Books on the topic 'Species specific primers'

The monograph presents the results of studying the specific features of the psychological basis of speech of mentally retarded primary school children with complex developmental disorders; scientific analysis of the problem of teaching and upbringing children with complex developmental disorders is carried out, the diagnostic complex is described in detail, and methodological recommendations are given. For students and teachers, as well as anyone interested in special education and psychology.

The general principles of antimicrobial stewardship can be applied to the paediatric population, but children have unique challenges that must be addressed when considering a paediatric antimicrobial stewardship programme, including the aetiology of paediatric infections, the non-specific nature of these infections, the difficulty in obtaining microbiology specimens, and paucity of data on antimicrobial dose and duration. Different antimicrobial stewardship strategies tailored to neonates and children are required in primary care and secondary/tertiary care settings. While children with complex infections are generally managed in hospital settings where prescribing can be closely monitored by antimicrobial stewardship teams, the majority of paediatric antimicrobial prescribing occurs in primary care. Promoting and monitoring the judicious use of antimicrobials in this setting is especially challenging.

This chapter, written by trauma anaesthetists from King’s College Hospital, London, covers the general aspects of trauma management as well as targeted management for specific situations. The pathophysiology of trauma injury with primary and secondary insult is described along with classification and management of shock. Patient triage and trauma scoring is explained with initial resuscitation and management of emergency anaesthesia. The chapter includes a detailed description of management of haemorrhage and coagulopathy in trauma with use of adjuncts to haemostasis, evidence from the CRASH study and point-of-care testing. Special considerations in burns, electrocution, drowning, hypothermia, and paediatric trauma are detailed.

The chapter explores reflections on the practice of letter-writing, with equal attention to instructional handbooks (esp. Demetrius’ Περὶ ἑρμηνείας‎, Iulius Victor’s Rhetorica, Pseudo-Demetrius’ Τύποι ἐπιστολικοί‎, Pseudo-Libanius’ Ἐπιστολιμαῖοι χαρακτῆρες‎, and Erasmus of Rotterdam’s De conscribendis epistolis) and the meta-generic statements that letter-writers routinely embed in their correspondence (with a special focus on Cicero, Ovid, Seneca, and Pliny the Younger). In both types of sources, what one might call the social dimension of style registers as a primary concern: in order for the letter to fulfil its purpose, namely to generate a special bond between sender and recipient, the chosen idiolect has to be ‘appropriate’ (πρέπον‎/aptum) to the interpersonal relationship and its specific circumstances and exigencies. Shared stylistic values and the willingness of the letter-writer to adjust his character to that of the recipient generate a sense of community between the correspondents.

This chapter argues that distributive justice is institutionally based. Certain cooperative institutions are basic: they are necessary for economic production and the division of labor, trade and exchange, and distribution and consumption. These background institutions presuppose principles of justice to specify their terms, allocate productive resources, and define fair distributions. Primary among these basic institutions are property; laws and conventions enabling transfers of goods and productive resources; and the legal system of contract and agreements that make transfers possible and productive. Political institutions are necessary to specify, interpret, enforce, and make effective the terms of these institutions. Thus, basic cooperative institutions are social; they are realizable only within the context of social and political cooperation—this is a fixed empirical fact about cooperation among free and equal persons. Given the nature of fair social cooperation as a kind of reciprocity, distributive justice is primarily social rather than global in reach.

This book argues that nature even in generation in Aristotle should be understood on an emergent model that sees a unity in the four causes. The model of artifice divides form from matter, where material only appears as already informed because it is itself natural, but functions in artifice as the stuff for form. Natural generation, and thus nature, appears to follow this model insofar as form in the figure of semen appears to impose itself on matter as menses, making form the superior and positive power that is the contrary to matter, which lacks and seeks after form. This book affirms the internal source of movement view by arguing that form in generation is working in and through matter and that matter has a character of its own, suggesting the Möbius strip as a model for the relationship. Semen does the work of form through the material that makes it semen; semen’s matter has its own power to contribute to form, not reducible to its relationship to form. The book presents arguments against the existence of species form and prime matter in Aristotle and canvasses ancient Greek depictions of the feminine in order to situate the specifics of Aristotle’s account of material in the composition and working of semen and menses in generation and sex differentiation. It concludes by canvassing the places Aristotle uses the analogy to craft to show how they work in specific contexts.

The theory of mentalizing and epistemic trust introduced by Peter Fonagy and colleagues at the Anna Freud Centre has been an important perspective on mental health and illness. This book is the first comprehensive account and evaluation of this perspective. The book explores 20 primary concepts that organize the contributions of Fonagy and colleagues: adaptation, aggression, the alien self, culture, disorganized attachment, epistemic trust, hypermentalizing, reflective function, the p-factor, pretend mode, the primary unconscious, psychic equivalence, mental illness, mentalizing, mentalization-based therapy, non-mentalizing, the self, sexuality, the social environment, and teleological mode. The biographical and social context of the development of these ideas is examined. The book also specifies the current strengths and limitations of the theory of mentalizing and epistemic trust, with attention to the implications for both clinicians and researchers.

The article explains the history, core concepts, methodological practices, and future prospects of embodied cognition. Cognitivism treats cognition, including perception, as a constructive process in which computational operations transform a static representation into a goal state. Cognition begins with an input representation so that the psychological subject can be conceived as a passive receptor of information. The cognitivist's primary concern is the discovery of algorithms by which inputs such as those representing shading are transformed into outputs such as those representing shape. The experimental methods need to provide an environment that isolates the stimuli that will be relevant to an investigation of the mental process of interest. Gibson's theory of perception explains that information in the optic array sufficed to specify opportunities for action, thus providing observers with an ability to perceive. Gibson explains that perception is the detection of information that, with no further embellishment, suffices to specify features of an observer's world. The active observer could, by collecting and sampling the wealth of information contained within the optic array, know its world in terms relative to its needs. Embodied cognition researchers conceive of themselves as offering a new framework for studying the mind.

This book focuses on prevention and management of complications in bariatric surgery. The book will serve as a practical guide for healthcare providers, including bariatric and general surgeons, primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, cardiologists, gastroenterologists, anesthesiologists, psychologists, and dietitians. Chapters describing surgical management of complications should be of special interest to emergency department doctors and surgeons. The book covers most aspects of typical and atypical problems and can be used as a study guide for fellows, residents, and medical students. The text provides a comprehensive overview in four sections: 1. Standards and guidelines for perioperative care of the bariatric patient. 2. Perioperative complications. 3. Procedure-specific complications. 4. Economic and legal considerations. The 40 chapters were written by top experts in bariatric and metabolic surgery, including the faculty of the renowned Cleveland Clinic. Many chapters include high-quality illustrations and surgical case photographs. The discussions emphasize preoperative risk optimization, medical and psychological evaluation, and risk-scoring systems, including preoperative risk assessment tools developed as a result of extensive research involving thousands of patients. Attention is paid to very-high-risk patients undergoing bariatric surgery. A special section includes guidelines for appropriate operating room set-up as well as for anesthesia and recovery issues. Management of intestinal failure after bariatric surgery, including intestinal transplantation, is a unique contribution of this book. Common, historical, and new bariatric procedures are described in detail from the perspective of management of their specific complications. Postoperative complications, including infection, thromboembolism, nutritional deficiencies, and endocrinologic problems are addressed. Practical guidelines for medicolegal issues are also presented.

Where do you end and the external world begin? This might seem to be a straightforward, binary question: your skin is the boundary, with the self on one side and the rest of the world on the other. Peripersonal space shows that the division is not that simple. The boundary is blurrier than you might have thought. Our ability to monitor the space near the body appears to be deeply ingrained. Our evolutionary history has equipped our brains with a special mechanism to track multisensory stimuli that can potentially interact with our physical body in its immediate surroundings and prime appropriate actions. The processing of the immediate space around one’s body thus displays highly specific multisensory and motor features, distinct from those that characterize the processing of regions of space that are further away. The computational specificities here lead one to wonder whether classic theories of perception apply to the special case of peripersonal space. We think that there is a need to reassess the relationship between perception, action, emotion, and self-awareness in the highly special context of the immediate surroundings of our body. For the first time, leading experts on peripersonal space in cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, neuroscience, and ethology gathered in this volume describe the vast number of fascinating discoveries about this special way of representing space. For the first time too, these empirical results and the questions they open are brought into dialogue with philosophy.

Tool Steels, Fifth Edition provides tutorial explanations along with engineering data on the production, selection, and use of tool steels and related materials. The first six chapters cover topics of a general nature including tool steel classifications and selection factors, primary production processes, the effects of alloying on microstructure and phase composition, and the theory and practice of tool steel heat treatments. The chapters that follow cover specific types or families of tool steels including water-hardening, low-alloy special-purpose, shock-resisting, oil- and air-hardening cold-work, high-carbon high-chromium cold-work, hot-work, and high-speed types as well as mold steels. Each chapter presents information and data on composition, microstructure, processing, properties, and performance. The current edition also includes two new chapters, one on surface modifications and one that provides guidelines for troubleshooting tool steel manufacturing and performance problems. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-599-0, follow this link.

The property which perceptual experiences of a given phenomenal kind enable the subject to track is not always identical with the property objects appear to have (in a phenomenally manifest manner) in the kind of experience at issue. Tracked properties and apparent properties come apart in colour perception but they are identical in the perception of three-dimensional shape. In order to defend these claims, this chapter proposes a criterion for the identity of tracked property and apparent property in a given experience. The view developed leads to an account of the traditional distinction between primary and secondary qualities. In order to capture what it is to instantiate a given secondary quality, one must specify the phenomenal kind of perceptual experience an instantiation of the property would render veridical.

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Strategic Plan sets out the Organization’s strategic direction, based on the collective priorities of its Member States, and specifies the public health results to be achieved during the period 2020-2025. The Plan establishes the joint commitment of PAHO Member States and the Pan American Sanitary Bureau for the next six years. PAHO Member States have clearly stated that the Strategic Plan is a principal instrument for implementation of the Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas 2018-2030 (SHAA2030) and thus for realizing the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Region of the Americas. The 11 SHAA2030 goals form the impact-level objectives of this Plan. Under the theme Equity at the Heart of Health, this Plan seeks to catalyze efforts in Member States to reduce inequities in health within and between countries and territories in order to improve health outcomes. The Plan identifies specific actions to tackle health inequality, including those recommended by the Commission on Equity and Health Inequalities in the Americas, with guidance from the High-level Commission for Universal Health. Four cross-cutting themes are central to this Plan’s approach to addressing the determinants of health: equity, gender, ethnicity, and human rights. In addition to highlighting an integrated multisectoral approach, this Plan applies evidence-based public health strategies, such as health promotion, the primary health care approach, and social protection in health, to address the social determinants. In addition to directly addressing the regional priorities established in the SHAA2030, this Plan aligns with the World Health Organization (WHO) 13th General Programme of Work (GPW13) and with other regional and global mandates in force during the planning period.

Attention to the human rights of the elderly has gained increased international attention. This chapter provides an overview of some international agencies’ efforts to address human rights of elders, as well as related efforts in different regions of the world. The UN does not have a specific treaty or convention regarding human rights of the elderly; only in 1995 was comprehensive legal analysis of the rights of the elderly addressed. The 2002 Madrid International Action Plan on Aging was a non-legally binding declaration by participating governments. Article 14 addresses equal access to healthcare and services, including physical and mental health services. The Commission on Human Rights 2011 Special Rapporteur emphasized human rights issues in primary healthcare and chronic illness; long-term care; palliative care; and informed consent as related to older persons. The Alzheimer’s Disease International Kyoto Declaration provides countries with a framework of action to address the needs and quality of life of those with dementia and their caregivers. Similarly, the United States has developed a national plan to address Alzheimer’s disease.

This volume is part of the “What Do I Do Now” Pain Management series, presenting clinical scenarios related to painful syndromes affecting the upper limb. The emphasis is on common presenting symptoms and associated conditions but the chapters expand to more complex syndromes requiring extensive diagnostic evaluation, more comprehensive approaches, and complex management strategies. Upper limb pain can be complex to evaluate and manage given the multiple potential etiologies, complex anatomical structures, and pain referral patterns. The multitude of cumulative trauma disorders and their resulting functional and vocational effects are discussed with special attention to rehabilitative management and functional restoration. The interplay of neuromusculoskeletal structures and functions in the upper limb are front and center pieces of the cases. Emphasis on proper diagnosis and management options for these syndromes using specific restorative approaches has never been greater in light of the current nationwide opioid epidemic. This volume focuses on non-opioid and mostly non-pharmacological management methods for painful syndromes affecting the shoulder girdle, arm, and hand. The discussions will be highly relevant and useful for providers in primary care settings as well as specialty care providers.

Chapter 8 focuses on threats to construct validity arising from the left-hand side time series and the right-hand side intervention model. Construct validity is limited to questions of whether an observed effect can be generalized to alternative cause and effect measures. The “talking out” self-injurious behavior time series, shown in Chapter 5, are examples of primary data. Researchers often have no choice but to use secondary data that were collected by third parties for purposes unrelated to any hypothesis test. Even in those less-than-ideal instances, however, an optimal time series can be constructed by limiting the time frame and otherwise paying attention to regime changes. Threats to construct validity that arise from the right-hand side intervention model, such as fuzzy or unclear onset and responses, are controlled by paying close attention to the underlying theory. Even a minimal theory should specify the onset and duration of an impact.

Chapter 1 begins with a broad definition of science and then describes in detail how it functions. Of prime importance is that science is strictly concerned with natural phenomena, explanations of which must be based solely on nature. The need for testing is emphasized. The four elements common to all science are specified: facts, hypotheses, laws, and theories. Data do not become facts until the experimental results are verified, while even so-called facts are seen initially to be provisional because they can be wrong, examples of which are presented. Laws are identified as empirically based. The “if, then” aspect of hypotheses is illustrated by four examples, and it is shown how a hypothesis can become a theory. Special attention is focused on the word theory, whose scientific meaning is so different from its everyday usage. To help clarify this, two similar scientific definitions of theory are presented.

This book takes on a fundamental political puzzle: most states in the international system are “weak” states—states unable to monopolize violence or provide public goods, and yet the nation-state remains the primary organizational form for world politics. In addressing this puzzle, the book shows why states everywhere face popular dissatisfaction with their performance and why addressing this dissatisfaction—through institutional alternatives to the state like the European Union, or through higher taxation—is so difficult. Bringing together international relations and historical sociology, it constructs a provocative theory of state formation. It specifies the conditions under which citizens are willing to disarm and pay the high level of taxes that exemplify European-style “strong” states. It then shows that these conditions—namely, costly war and empire—could not be repeated beyond a certain level of destruction. Through a global history that covers two centuries, the book shows how the violence of European state formation shaped the development of polities worldwide. In doing so, it puts contemporary phenomena like neoliberal reforms, long-running civil wars, and human rights activism into historical context, concluding with a discussion of foreign policy in a world where weak states are the norm.

The main milestones of the formation and development of astronomical science in Kharkiv during 1883–1945 are reconstructed on the example of the activities of the astronomical observatory of Kharkiv University. During this period, the outstanding worldview science in Kharkiv has achieved significant success: the works of Kharkiv astronomers have received world recognition; a well-known scientific planetary school has been established at the Observatory; the scientific community highly appreciated the research on the physics and chemistry of the Moon, the giant and small planets of the Solar System. The primary goal of the research is to inscribe the history of the university Observatory into the European and world context. Its purpose is to summarize the results of a comprehensive historical ad scientific study of the development of astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century and identification of ways of further scientific research. The completed research, which continues the problems of works devoted to the study of the history of astronomical science in Ukraine, focuses on expanding the well-known source base by attracting new retro-information resources. In particular, the monograph used a significant array of archival primary sources from almost twenty archival and library institutions of different countries. Most of them were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, which allowed to determine and specify the sequence of stages of development of astronomical science in Kharkiv during the research period, to clarify and identify the little-known circumstances of the observatory life. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historism, objectivity and a systematic approach to studying the problem. To solve specific problematic tasks in the monograph, general scientific and specially historical methods were used which allowed to study, analyze and summarize the presented factual material in a complex manner. The main sections of the monograph represent the dynamics of replenishment of the instrumental base of the university observatory, the chronology of the construction of the observatory complex of buildings at the location of the modern Scientific Research Institute of Astronomy of the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. According to the author’s periodization, the stages of formation of subjects and directions of scientific work of university astronomers have been analyzed, including: seismic observations with the help of horizontal Rebeur-Paschwitz pendulums, research of the activity of the Sun, astrometric observations on the Repsold meridian circle of for the purpose of compiling a catalog of zodiac stars, studying lunar eclipses and meteor showers. The participation of university astronomers in the creation of the plan of the city of Kharkiv and its connection with the general network of precise geometric leveling of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff; the organization of observations by an expedition of Kharkiv astronomers of the total Solar eclipse of 1914 in Henichesk; the creation of the School-workshop of precision mechanics at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkiv University were considered; information on the participation of Kharkiv astronomers in the events of the civil war during the Ukrainian Revolution was documented. The scientific research activity of Kharkiv astronomers during 1920-1930-s which was devoted to carrying out important astrometric works on meridian observations of star declinations by absolute methods and observations of Kopf-Rentz stars according to the programs of the International Astronomical Union; the initiation of the creation of the Catalog of faint stars; research in astrophysics aimed at studying the physical conditions on the Moon and the Sun, planets and the interstellar environment; performing long series of spectrophotometric observations of the Moon, Jupiter, Mars and Saturn under different conditions of observation; study of the kinematics of stellar systems of different order, the physical parameters and evolution of stars, the morphology of the Galaxy, the nature of the stellar subsurfaces and atmospheres, dust and gas nebulae, new stars and the variability of stars have been considered; the directions of solid works carried out in the field of celestial mechanics, devoted to the dynamics of the minor planets of the Jupiter group, the definition and improvement of the orbits of minor planets have been clarified. The development of amateur astronomy in Kharkiv, in particular, the functioning of circles and societies that directed their activities to the dissemination of astronomical knowledge, was highlighted; the participation of their representatives in astronomical observations at the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory was emphasized. Reconstructed the development of historical events in the 1930s related to the involvement of Soviet and Western astronomers in the processes of political confrontation between the USSR and the Western world; investigated the course of circumstances that prevented the implementation of the project of creating a new modern astronomical center of national importance – the central Ukrainian observatory in Kharkiv; the participation of an expedition of Kharkiv astronomers in the observation of the «great Soviet eclipse» – the total solar eclipse of 1936 – in the North Caucasus is highlighted; established the facts of political «purges» and repressions by the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( the NKVD) in the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory. The activity of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory has been documented and authentic biographical information about its representatives during the Nazi occupation of 1941–1943, the period of the German-Soviet war, has been presented; the unpopular facts of the forced collaboration of some scientists are highlighted; the process of recovery and reconstruction of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory after the liberation of the city is characterized. With the aim of researching the personal history of Kharkiv astronomy of the studied period, the monograph presents the results of a historical and biographical study of facts of life and scientific heritage of scientists who fully devoted themselves to Science, laid the foundations for the future development of many directions of modern astronomical research, made a significant contribution to the treasury of the national and European astronomical science, whose activities were connected with the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory, in particular: Grigory Levytsky, Ludwig Struve, Mykola Evdokymov, Otto Struve, Mykola Barabashov, Boris Gerasimovich, Vasil Fesenkov, Oleksiy Razdolsky, Boris Ostashchenko-Kudryavtsev, Nicholas Bobrovnikov, Paraskovia Parkhomenko, Mstislav Savron, Boris Semeykin, Kostyantyn Savchenko and others (25 biographical essays are presented). A significant part of the mentioned factual material was also introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. A separate section of the monograph provides chronologically structured information that reflects the sequence of research work of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory employees during the period under study: from astrometric observations of stars and seismic research to spectrohelioscopic and spectroheliographic observations of the Sun and the initiation of the Kharkiv school of planetary science. It is assumed that the materials of the monograph will be used in research work devoted to the study of the process of institutionalization of astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century.