Academic literature on the topic 'Specific combining ability (SCA)'

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Journal articles on the topic "Specific combining ability (SCA)"

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Keimeso, Zeleke, and Demissew Abakemal. "Combining Ability of Highland Adapted Maize (Zea Mays. L) Inbred Lines For Desirable Agronomic Traits Under Optimum and Low Nitrogen Conditions." Journal of Science and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (2020): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.20372/au.jssd.8.1.2020.0138.

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Low soil nitrogen is among the most important abiotic stresses limiting maize production in the highlands of Ethiopia. Information on hybrid performance and combining ability of maize inbred lines for grain yield and agronomic traits under low nitrogen stress is crucial to design appropriate breeding strategies for the development of enhanced maize cultivars. The objective of the present study was to estimate combining abilities of double haploid (DH) maize inbred lines for grain yield and related traits under optimum nitrogen and low nitrogen (N stress) condition. A total of 36 diallel crosses generated by crossing nine maize DH lines using half diallel mating scheme and four standard checks were studied for different desirable agronomic traits during 2017 cropping season at Ambo optimum nitrogen and Low nitrogen environments. The genotypes were evaluated in alpha lattice design replicated twice in both environments. Analyses of variances showed significant mean squares due to crosses for most traits studied. At optimum nitrogen condition, the highest grain yield was obtained from crosses L4 x L8 (9.57 t ha-1), L4 x L7 (8.67 t ha-1), L1 x L3 (8.36 t ha-1), L6 x L8 (8.27 t ha-1) and L3 x L4 (8.00 t ha-1), whereas at low nitrogen condition, L2 × L4 (6.74 t ha-1) and L4 × L8 (5.15 t ha-1) were crosses with higher grain yield values. Mean squares due to general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities were significant for most of the traits under both conditions. This indicates that both additive and non-additive gene actions are important in the inheritance of these traits. Relatively larger GCA over SCA variances were observed in the current study for most studied traits revealing the predominance of additive gene action in controlling these traits. L3 and L8 were found as good combiners for grain yield at optimum N environment, whereas L2, L4 and L7 were good general combiners under low N stress condition. L4 and L8 were good combiners for grain yield in combine analysis across environments and hence were promising parents for hybrid cultivars development. Based on SCA effects, L1×L5, and L4×L7 were identified as promising hybrids for majority of traits studied in combined analysis across environments.
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Ravi, Kumar, Kumar Randhir, Kumar Amit, Kumar Sinha Saksham, and Kumari Preeti. "General and Specific Combining Ability for Nine Morphologic Characters in Round Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)." British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 21, no. 2 (2017): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2017/33727.

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A study was undertaken to estimate general and specific combining in brinjal through diallel analysis involving 6 parents. The combining ability analysis revealed highly significant differences among the treatments for all the parameters studied except days to 50% flowering and number of primary branches per plant. The genotype SBRB-6/12 was found best general combiner for number of fruit per plant and yield per plant. The top three crosses (SBRB-3/12 x SBRB-2/12, SBRB-6/12 x SBRB-3/12 and KS-224 x Swarna Mani) with high per se performance have exhibited high sca effects for yield. Both additive and non-additive gene actions were operating for all the characters except days to 50% flowering, fruit diameter and number of primary branches/plant. Therefore, the general combiner can be exploited for the creation of varieties lines, and the presence of specific combining in the hybrids.
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K.S, PARAMASIVAN. "COMBINING ABILITY IN RICE." Madras Agricultural Journal 77, september December (1990): 447–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01989.

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In rice, the variances of specific combining ability were higher than general combining ability for plant height, panicle length and grain yield per plant which indicated non additive gene action. The genotypes ADT 31 and Utrirajappan were found to be good general combiners for grain yield and their cross involving these two parents showed high sca effects.
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K., Ramya Harika, P. Mangammal, P. S. Devanand, et al. "Evaluation of the Combining Ability in Mulberry (Morus spp.)." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 27, no. 9 (2024): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i91349.

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The research aimed to comprehend the patterns of gene action influencing the inheritance and expression of quantitative features in mulberry by studying combing ability. Four parents viz., V1, G4, MR2 and S36 were used in mating design. Estimates of SCA depicted that crosses V1 × G4 (shoot diameter and chlorophyll - b) and it’s reciprocal cross G4 × V1 (chlorophyll – a, total chlorophyll) showed high significant SCA effects. V1 × MR2 for shoot diameter and lowest positive SCA for internodal distance. Overall, the crosses with the highest SCA values for specific traits consistently involved V1 as one of the parents. This observation highlights that V1, which possesses the best general combining ability (GCA) effect, contributes significantly to the high SCA observed in these crosses for the traits studied. V1 and MR2 were the best general combiners, with high GCA for growth traits. Crosses G4×V1 and V1×G4 demonstrated positive SCA effects for most traits followed by S36 × V1 and MR2 × V1. Notably, SCA variance was greater than GCA variance for most traits, indicating the dominance of non-additive gene effects.
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Williams-Alanís, Héctor, Ulises Aranda, Gerardo Árcos Cavazos, et al. "Line x tester analysis to estimate combining ability in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)." Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo 54, no. 2 (2022): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48162/rev.39.078.

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Sorghum in Mexico ranks third in grain production. This study aimed to estimate general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for commercial and experimental sorghum grain parents and hybrids. The combining ability was estimated using the line x tester method described by Kempthorne. The experiment was established during the spring-summer 2018 cycle at INIFAP, Las Huastecas, México. It consisted of five lines, eight testers and 40 hybrids; in a randomized block design with three replications. The ANOVA showed highly significant differences for lines, testers, and line x testers, suggesting the existence of a broad base of genetic variability. GCA and SCA differences were statistically significant for grain yield, specific grain weight and plant height, indicating additive gene relevance, dominance and epistasis. For grain yield, the experimental lines: RB214A, RB225A and RB248A, and the testers RB133 and RB221, resulted significantly higher in GCA and superior to commercial RB225A line and RTx430 and RTx437 testers. Seventeen experimental hybrids were found to have significantly higher in SCA and were superior to INIFAP commercial hybrids. Highlights The combining ability was estimated using the line x tester method in grain sorghum; General Combining Ability (GCA) and Specific Combining Ability (SCA) were important for grain yield, grain specific weight and plant height. GCA and SCA differences were statistically significant for grain yield, specific grain weight and plant height, in grain sorghum, indicating additive gene relevance, dominance and epistasis.
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Nantale, Gauden, Peter Wasswa, Muhumuza Edgar, Tusiime Richard, Pamela Paparu, and Isaac Onziga Dramadri. "Combining Ability of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) Genotypes for Resistance to Cowpea Bacterial Blight in Uganda." American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering, and Technology 7, no. 1 (2023): 21–28. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v7i1.1174.

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The low productivity of cowpea is partly attributed to a number of constraints including diseases such as cowpea bacterial blight (CoBB). Cowpea bacterial blight has the capacity to cause up to 92% yield loss under severe infections. The objective of this study was to determine the combining ability for resistance to CoBB among cowpea genotypes in Uganda. Nine selected parents were crossed to produce 63 progenies. F1 progenies were evaluated and data gathered included days to 50% flowering, CoBB disease scores and grain yield. The mean squares for rAUDPC due to GCA and SCA effects were significant (P≤0.001) and non-significant respectively. The broad sense coefficient of genetic determination (BCGD) and narrow sense coefficient of genetic determination (NCGD) were 44.3% and 29.1% respectively for rAUDPC. Parents WC 26 (-0.023) and NE 31 (-0.035) had highly significant negative GCA effects for rAUDPC and were therefore good general combiners for this trait. Crosses SECOW 3B x ACC 26 X SECOW 1T and WC 26 x NE 32 had negative significant SCA effect for rAUDPC with a values of -0.073 and -0.06, respectively while Crosses ACC 26 x SECOW 1T x NE 40 (-0.07) and NE 40 x WC 26 (-0.06) had significant negative reciprocal effects for rAUDPC. This study revealed that genetic inheritance for cowpea bacterial blight was controlled predominantly by additive gene effects. Parents WC 26 and NE 31 identified as good general combiners for resistance to CoBB could be utilized as sources of resistance while Crosses SECOW 3B x ACC 26 X SECOW 1T, WC 26 x NE 32, ACC 26 X SECOW 1T x NE 40 and NE 40 x WC 26 that were the best specific combiners for resistance to CoBB could be put under further evaluation as potential varieties.
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Farwah, Syeda, Baseerat Afroza, Zahoor A. Dar, et al. "Combining Ability Studies for Maturity, Growth, Yield and Quality Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 4 (2024): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i41889.

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A study was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, Vegetable Science Division, SKUAST- Kashmir, Shalimar, India to determine the general and specific combining abilities for maturity, growth, yield and quality traits in tomato by crossing 12 parents in a diallel Method II and Model I of Griffing mating design during Kharif season 2020. The F1 progenies of the sixty-six crosses (excluding reciprocals) were evaluated along with the twelve parents in Randomized Block Design during Kharif season 2021 at three locations. The observations were recorded on eighteen diverse traits. The analysis of variance for general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) revealed significant mean squares due to GCA and SCA for all the traits under consideration. The mean squares due to GCA × environments and SCA × environments were found significant for most of the characters. None of the parents possessed significant and desirable GCA for all the traits. Different parents were found to reveal desirable general combining ability for different traits. Similarly, none of the crosses possessed significant and desirable specific combining ability for all the traits. However, different crosses were found to reveal desirable SCA for different traits.
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Nagar, Arvind, Amish K. Sureja, Chithra Pandey, et al. "Effects of Different Treatments on Seed Germination and Breaking Seed Dormancy in Wild Luffa Species." Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 36, no. 03 (2023): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.61949/0976-1926.2023.v36i03.12.

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Comprehending general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) is pivotal in maize breeding for successful hybrid development. GCA signifies the overall genetic worth of a parent, while SCA demonstrates unique interactions between parents. In instances where GCA variances surpass SCA variances, early assessments become more effective, enabling the anticipation of superior hybrids based on parental GCA impacts. Assessing the combining ability of maize becomes increasingly crucial with escalating temperatures, which can adversely affect maize growth and crop yield. Research conducted in Prayagraj involved utilizing 7x7 half diallel crosses of maize initially developed during the Rabi 2022 season, followed by their subsequent planting in a randomized block design (RBD) during spring 2023. The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects exhibited by the parents and hybrids, respectively, in order to identify superior-performing parents and hybrids among them. The results showcased strong positive GCA in MILCT-145F (P7) and MILC-2050 (P6), while specific heat-tolerant hybrids, such as P7xP1, P6xP2 exhibited outstanding performance in grain yield and other associated traits.
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Darshini, T. K., and Mahesh S. Pujar. "Combining ability for yield and yield components in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 18, no. 1 (2022): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/18.1/359-365.

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Combining ability analysis was carried out for fruit yield and its components in okra. Both general a combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances were highly significant for almost all the characters indicating the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions. Parents and F1 hybrids differed significantly for general combining ability and specific combining ability effects for all the characters respectively.The highest GCA effect for total fruit yield per plant recorded in Punjab Padmini.The highest significant positive SCA effect was observed in the cross VRU-109 x Arka Anamika. Among the parents Punjab Padmini, VRU-109, VarshaUpahar proved to be the good general combiner and VRU-109 x Arka Anamika was the good specific combiner for most of the yield and yield attributing traits followed by Punjab Padmini x ZARS.
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SIMSEK, Serap, and Aydin UNAY. "COMBINING ABILITY OF WATERLOGGING TOLERANCE IN WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)." Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment 55, no. 1(189) (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46909/alse-22189(1)41.

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The mean performance and combining abilities of cross combinations derived from a complete diallel mating and their parents were evaluated under waterlogging conditions. Analysis of variance for combining abilities indicated significant GCA (general combining ability) and SCA (specific combining ability) for single spike yield, SPAD (soil plant analysis development) and leaf area; GCA for NDVI (normalised differences vegetation index) and SCA for Fe and Mn contents in roots and membrane thermal stability. The parents Stendal, Beşköprü and Pamukova 97 were the best combiners in terms of waterlogging tolerance, while Beşköprü × Pamukova 97, Pamukova 97 × Beşköprü, Stendal × Pamukova 97, Stendal × Beşköprü and Beşköprü × Hanlı were identified as the best cross combinations, with high positive specific combining ability effects for most waterlogging related characters.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Specific combining ability (SCA)"

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Olivo, Mateus [UNESP]. "Cruzamentos dialélicos F1 e F2 em cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151148.

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Submitted by Mateus Olivo null (mateusolivo@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-18T13:56:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese (1).pdf: 2245536 bytes, checksum: 64aa616bea707c6d61006cf0b00b4d6f (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-19T17:04:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 olivo_m_dr_bot.pdf: 2245536 bytes, checksum: 64aa616bea707c6d61006cf0b00b4d6f (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T17:04:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 olivo_m_dr_bot.pdf: 2245536 bytes, checksum: 64aa616bea707c6d61006cf0b00b4d6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-02<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>O cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) membro da família Asteraceae, atualmente é cultivado principalmente como planta oleaginosa. Pode ser utilizado como cultura de inverno em locais de temperaturas amenas e como cultura de primavera em locais de temperaturas mais baixas, apresenta boa adaptação em ambientes de clima mais seco. Atributos que podem torná-lo uma cultura de importante expressão no cerrado brasileiro, local o qual possui um longo período seco com temperaturas elevadas durante o inverno, dificultando o cultivo de outras espécies. Destaca-se como uma cultura estratégica, apresenta boa tolerância a estresse por déficit hídrico em especial no final de ciclo, além de características adequadas para mecanização facilitando o uso dos mesmos equipamentos utilizados nos demais cultivos como soja e milho. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um estudo genético para gerar informações aos programas de melhoramento genético. Foram avaliadas 10 combinações em dialelo completo sem recíprocos, em F1 e F2. Na geração F1 foram avaliadas as características de número de capítulos por planta, número de ramos por planta e produção de grãos por planta. Na geração F2 repetiram-se as avaliações realizadas em F1 acrescentando altura de planta, número de grãos por planta, número de grãos por capítulo e percentagem de óleo nos grãos. Após foi determinado a capacidade geral e específica de combinação e análise de correlação simples. As principais conclusões são: Os melhores cruzamento para produção de grãos formam PI537697/PI653152 e PI572450/PI653152 e para teor de óleo formam PI572450/PI572470 e PI572470/PI653152; para todas as características avaliadas em F1 e F2, exceto número de ramos, foi possível observar a contribuição da capacidade geral de combinação na variação genética das populações e para as características altura de planta, produção de grãos por planta, número de grãos por planta, número de grãos por capítulo e percentagem de óleo nos grãos, existe a contribuição da capacidade específica de combinação na variação genética das populações e evidenciando ações gênicas não aditivas e o teor de óleo nos grãos não possui correlação significativa com demais características agronômicas avaliadas.<br>Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), a member of the Asteraceae family, it is currently cultivated mainly as an oilseed plant. It can be used as a winter crop in mild temperatures and as a spring crop in lower temperature. It is well adapted in drier climates. Attributes that can make it a crop of important expression in the Brazilian “Cerrado Area”, a place that has a long dry period with high temperatures, making difficult the cultivation of other species. In this scenario the safflower is configured as a strategic crop that presents good stress tolerance due to water deficit, especially at the end of the season, besides characteristics suitable for mechanization, using the same equipment already used in other crops as corn and soybeans. The objective of this study is to perform a genetic study to provide information to breeding programs. We evaluated 10 combinations in complete diallel without reciprocal, in F1 and F2. In the F1 generation were evaluated: number of head per plant, number of branches per plant and seed production per plant. In the F2 generation the evaluations performed in F1 were repeated, and added plant height, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per chapter and percentage of oil in the seeds. After general and specific combining ability were determined, also a simple correlation analysis was performed. The main conclusions are: The best crossing to seed production were PI537697/PI653152 e PI572450/PI653152 and to oil content were PI572450/PI572470 e PI572470/PI653152. For all the characteristics evaluated in F1 and F2, except for number of branches, it was possible to observe the general combining ability contribution in the genetic variation of the populations and for the characteristics plant height, seed production per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds by head and percentage of oil in the seeds, there is the contribution of the specific combining ability in the genetic variation of the populations and showing non-additive gene actions and the oil content in the seeds does not have significant correlation with other evaluated agronomic.
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Costa, Emiliano Fernandes Nassau. "Herança da senescência retardada em milho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-07022008-135209/.

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A informação sobre o tipo de herança de um caráter considerado para fins de seleção é de extrema importância para o sucesso dos programas de melhoramento. O caráter senescência retardada, usualmente chamado de stay-green, tem sido relacionado em diversas culturas à tolerância a estresses abióticos, principalmente ao estresse devido à seca. Embora a maioria dos híbridos de milho comerciais sejam stay-green, as informações sobre o seu tipo de herança são muito limitadas. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a herança do caráter stay-green em milho tropical. O material genético utilizado incluiu 55 linhagens de diversas origens, a fim de representar a variabilidade genética em milho tropical. Foram realizados cruzamentos dialélicos parciais, onde 50 linhagens foram cruzadas com outras 5 linhagens utilizadas como testadoras, originando 250 cruzamentos. Os 250 cruzamentos e seis híbridos comerciais foram avaliados em 8 ambientes no delineamento de látice simples 16x16 com duas repetições. O caráter stay-green foi avaliado em cinco plantas competitivas por parcela, 120 dias após a semeadura, através de uma escala de notas visual de 1 a 5, onde a nota 1 se referia às plantas verdes e a nota 5 às plantas secas. Foi necessário tomar dados de florescimento feminino para utilizá-los como covariável nas análises estatísticas e corrigir as diferenças de maturação entre os cruzamentos. A análise de variância dialélica foi realizada de acordo com o método 4 do modelo 1 de Griffing (1956), adaptado para dialelos parciais em múltiplos ambientes. A capacidade geral de combinação (CGC), tanto para as linhagens como para os testadores, e a capacidade específica de combinação (CEC) foram altamente significativas )01,0(<=P, mostrando que tanto a CGC como a CEC contribuíram significativamente para a expressão do caráter. Porém a contribuição da CGC foi de 69,06% e a da CEC foi de 30,94% para a variação entre cruzamentos, indicando que os efeitos aditivos, relacionados à CGC, são mais importantes que os efeitos não aditivos (dominância e epistasia), que são relacionados à CEC, na variação dos cruzamentos. Tanto a CGC como a CEC interagiram significativamente com o ambiente, evidenciando que estes parâmetros não são consistentes nos diversos ambientes. Então, a seleção para o caráter stay-green deve ser baseada em médias de experimentos avaliados com repetições em diversos ambientes.<br>Information on the inheritance of traits to be selected is of paramount importance for the success of breeding programs. The trait delayed senescence, usually named \"stay-green\" trait, has been related to tolerance to abiotic stresses, mainly drought stress, in several crop species. Although the majority of commercial maize hybrids are \"stay-green\", limited information are available on its inheritance. Thus, this research was conducted to study the inheritance of the stay-green trait in tropical maize. The genetic material included 55 inbred lines from several sources to represent the genetic variation of tropical maize. Fifty inbred lines were crossed to 05 inbreds as testers following the partial diallel cross design, giving rise to 250 single crosses. The crosses and six commercial hybrids, 256 entries, were evaluated at eight environments using a 16 x 16 lattice design with two replications per environment. The stay-green trait was recorded 120 days after sowing, in five competitive plants per plot, following a visual note scale, i.e., from 1 to 5, where 1 refers to green plants and 5 to no-green plants. Also, the trait days to mid-silking was recorded and used as covariate to correct for differences of maturing among crosses. The analysis of variance of the diallel crosses was computed following the method 4 model 1 of Griffing (1956) extended to multiple environments. The general combining ability (GCA) for both the inbreds and the testers, and the specific combining ability (SCA) were all highly significant (P<=0.01), showing that GCA as well as SCA contribute significantly for the expression of the trait. However, the contribution of the GCA was 69.06% and of the SCA was 30.94% for the variation among the crosses, indicating that the additive effects, which are related to GCA, are more important than the non-additive effects (dominance and epistasis), which are related to SCA, for the variation of the crosses. Both GCA and SCA interacted significantly with the environments, showing that these parameters were not consistent across the environments. Thus, selection for the stay-green trait should be based on the means of experiments evaluated in several environments.
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Nörnberg, Rafael. "Caracterização e predição de genitores visando à tolerância a germinação na pré-colheita em trigo (Triticum aestivum L.)." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2012. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1139.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_rafael_nornberg.pdf: 1775290 bytes, checksum: 1aed782bae5be322b9bc4cec8e20ade0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-13<br>The climate adversities, such as high temperatures and rain before and during the harvesting period lead to a phenomenon called Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of wheat grain. This germination decreases the wheat flour quality through the activation of enzymes responsible for germination which degrade starch. Therefore, this study had as objective to analyse the character pre-harvest sprouting in hexaploid wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.), in the Southern region of Brazil, based on distinct evaluation years. Also, the evaluations aim to indicate the most adapted cultivars for Southern Brazil and to select parental genotypes for breeding programs of wheat. The experiment was conducted in the years 2010 and 2011, in the Centro de Genômica e Fitomelhoramento, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (CGF/FAEM/UFPel), located at Capão do Leão County/RS, Brazil. The design used was random blocks with three replications. A total of 33 genotypes were phenotyped regarding agronomic and pre-harvest sprouting characters in wheat. Simultaneously, in 2010, 56 F1 and F2 hybrid populations obtained from artificial hybridizations between eight wheat cultivars, with different tolerance to sprouting according to a complete diallel design, with reciprocals. The populations and their parental genotypes were evaluated in the agricultural season of 2011. In this experiment, the following characters were evaluated: percentage of germinated grains (GG) in the fixed generations F1 and parents, falling number index (FNI) in the fixed generations F1 and parents, and segregant populations (F2). In the analysis of genotype x year, it was detected an interference of the environment on the results of some genotypes. The genotypes: BIO 08228, RAÍZES, HORIZONTE and BRS 194 with the lowest GG values, and the cultivar GUAMIRIM with high FNI, for both evaluation years, showing the presence of PHS tolerance alleles. Based on the genetic dissimilarity, was obtained from the prediction of important parents. Thus elite genotypes such as TBIO ITAIPÚ, BIO 08228, RAÍZES, HORIZONTE, BRS 194, TBIO PIONEIRO, BIO 07367, RAÍZES, GUAMIRIM and FRONTANA were obtained to form the crossing blocks, aiming to complement the distinct alleles for PHS. The majority of genotypes presented reduced alpha-amylase activity, which causes starch degradation. The genotypes TBIO PIONEIRO, MARFIM and TBIO TIBAGI, on the other hand, presented the lowest alpha-amylase activity. There was a high heritability for both characters in both years except for GG of susceptible genotypes in 2011. The PHS tolerance is controlled by additive effects of genes evidenced by high general combining ability and by non-additive effects of genes evidenced by the specific combining ability, but it was evident that the additive effects were more important. The cultivars QUARTZO and FRONTANA presented the best potential for the use in crossing blocks aiming to increase PHS tolerance and to reduce alpha-amylase activity. Transgressive segregation was observed with high heterosis estimates for both traits FNI and GG. This, added to the loss of vigor by inbreeding for FNI, this indicates that these combinations are potential sources of tolerance to PHS. There was a high reciprocal effect that should be taken into account when producing hybrid cultivars with tolerance to pre-harvest germination and high FNI.<br>As adversidades climáticas como temperaturas elevadas e precipitação antes e durante o período de colheita ocasionam o fenômeno da germinação na pré-colheita (Pre-harvest sprouting PHS) dos grãos de trigo. Tal condução deprecia a qualidade da farinha por meio da atividade de enzimas responsáveis pela germinação, que degradam o amido. Desta forma, o estudo teve o objetivo de analisar o comportamento do caráter germinação na pré-colheita em genótipos de trigo hexaplóide (Triticum aestivum L.), com base em distintos anos de avaliação, gerando informação para a melhor indicação de cultivares a região sul do Brasil e na reposição de combinações promissoras em blocos de cruzamentos em programas de melhoramento genético do trigo. O experimento foi conduzido nos anos de 2010 e 2011, no Centro de Genômica e Fitomelhoramento, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (CGF/FAEM/UFPel), situado no município do Capão do Leão/RS, Brasil. O delineamento empregado foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, foram analisados 33 genótipos de trigo a partir de caracteres agronômicos e relacionados a germinação na pré-colheita do trigo. Simultaneamente, no ano de 2010 foram obtidas 56 populações híbridas F1 e F2 a partir de hibridações artificiais entre oito cultivares de trigo, com distinta tolerância a germinação na espiga, seguindo o delineamento dialélico completo, com os recíprocos. As populações e os respectivos genitores foram avaliados na safra agrícola de 2011 em campo experimental, no município de Capão do Leão, adotando o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Neste experimento foram avaliados os caracteres: percentual de grãos germinados (GG) nas gerações fixas F1 e genitores, e índice de queda úmido (IQU), nas gerações fixas (F1 e genitores) e populações segregantes (F2). Na análise de interação genótipo x ano foi detectada interferência do ambiente sobre alguns genótipos. Os genótipos BIO 08228, RAÍZES, HORIZONTE e BRS 194 foram aqueles de menores valores de GG, e a cultivar GUAMIRIM com elevado IQ, para os dois anos de avaliação, demonstrando a presença de genes de tolerância a PHS. Com base nos resultados da dissimilaridade genética, foi obtida a predição de importantes genitores. Assim destacam-se TBIO ITAIPÚ, BIO 08228, RAÍZES, HORIZONTE, BRS 194, TBIO PIONEIRO, BIO 07367, RAÍZES, GUAMIRIM e FRONTANA para compor os blocos de cruzamento, visando à melhor complementaridade de alelos distintos de tolerância a PHS em trigo. No desempenho per se, a maioria dos genótipos apresentaram reduzida atividade de alfa-amilase que degradam o amido. Os genótipos TBIO PIONEIRO, MARFIM e TBIO TIBAGI, expressaram reduzida atividade da enzima alfa-amilase. Houve pronunciada herdabilidades para os caracteres em ambos os anos exceto para GG nos genótipos sensíveis em 2011. A tolerância a PHS é controlada por genes de efeitos aditivos evidenciados por elevadas capacidade geral de combinação (CGC) e por genes de efeitos não aditivos evidenciado pela capacidade especifica de combinação (CEC).Se destaca que os efeitos aditivos foram mais importantes sobre a variância genética total. Neste experimento, as cultivares QUARTZO e FRONTANA apresentam o melhor potencial para o uso em blocos de cruzamentos para incremento da tolerância a PHS e redução da atividade da enzima alfa-amilase. Foram evidenciadas constituições genéticas transgressivas em F2 associadas com elevadas estimativas de heterose em F1 para ambas as características avaliadas no IQU e GG. Isto, conciliado a baixa perda de vigor por endogamia para IQU, evidenciando que as populações destas combinações são potenciais fontes de recuperação de indivíduos superiores. Existe pronunciado efeito recíproco para o caráter tolerância a germinação na pré-colheita e aumento do índice de queda.
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Santana, Priscilla Neves de. "Potencial genético de genitores de cana-de-açúcar com base em cruzamentos biparentais." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7169.

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Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T14:51:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Priscilla Neves de Santana - 2013.pdf: 2803001 bytes, checksum: 043adc84ee5ca3c6457e5e2475cee9c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T14:52:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Priscilla Neves de Santana - 2013.pdf: 2803001 bytes, checksum: 043adc84ee5ca3c6457e5e2475cee9c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T14:52:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Priscilla Neves de Santana - 2013.pdf: 2803001 bytes, checksum: 043adc84ee5ca3c6457e5e2475cee9c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-28<br>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq<br>An adequate choice of genitors to be crossed to generate genetic variability is essential to increase the efficiency of sugarcane breeding program. The combining ability of genotypes in crosses constitutes a good measure of genetic potential in future crosses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic potential of sugarcane genotypes based on biparental crosses of sugarcane breeding programs from the Interuniversity Network for the Development of Sugarcane Trade (PMGCA / RIDESA). The basic variable used was the rate of selection of each cross population (full sib family) in the initial phase of the program (T1), resulting from the selection practiced evaluating variables of primary importance for the species. The average selection rate of each family was predicted using BLUP methodology. Data analysis was performed using Method IV proposed by Griffing (1956), adapted to the set of crosses available, detailing the effects of General Combining Ability (GCA) and Specific Combining Ability (SCA). The predicted effects of SCA were correlated with genetic similarity estimates obtained using the Dice coefficient from SSR markers and the Malécot coancestry coefficient. It was detected significant effects of GCA, showing the possibility of selection of parents based on this parameter. Although not statistically tested, SCA showed determination coefficient higher than CGC. The genetic similarity obtained by coancestry coefficient showed a significant correlation with SCA, although of low magnitude. There was no significance for the correlation between genetic distance based on SSR marker and SCA. It was concluded that the rate of selection is efficient to select potentially promising parents in the first stage of selection in sugarcane.<br>A escolha adequada de genitores a serem cruzados para gerar variabilidade genética é condição essencial para aumentar a eficiência de um programa de melhoramento de cana-de-açúcar. A capacidade de combinação de genótipos em cruzamentos realizados constitui uma boa medida do potencial genético em cruzamentos futuros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial genético de genitores de cana-de-açúcar com base em cruzamentos biparentais utilizados nos programas de melhoramento genético de cana-deaçúcar da Rede Interuniversitária para o Desenvolvimento do Setor Sucroenergético (PMGCA/RIDESA). A variável básica usada para avaliação foi a taxa de seleção de cada cruzamento na fase inicial do programa (T1), resultante da seleção praticada avaliando variáveis primárias de importância para a espécie. A taxa de seleção média de cada cruzamento foi predita utilizando a metodologia BLUP. A análise dos dados foi realizada utilizando o método IV proposto por Griffing (1956), adaptado para o conjunto de cruzamentos disponível, detalhando os efeitos de Capacidade Geral de Combinação (CGC) e Capacidade Específica de Combinação (CEC). Os efeitos preditos de CEC foram correlacionados com estimativas de similaridade genética obtidas usando o coeficiente de Dice a partir de marcadores SSR e com o coeficiente de parentesco de Malècot. Foi detectada significância dos efeitos de CGC, mostrando a possibilidade de seleção de genitores com base neste parâmetro. Embora não testada estatisticamente, a CEC mostrou coeficiente de determinação superior à CGC. A similaridade genética obtida pelo coeficiente de parentesco mostrou uma correlação significativa, porém de baixa magnitude com CEC. Não houve significância para a correlação entre a distância genética estimada por marcadores e CEC. Concluiu-se que a taxa de seleção é eficiente para selecionar genitores potencialmente promissores na primeira fase de seleção de cana-de-açúcar.
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Schmidt, Douglas André Mallmann. "Capacidade combinatória e modificações de ambiente na expressão dos componentes do rendimento de grãos e da qualidade industrial em trigo." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2008. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1153.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_douglas_andre_mallmann_schmidt.pdf: 939381 bytes, checksum: c4159f7fe0e529065ea06d662c6b59a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-28<br>In plant breeding programs, parental selection is a very important step. The selection of parents to be used to obtain the segregating populations can determine the success or failure in achieving genetic gains. Diallel analysis has been used to determine the general and specific combining ability and to aid the selection of the most promising combinations. The fitting of genotypes to environmental conditions that allow the expression of full genetic potential for the target characters, has shown great importance to maximize wheat grain yield and quality. In this sense, the main objective of the study was to determine the combining ability of wheat genotypes, and their performance for grain yield components and industrial quality traits in different environments under different nitrogen levels. Six parents were employed in diallel analysis, including reciprocal crosses, to evaluate general and specific combining ability of agronomic traits. The diallel cross experiments were conducted in Capão do Leão County/RS in 2007 and the experiment evaluating nitrogen levels was conducted in environments of Capão do Leão County in 2006 and 2007, and Ijuí County in 2007, both located in Rio Grande do Sul State. The nitrogen doses used were 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 as cover fertilizer. The mean squares for general combining ability were greater than those for specific combining ability for the characters number of grains per ear, grain weight, number of ears per plant and grain yield per plant. Additive gene action was likely to more intensely affect these characters. It was possible to verify effects of heterosis, mostly for the character grain yield per plant with results above 100% of mean heterosis. The high heterosis values in F1, when associated with high advanced generation bulk yields in, increases the likelihood of obtaining high yielding genotypes by the increase of recombinant genotypic classes. Maternal and extrachromosomal effects were very intense, suggesting that breeding programs should pay attention to which parent is used as pollen donor and vice-versa. Different responses to nitrogen fertilization were observed regarding grain yield. The nitrogen fertilization promoted increases in the rates of lodging in all genotypes tested in the three environments. In environments with high yield potential, the increase in the level of nitrogen, did not increase gluten strength. Bread wheat genotypes better respond to nitrogen availability increases. On the other hand, genotypes with low gluten strength did not respond to nitrogen increases.<br>Em programas de melhoramento genético vegetal, a escolha de genitores tem sido uma das etapas de maior importância. Esta etapa determina os genitores que serão empregados para obtenção das populações segregantes, e pode promover o sucesso ou insucesso na obtenção do progresso genético. A análise dialélica tem sido empregada para determinar a capacidade geral e específica de combinação dos genitores, auxiliando o melhorista na escolha das combinações mais promissoras. O ajuste dos genótipos às condições de ambiente, que proporcionem a expressão do potencial genético, tem revelado grande importância para a maximização do rendimento e qualidade de grãos. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a capacidade combinatória de genótipos de trigo, o seu desempenho para os componentes do rendimento de grãos e qualidade industrial, em distintos ambientes sob níveis de disponibilização de nitrogênio. Foram empregados seis genitores na análise dialélica, considerando os recíprocos, para avaliar a capacidade geral e específica de combinação, heterose e efeitos recíprocos, de caracteres de importância agronômica. O experimento do cruzamento dialélico foi conduzido em Capão do Leão/RS no ano agrícola de 2007, enquanto que o experimento de adubação nitrogenada foi conduzido nos ambientes de Capão do Leão/RS em 2006 e 2007, e Ijuí/RS em 2007, utilizando doses de 0, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio em cobertura. A magnitude dos quadrados médios da capacidade geral de combinação foi maior do que a capacidade específica de combinação, para os caracteres número de grãos por espiga, massa média de grãos, número de espigas por planta e produção de grãos por planta, evidenciando a provável contribuição mais intensa da ação gênica aditiva no controle destes caracteres. Foi possível verificar efeitos de heterose, principalmente para o caráter produção de grãos por planta, com resultados superiores a 100% de heterose média em relação aos genitores. A elevada heterose expressa na geração F1, quando associada a rendimentos de grãos com bulks em geração avançadas, promove maior probabilidade de obtenção de genótipos superiores, devido a maior freqüência de genes complementares dominantes na progênie. Os efeitos determinados por herança extracromossômica ou efeito materno foram intensos, revelando provável incremento na eficiência de programas de melhoramento, pelos benefícios proporcionados com o controle dos genitores, utilizados como doadores ou receptores de pólen em cruzamentos de trigo. A adubação nitrogenada determinou comportamento diferenciado dos genótipos, quanto ao provável incremento do rendimento de grãos. A suplementação de nitrogênio promoveu incrementos nos índices de acamamento, em todos os genótipos nos três ambientes testados. Em ambientes com alto potencial produtivo, o incremento no nível de nitrogênio, não promoveu aumento expressivo na força geral de glúten. Genótipos classificados como trigo pão, respondem mais intensamente para maior da força geral de glúten ao incremento da disponibilidade de nitrogênio, enquanto que genótipos classificados como brandos, não revelam aumentos expressivos para força geral de glúten, a maior disponibilidade do nutriente.
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Rosa, Yvesmar Resende Santa. "Estudo dialélico de componentes de rendimento e constituintes químicos do óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.)." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2010. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6553.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The aim of this work was to estimate the General and Specific Combining Ability of basil, analyzing yield components and the main chemical compounds of the essential oil. The experiment was conducted at the Research Farm "Campus Rural da UFS", located in the São Cristóvão county, Sergipe. Four cultivars with different chemical compositions were chosen to realize diallel crosses. The F1 seeds and the parents were planted in field using a complete randomized block design, with three replications. The data were submitted to the diallel analysis of Griffing model 2 and the means were grouped using the Scott-Knott test (p ≤ 0.05). The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, crown diameter, length and width of leaves, dry weight of leaves, essential oil content and yield, and the content of the main chemical compounds. The analysis of variance for the combining ability showed that the General Combining Ability (GCA) effects presented significant differences and that the Special Combining Ability (SCA) effects of the crosses were significant, except for the length and width of leaves. For almost all characters both additive and non-additive effects influenced the performance of hybrids.<br>Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a Capacidade Geral e Específica de Combinação de manjericão, analisando o teor de óleo essencial e dos principais compostos químicos no óleo essencial. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental "Campus Rural da UFS", localizado no município de São Cristóvão, Sergipe. Quatro cultivares com composição química divergentes foram escolhidas e realizou-se os cruzamentos dialélicos. As sementes F1 e os parentais foram plantadas em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise dialélica de Griffing modelo 2 e as médias foram agrupadas pelo teste de Skott-Knott (p<0,05). Avaliou-se as seguintes características: altura de planta, diâmetro de copa, comprimento e largura de folha, massa seca de folha, teor e rendimento de óleo essencial e o teor dos principais constituintes químicos. A análise de variância para a capacidade de combinação mostrou que os efeitos da Capacidade Geral de Combinação (CGC) apresentou diferenças significativas e que os efeitos da Capacidade Específica de Combinação (CEC) dos cruzamentos foram significativos, exceto para comprimento e largura de folha. Para quase todas as características ambos, efeitos aditivos e não aditivos, influenciaram a performance dos híbridos.
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Berger, Gregory L. "Diallel analysis and heritability estimates of fiber traits for ELS, Gossypium hirsutum L., progeny." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-280.

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With a demand for high-quality cotton fiber in international markets, improvement of fiber quality in U.S. grown commercial cultivars is necessary. Smith, Hague, Thaxton, and Jones developed a group of experimental lines in 2008 that produced extra-long staple fiber (>35.6 mm). This study determined general combining ability (GCA), and specific combining ability (SCA) of four experimental ELS lines and four commercial cultivars utilizing biplot and conventional diallel analysis, determined performance of F2 progeny, calculated broad-sense (H2) heritability estimates for F2 progeny, and verified the ability of selected parental combinations to produce variable segregating populations with variability of fiber traits. Initial crosses were made in 2007, with additional crosses being made in the field and in a greenhouse in 2008. F1 progeny and parents were grown in a replicated trial near College Station, TX, in 2007 and 2008. F2 progeny lines and parents were grown in replicated trials at two locations in 2008. Due to a significant GxY interaction for all F1 fiber traits, data were reported by years. Experimental ELS lines showed positive GCA effects for fiber length, strength, and length uniformity, while the majority of commercial lines showed negative effects. These findings suggest experimental ELS lines contain alleles for fiber length and strength not present in this particular set of commercial cultivars. Experimental ELS lines exhibited negative GCA effects for lint percent, which suggests further selection is needed for these lines to be commercially competitive. Performances of F2 lines suggest differences in fiber traits are predominantly due to additive gene action. Furthermore, data suggests alleles for fiber length and strength is present in the experimental ELS lines not present in the commercial cultivars. F2 progeny exhibited moderate heritability for all fiber traits. Sufficient variability exists within selected F2 progeny to select for phenotypes exhibiting improved fiber quality over commercial cultivar potential with similar agronomic qualities of commercial cultivars. The ELS lines are a useful source of germplasm for plant breeders looking to improve fiber qualities in their programs.
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Makhumbila, Penny. "Combining Ability for Ear Prolificacy and Response of Prolific Maize (Zea May L.) Hybrids to Low Nitrogen Stress." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1197.

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MSCAGR (Plant Production)<br>Department of Plant Production<br>Smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa still obtain low grain yields in maize largely due to low soil fertility. The soils are inherently low in nitrogen (N) that is required for the proper development of the maize plant. Currently there are no commercial cultivars for low N tolerance locally. The combining ability approach can be used as a tool for breeding desirable cultivars. In order to improve grain yield in maize, it is important to consider ear prolificacy which is a major yield component. Therefore this study was designed to estimate combining ability in maize. Exotic germplasm from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and the Institute of Tropical Agriculture as well as the local germplasm from the Agricultural Research Council was used in the study to generate crosses. One hundred and two crosses were evaluated together with a standard commercial check under low N and optimum N conditions. The specific objectives of the study were to determine general and specific combining ability for prolificacy among local and exotic inbred lines and evaluate the response of prolific hybrids to low N conditions. The hybrids were planted in the 2014/2015 summer season under irrigation in Potchefstroom, Cedara and Taung in field plots consisting of 0.75m x 0.25m spacing in a 0.1 alpha lattice design replicated twice. Data for agronomic attributes were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance using SAS version 9.1.3. Genetic correlations were analyzed using the Principal Components Analysis and factor analysis based on the correlation analysis and major traits. The results showed variation in agronomic performance among the inbred lines and their F1 hybrids. Inbred lines including TZEI63, T1162W, L15 and L17 showed positive GCA estimates for ear prolificacy at the different locations. Specific combining ability for prolific hybrids was positive at all locations and environments. The GCA:SCA ratio was close to unity; indicating that the number of ears per plant showed highly significant (P<0.01) correlation with grain yield. The hybrids showed ear prolificacy under the low N conditions. This trait can be used effectively in stress tolerance maize breeding programmes.<br>NRF
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Books on the topic "Specific combining ability (SCA)"

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Lalvani, Ajit, and Katrina Pollock. Defences against infection. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0303.

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The immune system is classified into a series of component parts, each specialized to defend the host against infection. Cells of the innate immune system are distributed throughout the body, in the tissues, and in the circulation, to defend against the first signs of danger, combining the acute inflammatory response with the ability to kill and remove invading pathogens. Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils phagocytose and kill exogenous and endogenous targets, using both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms. The adaptive immune system creates a structurally specific and prolonged response, mediated by lymphocytes to clear infection and generate immunological memory. In this chapter, the functions of the innate and adaptive immune system are reviewed, together with the clinical features and investigation of acquired and inherited immune deficiencies.
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Murray, Bob, and W. Larry Kenney. Practical Guide to Exercise Physiology. 2nd ed. Human Kinetics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718220959.

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Practical Guide to Exercise Physiology guides readers through the scientific concepts of exercise physiology with highly visual, easy-to-follow content. The text applies complex concepts of physiology to exercise program design, giving personal trainers, strength and conditioning specialists, and other health and fitness professionals an accessible resource to use with their clients. Written specifically for those in the fitness industry, the text covers various training goals and considerations when working with clients and athletes at all levels. This guide takes an application-based approach in describing intricate physiological processes so that professionals can select and explain the appropriate exercises and physical activity regimens for clients. The text is complemented by medical artwork that puts complex systems in a digestible visual context. These systems are then applied to real-world practice through explanations of exercises that are beneficial to specific body systems and instructions on combining various exercises to achieve the desired results. Part I of Practical Guide to Exercise Physiology is a review of the fundamentals of physiology, including muscles and muscle adaptation, bioenergetics, and the cardiorespiratory system. It also details the various activities and processes that contribute to fatigue. Part II applies and expands on this information to address the design of training programs for achieving specific goals. These goals include increasing muscle mass and strength; losing weight; and developing speed, power, and aerobic endurance. Finally, part III addresses adaptations and special considerations of these training programs, including adjustments for changes in altitude or temperature and considerations for special populations such as children, older adults, and pregnant women. Alongside the content and illustrations, Practical Guide to Exercise Physiology includes tools that apply concepts to everyday practice: • Factoid boxes engage readers with additional facts about the human body and its response to training. • Sidebars throughout the text pinpoint current topics of concern so that personal trainers and fitness professionals can prepare for and respond to these issues. • An index of common questions from clients is an easy reference on client education. • Sample training programs illustrate how the scientific concepts that guide program design are used in practice. Practical Guide to Exercise Physiology contains all the necessary information for new and current personal trainers and fitness professionals. Readers will gain confidence in designing exercise programs for various populations and the ability to explain to clients how each exercise and movement will help them achieve their goals.
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Busuioc, Aristita, and Alexandru Dumitrescu. Empirical-Statistical Downscaling: Nonlinear Statistical Downscaling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.770.

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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Please check back later for the full article.The concept of statistical downscaling or empirical-statistical downscaling became a distinct and important scientific approach in climate science in recent decades, when the climate change issue and assessment of climate change impact on various social and natural systems have become international challenges. Global climate models are the best tools for estimating future climate conditions. Even if improvements can be made in state-of-the art global climate models, in terms of spatial resolution and their performance in simulation of climate characteristics, they are still skillful only in reproducing large-scale feature of climate variability, such as global mean temperature or various circulation patterns (e.g., the North Atlantic Oscillation). However, these models are not able to provide reliable information on local climate characteristics (mean temperature, total precipitation), especially on extreme weather and climate events. The main reason for this failure is the influence of local geographical features on the local climate, as well as other factors related to surrounding large-scale conditions, the influence of which cannot be correctly taken into consideration by the current dynamical global models.Impact models, such as hydrological and crop models, need high resolution information on various climate parameters on the scale of a river basin or a farm, scales that are not available from the usual global climate models. Downscaling techniques produce regional climate information on finer scale, from global climate change scenarios, based on the assumption that there is a systematic link between the large-scale and local climate. Two types of downscaling approaches are known: a) dynamical downscaling is based on regional climate models nested in a global climate model; and b) statistical downscaling is based on developing statistical relationships between large-scale atmospheric variables (predictors), available from global climate models, and observed local-scale variables of interest (predictands).Various types of empirical-statistical downscaling approaches can be placed approximately in linear and nonlinear groupings. The empirical-statistical downscaling techniques focus more on details related to the nonlinear models—their validation, strengths, and weaknesses—in comparison to linear models or the mixed models combining the linear and nonlinear approaches. Stochastic models can be applied to daily and sub-daily precipitation in Romania, with a comparison to dynamical downscaling. Conditional stochastic models are generally specific for daily or sub-daily precipitation as predictand.A complex validation of the nonlinear statistical downscaling models, selection of the large-scale predictors, model ability to reproduce historical trends, extreme events, and the uncertainty related to future downscaled changes are important issues. A better estimation of the uncertainty related to downscaled climate change projections can be achieved by using ensembles of more global climate models as drivers, including their ability to simulate the input in downscaling models. Comparison between future statistical downscaled climate signals and those derived from dynamical downscaling driven by the same global model, including a complex validation of the regional climate models, gives a measure of the reliability of downscaled regional climate changes.
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Book chapters on the topic "Specific combining ability (SCA)"

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Dolamic, Ljiljana. "Conversational Agents." In Large Language Models in Cybersecurity. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54827-7_4.

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AbstractConversational agents (CA) are engaged in interactive conversations with users, providing responses and assistance while combining Natural Language Processing (NLP), Understanding (NLU), and Generating (NLG) techniques. Two tiers of conversational agent derivation from Large Language Models (LLMs) exist. The first tier involves conversational fine-tuning from datasets, representing expected user questions and desired conversational agent responses. The second tier requires manual prompting by human operators and evaluation of model output, which is then used for further fine-tuning. Fine-tuning with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) models perform better but are resource-intensive and specific for each model. Another critical difference in the performance of various CA is their ability to access auxiliary services for task delegation.
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Finessi, M., V. Liberini, and D. Deandreis. "Definition of Radioactive Iodine Refractory Thyroid Cancer and Redifferentiation Strategies." In Integrated Diagnostics and Theranostics of Thyroid Diseases. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35213-3_9.

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AbstractDifferentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC) presents a 10-year survival rate of &gt; 90% in case of localized disease while in case of distant metastases prognosis is poorer. Radioactive iodine is the first-line therapy for ablation, adjuvant intent, and for the treatment of distant metastases.In case of distant metastases, 50% of these patients obtain complete remission or stabilization of the disease over a long-term period with RAI therapy. Unfortunately, the remaining 50% of these patients, with the most aggressive and rapidly progressive disease, develop a RAI refractory disease thyroid cancer with loss of the ability to concentrate RAI or disease progression despite RAI uptake and with consequently poor outcomes (5-year disease-specific survival rates of 60–70% and a 10-year survival rate of 10%). In these patients, other treatment modalities including locoregional or systemic treatment by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) should be preferred. Nevertheless, the definition of refractory thyroid cancer is still challenging and the decision to stop radioactive iodine and switch the therapeutic approach is still based on an individualized choice.Finally, a new approach by redifferentiation strategies combining TKI treatment and radioactive iodine is very promising for refractory and slowly progressive tumors.
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"Specific Combining Ability." In Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Informatics. Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_15919.

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Girouard, DMD MS, Patrick. "Understanding Posturo-Occlusal Interrelationships by Combining Digital Occlusal and Posture Diagnostic Technologies." In Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9254-9.ch017.

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The nature of the interrelationship between whole body posture and the quality of the dental occlusion has not yet to date been clearly documented within the dental or posture literature, as the findings of published studies within both fields have been scarce and inconclusive. The combined use of digital diagnostic occlusal and postural assessment technologies has not been widely employed in these research projects, which has mired both fields' ability to study, to understand, and to clearly ascertain how posture and dental occlusion affect each other physiologically. As such, the specific aims of this chapter are to outline how posture and dental occlusion interrelate through the stomatognathic system's afferent neural inputs into the central nervous system (CNS), which communicate important occlusal contact force distribution information, and equally as important, mandibular spatial positional information within the posture and balance regions of the brain. The concept that the dental occlusion is a capteur for posture (which in English means, a sensor of posture health), is further explored with the inclusion of three differing clinical posturo-occlusal cases, diagnosed and treated with the combined use of the T-Scan 9 computerized occlusal analysis technology, the MatScan/MobileMat foot pressure mapping technology, and the Footmat Research software version 7.10. These presented clinical cases illustrate that improved right-to-left occlusal contact force balance, and improved center of force location within the dental arches, improve a number of measurable sway parameters. Together, the implementation of the T-Scan and the MatScan exquisitely demonstrate to the clinician the significance of the physiologic interrelationship between body posture and the dental occlusion. The presented cases emphasize there exists a whole-body concept that depends upon a variety of differing systems, whereby changes in the dental occlusion produce a phenomenon of bio-functional neuro-reprogramming for the stomatognathic system and the whole body.
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Girouard, Patrick. "Combining Digital Occlusion and Posture Diagnostic Technologies to Understand Body Posture and Dental Occlusion Interrelationships." In Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice. IGI Global, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-9313-7.ch025.

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The nature of the interrelationship between whole body posture and the quality of the dental occlusion has not yet to date been clearly documented within the dental or posture literature, as the findings of published studies within both fields have been scarce and inconclusive. The combined use of digital diagnostic occlusal and postural assessment technologies has not been widely employed in these research projects, which has mired both fields' ability to study, understand, and to clearly ascertain how posture and dental occlusion affect each other physiologically. As such, the specific aims of this chapter are to outline how posture and dental occlusion interrelate through the Stomatognathic System's afferent neural inputs into the central nervous system (CNS), which communicate important occlusal contact force distribution information, and equally as important, mandibular spatial positional information within the posture and balance regions of the brain. The concept that the dental occlusion is a Capteur for Posture (which in English means a sensor of posture health), is further explored with the inclusion of 3 differing clinical Posturo-Occlusal cases, diagnosed and treated with the combined use of both the T-Scan 9 computerized occlusal analysis technology, the MatScan/MobileMat foot pressure mapping technology, and Footmat Research software version 7.10. These presented clinical cases illustrate that improved right-to-left occlusal contact force balance, and improved center of force location within the dental arches, improves a number of measurable sway parameters. Together, the implementation of the T-Scan and the MatScan exquisitely demonstrate to the clinician the significance of the physiologic interrelationship between body posture and the dental occlusion. The presented cases emphasize there exists a whole-body concept that depends upon a variety of differing systems, whereby changes in the dental occlusion produce a phenomenon of bio-functional neuro-reprogramming for both the Stomatognathic System and the whole body. Lastly, disclusion time reduction (DTR) research is presented that clearly documents high-precision, digitally measured and corrected occlusal function markedly improved forward head posture (FHP). This important study strongly reinforces that the dental occlusion and the whole-body posture are intimately interrelated.
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Fuerst, C., I. Hoeschele, J. Sölkner, and A. Essl. "Selection for specific combining ability in small simulated populations." In Book of Abstracts of the 48th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production. Brill | Wageningen Academic, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004684034_043.

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Roy, Ranadip, Ayani Nandi, and Nirmalya Mallick. "Hybrid Optimization of Profit-Based Unit Commitment Allowing for Uncertainties of Renewable Energy Sources in Summer and Wintertime." In Robotics and Automation in Industry 4.0. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815223491124010006.

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Environmental issues, due to the various gases that are harmful to fossil fuels, can cause disease and sickness worldwide. Renewable energy sources (RESs) are a crucial solution for decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. This is because they offer several advantages, such as significant cost reductions in operations, minimal depreciation over time, and the ability to provide electric power for various applications. As a result, they are highly desirable for use in the power sector. This kind of trouble becomes excessively challenging by developing the extent of the electric power market step by step. The authors developed a new optimization technique by combining chaotic maps with various nature-inspired optimization algorithms, such as the Harris hawks optimizer, sine cosine algorithm, and slime mold algorithm. This approach allowed them to improve the performance of these bioinspired optimization methods. The researchers evaluated an improved technique called hCHHO-SCA and hCSMA-SCA for solving the PBUCP considering renewable energy sources. They tested the techniques on both a 10-generating-unit system and a 100-generating-unit system. The authors were able to calculate the profit generated from each system as a result of applying the improved techniques. The adequacy of the analyzer is confirmed for a few benchmark issues that have been observed. The recommended optimizer is helpful in obtaining a solution to problems related to discrete and continuous optimization, including nonlinear types of optimization.
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Liao, Wanling, Shankar Chelliah, and BoNing Shi. "The Role of Specific Human Capital in Entrepreneurial Ecosystems." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9261-4.ch020.

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By analyzing the case of Oriental Selection (Dongfang Zhenxuan), this paper discusses the key role of specific human capital in the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the digital era. The specific human capital represented by Dong Yuhui, through his personal charisma and innovation ability, has successfully promoted the strategic transformation of New Oriental and helped the enterprise make new market breakthroughs under the background of the “double-decrease” policy. Combining the theory of specific human capital and the theory of corporate ecological niche, the study elaborates the core role of specific human capital in rebranding, digital transformation and market expansion. The results show that specific human capital not only enhances the innovation ability and market competitiveness of enterprises, but also promotes the sustainable development of enterprises in the digital era.
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Gerevini Alfonso, Kuter Ugur, Nau Dana, Saetti Alessandro, and Waisbrot Nathaniel. "Combining Domain-Independent Planning and HTN Planning: The Duet Planner." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2008. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-891-5-573.

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Despite the recent advances in planning for classical domains, the question of how to use domain knowledge in planning is yet to be completely and clearly answered. Some of the existing planners use domain-independent search heuristics, and some others depend on intensively-engineered domain-specific knowledge to guide the planning process. In this paper, we describe an approach to combine ideas from both of the above schools of thought. We present Duet, our planning system that incorporates the ability of using hierarchical domain knowledge in the form of Hierarchical Task Networks (HTNs) as in SHOP2 [14] and using domain-independent local search techniques as in LPG [8]. In our experiments, Duet was able to solve much larger problems than LPG could solve, with only minimal domain knowledge encoded in HTNs (much less domain knowledge than SHOP2 needed to solve those problems by itself).
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Austin, Robin R. "Precision Health and Integrative Nursing." In Integrative Nursing, edited by Mary Jo Kreitzer and Mary Koithan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190851040.003.0010.

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Precision or personalized health is an emerging trend that has implications for integrative nursing. Incorporating precision health through the principles of integrative nursing allows for a whole-person-centered care approach. Precision health focuses on prevention and provides for a holistic view of the patient that takes into account all factors such as environment, health behaviors, genetic potential, and current lifestyle choices. The focus on the whole person has the ability to shift the paradigm of health to look upstream and has implications for personalized wellness by combining biometric, genetic, and environmental data to develop a scientific personalized wellness plan. This chapter discusses the precision health initiative and the alignment of precision health and integrative nursing. Specific exemplars along with resources are used to highlight the intersection of precision health and integrative nursing.
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Conference papers on the topic "Specific combining ability (SCA)"

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Guseva, S. А., and D. D. Babushkin. "STUDYING OF COMBINING ABILITY OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) BY A HEAD SQUARE AND SEEDS YIELD IN TESTER CROSSES." In 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-54-58.

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We analyzed a calculation of combining ability (CA) of 21 sunflower genotypes of Russian and foreign breeding by seed yield and head square, determined in a scheme of top-cross. Also there is considered a relation of mean squires of variability of common and specific combining abilities with a purpose to determine prevailing effects of gens. We revealed the sunflower variety samples with high meanings of effects of common combining ability and dispersion of specific combining ability as well as hybrid combinations F1 with high effects of specific combining ability.
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Zaytsev, S. A. "COMBINATION ABILITY OF CORN UNDER DIFFERENT GROWING CONDITIONS." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house RGAU-MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-88.

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The article provides data on the study of the combinational ability of self-pollinated corn lines under various growing conditions. This method allows you to obtain the most accurate information about the general and specific combining ability of lines and to highlight the most promising of them.
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Infed, Farid, Shane V. Brown, Christopher D. Lee, Dale A. Lawrence, Anne M. Dougherty, and Lucy Y. Pao. "Combined Visual/Haptic Rendering Modes for Scientific Visualization." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0013.

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Abstract Graphical visualization has advanced our ability to understand large multi-dimensional data sets, but some types of data are still difficult to convey. We discuss three applications which provide visualization challenges: electro-magnetic fields, fluid dynamics, and stress analysis. Visualization modes combining visual and haptic rendering are developed to address these specific types of data. Implementation issues are briefly discussed. Difficulties in testing these modes are also identified.
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Johansson, Joel. "Combining Case Based Reasoning and Shape Matching Based on Clearance Analyzes to Support the Reuse of Components." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70631.

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For manufacturing companies it is important to develop and produce products that meet requirements from customers and investors. One key factor in meeting these requirements is the efficiency of the product development process. Design automation is a powerful tool to increase efficiency in that process resulting in shortened lead-time, improved product performance, and ultimately decreased cost. Further, automation is beneficial as it increases the ability to adapt products to new product specifications, which is critical to some categories of products. In this paper the retrieval and evaluation processes of the Case Based Reasoning (CBR) method are extended to include shape matching. This enhanced CBR method supports the reuse of existing components when introducing new variants of variant-rich products. The matching method is based on clearance analyzes and is performed during the retrieval of cases and supports the evaluation of suggestions. The method is described along with a prototype-system where the process of selecting components for roof racks for cars is targeted for automation. One specific component of the roof rack is targeted, namely a rubber pad used in the interface between the car roof and the rack.
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Houbiers, M., M. ElGizawy, A. Ledroz, J. Bang, R. Lowdon, and D. Aklestad. "Practical Implementation of Combining Wellbore Survey Tools for Optimized Wellbore Position Accuracy." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23739-ms.

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Abstract Techniques involved in combining Measurement While Drilling (MWD) and gyro survey tools have been developed previously, and it has been demonstrated that the advantages for wellbore position uncertainty can be significant. However, the implementation of these techniques on a practical level is not well understood. In this paper, we outline the practical implementation of combining MWD and gyro position surveys to take advantage of the improved wellbore survey accuracy both during planning and execution of drilling operations and afterwards. Worldwide, multiple wellbore survey tools are run to ensure a well is drilled safely and in the correct place. The combination of survey tools normally involves an MWD and a gyroscopic tool, often run where there is magnetic interference from an offset well, for additional accuracy, or survey QA/QC requirements. Both survey tools are valid, assuming they pass their respective QA/QC parameters. For sections where the surveys overlap, a linear combination may be used to build the definitive survey of the well. This yields a new wellbore position with potentially significantly increased accuracy. To assess the improvement in combining wellbore survey tools, an error model needs to be built describing the combined error terms, weighting functions, and their application. The ability to build region-specific error models for a given combination of survey tools will be discussed. Requirements for the overlapping survey data and practical steps to ensure safe and robust implementation of the combined survey position are presented. Moreover, the application of a combined survey delivered to the rig in real time (if this is necessary) will be investigated. Finally, operational workflows, survey data, and error model handling, QA/QC of the new combined survey, and limitations of the method will be discussed. An adequate practical implementation will allow combined surveys to be modelled and applied to planned and existing wells, resulting in improved well placement accuracy and wellbore spacing, more safe space for a well to be drilled, and hence drive drilling efficiencies and maximum production.
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Xue, Ke, Chao Qian, Ling Xu, and Xudong Fei. "Evolutionary Gradient Descent for Non-convex Optimization." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/443.

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Non-convex optimization is often involved in artificial intelligence tasks, which may have many saddle points, and is NP-hard to solve. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are general-purpose derivative-free optimization algorithms with a good ability to find the global optimum, which can be naturally applied to non-convex optimization. Their performance is, however, limited due to low efficiency. Gradient descent (GD) runs efficiently, but only converges to a first-order stationary point, which may be a saddle point and thus arbitrarily bad. Some recent efforts have been put into combining EAs and GD. However, previous works either utilized only a specific component of EAs, or just combined them heuristically without theoretical guarantee. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary GD (EGD) algorithm by combining typical components, i.e., population and mutation, of EAs with GD. We prove that EGD can converge to a second-order stationary point by escaping the saddle points, and is more efficient than previous algorithms. Empirical results on non-convex synthetic functions as well as reinforcement learning (RL) tasks also show its superiority.
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Cho, Hyunsoo, Jinseok Seol, and Sang-goo Lee. "Masked Contrastive Learning for Anomaly Detection." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/198.

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Detecting anomalies is one fundamental aspect of a safety-critical software system, however, it remains a long-standing problem. Numerous branches of works have been proposed to alleviate the complication and have shown promising results. In particular, self-supervised learning based methods are spurring interest due to their capability of learning diverse representations without additional labels. Among self-supervised learning tactics, contrastive learning is one specific framework showing pronounced results in various fields including anomaly detection. However, the primary objective of contrastive learning is to learn task-agnostic features without any labels, which is not entirely suited to discern anomalies. In this paper, we propose a task-specific variant of contrastive learning named masked contrastive learning, which is more befitted for anomaly detection. Moreover, we propose a new inference method dubbed self-ensemble inference that further boosts performance by leveraging the ability learned through auxiliary self-supervision tasks. By combining our models, we can outperform previous state-of-the-art methods by a significant margin on various benchmark datasets.
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Makhovikov, Alexander Evgenievich. "ABOUT THE "REASONABILITY" OF THE MODERN RATIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE PERSON." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-1-441/445.

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The thesis that the emergence of a new post-non-classical type of rationality in the information society has also led to the formation of a new meaning of "rationality" in the modern rational activity of the individual. Its specific feature is that this “rationality” turns into a kind of pragmatic matrix, the epistemological foundation of which, instead of objective true knowledge, is information. This inevitably leads to overcoming the differences between the real and the unreal, the authentic and the unauthentic, between the true and the false in the rational activity of the modern person. The concept of “rationality” for it now includes such meanings as heterogeneity, eclecticism, combining incompatible, pluralism and the right to the equal existence of different paradigms, as well as the ability to overcome binary thinking, where the boundaries of any ontological certainty are erased.
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Buehler, Markus J. "Defining Nascent Bone by the Molecular Nanomechanics of Mineralized Collagen Fibrils." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12137.

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Here we focus on recent advances in understanding the deformation and fracture behavior of collagen, Nature’s most abundant protein material and the basis for many biological composites including bone, dentin or cornea. We show that it is due to the basis of the collagen structure that leads to its high strength and ability to sustain large deformation, as relevant to its physiological role in tissues such as bone and muscle. Experiment has shown that collagen isolated from different sources of tissues universally displays a design that consists of tropocollagen molecules with lengths of approximately 300 nanometers. Using a combination of theoretical analyses and multi-scale modeling, we have discovered that the characteristic structure and characteristic dimensions of the collagen nanostructure is the key to the ability to take advantage of the nanoscale properties of individual tropocollagen molecules at larger scales, leading to a tough material at the micro- and mesoscale. This is achieved by arranging tropocollagen molecules into a staggered assembly at a specific optimal molecular length scale. During bone formation, nanoscale mineral particles precipitate at highly specific locations in the collagen structure. These mineralized collagen fibrils are highly conserved, nanostructural primary building blocks of bone. By direct molecular simulation of the bone’s nanostructure, we show that it is due to the characteristic nanostructure of mineralized collagen fibrils that leads to its high strength and ability to sustain large deformation, as relevant to its physiological role, creating a strong and tough material. We present a thorough analysis of the molecular mechanisms of protein and mineral phases in deformation, and report discovery of a new fibrillar toughening mechanism that has major implications on the fracture mechanics of bone. Our studies of collagen and bone illustrate how hierarchical multi-scale modeling linking quantum chemistry with continuum fracture mechanics approaches can be used to develop predictive models of hierarchical protein materials. We conclude with a discussion of the significance of hierarchical multi-scale structures for the material properties and illustrate how these structures enable one to overcome some of the limitations of conventional materials design, combining disparate material properties such as strength and robustness.
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Keyes, Joseph T., Stacy Borowicz, Urs Utzinger, Mohamad Azhar, and Jonathan P. Vande Geest. "Quantification of the Biomechanical Differences in Wild-Type and Heterozygous TGF Beta2 Knockout Mice." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19482.

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The use of transgenic mice is an incredibly powerful tool in understanding the underlying etiology of disease. To understand the usefulness of specific transgenic mice, the systems of interest should be characterized. We have created TGFβ2-deficient mouse fetuses that develop widespread aortic and coronary artery aneurysms [1]. Several studies have pointed to a strong connection between elevated TGFβ signaling and aortic aneurysm [2]. In situ hybridization has shown that Tgfb2 and Tgfb3 are major ligands expressed in the aortic medial wall. Further reduction of TGFβ signaling by combining TGFβ2- and TGFβ3-deficient mice exacerbated cardiovascular aneurysms in TGFβ2/TGFβ3-doubly deficient embryos. In vitro cell culture experiments demonstrated an impaired ability of TGFβ2-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts to reorganize collagen. Previous data indicate reduced levels of TGFβ2 leading to a higher susceptibility to aortic aneurysm. We present here the macroscopic biomechanical characterization of the aorta of a transgenic mouse line showing this susceptibility and compare it to wild-type mice. We also present results comparing the microstructure between mouse lines.
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Reports on the topic "Specific combining ability (SCA)"

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Badami, Kaswan, Budi Setiadi Daryono, Achmad Amzeri, and Syaiful Khoiri. COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROTIC STUDIES ON HYBRID MELON (Cucumis melo L.) POPULATIONS FOR FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2020.3.

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In different crop plants, combining ability and heterosis are used as important diagnostic tools for assessing the performance of parental genotypes and their hybrids. This research aimed to evaluate heterotic and combining ability effects in the diallel crosses of melon (Cucumis melo L.) for yield- and quality-related traits. Seven melon (C. melo L.) genotypes were grown and crossed in a complete diallel fashion to produce F1 hybrids. During the 2019 crop season, 49 melon genotypes (7 parents + 42 F1 hybrids) were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Observations were made for seven characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences among the melon genotypes for harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit diameter and merely significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for fruit weight. Combining ability analysis revealed that mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) were significant for fruit diameter but were nonsignificant for all other traits. However, mean squares due to specific combining ability (SCA) were significant for all traits. The parental genotypes PK-165, PK-464, and PK-669 exhibited the highest and desirable GCA effects for yield and quality traits. Hence, these genotypes could be used to generate high-yielding hybrid/open-pollinated cultivars. GCA:SCA ratios further revealed that the traits of harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit weight were controlled by dominant gene action, whereas fruit diameter was managed by additive and dominant genes. The majority of the traits were controlled by nonadditive gene action, verifying that the said breeding material could be efficiently used for the production of hybrid cultivars on the basis of heterotic effects.
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Burdman, S., E. Welbaum, R. Walcott, and B. Zhao. erial fruit blotch, elucidating the mechanisms of fruit infection by Acidovorax citrulli. United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134162.bard.

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Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits is caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Acidovorax citrulli. BFB affects cucurbit production worldwide, and mainly watermelon and melon. Most A. citrulli strains are divided into two genetically differentiated groups: while group I strains have been mainly associated with melon and other non-watermelon cucurbits, group II strains are more aggressive on watermelon. Like many Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria, A. citrulli relies on a functional type III secretion system (T3SS) for pathogenicity. The T3SS is responsible for direct secretion of bacterial protein effectors to the host cell. Type III-secreted effectors (T3Es) contribute to virulence through manipulation of the host cell metabolism and suppression of plant defense. Our previous collaboration showed that group I and II strains significantly differ in their T3E arsenal (Eckshtain-Levi et al., Phytopathology 2014, 104:1152-1162). Using comparative genomics, we also showed that group I and II strains of A. citrulli have substantial differences in their genome content (Eckshtain-Levi et al., Front. Microbiol. 2016, 7:430). Our long-term goals are to identify the genetic determinants that contribute to virulence and host preferential association of the two major groups of A. citrulli, and to exploit these insights to develop effective BFB management strategies. We hypothesize that differences in the arsenal of T3Es, are greatly responsible for the differences in host preferential association between strains belonging to the two groups. The specific objectives of this project were: (1) to investigate the susceptibility of cucurbit species to group I and II strains under field conditions; (2) to assess the contribution of T3Es and other virulence factors to A. citrulli virulence and host preference; and (3) to characterize the mechanisms of action of selected T3Es of A. citrulli. In the frame of objective 1, we carried out three field experiments involving inoculation of several cucurbit crops (watermelon, melon, pumpkin and squash) with group I and II strains. Findings from these experiments confirmed that A. citrulli strains exhibit a preference for watermelon and melon. Moreover, we demonstrated, for the first time under field conditions, host-preferential association of group I and II strains to melon and watermelon, respectively. While host-preferential association was observed in leaves and in fruit tissues, it was more pronounced in the latter. In this part of the project we also developed a duplex PCR assay to differentiate between group I and II strains. In the frame of objective 2, we employed a multifaceted approach combining bioinformatics and experimental methods to elucidate the T3E arsenal of A. citrulli. These experiments led to discovery that A. citrulli strains possess large arsenals with more than 60 T3E genes. Remarkably, we found that ~15% of the T3E genes are group-specific. Advances were achieved on the contribution of selected T3E genes and other virulence determinants to the ability of A. citrulli to colonize the fruit and other tissues of melon and watermelon. Last, in the frame of objective 3, we advanced our understanding on the mode of action of few key T3Es of A. citrulli. We also optimized a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for functional genomics in melon and watermelon. This system will allow us to test melon and watermelon genes that may have defense or susceptibility roles related to BFB disease. Overall, this collaboration substantially enriched our knowledge on basic aspects of BFB disease. We believe that the fruits of this collaboration will greatly contribute to our ultimate goal, which is generation of durable resistance of melon and watermelon to A. citrulli.
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de Caritat, Patrice, Brent McInnes, and Stephen Rowins. Towards a heavy mineral map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2020.031.

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Heavy minerals (HMs) are minerals with a specific gravity greater than 2.9 g/cm3. They are commonly highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and therefore persist in sediments as lasting indicators of the (former) presence of the rocks they formed in. The presence/absence of certain HMs, their associations with other HMs, their concentration levels, and the geochemical patterns they form in maps or 3D models can be indicative of geological processes that contributed to their formation. Furthermore trace element and isotopic analyses of HMs have been used to vector to mineralisation or constrain timing of geological processes. The positive role of HMs in mineral exploration is well established in other countries, but comparatively little understood in Australia. Here we present the results of a pilot project that was designed to establish, test and assess a workflow to produce a HM map (or atlas of maps) and dataset for Australia. This would represent a critical step in the ability to detect anomalous HM patterns as it would establish the background HM characteristics (i.e., unrelated to mineralisation). Further the extremely rich dataset produced would be a valuable input into any future machine learning/big data-based prospectivity analysis. The pilot project consisted in selecting ten sites from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) and separating and analysing the HM contents from the 75-430 µm grain-size fraction of the top (0-10 cm depth) sediment samples. A workflow was established and tested based on the density separation of the HM-rich phase by combining a shake table and the use of dense liquids. The automated mineralogy quantification was performed on a TESCAN® Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA) that identified and mapped thousands of grains in a matter of minutes for each sample. The results indicated that: (1) the NGSA samples are appropriate for HM analysis; (2) over 40 HMs were effectively identified and quantified using TIMA automated quantitative mineralogy; (3) the resultant HMs’ mineralogy is consistent with the samples’ bulk geochemistry and regional geological setting; and (4) the HM makeup of the NGSA samples varied across the country, as shown by the mineral mounts and preliminary maps. Based on these observations, HM mapping of the continent using NGSA samples will likely result in coherent and interpretable geological patterns relating to bedrock lithology, metamorphic grade, degree of alteration and mineralisation. It could assist in geological investigations especially where outcrop is minimal, challenging to correctly attribute due to extensive weathering, or simply difficult to access. It is believed that a continental-scale HM atlas for Australia could assist in derisking mineral exploration and lead to investment, e.g., via tenement uptake, exploration, discovery and ultimately exploitation. As some HMs are hosts for technology critical elements such as rare earth elements, their systematic and internally consistent quantification and mapping could lead to resource discovery essential for a more sustainable, lower-carbon economy.
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