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1
D., Udechukwu Chidozie, Okeke Clemment U., Orji, Edward C., Ezeabara Chinelo, and Aziagba Bibian O. "Comparison of the Presence of Flavonoid and Tannin in the Leaves of Four Pterocarpus Species Found in the Southeast Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science X, no. V (2025): 1110–16. https://doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2025.100500098.
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In the Southeast Nigeria, four species of the genus Pterocarpus have been discovered. The four species are Pterocarpus mildbraedii, Pterocarpus osun, Pterocarpus santalinoides and Pterocarpus sayauxii. They are all trees with compound imparipinate leaves and entire leaflets. The phytochemical result of the leaves revealed the presence of flavonoid and tannins. Flavonoid was distributed as follows: Pterocarpus mildbraedii (0.6 ± 0.2), Pterocarpus osun (0.8 ± 0.2), Pterocarpus santalinoides (1.0 ± 0.3) and Pterocarpus soyauxii (nil), whereas tannin was distributed as follows: Pterocarpus mildbraedii (1.8 ± 0.8), Pterocarpus osun (4.8 ± 1.2), Pterocarpus santalinoides(20.0+ 0.3) and Pterocarpus sayauxii (24.0 ± 2.1). Flavonoid is found in trace quantities in the leaves of the four plants to compare with tannin. The highest quantity of flavonoid (1.0+ 0.3) was found in the leaves of Pterocarpus santalinoides, and the least quantity (nill) was found in the leaves of Pterocarpus soyauxii. For tannin, the highest quantity (24.0 ± 2.1) was found in the leaves of Pterocarpus sayauxii, whereas the least quantity (1.8 ± 0.8) was found in the leaves of Pterocarpus mildbraedii. This result suggests that the plants the leaves of the fur plants especially those of Pterocarpus sayauxii are good materials for the production of tannin-based drugs. The result also supports the idea of placing the four plants in one genus.
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Hong, Zhou, Zhiqiang Wu, Kunkun Zhao, et al. "Comparative Analyses of Five Complete Chloroplast Genomes from the Genus Pterocarpus (Fabacaeae)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11 (2020): 3758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113758.
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Pterocarpus is a genus of trees mainly distributed in tropical Asia, Africa, and South America. Some species of Pterocarpus are rosewood tree species, having important economic value for timber, and for some species, medicinal value as well. Up to now, information about this genus with regard to the genomic characteristics of the chloroplasts has been limited. Based on a combination of next-generation sequencing (Illumina Hiseq) and long-read sequencing (PacBio), the whole chloroplast genomes (cp genomes) of five species (rosewoods) in Pterocarpus (Pterocarpus macrocarpus, P. santalinus, P. indicus, P. pedatus, P. marsupium) have been assembled. The cp genomes of five species in Pterocarpus have similar structural characteristics, gene content, and sequence to other flowering plants. The cp genomes have a typical four-part structure, containing 110 unique genes (77 protein coding genes, 4 rRNAs, 29 tRNAs). Through comparative genomic analysis, abundant simple sequence repeat (SSR)loci (333–349) were detected in Pterocarpus, among which A /T single nucleotide repeats accounted for the highest proportion (72.8–76.4%). In the five cp genomes of Pterocarpus, eight hypervariable regions, including trnH-GUG_psbA, trnS-UGA_psbC, accD-psaI, ndhI-exon2_ndhI-exon1, ndhG_ndhi-exon2, rpoC2-exon2, ccsA, and trnfM-CAU, are proposed for use as DNA barcode regions. In the comparison of gene selection pressures (P. santalinus as the reference genome), purifying selection was inferred as the primary mode of selection in maintaining important biological functions. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Pterocarpus is a monophyletic group. The species P. tinctorius is resolved as early diverging in the genus. Pterocarpus was resolved as sister to the genus Tipuana.
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Xue, Xiaoming, Zhenan Chen, Haoqi Wu, Handong Gao, Jiajie Nie, and Xinyang Li. "Identification of Eight Pterocarpus Species and Two Dalbergia Species Using Visible/Near-Infrared (Vis/NIR) Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI)." Forests 14, no. 6 (2023): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14061259.
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Pterocarpus santalinus is considered among the finest luxury woods in the world and has potential commercial and medicinal value. Due to its rich hue and high price, Pterocarpus santalinus has often been substituted and mislabeled with other woods of lower economic value. To maintain the order of the timber market and the interests of consumers, it is necessary to establish a fast and reliable method for Pterocarpus species identification. In this study, wood samples of Pterocarpus santalinus and nine other wood samples commonly used for counterfeiting were analyzed by visible light/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI). The spectral data were preprocessed with different algorithms. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in different spectral ranges: 400~2500 nm, 400~800 nm, and 800~2500 nm. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and square support vector machine (SVM) modeling methods were performed for effective discrimination. The best classification model was SVM combined with a normalization preprocessing method in whole spectral range (400~2500 nm), with prediction accuracy higher than 99.8%. The results suggest that the use of Vis/NIR-HSI in combination with chemometric approaches can be used as an effective tool for the discrimination of Pterocarpus santalinus.
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Bezuidenhoudt, Barend C. B., E. Vincent Brandt, and Daneel Ferreira. "Flavonoid analogues from Pterocarpus species." Phytochemistry 26, no. 2 (1987): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)81448-x.
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Li, Renjie, Junyuan Li, Jiangtao Shi, et al. "Fluorescence Properties of Pterocarpus Wood Extract." Forests 14, no. 6 (2023): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14061094.
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The water immersion of Pterocarpus wood produces strong blue fluorescence, which comes from the extract. The fluorescence contained in the extract is of interest for the identification of Pterocarpus wood. We conducted an investigation into the extraction solution of Pterocarpus wood and analyzed the mechanism of fluorescence in this species. Possible species of the fluorescent molecules are discussed based on the mixture. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is used for an analysis of the extract, the obtained substances that may be fluorescent in Pterocarpus wood. In addition, the change in the fluorescence intensity with changes in the pH and concentration in the extract is also studied. The results show that the fluorescent molecule is quenched by aggregation (Aggregation-Caused Quenching; ACQ) and is unstable in over-acidic and over-alkaline conditions (especially acidic).
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Haituk, Sukanya, Anuruddha Karunarathna, Dulanjalee Lakmali Harishchandra, et al. "Morphology and Molecular Phylogenetic Characterization of Novel Tar Spot Disease-Causing Fungi on Fabaceae Trees in Thailand." Forests 16, no. 4 (2025): 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16040556.
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Tar spot diseases have a huge impact on various plants by reducing the photosynthesis surface and allowing secondary severe infections on the host. Phyllachoraceae species causing tar spots infect both monocot and dicot plants and are known as obligate parasites. In the current study, two different tar spot disease symptoms were observed on Pterocarpus macrocarpus and Dalbergia sp. in northern Thailand. The phylogeny of a combined matrix of LSU, SSU, and ITS and morphology revealed that both causal species of tar spot diseases belong to the genus Neophyllachora. Furthermore, these results showed that these are novel species of the genus Neophyllachora, N. pterocarpi-macrocarpae on P. macrocarpus and N. dalbergiae on Dalbergia sp. with high bootstrap supports.
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Yang, Xiaoxia, Ziyu Zhao, Zhongmin Wang, Zhedong Ge, and Yucheng Zhou. "Microstructure identification based on vessel pores feature extraction of high-value hardwood species." BioResources 16, no. 3 (2021): 5329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5329-5340.
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Because of the diversity of vessel pores in different hardwood species, they are important for wood species identification. In this paper, a Micro CT was used to collect wood images. The experiment was based on six wood types, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Dalbergia latifolia, Dalbergia frutescens var. tomentosa, Pterocarpus indicus, and Pterocarpus soyauxii. One-thousand cross-sectional images of 2042 px × 1640 px were collected for each species. One pixel represents 1.95 µm of the real physical dimension. The level set geometric active contour model was used to obtain the contour of the vessel pores. Combined with a variety of morphological processing methods, the binary images of the vessel pores were obtained. The features of the binary images were extracted for classification. Classifiers such as BP neural network and support vector machine were used, the number, roundness, area, perimeter, and other characteristic parameters of the vessel pores were classified, and the accuracy rate was more than 98.9%. The distribution and arrangement of the vessel pores of six kinds of hardwood were obtained through the level set geometric active contour model and image morphology. Then BP neural network and support vector machine were used for realizing the classification of hardwood species.
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Manurung, Maria Manurung Agustina, Muhammad Mardhiansyah, and Evi Sribudiani. "PENGARUH LAMA PERENDAMAN AIR KELAPA TERHADAP PERKECAMBAHAN SEMAI ANGSANA (Pterocarpus indicus L.)." JURNAL ILMU-ILMU KEHUTANAN 5, no. 1 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jiik.5.1.7-11.
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Forests in Indonesia have very diverse species of trees. One of them is Pterocarpus indicus L. Pterocarpus indicus L.. is a pioneer tree that grows well in open areas. Pterocarpus indicus L. has fast growth and strong wood so that it can be used in greening activities in the community and on the highway. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of coconut water soaking length on Pterocarpus indicus L. seed germination and knowing the best long immersion time of Pterocarpus indicus L. seeds using coconut water in improving seed quality. This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD) method consisting of five treatments and three replications. The results showed that immersion with a mixture of coconut water affected the increase in the quality of Pterocarpus indicus L. seed germination. The best immersion time of Pterocarpus indicus L. seeds in a mixture of coconut water for 18 hours showed the results of the required time for germination seeds to reach 80% for 11 days, the increase in sprout height was 9,45 cm and the number of leaves as much as 7,85 strands.
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Golou, Gizèle ZANH, Zeh TOKPA Lisette, Jean-Marc KOUMAN Kouame, Bernard AKE Claude, and Sadaiou Sabas BARIMA Yao. "Multiplication and development in the nursery of Pterocarpus erinaceus, an endangered agroforestry species in Cote d'Ivoire." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24, no. 1 (2024): 2250–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15057019.
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<em>Pterocarpus erinaceus</em> is a multi-purpose species threatened with extinction. The present study aims to contribute to the improvement of multiplication and nursery growth of <em>Pterocarpus erinaceus</em> hulled seeds. To this end, four pre-treatments were applied to <em>Pterocarpus erinaceus</em> hulled seeds to lift their dormancy in order to facilitate germination of the species. These were: untreated seeds as Control (To), soaking in ordinary water for 24 h (T1), soaking in hot water at 60°C (T2) and soaking in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 20 min (T3). Germination parameters such as germination rate, germination time and average germination time were evaluated. Growth in height, diameter, number of leaves and root length were determined. Germination data and growth parameters were collected. Analyses showed that soaking shelled seeds in ordinary water for 24 h was the best treatment, with a germination rate of 43%. Pre-treatment of the seeds with sulfuric acid for 20 min showed the lowest germination rate (1%), due to the sensitivity of the seeds. Furthermore, these pre-treatments had no effect on seedling growth in the nursery. Those interested in producing <em>Pterocarpus erinaceus</em> seedlings are advised to soak shelled seeds in ordinary water for 24 hours to ensure better germination in the nursery.
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Raju, K. K., A. N. Raju, and A. S. Sudheer. "Red Sanders (Pterocarpus Santalinus): A Biogeochemical Study from Southeastern Part of Andhra Pradesh." Journal Geological Society of India 54, no. 3 (1999): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1999/540304.
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Abstract Trace element analysis of red sanders tree species (Pterocarpus santalinus) and their associated soils from deciduous forests of Chittoor, Cuddapah and Nellore districts in the southeastern part of Andhra Pradesh has been studied. The study shows that the heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus is capable of accumulating large amounts of Sr, Zn and Cu.
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Ukanyirioha, C. J., A. A. Okechalu, T. A. Erhabor, and O. M. Dahunsi. "Effect of watering regimes and hormones on early growth of <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 21, no. 2 (2025): 94–100. https://doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v21i2.9.
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Pterocarpus erinaceus is an endangered indigenous species that needs to be regenerated artificially. Its germination challenges as well as slow early growth are major limitations for its use in plantation establishment and in large scale afforestation projects. A study on the effect of water regimes and hormones on early growth of Pterocarpus erinaceus was carried out under nursery condition. Two (2) hormones (honey and Aloe Vera) were used in combination with 5 water regimes to determine the most suitable for early growth of the species. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 15 treatments and 9 replicates. The findings revealed that watering seedlings of Pterocarpus erinaceus twice a day (2x/day) gives better results on early growth (3.17cm, 4.91cm and 5.73cm for treatment without hormone, treatment with aloe vera and honey respectively). The shoot height of seedlings under the watering regime 2X/day was significantly different from the shoot height of seedlings under other water regimes evaluated. The effect of hormone showed that honey was a better hormone than aloe vera at early stages of growth of Pterocarpus erinaceus as seedlings treated with honey showed better responses in shoot height, collar diameter and number of leaves. Both hormones had better results on shoot height, collar diameter and number of leaves compared to the control, indicating that hormones are highly required to enhance early growth of the species. It is therefore recommended that honey be used as hormones in the raising of Pterocarpus erinaceus seedlings and that the seedlings be watered twice daily, in the morning and evening.
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Zhang, Maomao, Guangjie Zhao, Juan Guo, Bo Liu, Xiaomei Jiang, and Yafang Yin. "A GC-MS Protocol for Separating Endangered and Non-endangered Pterocarpus Wood Species." Molecules 24, no. 4 (2019): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040799.
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Pterocarpus santalinus and Pterocarpus tincorius are commonly used traded timber species of the genus Pterocarpus. P. santalinus has been listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). As a non-CITES species, P. tincorius is also indiscriminately labeled as P. santalinus due to the similar macroscopic and microscopic features with P. santalinus. In order to understand the molecular discrimination between these easily confused species, xylarium heartwoods of these two species were extracted by three different kinds of solvents and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Multivariate analyses were also applied for the selection of marker compounds that are distinctive between P. santalinus and P. tincorius. A total of twenty volatile compounds were detected and tentatively identified in three kinds of extracts, and these compounds included alcohols, stilbenoids, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, miscellaneous, phenols, and flavonoids. GC-MS analyses also revealed that extraction solvents including ethanol and water (EW), ethyl acetate (EA), and benzene–ethanol (BE) gave the best chemotaxonomical discrimination in the chemical components and relative contents of the two Pterocarpus species. After chemometric analyses, EW displayed higher predictive accuracy (100%) than those of EA extract (83.33%) and BE extract (83.33%). Furthermore, spathulenol (17.58 min) and pterostilbene (23.65 min) were elucidated as the critical compounds for the separation of the EW extracts of P. santalinus and P. tinctorius. Thus, a protocol of GC-MS and multivariate analyses was developed to use for successfully distinguishing P. santalinus from P. tinctorius.
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Danarto, S. A., M. Qiptiyah, I. Prihatini, and A. Y. P. B. C Widyatmoko. "The genetic diversity of angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) in Purwodadi Botanical Garden Indonesia revealed by rDNA ITS." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 914, no. 1 (2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/914/1/012005.
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Abstract Pterocarpus indicus or angsana is one of the tropical tree species that produce redwood. It has been listed as an endangered species by IUCN since 2018, as its natural population number has declined and possibly extinct in some countries. Therefore, conservation efforts to protect this species must be carried out based on the appropriate conservation strategy. This study aimed to assess molecular characters of Pterocarpus species in Purwodadi Botanical Garden using rDNA ITS (internal transcribed spacer) and its association with morphological characters. Information on genetic and morphological characters will precisely identify this species so that conservation strategy can be appropriately planned. Leaf samples of eighteen P. indicus trees were collected from Purwodadi Botanical Garden (PBG) and used in this study. Twelve specimens that provide clear DNA sequence were genetically assessed. The results showed that P. echinatus exhibited rDNA ITS character similar to that P. indicus, while P. indicus specimens from Morotai were very different from other P. indicus specimens. Morotai specimens showed 89% similarity to several Pterocarpus species, including P. acapulcensis, P. rohrii and P. indicus. The morphological characters were assessed along with molecular characters. The impacts of conservation strategies are discussed in this paper.
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Janhavi, Singh. "Aurone glycosides from Pterocarpus santalinus." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 80, Mar 2003 (2003): 190–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839266.
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Deparment of Chemistry, U. P. College, Varanasi-221002, India <em>Manuscript received 2 September 2002. accepted 12 December 2002</em> The heart-wood of <em>Pterocarpus santalinus</em> (Family : Papilionaceae) has been found to contain two aurone glycosides, characterized as 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-3' ,4' ,5' -trimethoxyaurone-4-<em>O</em>-rhamnoside and 6,4' -dihydroxyaurone-4-<em>O</em>-neohesperidoside.
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Golou Gizèle ZANH, Lisette Zeh TOKPA, Kouame Jean-Marc KOUMAN, Claude Bernard AKE, and Yao Sadaiou Sabas BARIMA. "Multiplication and development in the nursery of Pterocarpus erinaceus, an endangered agroforestry species in Cote d'Ivoire." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24, no. 1 (2024): 2250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.24.1.3223.
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Pterocarpus erinaceus is a multi-purpose species threatened with extinction. The present study aims to contribute to the improvement of multiplication and nursery growth of Pterocarpus erinaceus hulled seeds. To this end, four pre-treatments were applied to Pterocarpus erinaceus hulled seeds to lift their dormancy in order to facilitate germination of the species. These were: untreated seeds as Control (To), soaking in ordinary water for 24 h (T1), soaking in hot water at 60°C (T2) and soaking in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 20 min (T3). Germination parameters such as germination rate, germination time and average germination time were evaluated. Growth in height, diameter, number of leaves and root length were determined. Germination data and growth parameters were collected. Analyses showed that soaking shelled seeds in ordinary water for 24 h was the best treatment, with a germination rate of 43%. Pre-treatment of the seeds with sulfuric acid for 20 min showed the lowest germination rate (1%), due to the sensitivity of the seeds. Furthermore, these pre-treatments had no effect on seedling growth in the nursery. Those interested in producing Pterocarpus erinaceus seedlings are advised to soak shelled seeds in ordinary water for 24 hours to ensure better germination in the nursery.
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Folowosele, Morenikeji Tolulope, Oludele Olayemi Odekanyin, Adenike Oluwaseun Adefila, Sinaola Praise Oyepitan, Eniola Racheal Owolabi, and Ayomide Ifeoluwa Alobaloye. "Chemical Modification and Denaturation Effects on the Hemagglutinating Activity of Two Pterocarpus Species Seeds Lectins." Chemical Science International Journal 33, no. 3 (2024): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/csji/2024/v33i3896.
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Aims: Pterocarpus osun and Pterocarpus soyauxii seeds lectins were subjected to various chemical modifications in order to detect the amino acid residues involved in their hemagglutinating and sugar-binding activities. Methodology: The lectins were purified using salt precipitation and size exclusion chromatography. Hemagglutinating activity and sugar specificity of the lectins were also established. Chemical modification of arginine was done using phenylglyoxal hydrate, and 5,5- dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) was used to modify cysteine. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) was employed for serine modification and tryptophan residue was modified with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS). Denaturants effects on the hemagglutinating activity were carried out with chaotropic agents, acid, disulphide bridge reducer and cross-linker agent. Results: Pterocarpus osun seeds lectin is mannose specific while Pterocarpus soyauxii seeds lectin is galactose/lactose-binding lectin. Hemagglutinating activities of the two lectins were completely lost when tryptophan residue was modified with NBS and the loss was reversed by dialysis. Modifications of Cysteine, Arginine and Serine have no effect on the hemagglutinating activity of P. osun lectin. Nevertheless, the modifications of same amino acids slightly reduced the activity of P. soyauxii lectin, which dialysis and prolonged incubation were able to overturn. Mannose was found to bind and inhibit hemagglutinating activity of P. osun lectin in the presence of various modifiers but galactose and lactose could not inhibit the hemagglutinating activity of P. soyauxii lectin in the presence of modifiers. All denaturants employed significantly affected the hemagglutinating activity of the two lectins. However, the effects were reversible except for P. osun lectin denatured with 8M urea. Conclusion: The results revealed that tryptophan residue is essential for hemagglutinating activity of the Pterocarpus species seeds lectins studied in this research. Cysteine, Arginine and Serine are also needed for sugar binding by P. soyauxii lectin but not so important in P. osun sugar binding ability.
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Gu, Jianfeng, Yiwu Fang, Lele Liu, Majid Pedram, and Hongmei Li. "Bursaphelenchus pterocarpi n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in Pterocarpus sp. imported into China from Ghana." Nematology 21, no. 7 (2019): 725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003248.
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Summary Bursaphelenchus pterocarpi n. sp. isolated from Pterocarpus sp. logs imported from Ghana to Ningbo, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is characterised by a female body length of 630-946 μm, lateral field with four lines, a short 12.6-13.9 μm long stylet with small basal swellings, excretory pore located posterior to nerve ring, outstretched reproductive system with amoeboid sperm inside the spermatheca, a well-developed vulval flap, tail conical and straight with a 1.9-4.8 μm long mucron at the tip, and lacking males in both the wild type and fungal-cultured populations. In a concatenated tree, reconstructed on the basis of the partial 18S, full length ITS and partial 28S rDNA D2-D3 sequences, the new species occupied a basal placement to the clade of xylophilus-group and africanus-group species.
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Shanthi, A., and B. Vikashini. "DNA Barcoding in Pterocarpus Santalinus and Pterocarpus Marsupium - An Economically Important Indigenous Species in India." Indian Forester 150, no. 5 (2024): 420. https://doi.org/10.36808/if/2024/v150i5/169650.
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Rosianty, Yuli, Efendi Agus Waluyo, and Muhammad Surya Ganda Himawan. "POTENTIAL OF CARBON STORAGE IN ANGSANA PLANT (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) IN ILIR BARAT I DISTRICT, PALEMBANG CITY." Sylva: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Kehutanan 10, no. 1 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/sylva.v10i1.3605.
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This aims of the study is to determine the potential for carbon deposits and uptake in Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) tree species. This research was carried out in December 2019. To determine the potential for carbon storage, the Allometric Equation formula was used to estimate biomass stored in it. A half of the biomass is carbon content stored. The results of this study showed that the largest estimation of carbon storage in green space of Ilir Barat I District at the point of observation of GOR / PSCC with a total carbon content of 17,999 tons / ha with an individual number of 23 species of Angsana plants (Pterocarpus indicus Willd). For the District of Ilir Barat I in the City of Palembang, it is expected to increase the number of Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) plants because these plants can absorb enough carbon and have strong roots
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Leelahakriengkrai, Pongpan, Akharasit Bunsongthae, and Audcharapat Insing. "TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY IN PHRA THAT SI MUEANG PONG AREA, CHIANG MAI PROVINCE, THAILAND." BIOTROPIA 31, no. 3 (2024): 309–15. https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2024.31.3.2187.
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Article Highlights- Rich tree diversity found in Phra That Si Mueang Pong area. - Endangered species identified, promoting conservation efforts. - Unique plant distribution influenced by land use and water proximity. - Potential for ecotourism and environmental education in the region. - Study provides foundational data for future ecological research.AbstractThis research conducted a survey of perennial flora in ten subplots along the pathway leading to Phra That Si Mueang Pong, identifying a total of 30 species representing 20 families, 28 genera. Dominant species included Lagerstroemia duperreana var. duperreana, Shorea siamensis, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Tectona grandis, and Vitex canescens. Families with the highest species number were Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Combretaceae, and Malvaceae. The study revealed the presence of both common and rare plant species in the area, with differences in species distribution between plots 1-5 and 6-10. Plots 6-10, near the Mae Tha Chang River, displayed higher biodiversity, correlating with the biodiversity index. The dominant species, based on the importance value index (IVI), were Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Lagerstroemia duperreana, Tectona grandis, Shorea siamensis, and Millettia brandisiana, respectively. Two species, Pterocarpus macrocarpus and Tectona grandis, were classified as endangered. The soil analysis indicated slightly acidic pH and relatively low moisture content, with significant differences between plots 1-5 and 6-10. The study suggests the potential for ecotourism and environmental learning centers in the Chiang Mai province cultural tourism destination, emphasizing the rich biodiversity and ecological value of the mixed deciduous and dry dipterocarp forest ecosystems.
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Patrice, Houphouet Yao, Kouassi Kouadio Henri, Adji Beda Innocent, Akaffou Doffou Sélastique, Duminil Jerôme, and Sabatier Sylvie Annabel. "Effet de la Profondeur de Semis des Semences sur la Qualité Germinative des Graines de Pterocarpus Erinaceus Poir., 1804 (Fabaceae)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 27 (2022): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n27p330.
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Pterocarpus erinaceus est une espèce largement utilisée par les populations des zones sahéliennes et soudaniennes. Cependant, cette espèce est menacée par l’exploitation abusive des peuplements naturels. La présente étude vise à déterminer un idéotype de profondeur de semis des graines de Pterocarpus erinaceus pour relever le taux de germination de production des plantules dans le cadre de sa régénération. Pour ce faire, les graines ont été décortiquées et enfouies à différentes profondeurs (0,5 cm, 1 cm, 1,5 cm) sans traitement spécifique. L’évaluation de la vigueur des plantules a été basée sur des paramètres morphologiques qui sont : la hauteur (Ht), le diamètre au collet (Dcol), le nombre de feuille (Nf), la longueur des feuilles (Logfe) et la largeur des feuilles (Largfe). Les résultats ont montré que les meilleurs taux de germination (90,66 %) sont obtenus avec les semis enfouis à 0,5 cm du sol. Les faibles taux (41 %) de germinations ont été obtenus avec les semences enfouies à 1,5 cm. Cette expérimentation dénote que le semis superficiel des graines de Pterocarpus erinaceus est recommandé pour sa multiplication.
 
 Pterocarpus erinaceus is a species widely used by populations in the Sahelian and Sudanese zones. This species, however, is threatened by the abusive exploitation of natural stands. This paper focuses on determining a seedling depth ideotype of Pterocarpus erinaceus seeds in recording the germination rate of seedling production as part of its regeneration. In doing this, the seeds were shelled and buried at different depths (0,5 cm, 1 cm, 1,5 cm) without specific treatment. The evaluation of the sturdiness of the seedling was based on morphological parameters which are: height (Ht), neck diameter (Dcol), number of leaves (Nf), length of leaves (Logfe), and width of leaves (largfe). The results showed that the best germination rates (90,66 %) are obtained with seedlings buried at 0,5 cm from the ground. Low germination rates (41 %) were obtained with seeds buried at 1,5 cm. This experiment indicates that the superficial sowing of the seeds of Pterocarpus erinaceus is recommended for its multiplication.
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Kacholi, David Sylvester. "Population structure, harvesting rate and regeneration status of four woody species in Kimboza forest reserve, Morogoro region - Tanzania." Plants and Environment 2, no. 3 (2020): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/2582-3744.2020.sep.94.
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Kimboza forest reserve is recognized as an IUCN category IV-habitat and species management area, but the information on population structure, harvesting rate and regeneration status of four commercial woody species, namely; Khaya anthotheca, Milicia excelsa, Pterocarpus angolensis and Dalbergia melanoxylon in the forest are lacking. This study, therefore, aims to fill this gap. A total of five transects were established in the forest whereby within each transect, five nested quadrats of 20 m × 20 m were placed at 200 m distance for sampling stems with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm and stumps of the target species. Stems with DBH <10 cm were counted in a quadrat of 5 m × 5 m placed within the big quadrat. The findings show that density of stems & harvesting rate for Khaya anthotheca, Milicia excelsa, Pterocarpus angolensis and Dalbergia melanoxylon were 4.8 stems ha-1 & 6.6 stumps ha-1, 12.6 stems ha-1 & 3.4 stumps ha-1, 16.0 stems ha-1 & 2.8 stumps ha-1, and 5.6 stems ha-1 & 1.2 stumps ha-1, respectively. The DBH class distribution for Khaya anthotheca, Milicia excelsa and Pterocarpus angolensis displayed a good regeneration pattern, however, the last two were interrupted in high size classes. The Dalbergia melanoxylon revealed a poor regeneration pattern. The study recommends that illegal harvest of the species should be controlled, environmental education be provided to locals, and stringent measures be institutionalized against illegal loggers.
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Green, Laura, Marie-Hélène Weech, Robyn Drinkwater, and Jacek Wajer. "Digitisation at Three UK Herbaria Contributes Towards Food Security and Sustainable Timber Use." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 3 (June 18, 2019): e37092. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.3.37092.
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The digitisation of herbarium collections has shown to provide a growing resource in conservation science. Mobilising the data on portals such as GBIF allows researchers to access key taxonomic, habitat and geographical data that would otherwise be unavailable unless institutions are physically visited. These data are used notably in conservation assessments, distribution studies and publication of new species (Canteiro et al. 2019). The herbarium specimens held in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Natural History Museum, London, and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh are an unparalleled resource, estimated to hold representatives of around 85% of known plant species. By working collectively for the first time on a non-type material digitisation project, the three institutions collaborated to generate data for the subtribe Phaseolinae and rosewoods totalling 37,000 legume specimens. This pilot project was made possible through Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA)-allocated, Official Development Assistance (ODA) funding. This aid money is distributed by the UK government in its "global efforts to defeat poverty, tackle instability and create prosperity in developing countries". This project focused on two case-studies: Study i. Supporting development of dry beans as a sustainable and resilient crop. Beans from the subtribe Phaseolinae, including cowpeas, lablab and wild beans, are extremely tolerant of poor-quality soils and drought. As a consequence they are particularly suitable for the low-input agricultural production systems. An estimated 14.5 million hectares of land is used for planting of cowpea each year with around 80% of that in Development Assistance Committee countries in sub Saharan Africa. Study ii. Aiding conservation and sustainable use of rosewoods and padauk (<em>Dalbergia</em> L.f. and <em>Pterocarpus </em>Jacq.). <em>Dalbergia </em>is distributed throughout tropical Asia, Africa and the Americas with many species being regionally endemic. Species also vary in habit from shrubs and trees to robust lianas. <em>Pterocarpus</em> is also pantropically distributed in a wide variety of habitats. However, suitable habitat across the natural range of these genera is now limited for many species due to a range of threats, namely deforestation, forest conversion for agriculture/human development, and logging. The timber from many species of <em>Dalbergia</em> and <em>Pterocarpus</em> has long been prized for its high-quality wood used for construction, fine furniture, cabinet work, marquetry and inlay, ethnic carvings, pianos, guitars and other musical instruments. All <em>Dalbergia</em> and most of the timber species of <em>Pterocarpus</em> are now listed on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II and the Brazilian <em>D. nigra</em> is listed on Appendix I. There is a huge illegal trade in these genera and serial depletion across the globe is a real and substantial risk to their survival (Winfield et al. 2016). This project used novel high-throughput methodologies and acted as a pilot study for future collaborative mass digitisation efforts. Specimens were taken from the collections, barcoded and minimal data fields captured, before high resolution images were created and the specimens returned. A subset of these was further subjected to full or partial label transcription via the use of the Atlas of Living Australia's DigiVol crowdsourcing platform or via in-house data capture. The resulting datasets will be made available via GBIF and partner sites and will be used to perform gap analyses on the collections across the institutions. We will examine the benefits of combined institutional data for these groups, assess how many species are represented in total and the geographic coverage of these collections. Use of the data will be measured by the number of downloads from GBIF and observing in-house use cases. Two research projects have just begun within Kew, using the data gathered for <em>Pterocarpus </em>and <em>Lablab </em>Adans., georeferencing for which is already underway and will contribute to conservation assessments and other measurable outputs. A data paper is planned which will also assist with tracking future use of the data set and help demonstrate the impact of the digitisation.
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Susanto, Herry, Suyanto Suyanto, and Mufidah Asyari. "PERTUMBUHAN HUTAN TANAMAN DI KAWASAN HUTAN DENGAN TUJUAN KHUSUS (KHDTK) UNIVERSITAS LAMBUNG MANGKURAT." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 3, no. 6 (2022): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v3i6.4720.
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Forest and land rehabilitation conducted at KHDTK Lambung Mangkurat University still often fails. One of the causes of this failure is the occurrence of forest fires and a lack of understanding of the suitability of selecting plant species with their plant species. This study aims to determine the types of plants that have the highest diameter and height increment and analyze the types of plants in the KHDTK area of Lambung Mangkurat University. This study uses an analysis of the growth of rehabilitation plants measuring the annual average dimension measurement (MAI) in a circle measuring plot of 0.02 ha totaling 30 measuring plots. The results of this study indicate that the Angsana species (Pterocarpus indicus) had the best diameter growth performance with an average increase of 2.29 cm/ year in 2015. Plants that had the best high growth performance were found in Mahagony species (Switenia mahagoni). with an average increase of 1.23 m/year. The types of plants contained in this study were dominated by Mahoni (Switenia mahagoni) and Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus)Rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan yang dilakukan di KHDTK Universitas Lambung Mangkurat masih sering mengalami kegagalan. Salah satu yang menjadi penyebab dari kegagalan tersebut adalah terjadinya kebakaran hutan dan kurangnya pemahaman terhadap kecocokan pemiihan jenis tanaman dengan jenis tanamhnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis tanaman yang memiliki riap diameter dan tinggi terbesar dan menganalis riap jenis tanaman di wilayah KHDTK Universitas Lambung Mangkurat. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman rehabilitasi pengukuran riap dimensi rata-rata tahunan (MAI) pada plot ukur lingkaran seluas 0,02 ha sebanyak 30 plot ukur. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan jenis tanaman Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) memiliki performa pertumbuhan diameter terbaik dengan riap rata-rata 2,29 cm/tahun pada tahun 2015. Tanaman yang memiliki performa pertambahan tinggi terbaik terdapat pada jenis Mahoni (Switenia mahagoni) dengan rata-rata riap 1,23 m/tahun. Jenis tanaman yang terdapat dalam penelitian ini didominasi oleh jenis Mahoni (Switenia mahagoni) dan Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus)
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Ruziman, Hasya Hannani, Asmida Ismail, Azian Mohti, Muhammad Fuad Abdullah, and Faezah Pardi. "Toward Healthy Urban Streets: Richness of Roadside Tree Species in Industrial Area of Shah Alam, Selangor." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1217, no. 1 (2023): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1217/1/012022.
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Abstract Roadside trees are distinct component of urban forests, providing benefits to reduce radiation heat and air pollution. However, urban settlements due to overpopulation might affect the abundance of roadside trees. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the species richness and diversity of roadside trees in Shah Alam. All trees with 1-metre height and above in Section 15 and 16 were measured and identified as referred to the Landscape Department of Shah Alam City Council (MBSA) computerised database. The data was analysed for their taxonomic composition and species diversity. A total of 5,523 trees were recorded where 4,087 trees in Section 15 and 1,426 trees in Section 16. Fabaceae was the most dominant family in both sections where their three leading species such as Peltophorum pterocarpum, Pterocarpus indicus, Roystonea regia accounted for 14.7% of the planted trees. Section 15 was relatively higher in taxonomic composition with 11 families and 25 species than Section 16, with 8 families and 18 species. The values for Species Diversity Index are considered high in both sections with 8.37 despite the environmental impact from the industrial activities. Thus, it is suggested that future research should include the potential risks of biodiversity loss for proper management practices in urban settings.
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Zhang, Maomao, Guang Jie Zhao, Bo Liu, et al. "Wood discrimination analyses of Pterocarpus tinctorius and endangered Pterocarpus santalinus using DART-FTICR-MS coupled with multivariate statistics." IAWA Journal 40, no. 1 (2019): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-40190224.
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ABSTRACT Pterocarpus santalinus, listed in CITES Appendix II, is an endangered timber species as a result of illegal harvesting due to its high value and commercial demand. The growing demand for P. santalinus and timbers with the morphologically similar Pterocarpus tinctorius has resulted in confusion as well as identification problems. Therefore, it is of vital importance to explore reliable ways to accurately discriminate between P. santalinus and P. tinctorius. In this study, the method of direct analysis in real time and fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (DART-FTICR-MS), combined with multivariate statistical analysis, was used to extract chemical information from xylarium wood specimens and to explore the feasibility of distinguishing these two species. Significant differences were observed in their DART-FTICR-MS spectra. Orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed the highest prediction, with an accuracy of 100%. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of authenticating wood types using DART-FTICR-MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis.
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MacLachlan, Ian R., and Peter Gasson. "PCA of Cites Listed Pterocarpus Santalinus (Leguminosae) Wood." IAWA Journal 31, no. 2 (2010): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000010.
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Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. is endemic to south eastern India where it is known as ‘red sandal wood’ or ‘red sanders wood’. A highly valued timber for its structural and medicinal properties P. santalinus is listed under CITES Appendix II, reflecting the possibility of extinction should unregulated trade continue. Currently timber identification uses comparative wood anatomy. Some P. santalinus specimens are very distinct from closely related species, but this is not always the case. PCA was applied to data on 17 wood anatomical characters and one physical character of several Pterocarpus species including P. santalinus. A comparative description of P. santalinus is presented using the same data as PCA. The primary quantitative outcome was discrete clustering of P. santalinus in PCA axes scores plots, distinguishing it from the other included species. PCA eigenvector data indicated which characters were responsible for the greatest amount of variance in the data set. With simple modifications PCA has considerable potential in quantitative wood anatomy as a complementary technique to comparative wood anatomy for the identification of cryptic wood specimens.
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Johnson, Benziwa N., Marie Luce A. Quashie, Kossi Adjonou, Kossi N. Segla, Adzo D. Kokutse, and Kouami Kokou. "Morphological Variability of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. in Togo." International Journal of Forestry Research 2020 (March 21, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4878169.
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Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae), also called Vène or West African rosewood, is a multipurpose endemic forest species of Sahelo-Sudanian and Sudano-Guinean savannas and forests of West Africa. In Togo, the species is overexploited, which dangerously hinders its survival. The need and emergency of restoring declining stands, using seeds, or propagating material suggests an assessment of its morphological variability. The purpose of this study is to identify the discriminating morphological descriptors, allowing us to describe and also to characterize the species. Five provenances distributed over the whole geographical distribution area in Togo were evaluated for leaf (7 descriptors), fruit (4 descriptors), and seed (4 descriptors) traits. The coefficient of variation (CV) and the principal component analysis (PCA) are used to assess the variability among tree populations. Results show that the discriminating morphological descriptors for P. erinaceus in Togo are the width of the leaf and the terminal leaflet, the length and the width of the fruit, and length and the weight of the seed. These six main relevant variables allow us to discriminate three morphological groups of P. erinaceus population.
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Husaini, S. W. H., and L. S. Gill. "Cytology of the tribe Dalbergieae (Leguminosae) from Nigeria." Feddes Repertorium 97, no. 7-8 (1986): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1522-239x.1986.tb00258.x.
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SummaryChromosome counts of 7 species in 3 genera of the tribe Dalbergieae have been made from Nigerian material. Chromosome numbers for Dalbergia lactea (n = 10), D. saxatilis (n = 10), Machaerium lunatus (n = 9) and Pterocarpus mildbraedii (n = 10) are reported here for the first time. Distribution maps of the species are provided.
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DURUANYIM, Ikenna Emmanuel, Ifiok Dominic UFFIA, Joy Aduralare OGUNSIYI, and Victoria Onwachi UCHECHUKWU. "Evaluation of selected Nigerian wood species treated with creosote and Occimum gratissimum Linn. extract against fungal infestation." Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Journal 4, no. 1 (2025): 242–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15227669.
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<em>The study focuses on the resistance of Pterocarpus soyauxii and Celtis zenkeri treated with creosote and Occimum gratissimum against fungal infestation. Wood samples were obtained from a sawmill and processed into 30mm × 30mm × 70mm in three replicates and dried at a temperature of 103±20°C for 8 hours and soaked in 500 ml of Occimum gratissimum and creosote for 24 hours. Absorption, retention, and visual assessment tests were carried out. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics using a two-sample T-test to test for significant difference. Pterocarpus soyauxii had the highest percentage moisture content of 17.85% among other wood samples that were tested, followed by Celtis zenkeri. Pterocarpus soyauxii had a higher absorption rate, ranging from 52.17% to 54.69% for the two treatment methods. Celtis zenkeri had the least absorption rate when treated with creosote (42.35%). The result proved that there is an interaction effect between the treatment and wood species. Creosote had the highest retention rate of 50.92 kg/m³. There is a significant difference between the wood species and the treatment methods. Celtis zenkeri had the least retention rate of 39.23 kg/m³ (Occimum gratissimum). The extent of protection varied with different treatment methods. Findings show that creosote is more effective in treating wood than Occimum gratissimum. Extension education should be increased towards educating wood users on the importance of organic preservatives as wood preservatives.</em>
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Francis, Mutale, and Davy Sakala Weston. "Extent of Illegal harvesting of Pterocarpus Chrysothrix (Mukula) Species in Zambia, Case of Nyanganje Forest Reserve, Isoka district." Sustainable Resources Management Journal 6, no. 1 (2021): 17–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4738698.
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The study was conducted to determine the extent of illegal harvesting of Pterocarpus chrysothrix (Mukula) tree species in Nyanganje Forest Reserve of Isoka District in Muchinga Province. Data on the extent of illegal harvesting of Pterocarpus chrysothrix (Mukula) species was collected by socio-economic and ecological surveys. Ten (10) Villages were selected at random based on their closeness to the forest resources within these villages. A sample size of 150 individuals was targeted using purpose sampling and questionnaires were administered using semi-structured interviews. The survey also targeted key informants in the area (i.e. village environmental committee and village leaders). The findings from the study indicate that the area has a total standing volume of 29,035.6 m3. This means that the area has great potential in timber production provided sustainable timber harvesting is practiced. The findings indicate that the mean annual quantity of wood harvested illegally was estimated to be 6.2 m3 per ha. This means that the tree species may be depleted if sustainable measures are not put in place to safeguard the tree species.
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Senthilkumar, N., and R. Sumathi. "In Silico Anti-Inflammatory Activity Evaluation of Some Bioactive Compound from Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. through Molecular Docking Approach." Journal of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Research 6, no. 1 (2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jbbr/2024(6)171.
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Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sanders) a highly impressive indigenous deciduous threatened tree species renowned for its characteristic timber of exquisite colour reported to have enormous biological activities and potential health benefits along with its extensive use in furniture.
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Ariwaodo, Joseph, Ruth Ugwu, Chioma Odega, Alla Weriateide, Lynda Obiajulu, and Odephowula Olu. "Examining the Phytochemicals in Leaves of Pterocarpus Species in Nigeria." Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 24, no. 3 (2024): 329–38. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1600018.
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Aim of study: The study carried out a phytochemical analysis for tannin, flavonoid, saponins, phenol, alkaloids, terpenoids and anti-nutrient compounds – Oxalate and phytate. Materials and method: These were carried out on powdered leaf methanolic extract of five endemic Pterocarpus species viz; P. osun, P. mildbraedii, P. soyauxii, P. erinaceus and P. santaloides using standard procedure. Main results: Both qualitative and quantitative analysis indicated that the leaves sample contained similar phytochemical/secondary metabolites with variation in mean concentration value (mg/100g); Tannins (1.06 - 2.89 mg/100g); flavonoid (2.17-5.46 mg/100g); saponins (2.78¬¬-9.38 mg/100g), phenol (1.13-2.56 mg/100g), Alkaloids (3.06-6.28 mg/100g), Terpenoids (1.32-2.46 mg/100g); Oxalate (0.34-1.14 mg/100g) and Phytate (0.16-0.46 mg/100g). These differed significantly (p≥0.05) amongst the examined taxa. Research highlights: The highest concentration of saponins, phenol, tannin and phytate was found in leaves of P. mildbraedii while P. erinaceus contained the highest concentration of flavonoid, alkaloid and oxalate. However, terpenoid was found highest in leaves of P. soyauxii. Generally, the studied Pterocarpus species contained low level of anti-nutrient compound making them safe for consumption. Thus, the study revealed the rich phytochemical content in leaves of this genus to justify their ethnobotanical usage for leafy vegetable and ethnomedicine. Furthermore, findings provided additional information in support of the taxonomic placement and classification of members of the genus on the basis of their phytochemistry.
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Adebayo, Ogheneruona Hope, and Mary Timeyin Ogona. "Nutritional compositions of three green leafy vegetables from Ugbolu, Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria." Tropical Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (2024): 32–36. https://doi.org/10.47524/tjst.v5i2.33.
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Green leafy vegetables are nutritious fleshy leaves of plants grown in gardens or found in the wild, they are usually low in fat, salt and sugar, but rich in antioxidants. There is disinterest in the consumption of leafy vegetables by the younger generation, this may be as a result of the poor knowledge of the nutritional value of green leafy vegetables. The current study is aimed at examining the nutritional qualities of the leaves of Pterocarpus santalinoides, Piper guineense and Myrianthus arboreus which are grown in Ugbolu, Oshimili North Local Govrnment Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Powdered plant samples were screened for the proximate and mineral compositions using standard procedures, Myrianthus arboreus had the highest protein content of 15.70% while Pterocarpus santalinoides and Piper guineense had 13.52% and 13.96% respectively. Piper guineense had crude fat content of 3.44% while Myrianthus arboreus and Pterocarpus santalinoides had fat content of 1.10% and 1.25% respectively. Piper guineense had the highest moisture content of 19.10% while Myrianthus arboreus had the lowest of 16.58%. Crude fibre content (25.17%) was highest in the leaf of Piper guineense while Myrianthus arboreus had the lowest (12.64%). The green leafy vegetables showed varied amount of minerals, potassium was highest in Myrianthus arboreus (789mg/100g) and lowest in Pterocarpus santalinoides (509mg/100g), Myrianthus arboreus 14.38mg/100g also had the highest amount of iron while Pterocarpus santalinoides (12.6mg/100g) had the lowest. The study was effective in characterizing the nutritional components of the leafy vegetables which maybe an excellent nutritional alternative thereby improving health and providing good nutrition at low cost as such, more study is recommended on these species to validate the findings of this study.
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ADJI, Beda Innocent, Doffou Sélastique AKAFFOU, and Sylvie SABATIER. "Variation on growth unit morphology in Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss., 1830 (Meliaceae) and Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir., 1804 (Fabaceae) according to habitat and climate." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 354 (December 1, 2022): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2022.354.a36768.
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Retrospective analysis provides access to long-term growth series to understand and interpret the structural functioning of tree crowns required for their sustainable management. The aim of this study was to assess the development and adaptation of crown shoots in Khaya senegalensis and Pterocarpus erinaceus to a changing environment in preparation for establishing permanent plots. The growth units (GUs) morphology of the axes of 420 young, adult, and old individuals was analyzed in full sunlight or shade during the rainy and dry season in seven locations in Côte d'Ivoire. The results showed that growth unit morphology is an indicator of the choice of growth conditions. Heterogeneous habitat had no significant effect on growth unit morphology (P > 0.05) in either species. The morphology of the growth units varied from one location (climate) to another due to distinct environmental characteristics (P < 0.05). The southern part of the gradient (Toumodi and Bouaké in the central region of the country) offers favourable and hence priority areas for reforestation programmes based on the two species. The age of the individuals influenced the number of phytomers per growth unit (P < 0.05). Young individuals (cuttings) are good ideotypes for the selection of suitable resistant genotypes. Whatever the species, the rainy season increased the success rate of plot establishment. The growth units of the two species are practically the same size (P > 0.05). Our results could be a decision guide for the selection of suitable environments for the implementation of reforestation or agroforestry programs based on Khaya senegalensis and Pterocarpus erinaceus, in order to conserve and sustainably manage these species in the current climate change context.
 Keywords: Khaya senegalensis, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Environment, Morphology, Growth Units (GUs)
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Hollis, D., and J. H. Martin. "Padaukia - a new genus of jumping plantlice (Homoptera: Psylloidea) attacking economically important species of Pterocarpus (Leguminosae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, no. 2 (1993): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300034684.
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AbstractThe genus Padaukia is newly described in the family Psyllidae. Its systematic relationships are discussed; seven species are included, five of which are newly described: P. cuanzae sp. n., P. javana sp. n., P. kino sp. n., P. macrocarpae sp. n. and P. usambarensis sp. n. An identification key is provided. Three species are known to attack economically important species of timber trees of the legumious genus Pterocarpus in tropical Asia.
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Gbenyedji, Jean Norbert B. K., Boris Dodji Kasseney, Seth Wolali Nyamador, et al. "Evaluation Des Attaques De Termites (Isoptera Brulle, 1832) Sur Quatre Essences Forestieres D’importance Economique Au Togo (Afrique De L’ouest)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 9 (2016): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n9p333.
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Termites are one of the most abundant invertebrates in tropical ecosystems, where they play a major ecological role in litter decomposition. Despite their important role, termites can cause considerable damage to wood structures in most tropical countries. The aims of this study was to evaluate termite attack in four economically important species in Togo including Antiaris africana Engl (Moraceae), Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir (Fabaceae), Triplochiton scleroxylon Schum (Malvaceae) (all local species) and teak or Tectona grandis Linné (Lamiaceae). For the latter species, termites were infested on 83.49% of 630 feet examined. However, the rate and type attacks differ from one plantation to another. On the studied forest species, termites were collected on about 97% of Triplochiton scleroxylon feet. For this species, at least 31% of examined feet have had their wood attacked. For the other two species, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Antiaris africana respectively about 80% and 67% of examined feet were attacked by termites. Amitermes evuncifer, Ancistrotermes guineensis and Microtermes lepidus were species of termite often harvested from trees examined. However the last two species namely A. guineensis and M. lepidus are encountered on the bark of trees inside veneers unlike A. evuncifer harvested in the heart of the wood. Therefore, the latter species deserves special attention as likely to cause serious damage not only to these species but also other species not taken into account in this study. It is therefore necessary to consider adequate control methods against these species.
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AYOGU, VIRGINUS OKWUDILI, EBERE UGWUNWA NJOKU, and ANTHONY NWEZE. "ECOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON OF WOOD ANATOMY ON SOME TREE GENERA IN THE SOUTHERN NIGERIA." Wood Research 69, no. 2 (2024): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/69.2.237248.
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This work aimed at utilizing wood anatomical traits to assess the compatibility or suitability of 9 species in the families where they belong since the earlier classification depended only on morphological characters and also to possibly deduce the permeability of their vessel lumen during wood treatment with preservatives of equal or different viscosity. Comparative stem anatomy of tree taxa Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. (Moraceae), Ficus exasperate Vahl. (Moraceae), Milicia excelsa Welw. (Moraceae), Dacryodes klaineana Lam. (Burseraceae) Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. (Burseraceae), Dacryodes edulis Lam. (Burseraceae), Erythrophleum suaveolens Taub. (Fabaceae), Pelthophorum pterocarpum De Cand. (Fabaceae), Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub. (Fabaceae) was studied. Observations on the transverse, radial-longitudinal and tangential-longitudinal sections showed that there were vast variations and few similarities in the vessel, axial parenchyma, ray cell and storied fibre distributions within and across families. Variations across the three ecological zones were found. The highest vessel diameter occurred in C. schwenfortii with 222.84µm (Burseraceae) followed by F. Exasperate with 196.42 µm (Moraceae) and P. pterocarpum with 187.23 µm (Fabaceae) across the three ecological zones. Vessel diameters were in direct proportion with the amount of rainfall while vessel frequencies were in negative proportion with the amount of rainfall across the ecological zones. Qualitative properties were not significantly affected by either temperature or rainfall.
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Bisht, S. S., Kamal Mishra, K. K. Pandey, Girish Chandra, M. Muralidhar Nayak, and S. Shashikala. "Chromatographic and spectrophotometric analysis of heartwood extracts of four Pterocarpus species." Wood Science and Technology 56, no. 2 (2022): 459–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-022-01368-z.
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Diallo, Boubacar Laïla, Hamidou Bah, Adoté Hervé Gildas Akueson, and Sara Bailo Diallo. "Comparative Effect of Biochars on the Growth of Afzelia africana and Pterocarpus erinaceus in Nursery Conditions in Faranah, Guinea." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 11 (2024): 549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i113076.
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Aims: This study aims to assess the effects of various biochar types on the germination, growth, and biomass of two native West African forest species, Afzelia africana and Pterocarpus erinaceus, under controlled nursery conditions, and to identify suitable biochar treatments for enhancing reforestation practices in Guinea. The study also seeks to provide actionable insights into improving soil resilience and forest growth strategies. Study Design: Experimental design with five treatment groups. Place and Duration of Study: Nursery trials conducted at Faranah, Guinea, over a six-month period. Methodology: Five biochar treatments were applied: straw biochar (BP), peanut shell biochar (BCA), corn stalk biochar (BCM), household waste biochar (BDM), and a control with no biochar (D0). Key parameters measured included germination rate, leaf area, leaflet and leaf counts, as well as fresh and dry biomass for each species. Statistical analyses included normality tests, ANOVA, and Tukey’s post-hoc tests, ensuring robust evaluation of treatment effects on measured parameters. Results: Significant variations were observed across treatments for several growth parameters. Afzelia africana responded favorably to BCA and BDM treatments, exhibiting increased leaf area, number of leaves, number of leaflets, and higher fresh and dry biomass (p < 0.05). Conversely, Pterocarpus erinaceus showed improved germination rate, germination energy, germination speed, and leaf area with the BCM treatment. The findings highlight strong correlations between germination and biomass parameters for Afzelia africana, underlining its resilience to substrate variation and the importance of biochar choice. Conclusion: Tailoring biochar application to species-specific needs can enhance nursery growth conditions for reforestation purposes. BCA and BDM treatments are most beneficial for Afzelia africana, while BCM is optimal for Pterocarpus erinaceus. These results underline the practical potential of biochar in advancing reforestation initiatives and improving soil management strategies in Guinea’s nursery settings.
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Zhang, Maomao, Guangjie Zhao, Juan Guo, Alex C. Wiedenhoeft, Charles C. Liu, and Yafang Yin. "Timber species identification from chemical fingerprints using direct analysis in real time (DART) coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS): comparison of wood samples subjected to different treatments." Holzforschung 73, no. 11 (2019): 975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0304.
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Abstract Timber genus identification based on the anatomical features of wood is well established in botany. However, species-level wood identification is not always possible based on traditional wood morphology techniques alone. To compensate for the deficiencies of traditional methods, direct analysis in real time coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (DART-FTICR-MS) was used to obtain the mass spectral fingerprints of different timber species. Using heartwood samples of two morphologically similar species, Pterocarpus santalinus and Pterocarpus tinctorius, subjected to different treatments, i.e. solvent extractions and powdered samples as well as air-dried samples and samples dried at low and high temperatures, we observed distinct chemical signatures for the wood samples from the two species, enabling rapid species-level identification when multivariate statistical analysis was adopted. The supervised orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models for samples subjected to different treatments all exhibited accurate differentiation performance of the explained fraction of variance of classes (R2Y = 0.936–0.987) and the cross-validated fraction of variance of classes (Q2 = 0.857–0.949). Compared with solvent types and the physical form of the sample, the drying treatment method had a greater impact on the chemical fingerprint from DART-FTICR-MS. Air-dried wood chips were the optimal samples for the DART-FTICR-MS method coupled with statistical analysis.
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Awasthi, N., and R. N. Lakhanpal. "Additions to the neogene florule from near Bhikhnathoree, West Champaran District, Bihar." Journal of Palaeosciences 37, no. (1-3) (1988): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1988.1624.
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Eleven new species have been described from the Siwalik beds of Bhikhnathoree, West Champaran District, Bihar. These are based on leaf-impressions which show close resemblance with the leaves of modern Urena lobata, Aphanamixis polystachya, Toona ciliata, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Derris scandens, Pongamia pinnata, Cassia glauca, Syzygium bracteatum, Ardisia solanacea, Ipomoea eriocarpa and Phoebe lanceolata.
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Jin, Zhi, Weili Cui, Fangda Zhang, et al. "Rapid Identification for the Pterocarpus Bracelet by Three-Step Infrared Spectrum Method." Molecules 27, no. 15 (2022): 4793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154793.
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In order to explore a rapid identification method for the anti-counterfeit of commercial high value collections, a three-step infrared spectrum method was used for the pterocarpus collection identification to confirm whether a commercial pterocarpus bracelet (PB) was made from the precious species of Pterocarpus santalinus (P. santalinus). In the first step, undertaken by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum, the absorption peaks intensity of PB was slightly higher than that of P. santalinus only at 1594 cm−1, 1205 cm−1, 1155 cm−1 and 836 cm−1. In the next step of second derivative IR spectra (SDIR), the FTIR features of the tested samples were further amplified, and the peaks at 1600 cm−1, 1171 cm−1 and 1152 cm−1 become clearly defined in PB. Finally, by means of two-dimensional correlation infrared (2DIR) spectrum, it revealed that the response of holocellulose to thermal perturbation was stronger in P. santalinus than that in PB mainly at 977 cm−1, 1008 cm−1, 1100 cm−1, 1057 cm−1, 1190 cm−1 and 1214 cm−1, while the aromatic functional groups of PB were much more sensitive to the thermal perturbation than those of P. santalinus mainly at 1456 cm−1, 1467 cm−1, 1518 cm−1, 1558 cm−1, 1576 cm−1 and 1605 cm−1. In addition, fluorescence microscopy was used to verify the effectiveness of the above method for wood identification and the results showed good consistency. This study demonstrated that the three-step IR method could provide a rapid and effective way for the anti-counterfeit of pterocarpus collections.
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Mbunzu, Jean Christian Bangata Bitha nyi, Severin Elemo Enindjo, Abel Ntombi Mwen Mutsindu, Syntyche Bitha Gende, Francklin Ngwibaba Ansuele, and Patrick Mobambo Kitume Ngongo. "Analyse diachronique des éléments minéraux dans les sols sous les agroforêts après deux cycles de culture de bananiers au plateau des Batéké en République Démocratique du Congo." Revue Africaine d’Environnement et d’Agriculture 6, no. 4 (2024): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rafea.v6i4.11.
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Description du sujet. La régénération des sols pauvres par les systèmes sylvo-bananiers constituent un souci majeur dans la zone agricole de Kinshasa et ses environs.Objectifs. L’étude vise à faire une analyse diachronique des éléments minéraux dans les sols sous les agroforêts après deux cycles de culture de bananiers au Plateau des Batéké afin d’évaluer l’influence des agroforêts sur le degré de la fertilité du sol dans le temps.Méthodes. Après avoir géoréférencé les échantillons de sols collectés, les analyses ont été effectuées au laboratoire de l’Université Kongo (UK). Le Système d’Information Géographique dans son module « géostatistique, précisement par Krigeage», a servi pour traiter les propriétés observées de façon discontinue dans l'espace Géographique (en un point).Résultats. Après deux cycles culturaux de bananiers soit 4 ans après, les essences suivantes ont respectivement contribué aussi bien à la réduction de l’acidité qu’à l’augmentation des teneurs en éléments minéraux du sol sous études : Milletia laurentii (soit 100 % de contribution); Pterocarpus indicus Willd (87,5 %); Maesopsis eminii Engl. (75 %); Terminalia superba Anglais. & Diels (75 %) ; Eugenia malaccensis L. (75 %); Persea americana Miller (62,5 %); Acacia auriculiformis Benth (50 %); Lanea welwitshii (Hiern) Engl (50 %); Dacryodes edulis (D.Don) H.J.Lam (50 %) et Mangifera indica L. (50 %).Conclusion. Il apparait de manière claire que les essences ci-après peuvent être retenues et recommandées en systèmes sylvobananiers : Milletia laurentii; suivi respectivement de Pterocarpus indicus Willd; Maesopsis eminii Engl.; Terminalia superba Anglais. & Diels; Eugenia malaccensis L. et Persea americana Miller, en mettant un accent particulier sur Milletia laurentii De Willd. et Pterocarpus indicus Willd.
 Description of the subject. The regeneration of our poor soils by sylvo-banana systems is a major concern in the agricultural zone of Kinshasa and its surroundings.Objective. To carry out a diachronic analysis of mineral elements in soils under agroforests after two cycles of banana cultivation on the Batéké Plateau in order to assess the influence of agroforests on the degree of soil fertility over time.Methods. After georeferencing the collected soil samples, analyses were carried out in the laboratory. The Geographic Information System's "geostatistics" module was used to process properties observed discontinuously in geographic space (at a single point).Results. After two banana cropping cycles, i.e. 4 years later, the following species respectively contributed to both the reduction of acidity and the increase in mineral element content of the soil under study. Milletia laurentii (100% contribution); Pterocarpus indicus Willd (87.5 %); Maesopsis eminii Engl. (75 %); Terminalia superba Anglais. & Diels (75 %); Eugenia malaccensis L. (75 %); Persea americana Miller (62.5 %); Acacia auriculiformis Benth (50 %); Lanea welwitshii (Hiern) Engl (50 %); Dacryodes edulis (D.Don) H.J.Lam (50 %) and Mangifera indica L. (50 %).Conclusion. It is clear that the following species can be selected and recommended for use in silvobanana systems: Milletia laurentii; followed respectively by Pterocarpus indicus Willd; Maesopsis eminii Engl; Terminalia superba Anglais. & Diels; Eugenia malaccensis L. and Persea americana Miller, with particular emphasis on Milletia laurentii De Willd. and Pterocarpus indicus Willd.
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Coulibaly, Mamadou, Drissa Coulibaly, Regina Roessler, Hawa Coulibaly, Baba Cissé, and Eva Schlecht. "Preference of Ligneous Forages by Sheep in South-East Mali." Animals 15, no. 8 (2025): 1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15081102.
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In many tropical countries, woody forage plays an important role in ruminant nutrition. Five woody species commonly used in south-eastern Mali were subjected to a preference test, in order to examine their potential of being included in the rations of stall-fed sheep. A complete randomised block (Latin square) experiment with four rams was carried out during two test periods of five days each to test the appreciation of fresh and dried leaves, respectively, of the five species. On each test day, the five species were offered concomitantly to the rams for 30 min in the morning, and the parameters of their consumption along with the nutritional value were determined. The average consumption of fresh leaves was 160.9 g, 115.8 g, 66.2 g, 11.6 g, and 5.7 g per kilogram of live weight, respectively, for Pterocarpus lucens, Entada africana, Ficus sycomorus, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Khaya senegalensis. For dry leaves, the consumption per kilogram of live weight averaged 69.3 g, 39.3 g, 25.0 g, 8.4 g, and 3.7 g for P. lucens, F. sycomorus, P. erinaceus, K. senegalensis, and E. africana, respectively. These results indicate that P. lucens, followed by E. africana when fresh, and by F. sycomorus when dry were the most liked species and therefore show potential to be used as a feed supplement in the rations of stall-fed sheep.
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Ananda, Putri, Yuniati Ratna, and Putrika Afiatry. "Six tree species physiological responses to air pollution in Pulogadung Industrial Estate, East Jakarta, Indonesia and Universitas Indonesia Campus, Depok, Indonesia." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) 12, no. 2 (2023): 152–62. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v12.i2.pp152-162.
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Air pollution is a global issue that has a harmful impact on living things and the environment. It is commonly recognized that bioremediation, including the use of tree plants, helps reduce air pollution. Tree plants can respond physically to air pollution. The value of the air pollution tolerance index (APTI) can be used to determine the physiological response. Based on APTI values, this study seeks to determine the tolerance levels and physiological response differences of six tree plant species (Mangifera indica, Pterocarpus indicus, Cerbera odollam, Pometia pinnata, Syzygium myrtifolium, and Swietenia macrophylla) in Pulogadung Industrial Estate, East Jakarta and Universitas Indonesia (UI) Campus, Depok. Environmental factors and APTI values with relative water content parameters, leaf extract pH, ascorbic acid content, and total chlorophyll content were measured in six kinds of tree plants at both research sites. The maximum APTI score in the Pulogadung Industrial Estate was 9.79 0.13, indicating that Mangifera indica plants are air pollution tolerant. Meanwhile, Pterocarpus indicus is classified as sensitive to air pollution, with the lowest APTI score of 6.59 0.18 at the UI Campus, Depok. The APTI test results revealed that tolerant species had high relative water content (RWC) values and ascorbic acid concentration, whereas sensitive species had low RWC values and poor total chlorophyll content.
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Nguyen, Thi Yen, Van Ha Dang, and Tatyana A. Parinova. "Species Diversity and Decorative Features of Plants Used in the Landscaping of Hanoi." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 5 (October 15, 2021): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-65-75.
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The article presents the results of studies on species diversity and decorative features of plantations in Hanoi. The relevance of this research is justified by the failure to meet the standards of landscaping in the city in accordance with global recommendations and standards. The dendroflora of central Hanoi has 304 species (including varieties and forms) belonging to 253 genera and 104 families. The leading families are Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, Meliaceae, Verbenaceae, Myrtaceae, Moraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Rosaceae, and Magnoliaceae. The Fabaceae family predominates by the the number of genera and species; and is followed by the Moraceae family. The greatest species diversity is observed among trees (151 species – 49.67 % of the total number). The most commonly used species in the urban gardening are Peltophorum pterocarpum, Delonix regia, Khaya senegalensis, Chukrasia tabularis, Ceiba pentandra, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Hopea odorata, Dracontomelon mangiferum, Alstonia scholaris, Lagerstroemia speciosa, and Terminalia mantaly. Evergreen species predominate among plantations of Hanoi; while deciduous (including shrubs and trees) have a smaller proportion. Of 151 species of trees, 70 are classified as decorative. Shrubs and herbs are inferior to trees by the number of species (58 species each – 19.08 %). Palm trees are the least numerous – 11 species (3.62 %). The decorative features of the main species have been determined. A list of trees with 3 or more decorative features, shrubs and herbs with 2 or more decorative features was compiled. In order to create a unique urban landscape in different seasons of the year it is recommended to use the species included in this list. For citation: Nguyen Thi Yen, Dang Van Ha, Parinova T.A. Species Diversity and Decorative Features of Plants Used in Landscaping of Hanoi. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 5, pp. 65–75. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-65-75
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Pagadjovongo, Adama SILUE, Edouard KOUASSI Konan, SORO Dramane, and SORO Dodiomon. "Dynamics of Natural Stands and Response of Seedlings to the Action of Controlled Fire of Three Overexploited Species in the Sudanian Zone (Cote d-Ivoire)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 5, July & Aug 2021 (2021): 99–110. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5515350.
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<em>Both natural and anthropic disturbances affect integrity of classified forests in northern Côte d'Ivoire, to point that certain valuable species and their habitats are threatened with extinction. Our work aims to study the structural characteristics and the impact of bush fire regimes on young plants of Isoberlinia doka Khaya senegalensis and Pterocarpus erinaceus. from classified forests of Palé and Pouniakélé in north-western Côte d'Ivoire. Data was collected by the surface survey method in 10 plots of one hectare per forest. Dendrometric measurements were carried out in order to determine structural profiles of species studied. An experimental plot made it possible to assess effect of bushfire regimes on the juvenile stage of species. Dendrometric parameters show significant differences with density and mean diameter of the individuals. The densities of individuals (dbh ≥ 5 cm) of these valuable species are relatively low (0.2-117 individuals / ha), regardless of the forest. In Palé classified forest, three plants species are destructive, synonymous with the instability of their populations. On the other hand, in Pouniakélé forest, Isoberlinia doka have a more stable population than the other two. Pterocarpus erinaceus and especially Khaya senegalensis are the most vulnerable species in the two plant formations. Late fire has been shown to be the most aggressive on young plants of the species, although the depressive effect can be immediate or delayed depending on whether the seedlings are less than a year old or more than a year old.</em>
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Kambai, C., V. I. Joshua, O. R. Olatidoye, C. K. Yakubu, B. O. Adaaja, and J. J. Olaniyi. "Comparative Study of Soil Bacteria from the Rhizosphere of Two Selected Tree Species (Anogeissus leiocarpa and Pterocarpus erinaceus) in Shere Hills, Plateau State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 7 (2021): 1147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i7.7.
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 The comparative study of soil bacteria from the rhizosphere was carried out using samples obtained from the soil (rhizospheres) of Anogeissus leiocarpa and Pterocarpus erinaceus using purposive sampling method. The soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-30cm and 30-60cm around the rhizosphere of the studied tree species and away from the rhizosphere used as a control. The method by Ibitoye (2008) was used to test for physico-chemical properties and method by Cheesborough (2006) was used for stocking, culturing, incubating and gram staining. Result for the mean physical properties shows, P. erinaceus had highest mean values for clay and silt which wasn’t significant (p= 0.067 and 0.381 respectively). A. leiocarpus had the second highest clay and silt. Sand and bulk density was highest for the control which was highly significant (p = 0.000 and p=0.044 respectively). For mean chemical properties among plant species, pH, EC, OC, OM, N, Na, Ca and CEC were highly significant (p<0.05), while p, K, Mg and EA were not significant. Pterocarpus erinaceus had the highest mean for all the chemical elements assessed with ten (10) bacteria species identified. Anoigessus leiocarpa had the second highest biochemical elements present with six (6) species of bacteria identified, Bascillus subtilis was most common. It is therefore necessary that these tree species are allowed in their natural habitat to preserve and conserve these microbes in the ecosystem.
 
 
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NEGI, MEENAKSHI, KAVITA TYAGI, M. S. RAWAT, and SHAHID ULKHAIR. "Studies on conservation and domestication of endangered and threatened medicinal plant species in India - A review." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 85, no. 3 (2015): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v85i3.47060.
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The studies were undertaken under the aegis of the National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), New Delhi during 2002 - 2013, comprising in-situ and ex-situ conservation projects implemented through different State Forest Departments. Besides, R&D projects carried out by the ICAR, ICFRE, CSIR, DBT, SAUs have been taken. The contribution of NMPB in conservation and cultivation of endangered and threatened medicinal plant species in India is highlighted. There are several factors which are responsible for endangering these species in their natural habitat such as habitat loss due to diversion of forest land, biotic and abiotic interference in forest areas, unsustainable harvesting of medicinal and aromatic plants. The NMPB has supported several projects for conservation and cultivation of endangered and threatened medicinal plant species, viz.Commiphora wightii (A.) Bhandari,Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde, Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming), Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle., Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk., Gloriosasuperba L.Nardostachys grandiflora DC., Picrorhizakurroa Royle ex Benth., Podophyllumhexandrum Royle, Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Pterocarpus santalinus L. f., Taxus wallichiana Zucc., Dashmool species etc in different states of the country. The NMPB has funded the establishment of 66 Medicinal Plant Conservation Areas (MPCAs) and 368 herbal gardens in different states. To encourage conservation, domestication and R&D activities, all the stakeholders need to be sensitized as to the cause of loss of species and the ways to address the problem. Make it more informative and attractive.