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1
Fabbretti, Matteo. "The Use of Translation Notes in Manga Scanlation." TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 8, no. 2 (November 22, 2016): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/t9ss57.
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This article investigates the use of translation notes to deal with translation problems. In Translation Studies, the presence of translation notes in a translation is considered particularly significant because they clearly indicate what features of the source text the translator considered important for the comprehension of the text and therefore necessary to retain or explain. In the field of comics in translation, the use of T/N is rather uncommon, and can be considered the main translation strategy that distinguishes scanlation from other types of translations.
In the first part of this article, the structure of the English-language manga scanlation communities is examined; following this, the way culture-specific items are dealt with by manga scanlators is analysed; and finally, an explanatory hypothesis linking the broader structure of participation to individual translation strategies is presented. The argument put forward in this article is that translation notes are used in scanlation both to solve translation problems and as a way for scanlators to communicate directly with their readers, thereby foregrounding their mediating presence directly on the pages of scanlated manga.
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Velychenko, Olena, and Liudmyla Fonar. "LINGUOSTYLISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH HUMOROUS FANTASY NOVELS AND THEIR UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 30 (March 2020): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-30-3.
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The relevance of an article is based on the need for a thorough study of means of linguostylistic actualization of English humor in modern fantasy literature and features of its rendering in Ukrainian translations, taking into account pragmatic and cross-cultural components. This is due to the popularity of the fantasy genre among a readership, and therefore requires the study of the features and problems of adequate translation of foreign fantasy novels by Ukrainian specialists, who often have difficulties translating author neologisms (occasionalisms) and proper names of fantasy creatures and characters. Increased interest in translation studies in many aspects of fantasy issues is evidenced by the recent emergence of a large number of works that reveal different aspects of humor. However, despite the interest in the subject, there is a small amount of exploration that addresses the issues of rendering humor and comic occasionalisms as units of linguostylistics in fantasy books in the English-Ukrainian translation. The purpose of this work is to analyze the linguostylistic specificity of translation of the humorous fantasy “Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them” from English into Ukrainian. The paper presents an analysis of the research material for the purpose of establishing the linguostylistic essence of J. K. Rolling’s occasionalisms, as well as the specifics of their interpretation, taking into account difficulties and cases of incompatibility of translation of the original due to various types and causes of complete and partial loss of sense of the original source. The basis for a comprehensive study of linguistic problems of author’s word-formation and translation analysis of tactics and operations involved in implementing a strategy of communicative-equal translation and adequate rendering of humorous fantasy in a pair of typologically different languages English-Ukrainian has been improved.
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Fraser, Benjamin. "On polysemiotic interactions, visual paratexts and image-specific translation in comics: The case of Rodolfo Santullo and Matías Bergara's Dengue." Studies in Comics 10, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/stic_00006_1.
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Abstract The practice of translation in comics has received relatively little scholarly attention. This article focuses on translation decisions as they are carried out in the medium-specific interplay of words and images that constitutes the comics text. Using the case of Dengue (Santullo and Bergara) in both its Spanish (2012) and English (2015) versions, analysis explores how polysemiotic interactions, visual paratexts and image-specific translation inform the resulting graphic novel. Discussion centres on how the English version effects a significant thematic shift that is consistent across the cover art, frontmatter, chapter title pages, and individual panel rewordings.
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Trubnikov, S. V., and O. R. Denysiuk. "Implementation of a helper program for comics creation using text processing methods." Computer Modeling: Analysis, Control, Optimization 7, no. 1 (2020): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/2521-6406-2020-1-7-64-69.
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The paper discusses the development of a helper program "TypesetHelper", designed to facilitate the process of creating and translating comics. An analysis of functions of translation in modern society shows that translation, currently, is primarily a means of enabling communication between people who speak different languages. This applies, among other things, to such a specific niche as the translation of graphic novels, comics and manga. In the modern world, comics have become an integral part of popular culture, but in Ukraine, the culture of reading and translating comics is only at the stage of active formation. The purpose of this work is to create software that would facilitate the process of work with the inclusion of translated text in corresponding cleared illustrations. It is demonstrated that the existing software, including both general-purpose graphic editors like Adobe Photoshop and specialized programs for automatic recognition and translation of comics and manga, has disadvantages with respect to the problem being solved and can not be considered as a complete analogue of the software being developed. The functions that the program should perform include opening an image file, placing a text in a selected area, centering a text relative to a cloud, creating text layout, creating correct word division using automatic hyphenation methods, saving the image to a file. An analysis of possible methods of text layout when filling text clouds of various forms is given. The paper consider software design using the Unified Modeling Language (Use Case diagram, State Diagram, User Activity diagram) and its development using the C# programming language. Illustrations of the program operation process are given, which demonstrate its interface and examples of text division and layout using the selected methods. The developed helper program has practical value and can be used in comics and manga publishing houses, or for amateur translation. Keywords: text processing, comics, text layout, UML, C#.
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Riabtseva, N. K. "Cognitive Dominants, Language-Specific Communication and Translation Problems." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 8 (August 24, 2021): 87–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-8-87-111.
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The paper is devoted to explaining the key cognitive distinctions characteristic to translation process and its teaching. Among them are linguistic interpretation of the input text’s contents, its conceptual adaptation to the accepting culture, etc. To demonstrate them, multiple examples are given to show that translators, particularly not trained enough, often choose for basic translation dominants in the accepting culture those equivalents that are primarily purely linguistic, ignoring conceptual and cultural background of the original and the accepting culture’s notions and forms. Meanwhile, the latter help avoid such translation failures as literal / word by word translation, etc. Special attention in the paper is paid to the translation into the foreign, English, language, its contrastive culture-specific and communicative features as compared to those in the Russian language: to their cognitive dominants in communication and their cross-linguistic asymmetry and in-congruency which generate quite «natural» cross-linguistic interference in Russian-English translation. It is particularly obvious when there are extensive textual nominal ex-pressions, especially terminological, which demonstrate at present an active, extensive and productive usage in English, but present a serious problem in teaching English as a foreign language and translation into it. It is also shown that in Russian their cross-linguistic idiomatic analogues are language specific and show different patterns, but still can be adequately matched with their foreign counter-parts.
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Su, Wenchao, and Defeng Li. "Identifying translation problems in English-Chinese sight translation." Translation and Interpreting Studies 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 110–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tis.00033.su.
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Abstract Translation problems have received considerable attention among translation process researchers and different research methods have been used to identify them. Findings are sometimes inconsistent, and as these studies have mainly studied translation between European languages, little research has been conducted to explore the issue concerning non-European languages. To fill this gap, the present study investigates problem triggers in English-Chinese sight translation in both directions (L1 and L2 translation). using eye-tracking data (Dragsted 2012). Results suggest that the type and number of translation problems encountered by the translators are different in L1 and L2 sight translation and that language-pair specificity is at play during the process, indicated by two identified Chinese-specific problem triggers, namely, back-sloping comma and head-final noun phrase.
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O’Connell, Eithne. "What Dubbers of Children’s Television Programmes Can Learn from Translators of Children’s Books?" Meta 48, no. 1-2 (September 24, 2003): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/006969ar.
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Abstract Technical difficulties associated with dubbing, together with the collaborative nature of the dubbing process, explain why traditionally the linguistic challenges of dubbing translation for specific audiences such as children have not been studied very closely. As new developments in sound recording improve the technical quality of dubbing, it is time for the remaining textual translation issues to be addressed in more detail. Due to the many common characteristics of different text types aimed at children, dubbers of children’s audiovisual material can learn a considerable amount from the translators of other texts, such as books and comics aimed at children, about the particular challenges posed by this target audience.
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Pischedda, Pier Simone. "Translating English Sound Symbolism in Italian Comics: A Corpus-Based Linguistic Analysis across Six Decades (1932–1992)." Arts 9, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts9040108.
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Linking interdisciplinarity and multimodality in translation studies, this paper will analyse the diachronic translation of English ideophones in Italian Disney comics. This is achieved thanks to the compiling of a bi-directional corpus of sound symbolic entries spanning six decades (1932–1992)—a corpus that was created following extensive archival work in various Italian and American libraries between 2014 and 2016. The central aim is to showcase practical examples coming from published comic scripts and to highlight patterns of translation in each of the five different time windows which were chosen according to specific historical, linguistic and cultural vicissitudes taking place in the Italian nation. Overall, the intention is to shed light on an under-developed area of studies that focuses on the cross-linguistical transposition of ideophonic forms in comic books and to pinpoint how greater factors might influence the treatment of such deceptively miniscule elements in the comic books’ pages.
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Idrus, Idrus. "The Translation of Japanese Manga Meitantei Conan to Indonesian: The Similarities and Differences between The Original Japanese Version and the Indonesian Translated Version." IZUMI 10, no. 1 (May 2, 2021): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.10.1.98-108.
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Japanese comics or manga have caught the world’s attention in recent years. It conveys stories through words and images in a specific order resulting in beautiful works. Now, manga is translated into various languages in the world, including Indonesian. The following study entailed a comparative analysis of the manga Meitantei Conan into Indonesia, primarily concentrating on: the format, for example, the arrangement of pages, lettering, and typography, what was translated what was not. In translating Japanese manga into Indonesian, it was found that there were similarities (retained elements) and differences (adjusted elements). We can found similarities between the original Japanese version and the Indonesian translated version of manga in the writing composition on the chapter title and onomatopoeia. Besides, there are also similarities in cultural terms because the translator maintains terms in Japanese as a translation strategy. The main difference between Original Japanese comics and the Indonesian translated version is the binding system of using, the type of font, and the use of Indonesian cultural elements so that the dialogue of the story characters is more communicative and easy to understand.
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Grietēna, Indra. "TRANSLATION PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EU CONTEXT." Vertimo studijos 4, no. 4 (April 6, 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vertstud.2011.4.10579.
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The paper reviews publications by Latvian linguists looking at the main translation problems within the context of the EU between 2005 and 2010. The author analyses the publications from three aspects: general aspects of translation problems and practices within the EU context, particular translation problems, and methodological publications providing guidelines for translators working within the EU context. The author reveals discussions on the ways translation influences language in general, the role of the source language for the development of the target language, and the role and responsibility of a translator at the ‘historical crossroads’. The article discusses a number of EU-specific translation problems, including source language interference, problems of the translator’s visibility and a translation’s transparency, ‘false friends’, and linguistic and contextual untranslatability. The author briefly summarizes the contents of guidelines and manuals for translators working within the EU context, highlighting the main differences between English and Latvian written language practices, literal (word-for-word) translation and the translator’s relationship with the source text. The publications selected and analysed have been published either in conference proceedings or in academic journals from the leading Latvian institutions in the field of translation: Ventspils University College, the University of Latvia, the State Language Commission of Latvia and Translation and Terminology Centre of Latvia.
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Asimakoulas, Dimitris. "Aristophanes in Comic Books: Adaptation as Metabase." Meta 61, no. 3 (March 23, 2017): 553–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1039219ar.
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Translation studies researchers have for a long time critically engaged with the idea of translation being a mode of creative rewriting across media and cultural or temporal divides. Adaptation studies experts use a similar premise to study products, processes and reception of adaptations for specific locales. This article combines such perspectives in order to shed light on an under-researched area of comic adaptation: this is the metabase, or transfer, of Aristophanic comedies to the comic book format in Greek and their subsequent translation into English for an e-book edition (Metaichmio Publications 2012). The paper suggests a model for the close reading of creative transfer based on Lefèvre’s (2011; 2012) typology of formal properties of comics and Attardo’s (2002) General Theory of Verbal Humour. As is shown, visual rhythm and text-image relations create a rich environment for anachronism, parody, comic characterisation and ideological comments, all of which serve a condensed plot. The English translation rewrites cultural/ideological references, amplifies obscenity and emphasizes narrator visibility, always taking into consideration the mise en scène.
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Sdobnikov, Vadim V. "Translation Studies Today: Old Problems and New Challenges." Russian Journal of Linguistics 23, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 295–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9182-2019-23-2-295-327.
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The article presents a review of the key trends in modern Translation Studies (TS) made after thorough analysis of the most fundamental works written in various fields of TS. The review proves that not only the range of problems within TS is now more diversified, which is related to many changes in the nature of translation activity, but Translation Studies are an interdisciplinary science now and uses data from neighboring disciplines. Specific “turns” have occurred in Translation Studies, and new paradigms of translation investigation have emerged. The most important phenomena in Translation Studies include “cultural turn” and the so called “anthropocentric turn” that has given birth to communicative-functional approach to translation. This approach implies “plunging” into the communicative situation of translation, and its analysis aimed at realizing the goal of translation by the translator/interpreter. It allows a more precise formulation of tasks solved by translators in both traditional types of translation (literary translation, religious translation, interpreting) and relatively new kinds of translation activity (audiovisual translation, localization). The article proves that translation proper is the main element of any activity performed by translators while any translation activity implies cultural adaptation of the text to the perception of the source text audience. The principal feature of Translation Studies is being practice-oriented, and their focus on the study of objective laws of translation activity. It enables translation scholars to understand peculiarities of various types of translation and to realize the essence of translation as a human activity.
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Olalla-Soler, Christian. "Using electronic information resources to solve cultural translation problems." Journal of Documentation 74, no. 6 (October 8, 2018): 1293–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-02-2018-0033.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of electronic information resources to solve cultural translation problems at different stages of acquisition of the translator’s cultural competence. Design/methodology/approach A process and product-oriented, cross-sectional, quasi-experimental study was conducted with 38 students with German as a second foreign language from the four years of the Bachelor’s degree in Translation and Interpreting at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and ten professional translators. Findings Translation students use a wider variety of resources, perform more queries and spend more time on queries than translators when solving cultural translation problems. The students’ information-seeking process is generally less efficient than that of the translators. Training has little impact on the students’ use of electronic information resources for this specific purpose, since all students use them similarly regardless of the year they are in. Research limitations/implications The study has been conducted with a small sample and only one language pair from a single pedagogical context. The tendencies observed cannot be generalised to the whole population of translation students. Practical implications This paper has implications for translator training, as it encourages the development of efficient information-seeking processes for the resolution of cultural translation problems. Originality/value Unlike other studies, this paper focusses on a specific translation problem type. It provides information related to the students’ information-seeking strategies for the resolution of cultural translation problems, which can be useful for translation training.
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Et. al., Niyozova Shoira Tairovna,. "Problems of Translating Culture-Specific Terms, Realies Which Existed In the Uzbek Language." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 1222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.1146.
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The article covers a broad range of culture-bound words, realia translation, the identification of the main types and difficulties of translation based on the material of literary works translated from Uzbek into English. There was analyzed the presentation of national and historical realias and national features, problems of similarity and equivalency in translated artistic composition.
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Abramicheva, Elena, and Anna Sokol. "Toponyms as Elements of Region-Specific Studies: Problems of Translation (Based on Crimean Toponymy)." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, no. 51 (September 30, 2020): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-51-3-9-25.
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The article examines toponymic realia as a means of verbalizing lococentrism in region-specific discourse. Bilingual region-specific texts about Crimea and Sevastopol serve as material for analysing methods of pragmatic adaptation, used in translation of culturally significant toponymic realia that are part of the culturally meaningful vocabulary. As in any translation, when translating toponyms one must consider the primary purpose of translation. If that pur-pose is to ensure that foreign guests should easily find their way around a new linguistic and cultural space, the translator’s task will be to recreate the initial sound of toponyms so that foreign recipients may accurately and quickly identify local realia. Conversely, if the purpose of translation is to introduce foreigners to the local history and culture, the main task of the translator will be to render pragmatic meanings and culturally significant connotations of toponyms, paying particular attention to symbolic and axiologically important objects. After a comprehensive analysis of the material, we have concluded that the most efficient method that allows the translator to accentuate culturally valuable characteristics of toponyms is the “add-on” translation (when a specific culture-focused commentary is introduced into the translated text). In our work we used methods of contextual, semantic, conceptual, and comparative analysis to identify the pragmatic status and the degree of cultural importance of toponymic realia, and to determine the best way of their pragmatic adaptation in translation. The results of the study may be used by translators working with region-specific tourism-related literature, travel periodicals and websites, especially those that are dedicated specifically to Crimea and Sevastopol. The present study may also be helpful at the initial stage of pre-translation analysis when the translator has to determine the pragmatic function of the original text and the type of region-specific vocabulary predominant in it.
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Shurbanov, Alexander. "Shakespeare’s Sonnets in European translation." Cahiers Élisabéthains: A Journal of English Renaissance Studies 96, no. 1 (March 21, 2018): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0184767818764970.
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This article sets out to survey the multifarious European attempts to render Shakespeare’s sonnets in a variety of other languages. The universal and specific problems of translating these texts are explored and their solutions are discussed.
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Sárosi-Márdirosz, Krisztina. "Problems Related to the Translation of Political Texts." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2015-0012.
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AbstractThis study deals with the problems related to the translation of political texts in the theoretical framework elaborated by the researchers working in the field of translation studies and reflects on the terminological peculiarities of the special language used for this text type. Consideration of the theoretical framework is followed by the analysis of a specific text spoken then written in English and translated into Hungarian and Romanian. The conclusions are intended to highlight the fact that there are no recipes for translating a political speech, because translation is not only a technical process that uses translation procedures and applies transfer operations, but also a matter of understanding cultural, historical and political situations and their significance.
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Ratkus, Artūras. "Morphologically Complex Adjectives with a Negative Prefix: Translation Problems." Vertimo studijos, no. 13 (December 28, 2020): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vertstud.2020.4.
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The article addresses problems of understanding and translation of morphologically complex words. It is not unusual for English adjectives with a negative prefix to have unexpected meanings that cannot be predicted based on examining the adjectives’ morphological structure. One such complex example is the adjective incapable. It is argued that this adjective has a peculiar set of meanings and uses that are independent of the positive form capable and unrelated to the adjective able. The article adduces evidence of specific uses of incapable, in which it showcases the meaning of ‘unfit for, unsuitable’ – not documented in most dictionaries.
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Marco, Josep. "The terminology of translation." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.19.2.06mar.
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This article focuses on three kinds of problems besetting the terminology of translation. Firstly, the weak epistemological status of Translation Studies as a discipline does not favour consensus among specialists. Secondly, conceptual difficulties arise from the fact that the relationship between concepts and terms is far from univocal: conceptual similarities are clouded by terminological differences, and conceptual differences lurk beneath apparent synonymy. Thirdly, both conceptual and terminological practices are often rooted in different national traditions and may be school-specific. These three sets of problems are interrelated, and they are shown at work in a concept that has often been referred to as technique or shift. They have not only inward—academic and theoretical—but also outward—social and professional—consequences, as the social projection of professional translators vis-à-vis other professions may depend to a certain extent on their ability to use an acknowledged terminology. The same may be true of the translation scholar community.
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Saeed, Aziz Thabit. "Impact of mother culture on the process of translating culture-specific idioms." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 63, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 486–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.63.4.02sae.
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This study endeavors to explore the problems that Translation trainees’ mother culture poses when translating culture-specific idioms. The study used a translation task that comprises 20 culture-specific English idioms which incorporate lexical entities that can have negative connotations in the Arabic culture. The task was distributed to 40 randomly selected translation trainees, senior undergraduate translation students at the Department of Arabic and Translation, College of Languages, Sana’a University. Findings of the study show that the trainees’ mother culture had a considerable impact on the translation process. This impact exhibited itself in many forms, the most prominent of which is the tendency to offer a culturally-driven judgment of the content of the idiom instead of translating the idiom itself. The paper delineates the various forms of cultural interference as seen in the trainees’ renditions of the idioms in the study.
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RAY, Alice. "Who translates the translation? (Re)traduire les héros marginaux d'Alan Moore." TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 8, no. 2 (November 22, 2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/t9fk86.
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The retranslation phenomenon is essential to the translation process. It is considered as the logical progression of this process which allows the translated literary work to regenerate in a restless cultural and language space. To a lesser extent, we can observe the same phenomenon in the translation of comics. However, this specific translation requires other competencies and a translating approach somehow different from the ones required to translate fiction literature, especially because of the presence of the visual system of drawings which is strongly bound to its own culture and the endless mutations it goes through.
The comic book Watchmen (Les Gardiens, in the first French translation) by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons, is known in the whole world as the comic which had not only remodeled the vision we had of super-heroes, but had also given the comic books another voice. Watchmen was published between 1986 and 1987 in the United States and translated in French from 1987 to 1988. Fifteen years after this first translation by Jean-Patrick Manchette, Panini publishing decided to retranslate this famous comic in 2007. However, if the reviews of the first translation were laudatory, the retranslation did not enjoy a great reception from the readers or from the reviewers. This paper proposes a comparative analysis of both these translations and of their original version as well as an experiment on the readers, comic books readers or not, in order to establish why the first translation was a success and the retranslation a failure. Thus, we could withdraw the elements which allow us to understand the reception of comic translation.
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Xu, Yuan, Yuanyuan Liu, and Zhengfeng Li. "How Different Scientific Cultures Influence Triz Innovations: Applying Actor–Network Theory in Case Studies of Tesla and NIO Electric Cars." Cultures of Science 2, no. 2 (June 2019): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/209660831900200202.
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Translation is a critical element in the innovative theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) methodology. It entails three levels: translating specific practical problems into general TRIZ problems, translating general problems into methodological problems using TRIZ's innovation principles, and practically applying theoretical solutions. Moreover, translations of the same technical problems and TRIZ innovation principles may differ. We applied actor–network theory to explain significant differences in TRIZ translation mechanisms that could account for differences in problem-solving results in different regions. We found that variations in innovation elements among different scientific cultures directly influence TRIZ translation mechanisms.
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Mizamkhan, B., and T. Kalibekuly. "THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATING CULTURE-SPECIFIC TERMS." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 74, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-4.1728-7804.97.
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The term “culture-specific vocabulary” appeared in the 1980s. Problems of translating culture-specific terms from one language to another have always been a serious issue for translators. It causes even more problems if the languages being compared belong to different language groups and represent different cultures. Nevertheless, the study of culture-specific vocabulary helps to achieve the adequacy of translation, which in turn helps speakers of different languages and cultures to achieve mutual understanding. The above emphasizes the relevance and timeliness of the study of translation from the point of view of cultural linguistics. This paper will examine the peculiarities of translating culture-specific terms from Kazakh into English. It provides different methods of translating cultural connotations, taking into account the ways of living and thinking, as well the historical and cultural backgrounds embedded in the source language (hereafter SL) and target language (hereafter TL). These methods will be analyzed using specific examples, originals and translations of such works as “The Path of Abai” by Mukhtar Auezov and “Nomads” by Ilyas Yessenberlin. Therefore, the main aim of the paper is to try to explain main approaches and theories needed for adequate understanding of different cultures through translation.
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Romagnuolo, Anna. "Political discourse in translation." Discourse Analysis and Translation Studies 4, no. 1 (June 5, 2009): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tis.4.1.01rom.
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Political discourse has been the subject of increasing interest in recent decades with the development of ideological and rhetorical criticism focusing on US presidential speeches, especially after the events of 9/11. Indeed, extensive research literature already exists in the field of American presidential rhetoric. The same cannot be said for studies of political texts available in translation. Currently, translation studies seems to be more concerned with the politics and the politicization of translation than with the translation of political texts, which have been examined more from a synchronic perspective than a diachronic one. Using a diachronic parallel corpora of Italian translations (published in books and newspapers) of a specific genre of US presidential speech, the inaugural address, this study highlights recurring translation strategies as well as problems, related to culture-bound and value-laden political terms, style, and phraseology. This research also seeks to contribute to the definition of political language as a language for specific purposes.
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Hrushko, Svitlana. "MODELS OF TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE IN MACHINE TRANSLATION: PRAGMATIC ASPECT." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 30 (March 2020): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-30-4.
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The purpose of the article is to study problems of translation equivalence in machine translation, which is based on a sequence of invariable actions (algorithms) with a text to identify linguistic equivalents in a pair of languages at a given direction of translation by means of a computer, in respect of the pragmatic aspect. Translation equivalence is understood as a specific type of equivalence, which is fundamentally different from other types, since it does not correlate with the phenomena that have a special place in the structure of a language, but the phenomena that currently exist in a language correlation or are equivalent to the text content. The translation is formalized, but allows getting an idea of the text content at the introductory level, since it is not an accurate, adequate translation, but performs the function of rendering basic information. Machine translation is not able to render nuances of an original text, not only at the lexical level. When translating, it is necessary to take peculiarities of syntax and semantics into account. Adequate computer translation is almost impossible in this case. This fact is recognized by all scholars who study possibilities of this type of translation only when rendering main content of a document without taking language nuances and features into account. Machine translation can be carried out on a basis of the translation equivalence (objective and dynamic) model. The model in terms of linguistic technology provides an optimal solution of problems of independent linguistic description and algorithm. The system of translation equivalence, which can be implemented within the model of translation equivalence, allows providing sufficient quality of machine translation at the pre-editing stage. When creating a machine translation program, in addition to solving linguistic problems, a program of their implementation is also necessary, since a translation program is a tool for studying and finding information in a foreign language, and the prospects of a machine translation are related to the further development of translation theory and practice in general.
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Aulia, Dhini. "The Application of Translation Strategies to Cope With Equivalence Problems in Translating Texts." Journal Polingua : Scientific Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Education 1, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/polingua.v1i1.43.
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Translation is a process to render the meaning from the source text into the target text. A translator, however, will find some problems during translation process. Equivalence is the case which often appears (i.e. culture specific concept, the source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language, source-language word is semantically complex, etc). To cope with equivalnce problems in translation process, some experts suggest some strategies which can be applied in doing translation. Some strategies are transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, etc. The strategies which often appears in the example texts in this paper are transference, naturalization, descriptive equivalent, couplet and through-translation. It is recomended that translator apply the strategies if only there is no equivalence problem in target language.
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Kristo, Ema. "Behavior Problems Scales of Children 10-12 Years Old – Parents: The Specifics of Literary Translation." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 4 (April 30, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i4.p33-37.
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Limited knowledge of foreign languages ??often prevent us to read literary works in the original language so often we turn to the translation of a work. Obviously the reader is glad of this fact but on the other hand it puts into question the quality of the literary translation. Not always it is possible that all messages that the author wishes to express can be transmited by the translator in such a way to preserve the effectiveness of the text. Linguistic and aesthetic elements of the text that are specific to a particular culture often do not allow to translate a text in a foreign language at the same level of language. Transmission of specific characteristics of literary texts as rhythm, sound, creative forms and deviations from the norm in another language requires more than just linguistic knowledge. Therefore the literal translation has a very important role and special, along with other types of translation.
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Khye Ling, Shephanie Kuan, Oskarina Dagusti, Mansour Amini, and Mohtaram Rabbani. "English to Malay Translation of Culture-Specific Items in Selected Penang Tourist Brochures." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 3, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v3n1p1.
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<em>Translation of Culture-Specific Items (CSIs) is one of the challenges translators face in choosing the appropriate strategies and finding solutions to the translation problems. In this descriptive study four tourist brochures that promoted the UNESCO-heritage Penang Island in Malaysia were analysed. The texts were selected purposefully from Malaysian tourist websites. Based on Newmark’s (1988) model, the CSIs were categorised, and the problems in translation process were described after employing Venuti’s domestication and foreignisation strategies for translating the items. Overall, 76 CSIs were identified in the four brochures among which the most frequent items were Material Culture (65%) with the subcategories of House/City (39%), Food (10%), Transport (15%), and Traditional Weapons (1%). Ecology category built up 13% of the whole items where 5% were related to Fauna and Geographical features, 3% to Flora and 5% to Geographical location. CSIs related to the subcategory of Artistic Thing and Craft formed 8% of the total items. The CSIs related to Social Culture consisted of 13%, including Work (11%), Names and Terms of Address (1%), and Kinship (1%). One outstanding problem during the translation process was finding dynamic equivalence for the words or phrases in the target language (Malay). The findings revealed that domestication strategy and formal equivalence is more appropriate for translating the tourist brochures from English to Malay, which may enhance understanding of linguistically accurate and culturally interesting translation.</em>
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Belda Medina, José R. "Conversion in English computer terminology." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2003): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.15.2.06bel.
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Computer terminology has recently become very influential in languages other than English. One of the major problems affecting Spanish translation in this field derives from the high flexibility of English towards conversion, the process whereby a term belonging to a specific grammatical category can be used with different syntactic functions without requiring change in its form. Although no agreement exists on the definition and extent of conversion, this process poses some important problems for the Spanish translation. This paper intends to analyze and classify the most important types of conversion in English computer terminology and describe the major problems affecting the Spanish translation.
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Menacere, Mohammed. "Arabic Methaphor and Idiom in Translation." Meta 37, no. 3 (September 30, 2002): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/003627ar.
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Summary This paper attempts to discuss the problems of translating Arabic discourse involving specific cultural concepts. Cultural differences besides linguistic complexities constitute areas of potential difficulties in translating Arabic into English. These difficulties arise when one form of behaviour in one culture is virtually non-existent in another, or when the same cultural concept is conceived and interpreted differently by both cultures. The paper also considers the degree to which Arabic metaphors and idioms may be preserved in English translation.
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Panchenko, Olena. "ON THE ISSUE OF LEXICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATING SCIENTIFIC PAPER TITLES." Research Bulletin Series Philological Sciences 1, no. 193 (April 2021): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-4077-2021-1-193-99-104.
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The article deals with the problem of researching translation of scientific paper titles, which includes consideration of the title as a specific type of concise text and translation of scientific and technical terminology. Both aspects are relevant at the time of rapidly increasing information flows and the development of various technologies and scientific challenges. The main sources of typical translation problems are incorrect reproduction of ambiguous common vocabulary, abbreviations, "false friends of the translator", paronyms, pseudo-internationalisms, foreign words and terms, various proper names and titles. Problems of translating titles are studied in a number of linguistic works. S. Barkhudarov, G. A Weikhman, O. M. Kovalenko, D. Bieber, and others made a significant contribution to the development of the problem. But, in our opinion, there are still unresolved issues, in particular, one of them - lexical problems of title translation and means of overcoming them. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to analyze the means of translation of scientific vocabulary in the titles in order to establish their expediency or inexpediency. The main translation techniques for lexical items are calquing, addition, omission, concretization, generalization and compensation. It can be noted that this type of translation of names requires not only linguistic, but also scientific and technical, and journalistic knowledge. Knowledge and correct use of the above translation methods will help to avoid incorrect transmission of English vocabulary in the Ukrainian language, as well as distortion of the logical content. The translation of the titles of English popular science articles is a complex but interesting process, which, in principle, is a careful work on many lexical and grammatical difficulties. The title, like a mirror, reflects all the difficulties of translating English text.
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Nardi, Antonella. "Zur Übertragung funktional-pragmatischer Begrifflichkeit vom Deutschen ins Italienische. Übersetzungsvorschläge am Beispiel von Determinativkomposita zu Handlung." Fachsprache 38, no. 3-4 (November 15, 2016): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/fs.v38i3-4.1269.
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This paper sets out to investigate specific issues when translating from German to Italian with reference to linguistic terms. Firstly, general problems concerning the translation oflinguistic terms are discussed, then specific aspects of translation from German into Italian are analyzed. Finally, proposals for the translation of German terms which are determinative compounds receive attention and comment. The analyzed terms belong to the conceptual system of Functional Pragmatics. The latter is a theoretical approach to linguistics rooted in the German linguistic tradition.
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Buldakova, Yulia V., and Dmitry A. Shishkin. "Comics in Russia: Transmedia Narrative and Publishing Strategies." Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie, no. 23 (2020): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/23/7.
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Mass culture creates genre-and-style phenomena that possess both the illusion of a simplified understanding and a complex aesthetic nature. Comics is a phenomenon reflecting trends in the development of mass culture at the turn of the 21st century. In comics, the plot and genre are secondary (graphic novel, various adaptations and retellings), the aesthetics is ambivalent (playful and serious; secular, amateurish and professional), the text has a complex artistic nature (creolisation, polycodedness, centaurism, transmedia features) and, at the same time, an essential goal for reaching commercial success and facilitated consumption/perception. The article aims to describe and analyse the genre-and-style features of the comic strip as a transmedia phenomenon of mass culture. These features give grounds for assessing the principles and tendencies of the presence of the comics in the domestic book market, in particular, the ways of forming the publishing repertoire. The general trend of the modern study of comics (in addition to analysing specific samples of the genre) is the reflection of visual aesthetics in the artistic structure of its text. It is the basis for the inclusion of this genre into mass literature. The peculiarity of the poetics of the comic book lies in the transmedia and sequenciality means that organise the dramatic narrative and visual plot as equal artistic spaces. In combination with the experience of visual media, the genre, style, and discourse of mass culture acquire attributes of transmedia, marginality, and transfer, i.e. tendencies to the mobility of the borders of the traditional genre-and-style system and going beyond them with the help of several different media (visualisation). They have an impact on the genre-and-style features of the comics, and the features of the multimedia information space built on repetition and convergence—sequels, remakes—are becoming more and more familiar. The intention to replicate recognisable stories readers demand encourages major publishers to rely on comic book remakes, comic book adaptations, comic book sequels. There is an extensive development “in depth and in breadth” of the already familiar successful plot, character, aesthetic discourse. Publishing houses are not interested in expanding the thematic repertoire of the comic book, but they seek to update and deepen the reading experience through the emergence of national genre patterns, the discovery of new authors’ names. This leads to a non-linear dynamics in both book publishing and book selling practices in the comics industry and in the genre. The change in the range of comic books is mainly due to various types of remakes, including plot (plot and style, when the aesthetics of the narrative changes) variants of a well-known story. Thus, publishers are faced with common problems in their marketing strategies: objective, related to the lack of understanding of the genre nature and existence of comics, and specifically publishing—the emergence of special technological operations in the production of comics as a publication.
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Gençdoğan, Başaran. "PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE TURKISH VERSION OF THE CHILDREN'S SELF-REPORT SOCIAL SKILLS SCALE." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 36, no. 7 (January 1, 2008): 955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.7.955.
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The factor structure, psychometric properties, and utility of the Children's Self-Report Social Skills Scale (CS4) developed by Danielson and Phelps (2003) was investigated for the first time with a Turkish sample. Translation and back-translation did not reveal any specific problems. Results suggested that the Turkish translation of the CS4 is a reliable instrument for the assessment of children's social skills.
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Asimakoulas, Dimitris. "Towards a Model of Describing Humour Translation." Meta 49, no. 4 (January 13, 2005): 822–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/009784ar.
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Abstract Being rooted in a specific cultural and linguistic context, humour can pose significant problems to translation. This paper will discuss data collected from films in the light of a suggested framework based on script theory of humour initially proposed by Attardo and specifically adapted here for subtitling. The data include such categories as wordplay, where a more ‘semiotic’ approach is employed, comparisons, parody, disparagement and register humour. These data were culled from two films translated into Greek: Airplane! (1980), directed by David Zucker and Jim Abrahams and The Naked Gun: From the Files of the Police Squad (1988), directed by David Zucker, which exhibit a great concentration of verbal humorous sequences and inventive puns. It will be suggested that there was leeway to creatively solve linguistically/culturally based translation problems, although inconsistencies were to be observed.
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Fernández, Francesc, and Patrick Zabalbeascoa. "Developing Trainee Translators’ Strategic Subcompetence Through Metacognitive Questionnaires." Meta 57, no. 3 (July 8, 2013): 740–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017089ar.
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This paper presents a case study carried out in a two-part German-Spanish general translation course. It results from a pedagogical intervention aimed at helping first-year translation students to develop their strategic subcompetence through metacognitive questionnaires. It focuses on a single function of this subcompetence, the evaluation of trainees’ translating, which was carried out by using post-translation metacognitive questionnaires. These were meant for trainees to reflect on certain aspects of their translating. The most relevant ones were the identification of translation problems and the justification of their solutions. Both aspects were addressed by a twofold question aimed at helping students to identify adequately-solved problems and to justify their solutions. An analysis of students’ answers to this question reveals that the most frequently identified items were strategically relevant problems to do with general conventions of style and genre-specific expressions. Solutions to these problems were also the most frequently justified, and references to successfully applied translation strategies increased from one part of the course to the other as a trace of gradually developing strategic subcompetence.
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Derbenyova, Lidiya. "CONTEXTUAL SUBTEXT INFORMATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEXT: HERMENEUTIC APPROACH." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 30 (March 2020): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-30-5.
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The article focuses on the problems of translation in the field of hermeneutics, understood as a methodology in the activity of an interpreter, the doctrine of the interpretation of texts, as a component of the transmission of information in a communicative aspect. The relevance of the study is caused by the special attention of modern linguistics to the under-researched issues of hermeneutics related to the problems of transmission of foreign language text semantics in translation. The process of translation in the aspect of hermeneutics is regarded as the optimum search and decision-making process, which corresponds to a specific set of functional criteria of translation, which can take many divergent forms. The translator carries out a number of specific translation activities: the choice of linguistic means and means of expression in the translation language, replacement and compensation of nonequivalent units. The search for the optimal solution itself is carried out using the “trial and error” method. The translator always acts as an interpreter. Within the boundaries of a individual utterance, it must be mentally reconstructed as conceptual situations, the mentally linguistic actions of the author, which are verbalized in this text.
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Nissen, Uwe Kjær. "Is cook 'der Koch' or 'die Köchin'? Problems of (social) gender in translation." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 7, no. 12 (January 4, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v7i12.24926.
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By means of the category of gender, especially the concept of social gender, this article intends to illustrate the different parameters that are involved when referring to translation as a “crosscultural transfer”. Specific factors that have an influence on the translation, such as connotations of gender, pragmatic situations, different linguistic structure (i.e. languages that show grammatical vs. languages that show pronominal gender), are discussed. The article emphasizes the importance of the translator’s role to interpret the source text and to determine the function of the target text.
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Peters, Anne Lande. "Difference in association. About bridging the cultural gap when translating Ibsen's En folkefiende." Nordlit, no. 34 (February 16, 2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.3351.
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<p>Ibsen-In-Translation aims at translating Ibsen’s work simultaneously into the languages of: Classic Arabic, Chinese, Egyptian, English, Hindi, Japanese, Russian and Spanish. During the translation of <em>En Folkefiende</em> the group met twice to discuss problems and help eachother’s understanding of the play. This article aims at pointing out some of the common translation-problems the eight translators encountered, and to mention specific problems I encountered in the process of translating the play into Japanese.</p><p>During our two meetings, I saw that some problems were language-specific, and that some were common to more of us. We also discovered that some words and expressions are so rooted in the Norwegian culture and that a literal translation of such words and expressions create different associations in the target language. Among the problems we had in common, there seemed to be two main categories. 1: Concepts related to Christian values, and 2: Concepts related to the Norwegian societal organization of the time. Christian values-related problems consisted of translating swearwords, translating the concepts and the associations related to the words ”temperance”, ”atheism” and ”openmindedness”. As for the problems relating to societal organization and political ideology in Norway of the time, concepts relating to the term ”borger” was a challenge for many of us. As for me specifically, I also had the added challenge of fitting the relatively democratic language of Ibsen into the Japanese hierarchical language system. </p>
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Borisenko, Yulia Aleksandrovna, and Stanislav Sergeevich Makarov. "TRANSLATING DRAMA: ANALYSIS OF DAVID EDGAR’S PLAY “ TESTING THE ECHO”." Russian Journal of Multilingualism and Education 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2500-0748-2019-11-78-86.
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The article focuses on one of the problems of literary translation - the translation of dramatic texts. The article examines this type of texts in terms of the specificity of the genre and type of literature, their structural and other specific characteristics. Special attention is given to existing approaches to the development of translation strategies in drama. Different approaches to dramatic texts in linguistics and translation studies are analyzed, such as communicative, cultural, and hermeneutic ones. The play of the contemporary British writer David Edgar “Testing the Echo” was selected for a detailed pre-translation analysis, identification and solution of the most significant translation problems. The choice of the play was determined by the presence of complex culture-specific situations (interesting from the point of view of translation), the unusual principle of plot construction, as well as the lack of a translated version of the play. A detailed analysis of the play is preceded by the summary of the plot and some information about the main characters. The paper discusses the most “problematic” extracts from the translation point of view, accounts for translation decisions and lists some of the transformations that had to be resorted to in the process of translating. As a result, a conclusion is made that translation of drama has an interdisciplinary character, involving both theatrical and literary issues. Thus, the most effective strategy of translating drama is a combination of concretization and adaptation.
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Koller, M., N. K. Aaronson, J. Blazeby, A. Bottomley, C. Johnson, J. Ramage, and K. West. "The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) translation procedure for standardized quality of life questionnaires." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 16033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.16033.
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16033 Background: The EORTC Quality of Life (QoL) Group has developed a modular approach to QoL measurement for use in clinical trials in cancer. Questionnaires are used in international trials and standardized translation procedures are therefore required. This report summarizes the EORTC translation procedure, its accomplishments and translation problems. Methods: Translations follow a forward-backward procedure, independently carried out by two native-speakers of the target language. Discrepancies are arbitrated by a third consultant, and solutions are reached by consensus. Translated questionnaires undergo pilot-testing. Suggestions (by patients and users) are incorporated into the final questionnaire version. Most translations are performed by professional translators. The translation procedure is managed and supervised by the Translation Committee within the EORTC QoL Group. Results: To date, the core EORTC QoL questionnaire, the QLQ-C30, has been translated and validated into 62 languages, with a further 12 translations in progress. Translations include all major Western languages, East European languages, Asian languages and also remote languages, such as Xhoza (Africa).The validated, condition-specific questionnaire modules have been translated in up to 37 languages. The following major translation problems were encountered: lack of expressions for specific symptoms in various languages, the quest for formal versus informal versions, recent spelling reforms in several European countries, and different weights of social issues between Western and Eastern cultures. The EORTC measurement system is now registered for use in over 9000 clinical studies in 80 countries worldwide. Conclusions: The EORTC provides a strong infrastructure and methodology to produce high quality translations of their QoL questionnaires for use in international clinical trials. Translation problems have been identified and it will be an important topic for future research to specify whether these problems arise out of procedural/methodological shortcomings or are due to subtle cross-cultural differences in concepts of health, illness and QoL. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Pym, Anthony. "Translation Skill-Sets in a Machine-Translation Age." Meta 58, no. 3 (May 9, 2014): 487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025047ar.
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The integration of data from statistical machine translation into translation memory suites (giving a range of TM/MT technologies) can be expected to replace fully human translation in many spheres of activity. This should bring about changes in the skill sets required of translators. With increased processing done by area experts who are not trained translators, the translator’s function can be expected to shift to linguistic postediting, without requirements for extensive area knowledge and possibly with a reduced emphasis on foreign-language expertise. This reconfiguration of the translation space must also recognize the active input roles of TM/MT databases, such that there is no longer a binary organization around a “source” and a “target”: we now have a “start text” (ST) complemented by source materials that take the shape of authorized translation memories, glossaries, terminology bases, and machine-translation feeds. In order to identify the skills required for translation work in such a space, a minimalist and “negative” approach may be adopted: first locate the most important decision-making problems resulting from the use of TM/MT, and then identify the corresponding skills to be learned. A total of ten such skills can be identified, arranged under three heads: learning to learn, learning to trust and mistrust data, and learning to revise with enhanced attention to detail. The acquisition of these skills can be favored by a pedagogy with specific desiderata for the design of suitable classroom spaces, the transversal use of TM/MT, students’ self-analyses of translation processes, and collaborative projects with area experts.
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Kanani, Ilda. "To the Left or the Port? (Technical Translation/ Interpretation Challenges)." Romanian Journal of English Studies 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjes-2018-0017.
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AbstractThe present paper treats some of the challenges faced when interpreting very technical presentations, speeches and discussion panels on a very specific training on small boat operations organized by U.S Coast Guard and U.S Embassy in Vlora, Albania. It tries to investigate the interpretation problems which may arise during this kind of translation and the specific skills required by the interpreters to successfully accomplish this really demanding task. The case study method is based on the author’s experience as a consecutive interpreter (English into Albanian and vice-versa) in this training and it will provide specific interpretation challenges along with skills and strategies employed in each case.
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Irizarry, Christine. "Notes about On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy by Jacques Derrida." Derrida Today 1, no. 2 (November 2008): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1754850008000225.
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In this text the translator of the English-language edition of Derrida's Le Toucher, the translator and former book editor Christine Irizarry, discusses her experience of translating the volume. She discusses translation as a philosophical problem, as the passage into philosophy as well as specific problems of translation in this book. She discusses her experiences of being taught by Nancy and Lacoue-Labarthe and its relation to translation.
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Egle, Baiba. "TRANSLATING CRAFT TRADITIONS: PROBLEMS OF TERMINOLOGY IN LATVIAN TRADITIONAL KNITTING BOOKS." Proceedings of CBU in Social Sciences 1 (November 16, 2020): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/pss.v1.43.
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Language for special purposes is in every aspect of life, even our cultural traditions and crafts. Often, cultural terms seem self-explanatory to the people within the source text culture, in this case, Latvians, and might be unknown to other cultures. There is often a goal to achieve perfect equivalency in translation, so there should be a translation for every term. However, it is not always possible to transfer the meaning of a concept that has both technical and cultural aspects. The translator has to look at both the source and the target culture's knowledge to adapt the translation as needed.
This paper will look at the terminological problems encountered within the English translations of two books that look at Latvian traditional knitting – Suiti patterned socks and south Kurzeme jackets. While it might seem like these books describe simple items, there is a lot of special terminology used therein. Through a selection of translation problems found in these sources, the cause of the mistakes is explored and the suggestions of the correct variant are given. The results of the research show that while specific cultural terms can be hard to translate, there are strategies to translate even the most complex culture-bound terms correctly and what skills and background knowledge are needed for it.
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Micovic, Dragoslava. "What language is your doctor speaking? Facing the problems of translating medical documents into English." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 141, no. 7-8 (2013): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1308565m.
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What is translation - a craft, an art, a profession or a job? Although one of the oldest human activities, translation has not still been fully defined, and it is still young in terms of an academic discipline. The paper defines the difference between translation and interpreting and then attempts to find the answer to the question what characteristics, knowledge and skills a translator must have, particularly the one involved in court translation, and where his/her place in the communication process (both written and oral communication) is. When translating medical documentation, a translator is set within a medical language environment as an intermediary between two doctors (in other words, two professionals) in the process of communication which would be impossible without him, since it is conducted in two different languages. The paper also gives an insight into types of medical documentation and who they are intended for. It gives practical examples of the problems faced in the course of translation of certain types of medical documentation (hospital discharge papers, diagnoses, case reports,...). Is it possible to make this kind of communication between professionals (doctors) standardized, which would subsequently make their translation easier? Although great efforts are made in Serbia regarding medical language and medical terminology, the conclusion is that specific problems encountered by translators can hardly be overcome using only dictionaries and translation manuals.
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Afonnikov, D. A., O. I. Sinitsyna, T. S. Golubeva, N. A. Shmakov, and A. V. Kochetov. "Ribosomal profiling as a tool for studying translation in plants: main results, problems and future prospects." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 25, no. 3 (June 2, 2021): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj21.028.
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The expression of eukaryotic genes can be regulated at several stages, including the translation of mRNA. It is known that the structure of mRNA can affect both the efficiency of interaction with the translation apparatus in general and the choice of translation initiation sites. To study the translated fraction of the transcriptome, experimental methods of analysis were developed, the most informative of which is ribosomal profiling (RP, Ribo-seq). Originally developed for use in yeast systems, this method has been adapted for research in translation mechanisms in many plant species. This technology includes the isolation of the polysomal fraction and high-performance sequencing of a pool of mRNA fragments associated with ribosomes. Comparing the results of transcript coverage with reads obtained using the ribosome profiling with the transcriptional efficiency of genes allows the translation efficiency to be evaluated for each transcript. The exact positions of ribosomes determined on mRNA sequences allow determining the translation of open reading frames and switching between the translation of several reading frames – a phenomenon in which two or more overlapping frames are read from one mRNA and different proteins are synthesized. The advantage of this method is that it provides quantitative estimates of ribosome coverage of mRNA and can detect relatively rare translation events. Using this technology, it was possible to identify and classify plant genes by the type of regulation of their expression at the transcription, translation, or both levels. Features of the mRNA structure that affect translation levels have been revealed: the formation of G2 quadruplexes and the presence of specific motifs in the 5’-UTR region, GC content, the presence of alternative translation starts, and the influence of uORFs on the translation of downstream mORFs. In this review, we briefly reviewed the RP methodology and the prospects for its application to study the structural and functional organization and regulation of plant gene expression.
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Bandia, Paul F. "Translation as Culture Transfer: Evidence from African Creative Writing." TTR : traduction, terminologie, rédaction 6, no. 2 (March 16, 2007): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037151ar.
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Abstract Translation as Culture Transfer: Evidence from African Creative Writing — Due to the impact of African oral tradition the language of African creative writing in European languages (French and English) poses specific translation problems. We wish to illustrate the various processes and techniques used to cope with these translation problems. The different translation techniques discussed will throw some light on well-known concepts in translation theory such as Newmark's semantic vs communicative translation, House's overt vs covert translation, Diller and Kornelius' primary vs secondary translation and Berman's "traduction ethnocentrique" vs "traduction hypertextuelle." Translation as culture transfer, particularly regarding non-related language cultures, has been discussed by translation theorists such as Mounin, Nida, Lefevere, and Snell-Hornby. Translating African creative works is a double "transposition" process: (1) primary level of translation i.e., the expression of African thought in a European language by an African writer; (2) the "transfer" of African thought from one European language to another by the translator. The primary level of translation results in an African variety of European languages, and the translator's task is to deal with the unique problems posed by this so-called non-standard language. This paper is focussed on the various translation techniques used by translators of African works. These translators show a clear preference for semantic, overt and "literal" translation, in which, in Nida's terms, formal equivalence is given priority over dynamic equivalence. Such an approach is judged by the translators to be the most reliable for an effective representation of African sociocultural and sociolinguistic reality in European languages.
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Haque, Rejwanul, Mohammed Hasanuzzaman, and Andy Way. "Terminology Translation in Low-Resource Scenarios." Information 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10090273.
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Term translation quality in machine translation (MT), which is usually measured by domain experts, is a time-consuming and expensive task. In fact, this is unimaginable in an industrial setting where customised MT systems often need to be updated for many reasons (e.g., availability of new training data, leading MT techniques). To the best of our knowledge, as of yet, there is no publicly-available solution to evaluate terminology translation in MT automatically. Hence, there is a genuine need to have a faster and less-expensive solution to this problem, which could help end-users to identify term translation problems in MT instantly. This study presents a faster and less expensive strategy for evaluating terminology translation in MT. High correlations of our evaluation results with human judgements demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. The paper also introduces a classification framework, TermCat, that can automatically classify term translation-related errors and expose specific problems in relation to terminology translation in MT. We carried out our experiments with a low resource language pair, English–Hindi, and found that our classifier, whose accuracy varies across the translation directions, error classes, the morphological nature of the languages, and MT models, generally performs competently in the terminology translation classification task.
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Zhang, Chun Xiang, Long Deng, Xue Yao Gao, and Li Li Guo. "Word Sense Disambiguation for Improving the Quality of Machine Translation." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.153.
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Word sense disambiguation is key to many application problems in natural language processing. In this paper, a specific classifier of word sense disambiguation is introduced into machine translation system in order to improve the quality of the output translation. Firstly, translation of ambiguous word is deleted from machine translation of Chinese sentence. Secondly, ambiguous word is disambiguated and the classification labels are translations of ambiguous word. Thirdly, these two translations are combined. 50 Chinese sentences including ambiguous words are collected for test experiments. Experimental results show that the translation quality is improved after the proposed method is applied.