjort en enkätutvärdering i två klasser, intervjuat de tre i arbetsgruppen och två ur samverkansgruppen, jag har även läst litteratur om att förebygga mobbning och våld i skolor. Slutsatser jag har dragit är bl.a. att elevernas tankar kring projektet skiljer sig åt en del beroende på årskurs och kön, lärarna har i stort sett varit nöjda med arbetet i projekt, samt att resultatet är att eleverna har blivit medvetna om hur det låter när de säger dumma saker och att det har blivit lugnare på skolan.</p>
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Nandrup, Sofia. "Barns språkutveckling i teori och praktik." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Educational Science (IUV), 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-545.
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<p>I detta arbete försöker jag belysa om pedagoger använder sig av forskares resultat då de planerar sitt arbete med barns språkutveckling. Jag synar ett samverkansområde och en skolas språkutvecklingsprojekt. Jag kommer fram till att pedagoger har en stor teorikunskap men att deras egna erfarenheter är mer betydelsefulla. Om forskare och praktiker kan mötas i ömsesidig respekt för varandras kunskap och båda parter är delaktiga i forskningsprocessen, nås den bästa utvecklingen.</p>
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Kåhre, Katarina. "Läromedel och metoder." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Educational Science (IUV), 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-954.
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<p>Syftet med mitt arbete har varit att jämföra två läromedel i tyska för svenska nybörjare, år 7, från två olika tidsperioder för att utreda om det finns skillnader och om så är fallet , vari dessa består. Jag har studerat olika språkundervisningsmetoder som florerat i Sverige under 1900-talet och försöker se ett samband mellan läromedlens upplägg och den metoddiskussion som förts under respektive tillkomstår. Jag går i kronologisk ordning igenom olika språkundervisningsmetoder och vad som kännetecknar dessa. Därefter presenterar jag de två läromedlen och gör en jämförelse dem emellan med anknytning till metoderna. Jag kommer fram till att läromedlen skiljer sig åt och jag finner tydliga tecken på att båda läromedlen är starkt påverkade av och konstruerade utifrån de metoder som varit dominerande under tillkomståren.</p>
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Carlsson, Angelica. "Dramainspirerad språkundervisning." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Educational Science (IUV), 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-964.
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<p>Arbetet syftar till att ge en bild av dramats möjligheter inom språkundervisningen och består av två huvuddelar; en litteraturdel samt en undersökningsdel. I teoridelen belyser jag begreppet drama ur ett antal synvinklar samt presenterar ett antal inlärningsteoretiker för att se om jag hos dessa kan hitta stöd för att drama kan gynna elevers lärande. I undersökningsdelen undervisar jag i dramainspirerad engelska i två åldersgrupper och låter sedan eleverna utvärdera denna undervisning med hjälp av en skriftlig enkät. </p><p>Jag avslutar sedan med en slutdiskussion vilken visar att drama kan gynna elevers lärande på ett flertal olika sätt. En dramainspirerad språkundervisning kan bl.a. ge mer realistiska kommunikationssituationer, ökad motivation och en mer konkret språkundervisning. Det finns dock ytterligare fördelar med att arbeta på detta sätt. Metoden främjar exempelvis även ett bra klassrumsklimat, ger eleverna en chans att uttrycka sig estetiskt samt ökar kontakten mellan lärare och elev.</p>
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Alexander, Robert John. "The diversions of history : a non-phenomenal approach to eighteenth-century linguistic thought /." *McMaster only, 1996.
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Linford, Bret Gene. "The acquisition of subject pronouns in second language Spanish." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05292009-154201.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Montana, 2009.<br>"Major Subject: Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures" Contents viewed on November 11, 2009. Title from author supplied metadata. Includes bibliographical references.
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Dixon, Robert M. W. "[Collection of publications]." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/133827.
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Konnerth, Linda. "A Grammar of Karbi." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/17928.
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Karbi is a Tibeto-Burman (TB) language spoken by half a million people in the Karbi Anglong district in Assam, Northeast India, and surrounding areas in the extended Brahmaputra Valley area. It is an agglutinating, verb-final language.
This dissertation offers a description of the dialect spoken in the hills of the Karbi Anglong district. It is primarily based on a corpus that was created during a total of fifteen months of original fieldwork, while building on and expanding on research reported by Grüßner in 1978. While the exact phylogenetic status of Karbi inside TB has remained controversial, this dissertation points out various putative links to other TB languages.
The most intriguing aspect of Karbi phonology is the tone system, which carries a low functional load. While three tones can be contrasted on monosyllabic roots, the rich agglutinating morphology of Karbi allows the formation of polysyllabic words, at which level tones lose most of their phonemicity, while still leaving systematic phonetic traces.
Nouns and verbs represent the two major word classes of Karbi at the root level; property-concept terms represent a subclass of verbs.
At the heart of Karbi morphosyntax, there are two prefixes of Proto-TB provenance that have diachronically shaped the grammar of the language: the possessive prefix a- and the nominalizer ke-. Possessive a- attaches to nouns that are modified by preposed elements and represents the most frequent morpheme in the corpus. Nominalization involving ke- forms the basis for a variety of predicate constructions, including most of Karbi subordination as well as a number of main clause constructions. In addition to nominalization, subordination commonly involves clause chaining.
Noun phrases may be marked for their clausal role via -phān `non-subject' or -lòng `locative' but frequently remain unmarked for role. Their pragmatic status can be indicated with information structure markers for topic, focus, and additivity.
Commonly used discourse constructions include elaborate expressions and parallelism more generally, general extenders, copy verb constructions, as well as a number of final particles.
Audio files are available of the texts given in the appendices, particular examples illustrating phonological issues, and phonetic recordings of tone minimal sets.
Supplemental files are located at: https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/13657
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Winchester, Lindley. "Egyptian Arabic Plurals in Theory and Computation." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/4.
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This paper examines the plural inflectional processes present in Egyptian Arabic, with specific focus on the complex broken plural system. The data used in this examination is a set of 114 lexemes from a dictionary of the Egyptian Arabic variety by Badawi and Hinds (1984) collected through comparison of singular to plural template correspondences proposed by Gadalla (2004). The theoretical side of this analysis tests the proposed realizational approach in Kihm (2006) named the “Root-and-Site Hypothesis” against a variety of broken plural constructions in Egyptian Arabic. Categorizing concatenative and non-concatenative morphological processes as approachable in the same manner, this framework discusses inflection as not only represented by segments but also by “sites” where inflectional operations may take place. In order to organize the data through a computational lens, I emulate features of this approach in a DATR theorem that generates the grammatical forms for a set of both broken and sound plural nominals. The hierarchically-structured inheritance of the program’s language allows for default templates to be defined as well as overridden, permitting a wide scope of variation to be represented with little code content.
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Grubic, Mira, Susanne Genzel, and Frank Kügler. "Linguistic Fieldnotes I: Information Structure in different African Languages." Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4968/.
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This is the 13th issue of the working paper series Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure (ISIS) of the Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 632. It is the first part of a series of Linguistic Fieldnote issues which present data collected by members of different projects of the SFB during fieldwork on various languages or dialects spoken worldwide. This part of the Fieldnote Series is dedicated to data from African languages. It contains contributions by Mira Grubic (A5) on Ngizim, and Susanne Genzel & Frank Kügler (D5) on Akan. The papers allow insights into various aspects of the elicitation of formal correlates of focus and related phenomena in different African languages investigated by the SFB in the second funding phase, especially in the period between 2007 and 2010.
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Gehr, Susan. "Breath of life| Revitalizing California's Native languages through archives." Thesis, San Jose State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1552255.
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<p>This thesis presents an oral history of the Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival (AICLS) and its Breath of Life Workshop. Held every other year since 1996, the workshop is designed to meet the language revitalization needs of California Indian people whose languages have no living fluent speakers. Breath of Life Workshop organizers arrange visits to four archives on the University of California, Berkeley, campus and connect participants with linguistic mentors to read and interpret archival documents in their language for the purpose of bringing their language back into use. </p><p> Through interviews with AICLS founders, Breath of Life Workshop participants, and University of California, Berkeley, linguists and archivists, this study uncovers the role archivists play in the Breath of Life Workshops and in the care of Native language collections more generally. Topics addressed include the selection and use of archival documents in the program and the changes to archival practice and policies that have resulted from archivists’ work with Breath of Life participants. The thesis also examines issues involved in the collection, arrangement, description, preservation, and access to the documentation of California Indian languages. The study concludes with recommendations for future language revitalization programs. </p>
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Shirtz, Shahar. "Patterns of Morphosyntactic and Functional Diversification in the Usage of Cognate Verbs in Indo-Iranian." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22720.
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This is a study of processes of structural and functional diversification of the uses of three cognate verbs across the Indo-Iranian language family: “do/make”, “be/become”, and “give”. First, this study identifies over sixty distinct construction types in which these verbs are used, including complex predicate constructions, nominal predication constructions, serial verb constructions, and several distinct auxiliary constructions. Since the sets of verbs studied here are cognates, and share a common source, crosslinguistic differences in their uses are the result of grammatical change, and especially shared and parallel innovations of similar uses.
Then, this study presents a taxonomy of different complex predication types with “do/make”, and shows that there are general patterns in the deployment of different types of complex predication to express different types of situations. These patterns exhibit “transitivity prominence” previously identified by typologists with “heavy” or “lexical” verbs. This study then shows that these patterns are the result of several distinct pathways of grammatical change, often motivated by analogy to existing constructions, giving raise to different types of N-V complex predication constructions.
Then, this study shows that despite the fact that Indo-Iranian speakers can potentially deploy distinct constructions to encode each of the six nominal predication functions, sets of such functions are often co-expressed by the same structural coding means, especially clauses with cognate “be/become” verbs. This study uses a novel method, based on bipartite network graphs, to compare of the degree to which nominal predication functions are co-expressed in different languages.
Finally, this study shows that the three sets of cognate verbs are more likely to be used similarity within branches and subbranches of Indo-Iranian than across branches. The scope of this branches, however, is different for different verbs: “do/make” and “give” behave more similarly in languages which belong to the same major branch, Iranian or Indo-Aryan, but “be/become” clusters are at different levels of subbranching. This is the result of the different types of innovations attested with these verbs: reanalysis and actualization motivated by analogy with “do/make” and “give”, and metaphorical and metonymy extensions with “be/become”.