Journal articles: 'Specific phobias'

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Kendler, Kenneth S., Michael C. Neale, Ronald C. Kessler, Andrew C. Heath, and Lindon J. Eaves. "Major depression and phobias: the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 2 (May 1993): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028464.

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SynopsisIn a population based sample of 2163 personally interviewed female twins, substantial comorbidity was observed between DSM-III-R defined major depression (MD) and 4 subtypes of phobia: agoraphobia, social phobia, animal phobia and situational phobia. However, the level of comorbidity of MD with agoraphobia was much greater than that found with the other phobic subtypes. We conducted bivariate twin analyses to decompose the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity between MD and the phobias. Our results suggest that a modest proportion of the genetic vulnerability to MD also influences the risk for all phobic subtypes, with the possible exception of situational phobias. Furthermore, the magnitude of comorbidity resulting from this shared genetic vulnerability is similar across the phobic subtypes. By contrast, the non-familial environmental experiences which predispose to depression substantially increase the vulnerability to agoraphobia, have a modest impact on the risk for social and situational phobias and no effect on the risk for animal phobias. The increased comorbidity between MD and agoraphobia results, nearly entirely, from individual-specific environmental risk factors for MD which also increase the risk for agoraphobia but not for other phobias.

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Flatt, Natalie, and Neville King. "Building the Case for Brief Psychointerventions in the Treatment of Specific Phobias in Children and Adolescents." Behaviour Change 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.25.4.191.

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AbstractSpecific phobias are one of the most prevalent childhood anxiety disorders. Research suggests that phobias in children, such as animal or situational phobias, lead to significant impairments in peer relations, social and academic competence. Hence it is imperative to treat phobias within children and adolescents early to avoid more serious, engrained symptoms later in the lifespan. This review focuses on traditional exposure-based cognitive–behavioural therapies, and the more recent one-session exposure therapy for phobia treatment (Ost, 1987), a procedure that has only begun to be administered to children. Further, controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of 1-session exposure therapy with phobic children are urgently required. We also address challenges for researchers using psycho-education to control nonspecific treatment effects.

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Bener, A. "Prevalence of common phobias and their socio-demographic correlates in children and adolescents in a traditional developing society." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71978-2.

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BackgroundEpidemiological data indicate that anxiety disorders are the most common childhood disorders and phobias are the most common form of anxiety disorders.AimTo identify the most common phobias in children and adolescents and to determine the prevalence, age distribution, and socio-demographic correlates of phobias.DesignA cross sectional studySettingPublic and Private schools of the Ministry of Education, State of QatarSubjectsA total of 2188 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years were approached and 1703 (77.8%) students participated in this study.MethodsThe questionnaire included socio-demographic information, extra curricular activities and hobbies, behaviour at home and various phobic fears. Psychiatrists determined the definitive diagnosis for various phobias by checking and screening their symptoms.ResultsOf the studied subjects, 44% were males and 56% were females. The overall prevalence of phobia in children and adolescents was 19.7%. Among children with phobia, females had higher rates of phobias (62.4% vs 37.6%) than males. Social phobia (12.7%) was the commonest phobia found followed by Agoraphobia (8.6%). Secondary school children were highly afflicted with social phobia (14.9%), agoraphobia (11.7%) and specific phobia (9.6%), while preparatory students (8.3%) were more likely to have’medical’ phobia (fear of physical illness, medical tests and procedures). A significant difference was observed between the age groups in children with agoraphobia (p = 0.002).ConclusionThe overall prevalence of phobia in children and adolescents in Qatar was higher, with the most common phobias observed being social phobia, agoraphobia and specific phobia.

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Czajkowski, N., K. S. Kendler, K. Tambs, E. Røysamb, and T. Reichborn-Kjennerud. "The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for phobias in women." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 9 (January 7, 2011): 1987–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710002436.

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BackgroundTo explore the genetic and environmental factors underlying the co-occurrence of lifetime diagnoses of DSM-IV phobia.MethodFemale twins (n=1430) from the population-based Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel were assessed at personal interview for DSM-IV lifetime specific phobia, social phobia and agoraphobia. Comorbidity between the phobias were assessed by odds ratios (ORs) and polychoric correlations and multivariate twin models were fitted in Mx.ResultsPhenotypic correlations of lifetime phobia diagnoses ranged from 0.55 (agoraphobia and social phobia, OR 10.95) to 0.06 (animal phobia and social phobia, OR 1.21). In the best fitting twin model, which did not include shared environmental factors, heritability estimates for the phobias ranged from 0.43 to 0.63. Comorbidity between the phobias was accounted for by two common liability factors. The first loaded principally on animal phobia and did not influence the complex phobias (agoraphobia and social phobia). The second liability factor strongly influenced the complex phobias, but also loaded weak to moderate on all the other phobias. Blood phobia was mainly influenced by a specific genetic factor, which accounted for 51% of the total and 81% of the genetic variance.ConclusionsPhobias are highly co-morbid and heritable. Our results suggest that the co-morbidity between phobias is best explained by two distinct liability factors rather than a single factor, as has been assumed in most previous multivariate twin analyses. One of these factors was specific to the simple phobias, while the other was more general. Blood phobia was mainly influenced by disorder specific genetic factors.

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Hamm, Alfons O. "Specific Phobias." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 32, no. 3 (September 2009): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.05.008.

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Eaton, William W., O. Joseph Bienvenu, and Beyon Miloyan. "Specific phobias." Lancet Psychiatry 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30169-x.

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Nocon, A., T. Brückl, P. Zimmermann, H. Pfister, H. Irving, J. Rehm, R. Lieb, and H. U. Wittchen. "Different Pathways into Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia and Specific Phobia." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70770-9.

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Background:In light of the ongoing debate whether agoraphobia [AG] should be viewed as a severe phobic disorder similar to specific phobia [SPE] or as a complication of panic disorder [PD] we aim to study the vulnerability structure of PD, AG and SPE.Methods:3021 14-24 year-olds from the general population were followed-up over 10 years. DSM-IV syndromes were assessed via computerized M-CIDI interview and vulnerability factors via questionnaires. Associations were assessed with odds ratios from logistic regression. Latent class analysis (LCA) regressed on vulnerability factors was used to derive classes that underlie panic and phobic syndromes and to assess their associations with vulnerability factors.Results:1.Vulnerability patterns were largely similar between PD, AG and SPE.2.The LCA resulted in a best fitting model with 4 classes: a healthy class, a class with moderate frequency of phobias without PD, a class characterized by PD and AG and moderate frequency of SPE (PDAG class) and one class characterized by high frequency of AG and SPE situational type and lower frequency of PD (AGSIT class).3.All classes showed different associations with multiple vulnerability measures. Subjects in the PDAG class reported less SPE in parents (OR=0.2; 95% CI=0.0-0.6) and older onset-age of any psychopathology (OR=2.0; 95% CI=1.07-3.6) than the AGSIT class.Discussion:We found indications for separate latent classes underlying PD and phobias that were characterized by different vulnerability factors. We interprete the different classes as different vulnerability clusters and evidence of multiple pathways leading to panic and phobias.

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KENDLER, K. S., K. C. JACOBSON, J. MYERS, and C. A. PRESCOTT. "Sex differences in genetic and environmental risk factors for irrational fears and phobias." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 2 (February 2002): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170100513x.

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Background. For irrational fears and their associated phobias, epidemiological studies suggest sex differences in prevalence and twin studies report significant genetic effects. How does sex impact on the familial transmission of liability to fears and phobias?Methods. In personal interviews with over 3000 complete pairs (of whom 1058 were opposite-sex dizygotic pairs), ascertained from a population-based registry, we assessed the lifetime prevalence of five phobias and their associated irrational fears analysed using a multiple threshold model. Twin resemblance was assessed by polychoric correlations and biometrical model-fitting incorporating sex-specific effects.Results. For agoraphobia, situational and blood/injury fear/phobia, the best fit model suggested equal heritability in males and females and genetic correlations between the sexes of less than +0·50. For animal fear/phobias by contrast, the best fit model suggested equal heritability in males and females and a genetic correlation of unity. No evidence was found for an impact of family environment on liability to these fears or phobias. For social phobias, twin resemblance in males was explained by genetic factors and in females by familial–environmental factors.Conclusion. The impact of sex on genetic risk may differ meaningfully across phobia subtypes. Sex-specific genetic risk factors may exist for agoraphobia, social, situational and blood-injury phobias but not for animal fear/phobia. These results should be interpreted in the context of the limited power of twin studies, even with large sample sizes, to resolve sex-specific genetic effects.

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Becker, Eni S., Mike Rinck, Veneta Türke, Petra Kause, Renee Goodwin, Simon Neumer, and Jürgen Margraf. "Epidemiology of specific phobia subtypes: Findings from the Dresden Mental Health Study." European Psychiatry 22, no. 2 (March 2007): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.09.006.

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AbstractThis study determined the prevalence, age of onset, comorbidity, and impairment associated with specific phobia subtypes in the community. Data were drawn from the Dresden Mental Health Study (N = 2064), a representative community-based sample of young women in Dresden, Germany. The lifetime prevalence of any specific phobia was 12.8%, with subtypes ranging in prevalence between 0.2% (vomiting, infections) and 5.0% (animals). There were significant differences in the mean age of onset of specific phobias. Significant differences in comorbidity patterns also emerged between subtypes. No significant differences were found in level of impairment associated with the subtypes. The findings suggest that specific phobias are common among young women and that they differ in prevalence, associated comorbidity, and mean age of onset. These data suggest significant differences in the phenomenology and clinical significance of specific phobia subtypes.

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Caseras, X., V. Giampietro, A. Lamas, M. Brammer, O. Vilarroya, S. Carmona, M. Rovira, R. Torrubia, and D. Mataix-Cols. "The functional neuroanatomy of blood-injection-injury phobia: a comparison with spider phobics and healthy controls." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 1 (May 13, 2009): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709005972.

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BackgroundMost neuroimaging studies of specific phobia have investigated the animal subtype. The blood-injection-injury (BII) subtype is characterized by a unique biphasic psychophysiological response, which could suggest a distinct neural substrate, but direct comparisons between phobia types are lacking.MethodThis study compared the neural responses during the presentation of phobia-specific stimuli in 12 BII phobics, 14 spider (SP) phobics and 14 healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).ResultsSubjective ratings showed that the experimental paradigm produced the desired symptom-specific effects. As in many previous studies, when viewing spider-related stimuli, SP phobics showed increased activation in dorsal anterior cingulate and anterior insula, compared to BII phobics and healthy controls. However, when viewing images of blood-injection-injuries, participants with BII phobia mainly showed increased activation in the thalamus and visual/attention areas (occipito-temporo-parietal cortex), compared with the other two groups. The degree of provoked anxiety and disgust by phobia-relevant images was strongly associated with activation in several common regions across the two phobia groups (thalamus, cerebellum, occipito-temporal regions) but only correlated with activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and the anterior insula in the SP phobics.ConclusionsThese results suggest partially distinct neurobiological substrates of animal and BII phobias and support their current classification as two distinct subtypes in the DSM-IV-TR. Further research is needed to better understand the precise neurobiological mechanisms in BII phobia and particularly the fainting response.

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Coelho, Carlos Magalhães, Kullaya Pisitsungkagarn, Nattasuda Taephant, and Fernando Barbosa. "INSIGHT IN SPECIFIC PHOBIAS: A FORGOTTEN BIAS." Acta Neuropsychologica 15, no. 4 (December 13, 2017): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7774.

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The term insight is a major concept in psychiatry, which nonetheless has a number of different connotations ranging from awareness of one’s disorder to achieving a clear and sudden solution of a problem or anosognosia. Although this concept is ubiquitous in the psychological literature, its definition is not clear, including in DSM-5; the most commonly used diagnostic system for mental disorders. This turns its use ambiguous, particularly for those who are not familiar with the historical background of the word. Here, we aim to a better understanding of insight in specific phobias and discuss the possible causes and implications in DSM-5 criterion changes. The historical analysis of this concept lead to conclude three main assumptions: 1) There are probably different etiopathogenic mechanisms subjacent to the deve lop ment of insight, anosognosia and possibly other “insight” related terms; 2) in the case of specific phobias, lack of insight is better seen and explained as a cognitive bias; 3) DSM use of an insight specifier for specific phobias could be of use; 4) lack of insight can be seen simply as a cognitive bias in most phobia cases.

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Hofmann, Stefan G., Cassandra L. Lehman, and David H. Barlow. "How specific are specific phobias?" Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 28, no. 3 (September 1997): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7916(97)00012-8.

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Lukin, Yu F. "Arctic Phobias, Social Fears of Russians, Russophobia." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 14, no. 4 (January 27, 2021): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2020-4-103-119.

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The purpose of this paper is to study the concepts and content of phobias in societies, to understand the differences between them, and to classify people’s fears. In their study, the authors use methods of the Humanities: philosophy, conflictology, historicism; data from sociological surveys of the population. The formation of fears in the life of any society occurs both under the influence of traditional views of people inherent in antiquity, and under the influence of the societal pattern as a whole — culture, civilization, as well as modern transformations related to ecology, climate, development of natural resources, security, Russophobia, fears of coronavirus, racism. The paper considers historical phobias in the Arctic as well. The problems of social phobias in the scientific literature have not yet received such a wide and deep study as in social phobia, Agora phobia, and specific phobias.

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Hofmann, Stefan G., David A. Moscovitch, and Nina Heinrichs. "Evolutionary Mechanisms of Fear and Anxiety." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 16, no. 3 (September 2002): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.16.3.317.52519.

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This article examines evolutionary mechanisms in human fear and anxiety, with a particular focus on specific phobias and social phobia. The contribution of evolutionary factors to the development of specific phobias has led to refinements and modifications of earlier conditioning theories. Evolutionary mechanisms further affect cognitive factors of fear and anxiety, such as self-related processes and social comparisons, as in the case of social phobia. Although not without controversy, an evolutionary theory of human fear and anxiety adds a unique perspective that could potentially lead to improved psychopathology models, nosological systems, and treatment strategies for anxiety disorders.

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Curtis, George, William J. Magee, William W. Eaton, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, and Ronald C. Kessler. "Specific fears and phobias." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, no. 3 (September 1998): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.3.212.

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BackgroundData on eight specific fears representing DSM–III–R simple phobia were analysed to evaluate: (a) their prevalence and (b) the validity of subtypes of specific phobia defined by DSM–IV.MethodA modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to a probability sample of 8098 community respondents. Correlates of responses to questions concerning these fears were analysed.ResultsThe most prevalent specific fears were of animals among women, and of heights among men. Slight evidence was found for specific phobia subtypes. Number of fears, independent of type, powerfully predicted impairment, comorbidity, illness course, demographic features, and family psychopathology.ConclusionNumber of specific fears may mark a general predisposition to psychopathology. More detailed information is needed to resolve the question of specific phobia subtypes.

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Davey, Graham CL. "Psychopathology of specific phobias." Psychiatry 3, no. 6 (June 2004): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/psyt.3.6.83.38209.

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KENDLER, K. S., L. M. KARKOWSKI, and C. A. PRESCOTT. "Fears and phobias: reliability and heritability." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 3 (May 1999): 539–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799008429.

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Background. Familial factors, which are partly genetic, influence risk for phobias. Prior family and twin studies, however, were based on a single lifetime assessment, which may be only moderately reliable.Methods. We obtained, 8 years apart, two assessments of lifetime history of five unreasonable fears and phobias (agoraphobia and social, situational, animal and blood-injury phobia) from face-to-face and telephone interviews from 1708 individual female twins from a population-based registry. We also obtained, 1 month apart, test–retest reliability on 192 twins. We fitted, using the program Mx, a measurement model that estimates the role of genetic and environmental risk factors correcting for measurement error.Results. Short-term reliability of the five phobias was modest (mean κ=0·46), but higher than long-term stability (mean κ=0·30). Unreliability occurred both for subject recall of unreasonable fears and for interviewer assessment of which fears constituted phobias. Examining fears and phobias together, in a multiple threshold model, results suggested that twin resemblance was due solely to genetic factors, with estimated total heritabilities, corrected for unreliability, of: any 43%, agoraphobia 67%, animal 47%, blood/injury 59%, situational 46% and social 51%. With the exception of animal phobia, similar results were obtained analysing phobias alone.Conclusions. Lifetime histories of unreasonable fears and phobias assessed at personal interview have substantial unreliability. Correcting for unreliability, the liability to fears and their associated phobias is moderately heritable. Individual-specific environmental experiences play an important role in the development of phobias, while familial–environmental factors appear to be of little aetiological significance.

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Pomohaibo, V., O. Berezan, and A. Petrushov. "GENETICS OF PHOBIC DISORDERS." Psychology and Personality, no. 2 (September 14, 2021): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2226-4078.2021.2.239990.

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At present time, on the basis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), several authors found linkage of phobic disorders with certain regions of chromosomes – 3q26 (agoraphobia), 14q13 (specific phobias), 16q21 (social phobias), 16q22 (social phobias) and 4q31-q34 (phobic disorders). We propose 19 genes that are localized in these regions and are expressed in the brain: PRKCI, CLDN11, EIF5A2, TNIK, CLCN3, CPE, GLRB, GRIA2, NEK1, NPY2R, NPY5R, RAPGEF2, TRIM2, SMAD1, ADGRG1, BEAN1, CDH8, DOK4 and KATNB1. Therefore, these genes may be investigated as candidate genes of phobic disorders. Various sources propose 26 potential candidate genes of phobic disorders. Finnish geneticist J. Donner carries out a meta-analysis to study the 8 most probable among them and corroborates statistical validity only for 4 genes: ALAD, CDH2, EPB41L4A and GAD1. First three genes are involved in the social phobias, and fourth is involved in whole phobic disorders. Phobias are heterogeneous and multifactorial diseases. To understand the biological mechanisms of such disorders, to create effective methods for their prevention and treatment, there are needed further intensive molecular genetic studies of these disorders on sufficiently large samples and corroborating these results by other authors.

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Stein, Dan J., and Hisato Matsunaga. "Specific Phobia: A Disorder of Fear Conditioning and Extinction." CNS Spectrums 11, no. 4 (April 2006): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900020721.

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ABSTRACTSpecific phobia is the most prevalent of the anxiety disorders. Although there have been relatively few studies of its psychobiology and pharmacotherapy, there is a rich laboratory of literature on fear conditioning and extinction and a clear evolutionary perspective. Advances in the cognitive-affective neuroscience of fear processing may ultimately lead to new approaches to the clinical management of phobias.

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Jabusch, Hans-Christian, and Eckart Altenmüller. "Anxiety as an Aggravating Factor During Onset of Focal Dystonia in Musicians." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2004.2012.

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Focal dystonia in musicians is a task-specific movement disorder that in many cases leads to the end of musical careers. In a recent study, perfectionism and anxious traits were found to be elevated in musicians with dystonia. Dynamics of different anxiety disorders and their possible role during the development of musician’s dystonia still are unclear. Dystonic musicians (n = 20) were investigated by means of self-estimation and compared with healthy musicians (n = 30) and musicians with chronic pain syndromes (n = 20). Participants completed a questionnaire focusing on different anxiety disorders, particularly with regard to their dynamics. Musicians with focal dystonia more often reported social phobia and specific phobias than healthy musicians. In the retrospective analysis, these differences already were present before onset of dystonia. Musicians who later developed focal dystonia more often suffered from specific phobias than musicians who later developed chronic pain. Musicians with chronic pain more often reported free-floating anxiety compared with healthy musicians. In the subscale stage fright, no significant differences were observed between the groups. The pattern of specific phobias and social phobia were reported to have been preexisting before the onset of dystonia. Anxiety and perfectionism may be aggravating factors during the development of musician’s dystonia.

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Sarlo, Michela, Daniela Palomba, Alessandro Angrilli, and Luciano Stegagno. "Blood phobia and spider phobia: two specific phobias with different autonomic cardiac modulations." Biological Psychology 60, no. 2-3 (September 2002): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0511(02)00030-3.

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Gauer, Gabriel José Chittó, Cristine Boaz, Prisla Ücker Calvetti, and Leonardo Machado da Silva. "Instruments for assessing social phobias in infants and adolescents in the Portuguese language." Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 27, no. 1 (March 2010): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-166x2010000100011.

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The diagnosis of social phobia is the most prevalent of the anxiety disorders. Some diagnostic evaluation tools have been validated in Brazil targeting more precise and specific evaluations for each age group. The main objective of this study is to review the tools for assessing social phobias in infants and adolescents, currently validated in Brazil. The most commonly used tools and their purpose to evaluate social phobias are discussed, as well as their interventions. With this goal in mind, a bibliographical review was conducted in databases. The existence was observed of a significant number of studies about tools that have already been evaluated for the assessment of social phobias in infants and adolescents, though with little relevance and narrow application in the clinical setting. Psychotherapeutic interventions for social phobias in Brazil show themselves to be structured and systematic, though there has been no widely employed, validated protocol to help the diagnosis.

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Bracha, H. Stefan. "Freeze, Flight, Fight, Fright, Faint: Adaptationist Perspectives on the Acute Stress Response Spectrum." CNS Spectrums 9, no. 9 (September 2004): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900001954.

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ABSTRACTThis article reviews the existing evolutionary perspectives on the acute stress response habitual faintness and blood-injection-injury type-specific phobia (BIITS phobia). In this article, an alternative evolutionary perspective, based on recent advances in evolutionary psychology, is proposed. Specifically, that fear–induced faintness (eg, fainting following the sight of a syringe, blood, or following a trivial skin injury) is a distinctHomo sapiens-specific extreme-stress survival response to an inescapable threat. The article suggests that faintness evolved in response to middle paleolithic intra-group and inter-group violence (of con-specifics) rather than as a pan-mammalian defense response, as is presently assumed. Based on recent literature, freeze, flight, fight, fright, faint provides a more complete description of the human acute stress response sequence than current descriptions. Faintness, one of three primary physiological reactions involved in BIITS phobia, is extremely rare in other phobias. Since heritability estimates are higher for faintness than for fears or phobias, the author suggests that trait-faintness may be a useful complement to trait-anxiety as an endophenotype in research on the human fear circuitry. Some implications for the forthcomingDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Editionas well as for clinical, health services, and transcriptomic research are briefly discussed.

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Thng, Christabel, Nikki Lim-Ashworth, Brian Poh, and Choon Guan Lim. "Recent developments in the intervention of specific phobia among adults: A rapid review." F1000Research 9 (March 19, 2020): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20082.1.

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Specific phobia is highly prevalent worldwide. Although the body of intervention studies is expanding, there is a lack of reviews that summarise recent progress and discuss the challenges and direction of research in this area. Hence, this rapid review seeks to systematically evaluate the available evidence in the last five years in the treatment of specific phobias in adults. Studies published between January 2014 to December 2019 were identified through searches on the electronic databases of Medline and PsychINFO. In total, 33 studies were included. Evidence indicates that psychotherapy, and in particular cognitive behaviour therapy, when implemented independently or as an adjunctive, is a superior intervention with large effect sizes. Technology-assisted therapies seem to have a beneficial effect on alleviating fears and are described to be more tolerable than in vivo exposure therapy. Pharmacological agents are investigated solely as adjuncts to exposure therapy, but the effects are inconsistent; propranolol and glucocorticoid may be promising. A handful of cognitive-based therapies designed to alter fear arousal and activation pathways of phobias have presented preliminary, positive outcomes. Challenges remain with the inherent heterogeneity of specific phobia as a disorder and the accompanying variability in outcome measures and intervention approaches to warrant a clear conclusion on efficacy.

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Mircea, M. M. "Employing Long Short-Term Memory Networks in Trigger Detection for Emetophobia." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Informatica 65, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbi.2020.2.02.

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Research focused on mental health-related issues is vital to the modern person’s life. Specific phobias are part of the anxiety disorder umbrella and they are distressing afflictions. Emetophobia is the rarely known, yet fairly common and highly disruptive specific phobia of vomiting. Unlike other phobias, emetophobia is triggered not only by the object of the specific fear, but also by verbal and written mentions of said object. This paper proposes and compares ten neural network-based architectures that discern between triggering and non-triggering groups of written words. An interface is created, where the best models can be used in emetophobia-related applications. This interface is then integrated into an application that can be used by emetophobes to censor online content such that the exposure to triggers is controlled, patient-centered, and patient-paced.

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Albakri, Ghaida, Rahma Bouaziz, Wallaa Alharthi, Slim Kammoun, Mohammed Al-Sarem, Faisal Saeed, and Mohammed Hadwan. "Phobia Exposure Therapy Using Virtual and Augmented Reality: A Systematic Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (February 5, 2022): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031672.

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A specific phobia is a common anxiety-related disorder that can be treated efficiently using different therapies including exposure therapy or cognitive therapy. One of the most famous methods to treat a specific phobia is exposure therapy. Exposure therapy involves exposing the target patient to the anxiety source or its context without the intention to cause any danger. One promising track of research lies in VR exposure therapy (VRET) and/or AR exposure therapy (ARET), where gradual exposure to a negative stimulus is used to reduce anxiety. In order to review existing works in this field, a systematic search was completed using the following databases: PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. All studies that present VRET and/or ARET solutions were selected. By reviewing the article, each author then applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 18 articles were selected. This systematic review aims to investigate the previous studies that used either VR and/or AR to treat any type of specific phobia in the last five years. The results demonstrated a positive outcome of virtual reality exposure treatment in the treatment of most phobias. In contrast, some of these treatments did not work for a few specific phobias in which the standard procedures were more effective. Besides, the study will also discuss the best of both technologies to treat a specific phobia. Furthermore, this review will present the limitations and future enhancements in this field.

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Myers, Keith J. "EMDR With Choking Phobia: Reflections on the 2008 Study by de Roos and de Jongh." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 9, no. 1 (2015): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.9.1.64.

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“Translating Research Into Practice” is a regular journal feature in which clinicians share clinical case examples that support, elaborate, or illustrate the results of a specific research study. Each column begins with the abstract of that study, followed by the clinician’s description of their own application of standard eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) procedures with the population or problem treated in the study. The column is edited by the EMDR Research Foundation with the goal of providing a link between research and practice and making research findings relevant in therapists’ day-to-day practices. In this issue’s column, Keith J. Myers references de Roos and de Jongh’s study, which investigated EMDR treatment of choking phobias. Illustrating the treatment considerations and treatment results reported by de Roos and de Jongh, Myers describes the successful treatment of an adult client who presents with choking phobia and secondary depression using the EMDR protocol for phobias. The case example is followed with a discussion of specific treatment considerations in the addressing phobias within the eight phases of EMDR therapy.

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Rothschild, Zachary K., Julianna Hauri, and Lucas A. Keefer. "Specific Phobias: Maintaining Control in the Face of Chaotic Threats." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 39, no. 5 (May 2020): 383–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2020.39.5.383.

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Introduction: Drawing on existential psychology we examine the possibility that specific phobias can serve a psychological function. Specifically, we propose that phobic objects allow individuals to focalize anxieties about haphazard existential threats into a more manageable form, reducing perceptions of risk and bolstering control. Method: We tested this by assessing perceived control among participants with varying levels of spider fear who were reminded of chaotic hazards (or not) and exposed to spiders images (or not). Results: Study 1 (N = 940) found that among those high in spider fear, salient uncontrollable threats (vs. controllable threats or uncontrollable non-threats) reduced feelings of control unless participants were exposed to their phobic object. Similarly, exposure to spider (vs. non-spider) images bolstered perceived control in the face of salient hazards, but only for those high in spider fear. A second preregistered study (N = 1349) found that the palliative effects of focusing on a phobic object were partially explained by a decreased concern with haphazard harms. Discussion: This supports the premise that phobic objects help to maintain control by narrowing the source of disordered risks, creating a more controllable conception of reality.

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Garcia, René. "Neurobiology of fear and specific phobias." Learning & Memory 24, no. 9 (August 16, 2017): 462–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.044115.116.

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Davey, Graham C. L. "Psychopathology and treatment of specific phobias." Psychiatry 6, no. 6 (June 2007): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mppsy.2007.03.007.

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Öst, Lars-Göran. "One-session treatment for specific phobias." Behaviour Research and Therapy 27, no. 1 (1989): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(89)90113-7.

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Álvarez-Pérez, Yolanda, Francisco Rivero, Manuel Herrero, Conrado Viña, Ascensión Fumero, Moisés Betancort, and Wenceslao Peñate. "Changes in Brain Activation through Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with Exposure to Virtual Reality: A Neuroimaging Study of Specific Phobia." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 3505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163505.

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Background: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure is the treatment of choice for specific phobia. Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) has shown benefits for the treatment and prevention of the return of fear in specific phobias by addressing the therapeutic limitations of exposure to real images. Method: Thirty-one participants with specific phobias to small animals were included: 14 were treated with CBT + VRET (intervention group), and 17 were treated with CBT + exposure to real images (active control group). Participants’ scores in anxiety and phobia levels were measured at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up, and brain activation was measured through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) baseline and post-treatment. Results: Both groups showed a significant decrease in anxiety and phobia scores after the therapy and were maintained until follow-up. There were no significant differences between both groups. Overall, fMRI tests showed a significant decrease in brain activity after treatment in some structures (e.g., prefrontal and frontal cortex) and other structures (e.g., precuneus) showed an increasing activity after therapy. However, structures such as the amygdala remained active in both groups. Conclusions: The efficacy of CBT + VRET was observed in the significant decrease in anxiety responses. However, the results of brain activity observed suggest that there was still a fear response in the brain, despite the significant decrease in subjective anxiety levels.

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Thorpe, Susan J., and Paul M. Salkovskis. "Phobic beliefs: Do cognitive factors play a role in specific phobias?" Behaviour Research and Therapy 33, no. 7 (September 1995): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00022-p.

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Vera V., Antropova, and Fedorov Vasilii V. "Verification of Value Dominants in the Regional Media Discourse: а Traumatic-Phobic Segment of the Information Field." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 4 (October 2021): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-4-158-168.

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The relevance of the research is due to the fact that under the influence of the relativistic axiological paradigm, traditional humanistic values are “tested” in mass media discourse, and the irrelevance for the modern mass consciousness is constantly verified. Such tendencies are manifested in the existence of a specific agenda, in which fears and phobias are accumulated in relation to the existing type of culture and moral and ethical norms. The paper presents a modern and unique empirical material the discourse of regional media, which represents the mechanisms of verification of values and the impossible transformation in the conditions of a pandemic, which determines the novelty of the study. The problem of studying the value picture is related to the role of the media in the formation of phobias and fears, or, on the contrary, in the elimination. Thus, the mass media are forced to report traumatic events, that is, events that violate the social norm, as a result, a traumatic-phobic segment of the information picture is constructed, which allows us to establish the demanded value dominants. The purpose of the work is to identify the regularities of the construction of the traumatic-phobic discourse of the regional mass media, which presents threats to the norm, the basic values of Russian society. The following methods are used in the work: discourse analysis, concept analysis and narrative analysis of journalistic publication sat the regional level that verbalize the concept of “phobia”. The results of the study confirmed the hypothesis put forward: in the regional mass media discourse, the object of which is traumatic events, there are fears and phobias associated with the loss, loss of key humanistic values that should streamline social reality, harmonize social relations, determine a positive scenario of social life.

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Coelho, Carlos M., Daniela C. Gonçalves, Helena Purkis, Margarida Pocinho, Nancy A. Pachana, and Gerard J. Byrne. "Specific phobias in older adults: characteristics and differential diagnosis." International Psychogeriatrics 22, no. 5 (May 18, 2010): 702–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210000505.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Differential diagnosis implies identifying shared and divergent characteristics between clinical states. Clinical work with older adults demands not only the knowledge of nosological features associated with differential diagnosis, but also recognition of idiosyncratic factors associated with this population. Several factors can interfere with an accurate diagnosis of specific phobia in older cohorts. The goal of this paper is to review criteria for specific phobia and its differential diagnosis with panic disorder, agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder, while stressing the specific factors associated with aging.Methods: A literature search regarding specific phobia in older adults was carried out using PubMed. Relevant articles were selected and scanned for further pertinent references. In addition, relevant references related to differential diagnosis and assessment were used.Results: Etiologic factors, specificity of feared stimulus or situation, fear predictability and the nature of phobic situations are key points to be assessed when implementing a differential diagnosis of specific phobia.Conclusions: First, age-related sensory impairments are common and interfere both with information processing and communication. Second, medical illnesses create symptoms that might cause, interfere with, or mimic anxiety. Third, cohort effects might result in underreporting, through the inability to communicate or recognize anxiety symptoms, misattributing them to physical conditions. Finally, diagnostic criteria and screening instruments were usually developed using younger samples and are therefore not adapted to the functional and behavioral characteristics of older samples.

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Veale, David. "Cognitive behaviour therapy for a specific phobia of vomiting." Cognitive Behaviour Therapist 2, no. 4 (October 22, 2009): 272–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1754470x09990080.

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AbstractThis article summarizes the current knowledge and treatment for a specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV). It is relatively uncommon compared to other specific phobias but may have been misdiagnosed in catchment-area surveys. The differential diagnosis of SPOV includes obsessive–compulsive disorder, hypochondriacal disorder and anorexia nervosa. I discuss the following: a model that is linked to past aversive experiences of vomiting; conducting a clinical assessment; making a formulation; psycho-education, engagement and therapy. The strategies employed depend on the formulation but are likely to include: exposure in vivo to cues of vomiting, exposure in imagination and role-plays of vomiting, imagery re-scripting, behavioural experiments; and dropping of safety-seeking behaviours.

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Flatt, Natalie, and Neville King. "The Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Phobic Situations (SEQ-SP): Development and Psychometric Evaluation." Behaviour Change 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.26.2.141.

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AbstractThe 13-item Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Specific Phobias (SEQ-SP) was developed as a measure of perceived ability to cope with phobic symptoms when approaching feared stimuli. This study examined the psychometric properties of the SEQ-SP in a sample of 43 Australian children and adolescents aged 7 through to 17 years. Participants met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for a specific phobia. Exploratory factor analysis yielded two reliable subscales labelled Cognitive/Physiological Efficacy and Behavioural Efficacy. A confirmatory cluster analysis revealed the possibility of three ad hoc clusters comprising of cognitive, physiological and behavioural classifications. Results furthermore provided preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEQ-SP. Psychometric evaluation revealed excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Additionally, results indicated that higher SEQ-SP scores were significantly correlated with lower scores on the Child Anxiety Sensitivity Index and higher scores on the Behavioural Avoidance Test, displaying evidence of moderate to excellent construct validity. This new self-report measure has a potentially useful role in clinical work and research with children and adolescents presenting with a specific phobia. Subsequent research examining the clinical utility of the SEQ-SP to predict treatment outcome is discussed.

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Lindawati, Imas. "Faktor Traumatik Penyebab Fobia Pada Tokoh Utama Dalam Novel’shinderera Tiisu’ Karya Sakaki Tsukasa." Janaru Saja : Jurnal Program Studi Sastra Jepang 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/js.v8i1.1741.

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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan faktor traumatik yang menjadi penyebab fobia pada tokoh utama. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan psikologi sastra. Sumber data adalah novel ‘Shinderera Tiisu’ karya Sakaki Tsukasa dan novel terjemahaan Indonesia yang berjudul ‘Cinderella Teeth’. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa faktor traumatik yang menjadi penyebab fobia pada tokoh utama adalah pengalaman pada masa anak-anak ketika berkunjung ke dokter untuk melakukan pengobatan gigi berlubang. Kata Kunci : fobia spesifik, faktor traumatik, penyebab fobia, cinderella teeth. ABSTRACT This study aims to describe traumatic factors that are the cause of phobias in the main character. The research method used is descriptive analysis using a psychology literature approach. The data source is Sakaki Tsukasa's 'Shinderera Tiisu' novel and an Indonesian translated novel titled 'Cinderella Teeth'. The results of this study indicate that the traumatic factors that are the cause of phobias in the main character are experiences in childhood when visiting a doctor to treat cavities. Keywords: specific phobia, traumatic factors, causes of phobias, cinderella teeth.

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Khalil, Rami. "Non-Antidepressant Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Specific Phobias." Current Clinical Pharmacology 10, no. 2 (July 23, 2015): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157488471002150723122705.

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Wenzel, Amy, and Craig S. Holt. "Dot probe performance in two specific phobias." British Journal of Clinical Psychology 38, no. 4 (November 1999): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466599163006.

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Merckelbach, H. "The etiology of specific phobias: A review." Clinical Psychology Review 16, no. 4 (1996): 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(96)00014-1.

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Trask, Sydney. "Rethinking Extinction-Based Treatments for Specific Phobias." Biological Psychiatry 91, no. 3 (February 2022): e15-e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.10.011.

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Dudley, Robert, Jaime Dixon, and Douglas Turkington. "CBT for a Person With Schizophrenia: Systematic Desensitization for Phobias Led to Positive Symptom Improvement." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 33, no. 2 (January 25, 2005): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465804002024.

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Affective symptoms are often present and under-treated in schizophrenia. This case study reports the effect of treatment of a specific phobia and associated avoidance on the psychotic symptoms of a patient with medication resistant schizophrenia. The treatment of the specific phobia and agoraphobia followed a traditional systematic desensitization procedure. The successful treatment of the phobias led to improvements in psychotic symptoms. Previously, the client had only a limited response to a number of antipsychotic medications including clozapine but responded well to a traditional systematic desensitization program that produced positive consequences for the psychotic symptomatology. The clinical and theoretical aspects of this case are discussed.

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De Jongh, Ad, and Erik ten Broeke. "Treatment of Specific Phobias With EMDR: Conceptualization and Strategies for the Selection of Appropriate Memories." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 1, no. 1 (July 2007): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.46.

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Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been shown to be a structured, noninvasive, time-limited, and evidence-based treatment for unprocessed memories and related conditions. This paper focuses on EMDR as a treatment for specific fears and phobias. For this purpose, the application of EMDR is conceptualized as the selection and the subsequent processing of a series of strategically important memories of earlier negative learning experiences concerning specific objects or situations. Firstly, the practical application and conceptualization of the treatment of phobias with EMDR is presented and compared with an exposure-based treatment approach. Next, specific attention is given to the assessment and selection of appropriate memories for processing. It is hypothesized that phobias with a non-traumatic background, or those in later stages of treatment after some reduction in anxiety has been achieved, would profit more from the application of a gradual in vivo exposure, whereas trauma-based specific phobias and those with high initial levels of anxiety would respond most favorably to EMDR.

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Bruce, Timothy J., William C. Sanderson, and Adrian Wells. "Specific Phobias: Clinical Applications of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 13, no. 4 (January 1999): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.13.4.377.

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Roy, Sumit, and R. Kavitha. "Virtual Reality Treatments for Specific Phobias: A Review." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 10, no. 1 (March 10, 2017): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst/10.01.18.

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Virtual reality is becoming one of the seamless technology which can be used to treat several psychological problems such as anxiety disorders. With the advancement of technology virtual reality is becoming available to ordinary practitioners to carry out non-clinical therapies. An effective virtual reality system provides the user with total immersion and becomes a part of the virtual world. This study provides an insight as how virtual reality could provide means to overpower anxiety disorders through a controlled environment which is being projected to participants suffering from specific phobias.

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Thornton, Stephanie. "Supporting children and young people with specific phobias." British Journal of School Nursing 14, no. 1 (February 2, 2019): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2019.14.1.41.

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Hook, Julie N., and David P. Valentiner. "Are Specific and Generalized Social Phobias Qualitatively Distinct?" Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 9, no. 4 (May 11, 2006): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.9.4.379.

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Pull, Charles B. "Recent trends in the study of specific phobias." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 21, no. 1 (January 2008): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yco.0b013e3282f30086.

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Cottraux, Jean. "Combining psychological and pharmacological treatment for specific phobias." Psychiatry 3, no. 6 (June 2004): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/psyt.3.6.87.38215.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Specific phobias'

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