Academic literature on the topic 'Specific materials'

The success of mineral flotation processes depends on the hydrophobization of the surface for the desired mineral particles whilst keeping, or making, all other minerals hydrophilic. This is achieved by adding several reagents to the flotation pulp to adsorb selectively at the mineral/water interface. The reagents (surface active agents) which selectively adsorbs on minerals to be floated are called collectors. It is realized that many of these commonly used reagents are highly toxic and often potential threats to the environment. Use of many of theseconventional chemicals will therefore be restricted soon and must eventually be stopped. An immediate effort is necessary to develop alternative eco-friendly reagents in order to continue to extract valuable minerals from ores. In addition, with the steady depletion of high grade, relatively easy to process ores, the mineral industry is confronted with a challenging task of finding more efficient techniques so as to exploit low grade, complex and disseminated typeof ore deposits and old tailing dumps. The development of new selective and environmentally acceptable substances containing almost tailor-made reagents is thus inevitable for sustainability. Several known chelating agents have been appropriately modified to make those behave as selective flotation collectors with some degree of success. The problem is that almost all of the chelating groups form complexes with almost all of the transition and many non-transition metals. As a consequence, absolute selectivity does not exist. Besides beingunsatisfactory from a scientific viewpoint, it assumes that the metal ion specificity observed for a functional group in bulk aqueous system would remain valid during surface chelation at the interface, while in actual practice, the specificity based on metal ion is neither valid nor useful where the cations participating in the complexation reactions are the same, for example separation among the calcium minerals.It is clear that a selective reagent should be based on the reagent interactions not merely with the metal ion on the surface, but with the whole surface. It is more appropriate to design reagents having functional groups so spaced that those are compatible with the relative positions of the metal ion sites available on the surface, that is, to design not just metalspecificbut structure-specific reagents. The understandings of molecular interactions involved in the recognition of surfaces by organic molecules in biomineralization process suggest the possibility of reagents specific to the crystal structure. These understandings have been successfully applied to the rational design and synthesis of molecules either for the control of crystal morphology or to inhibitcrystal growth processes through the recognition of specific crystal surfaces. The idea of molecules consisting of two groups having appropriate spacing between them to achieve structural compatibility during interaction with surface exhibit structure-specificity is of direct relevance to the reagents selectivity in flotation processes. The present investigation aims to develop and distinguish mineral specific reagents with two functional groups for use in flotation of calcium containing minerals. For this purpose, a series of dicarboxylate-based surfactants with varying spacing between the carboxylate groups (one, two or three methylene groups) were synthesized. As reference, a surfactant withthe same alkyl chain length but with only one carboxylate group in the polar part was synthesized. The adsorption behavior of these new reagents on pure apatite, calcite and fluorite mineral surfaces was studied using Hallimond tube flotation, ζ-potential and FTIR measurements. The relation between the adsorption behavior of a given surfactant on a specific mineral surface and its molecular structure over a range of concentration and pH values, as well as the region of maximum recovery were established. It was found that one of the reagents, with a specific distance between the carboxylate groups, was much moreselective for a particular mineral surface than the other homologues synthesized. This selective adsorption of a given surfactant to a particular mineral surface relative to other mineral surfaces as evidenced in flotation studies is substantiated by ζ-potential and infrared spectroscopy data. Our investigation revealed that it is possible to design and develop mineral specific reagents in flotation.<br>Godkänd; 2014; 20140430 (andbra); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Tommy Karlkvist Ämne: Mineralteknik/Mineral Processing Uppsats: Design and Development of Mineral Structure Specific Collectors in Flotation Examinator: Professor Kota Hanumantha Rao, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: PhD, Principal Scientist Beena Rai, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, Pune, India Tid: Fredag den 13 juni 2014 kl 10.00 Plats: F531, Luleå tekniska universitet

This paper aims to derive qualitative model for energy requirements for wood chipping process. There is relationship shown between energy requirements and properties of biomass, which is quite variable material. Relationship between comminution machinery and energy necessary for the process is highlighted. Derivation of the model is focused on chipping but in general it’s possible, to make it available both for different types of biomass (f. ex. agricultural residues) or for different type of comminution machinery (f. ex. hammermills) just by using different material properties adjusted to machinery mechanics. Properties used in derivation are mend to be easy to measure. Model is mend to be used as a base for quantitative model that, thanks to measurements performed on real comminution machinery and using wood with known properties, could give answers for two important questions: Would hypothetical changes in desired size of output material increase total system efficiency, taking into consideration lowest efficiency of combustion process (i. ex. higher amounts of unburned fuel)? How to optimise comminution as an operation in biofuel supply chain, with respect to energy used for the process?

An analytical model for the specific gas detection of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor using zirconia amperometric oxygen sensors has been developed. Sensors of this type have been designed, fabricated, and tested using planar ceramic technology. Furthermore, an experimental setup has been designed and constructed for sensor characterization. This testbed can accurately control gas partial pressures as well as the total system pressure over a wide range of flow rates. Extensive effort has been put into design and construction of this testbed to ensure accurate scientific measurements. Special attention has been paid to ensuring that the apparatus is leak-tight from air to ensure accurate measurements at low oxygen partial pressures. Results of the experimentation for oxygen detection as well as the detection of carbon dioxide and water vapor are presented. The effects of electronic conduction in the zirconia electrolyte at low oxygen partial pressures are examined. Possible applications of the sensor, as well as suggestions for further research are discussed.

The separation of light olefins/paraffins, which is one important process in industry, is usually carried out using cryogenic distillation that heavily depends on the difference of the various components’ boiling points and volatilities. Nevertheless, the close boiling point between an olefin and its corresponding paraffin is an absolute challenge for this process, and hence low temperature (e.g. -13 to -30 °C) and high pressure (e.g. 20-25 bar) are required. It is therefore energy intensive, resulting high cost for the separation processes (e.g. more than $500 million for ethylene unit). Thus, the aims of this project are not only to discover alternative methods to separate light olefin and paraffin mixtures, but also to substitute the conventional energy and cost intensive separation process.The selected alternatives must have the ability to achieve high selectivity in the olefin/paraffin separation, and, more importantly, consume less energy and have lower costs compared to the traditional methods used in industry (e.g. distillations). As a result, in this project ionic liquids are studied in order to improve the separation process of olefin/paraffin thanks to their ability to selectively solubilise olefins. Transition metals such as silver, which is able to form electron donor/acceptor complexes with olefins have also been chosen to be investigated, with the intention of improving the selectivity of the separation. It is important that an alternative technology will focus on solving present existing dilemma of separation processes; which are the issues of operating temperature and pressure, solvent losses as well as the stability of the chosen transition metal.

A probe for measuring the specific heat of superconductors at low temperatures and in high magnetic fields has been built and commissioned. The probe has been tested using the relaxation method on samples of copper and the accuracy of the data is 1.3 % between 5 K and 30 K, data taken using the long range pulse method has a resolution of 10 mK. Specific heat measurements have been performed on members of the series (Pb(_1)-(_x))Cu(_1.8x)Mo(_6)S(_8), (Sn(_1-x))Eu(_x)Mo(_6)S(_8) and (Pb(_1-x)M(_x))Mo(_6)S(_8) where M = Gd and Eu, from 3 K up to 30 K and in magnetic fields up to 15 T. Additional results from resistivity, susceptibility, magnetisation. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and electron dispersive-ray measurements are also presented. These data have been compared to results from other authors and are analysed in terms of the BCS and GLAG theories of superconductivity and the magnetic properties of these materials. The mean field model has been used to calculate numerically the magnetic contribution to the specific heat (cm) of both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems as a function of temperature and applied field both above and below the ordering temperature. In addition an approximate analytic form for the magnetisation has been used to calculate Cm above the ordering temperature. Expressions have been derived for the saturation value of the peak in C(_m): C(^sat)(_m) = 1.1245n(_cell)RJI(J+1) and the temperature dependence of the peak with applied field ȡ(μ(_o)H(_ext))/ȡT(_peak)=6.540/g(_J)(J+1). They allow the simple calculation of the values of J and g(_J)(J + 1) from specific heat data. The magnetic contribution to the specific heat of the samples (Sn(_0.65)Eu(0.35)Mo(_6)S(_8)) and (Sn(0.50)Eu(_0.50)Mo(_6)S(_8)) have been modelled using these calculations and excellent agreement is found by considering the magnetic ions as free ions. The sample is accurately modelled by including an additional minority phase (Gd(_2)S(_3)). The approximate expressions have also been used to analyse data on high temperature superconductors producing values of J and g(_J)}{J + 1) consistent with a doublet ground state. The properties of Chevrel phase materials have been determined as a function of doping level. The critical temperature is degraded by doping but an increase in the critical current density is observed in the series (Pb(_1-x)Cu(_1-8x)Mo(_6)S(_8) for very low levels of doping. Increases of up to 28 % in the upper critical field, that are probably due to the compensation effect and an increase in the normal state resistivity, are also observed in the series (Sn(_1-x)Eu(_x)Mo(_6)S(_8)) at high levels of doping and in the series (Pb(_1-x)Gd(_x)Mo(_6)s(_8) for low levels of doping.

Since the Conform process was patented 30 years ago, there have only been approximately 200 machines sold worldwide. Given that Conform competes economically with conventional extrusion and is also reported to be a more energy efficient process, it is surprising that the use of Conform is not more widespread in today's increasingly environmentally conscious and high-production focussed world. One explanation for this is likely to be due to the fact that there is still limited knowledge of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the workpiece during extrusion. Furthermore, for the aluminium industry, there are still issues remaining regarding the production of flash and the quality of the extrudate in terms of mechanical properties. This study provides the reader with the findings of the research and experimental work undertaken by the author, his co-workers and fellow specialists, in the field of aluminium extrusion including Conform. The experimental work includes both laboratory experiments performed with a direct extrusion press and an experimental machine set up to replicate the Conform process. The experimental work is also simulated using finite element modelling techniques. The results from these analyses are then validated by comparing industrial and experimental data. The finite element analyses are enhanced by using parallel processing technology and user sub-routines. The author proposes new models to allow for the study of the different sub-processes in Conform. These include the coining of the feedstock, formation of the upset zone, extrusion of the flash, the filling-up of the expansion chamber / feeder plate and the extrusion of the extrudate. The author also investigates methods which predict microstructure and surface cracks in the extrudate. The author suggests innovative techniques to improve the efficiency of finite element analysis in metal forming. Finally the author recommends procedures for the study of structural integrity and the optimisation of the tooling used in Conform.