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Journal articles on the topic 'Specific rate of unemployment'
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1
Tomeš, Jiří. "Specific Unemployment in the Czech Republic in Regional Comparison." Geografie 101, no. 4 (1996): 278–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1996101040278.
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The paper examines the unemployment rate in the Czech Republic - a remarkable aspect of general transformation in the Czech Republic. From the structural standpoint, the unemployment remains very low. Using the method of regional comparison the author shows regional disparities and changing patterns of male and female unemployment, unemployment of young people (under 25), long-term unemployment and unemployment by educational level.
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Elías, Carlos G. "Sectoral Shocks and Unemployment Rate Fluctuations." American Economist 42, no. 2 (October 1998): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943459804200206.
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In some Real Business Cycle (RBC) models it is possible to generate comovement between production of different sectors even if shocks are sector specific. Although this simulates a common feature of actual business cycles, it is not in itself evidence that business cycles are actually driven by an RBC phenomenon. In this paper, a Vector Autoregressive model is estimated. Variance decomposition analysis suggests that sectoral shocks are an important determinant of unemployment rate fluctuations. However, this does not rule out the importance of aggregate fluctuations, especially during the first year after the shock.
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Brincikova, Zuzana, and Lubomir Darmo. "The Impact of Economic Growth on Gender Specific Unemployment in the EU." Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University - Economics 62, no. 3 (November 1, 2015): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aicue-2015-0026.
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Abstract The relationship between unemployment and economic growth is known as Okun´s Law. Okun´s Law is used to estimate the reaction of unemployment rate on change in GDP growth. The purpose of this paper is therefore to examine the possibly asymmetric relationship between changes in output and gender specific unemployment rates by estimating Okun´s coefficients for all countries of the EU, as well as for selected groups of the EU countries. These groups include countries with similar characteristics that differ from other groups and represent the diversity among the EU. The results confirm that male unemployment is more sensitive to changes in GDP than the unemployment of females. Furthermore, findings differ on the country´s specifics with higher sensitivity in countries with lower economic performance.
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Butkus, Mindaugas, and Janina Seputiene. "The Output Gap and Youth Unemployment: An Analysis Based on Okun’s Law." Economies 7, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7040108.
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The impact of economic fluctuations on the total unemployment rate is widely studied, however, with respect to age- and gender-specific unemployment, this relationship is not so well examined. We apply the gap version of Okun’s law, aiming to estimate youth unemployment rate sensitivity to output deviations from its potential level. Additionally, we aim to compare whether men or women have a higher equilibrium unemployment rate when output is at the potential level. Contrary to most studies on age- and gender-specific Okun’s coefficients, which assume that the effect of output on unemployment is homogenous, we allow a different effect to occur, depending on the output gap’s sign (positive/negative). The focus of the analysis is on 28 EU countries over the period of 2000–2018. The model is estimated by least squares dummy variable estimator (LSDV), using Prais–Winsten standard errors. We did not find evidence that higher equilibrium unemployment rates are more typical for men or for women. The estimates clearly show the equilibrium level of youth unemployment to be well above that of total unemployment, and this conclusion holds for both genders. We assess greater youth unemployment sensitivity to negative output shock, rather than to positive output shock, but when we take confidence intervals into consideration, this conclusion becomes less obvious.
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Hou, Xiaohui. "Challenges for Youth Employment in Pakistan: Are They Youth-Specific?" Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i3pp.193-212.
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This paper analyses the patterns of and the challenges for youth employment in Pakistan, and examines whether these challenges are youth-specific. Using the 2005-2006 Labour Force Survey (LFS), the analysis includes determinants of unemployment, determinants of working in the formal sector, rate of return on education, and determinants of working hours. The paper finds that many of the challenges to youth employment in Pakistan are not youth-specific. Policies should thus emphasise broader labour market reforms, even in the context of tackling youth employment issues. Still, some challenges are youth-specific, such as a higher youth unemployment rate and insufficient returns to better-educated youth. To address these challenges, more youth-specific interventions are needed.
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Butkus, Mindaugas, Kristina Matuzeviciute, Dovile Rupliene, and Janina Seputiene. "Does Unemployment Responsiveness to Output Change Depend on Age, Gender, Education, and the Phase of the Business Cycle?" Economies 8, no. 4 (November 11, 2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8040098.
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The impact of economic growth on unemployment is commonly agreed and extensively studied. However, how age and gender shape this relationship is not as well explored, while there is an absence of research on whether education plays a role. We apply Okun’s law, aiming to estimate age-, gender- and educational attainment level-specific unemployment rate sensitivity to cyclical output fluctuations. Since the empirical literature provides evidence in favour of the non-linear impact of output change on the unemployment rate, supporting higher effects of recessions than that of expansions, we aim to enrich this analysis by estimating how the impact of positive/negative output change on the specific unemployment rate varies with the level of the total unemployment. The analysis is based on 28 European Union (EU) countries and covers the period of 1995–2019. The equations are estimated by least-squares dummy variables (LSDV), using Prais–Winsten standard errors. For the robustness check, we alternatively used Newey–West standard errors to address serial-correlations and heteroscedasticity, and the Arellano–Bond estimator for some specifications that assume dynamics in the panel. The results support previous findings of male- and youth-specific Okun’s coefficients and reveal that they significantly stand out just over the periods of negative output change. Additionally, we find that educational attainment level is an important factor explaining the heterogeneity of unemployment reaction to output change.
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Abraham, Ihensekhien Orobosa, and Aisien Leonard Nosa. "Unemployment and Output Growth: Evidence from Upper-Middle-Income Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa." American Economic & Social Review 3, no. 1 (November 16, 2018): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aesr.v3i1.206.
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Several studies have found a negative relationship between unemployment rate and output growth rate. But such has not been ascertained concerning upper middle-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Hence this paper examined this relationship using Panel Least Squares and Ordinary Least Squares estimation techniques based on annual series data from 1991 to 2017. The paper observed that the average output growth rate for upper middle-income countries in SSA in the period of the study was 6.36% while that of the unemployment average rate was 15.87%. The results of the panel Least Squares estimation reveals the existence of negative relationships between unemployment rate and output growth rate. In the country specific study, results from Botswana, Gabon, Mauritius and South Africa shows a positive relationship between unemployment and output growth rates revealing a case of non-inclusive growth. However, Equatorial Guinea and Namibia data on unemployment and output growth had negative relationships. The counter factual analyses conducted on the unemployment variable in term of some percentage reduction indicated that as more persons are employed there will be an increase in output growth. The findings, therefore suggests that the government should create more jobs based on labour intensive industries in upper middle-income countries in SSA, that the ratio of output growth needed to maintain stable level of unemployment rate could be sustained when there are boost in economic activities. Countries in upper middle-income in SSA that exhibited positive relationship between unemployment rate and output growth rate should concentrate more on how to increase the level of output growth rate through the boost in economic activities. Governments of these upper middle-income countries should have good policy mix focused on the reduction of unemployment at all levels.
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Eyigungor, Burcu. "Specific Capital and Vintage Effects on the Dynamics of Unemployment and Vacancies." American Economic Review 100, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 1214–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.3.1214.
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In a reasonably calibrated Mortensen and Pissarides matching model, shocks to average labor productivity can account for a small portion of the fluctuations in unemployment and vacancies (Shimer (2005)). I add heterogeneity in jobs (matches) with respect to the time the job is created in the form of different embodied technology levels. I also introduce specific capital that, once adapted for a match, has less value in another match. I show that the augmented model can account for fluctuations in unemployment and vacancies, and that specific capital is important to decreasing the volatility of the destruction rate of existing matches.
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Kaufman, John A., Leslie K. Salas-Hernández, Kelli A. Komro, and Melvin D. Livingston. "Effects of increased minimum wages by unemployment rate on suicide in the USA." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 3 (January 7, 2020): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212981.
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BackgroundSocial welfare policies such as the minimum wage can affect population health, though the impact may differ by the level of unemployment experienced by society at a given time.MethodsWe ran difference-in-differences models using monthly data from all 50 states and Washington, DC from 1990 to 2015. We used educational attainment to define treatment and control groups. The exposure was the difference between state and federal minimum wage in US$2015, defined both by the date the state law became effective and lagged by 1 year. Models included state and year fixed effects, and additional state-level covariates to account for state-specific time-varying confounding. We assessed effect modification by the state-level unemployment rate, and estimated predicted suicide counts under different minimum wage scenarios.ResultsThe effect of a US$1 increase in the minimum wage ranged from a 3.4% decrease (95% CI 0.4 to 6.4) to a 5.9% decrease (95% CI 1.4 to 10.2) in the suicide rate among adults aged 18–64 years with a high school education or less. We detected significant effect modification by unemployment rate, with the largest effects of minimum wage on reducing suicides observed at higher unemployment levels.ConclusionMinimum wage increases appear to reduce the suicide rate among those with a high school education or less, and may reduce disparities between socioeconomic groups. Effects appear greatest during periods of high unemployment.
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Palát, Milan. "The impact of foreign direct investment on unemployment in Japan." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 7 (2011): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159070261.
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The flow of foreign direct investment is one of the indicators of economic interconnection with the rest of the world. The paper is aimed at evaluating of inward FDI flows into Japanese economy and unemployment development. For many decades, Japan has attracted considerably lower levels of inward FDI compared to other developed countries of the world. Also the rate of unemployment in Japan was relatively low which is caused by a specific attitude of the active population of Japan towards employment issues. Methods of regression and correlation analysis (including testing the statistical significance) were used in the analysis of FDI and unemployment. The correlation has been approved between FDI and the rate of unemployment.
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Latif, Ehsan. "The impact of economic downturn on mental health in Canada." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2013-0111.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to use longitudinal Canadian data from the National Population Health Survey (1994-2006) to examine the impact of provincial unemployment rate on mental health as measured by the short form depression scale. Design/methodology/approach – To control for the unobserved individual specific factors, the study utilized individual-specific fixed-effects model. Findings – The study found that, for the overall model, provincial unemployment rate has a significant positive impact on depression. The study further examined the impact of unemployment rate on depression for a number of sub-groups based on gender, age, marital status, and education. The results suggest that the impacts of unemployment rate on depression are heterogeneous across different sub-groups. Practical implications – The results of this study have important policy implications. Previous studies suggest that mental stress may lead to risky health behaviours such excessive drinking, substance use, and smoking. These risky health behaviours may have long term health consequences in terms of chronic conditions such as heart disease, cancer, etc. Thus policy makers may consider taking appropriate steps to provide mental health support during the period of recession. Such support may also be helpful for the unemployed individuals who are too depressed to search for job. Originality/value – Previous studies on this issue may suffer from potential bias since they omitted unobserved individual specific factors from the estimating equations. This paper has taken the opportunity of utilizing longitudinal Canadian Population Health Survey and adopts an individual specific fixed effects method to estimate the effects of macroeconomic conditions on mental health. All of the studies reviewed here used data from the USA. So far no study has examined the impact of unemployment rate on mental health using Canadian data. It is interesting to conduct a study using Canadian data since there are important differences between Canada and the USA with respect to labour market policies and health care systems.
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Hwang, Youngsik. "What Is the Cause of Graduates’ Unemployment? Focus on Individual Concerns and Perspectives." Journal of Educational Issues 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v3i2.11378.
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The graduate unemployment rate is one of the current issues being discussed by higher education scholars. College students spend their time and money in order to receive educational advantages unavailable to high school graduates. So if they face unemployment, they are more vulnerable to unfavorable economic conditions because they have already spent their resources pursuing higher education. This paper examines the reasons why college graduates are facing unemployment in the competitive market. There are several factors that explain their unemployment status, and this paper identifies each component at an individual level. With specific analysis of the unemployment phenomena, this paper provides direction for further research.
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Palát, Milan. "Unemployment and growth in advanced economies in the pre-crisis period." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 2 (2013): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361020445.
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The paper is aimed at assessing the relationship between the unemployment growth rate and the real GDP growth rate in three biggest advanced economic bodies of the world. In the statistical part of the paper the correlation determination of the real GDP growth rate and unemployment rate has been examined. The results of quantitative methods especially regression and correlation analysis statistically approved the correlation of chosen characteristics including the statistical significance in Japan and the United States. The situation in the European Union differs from the results of two other examined economies and the existence correlation hadn’t been proven statistically. This might be caused by a relatively specific economic development, structural and institutional changes which had occurred in the European Union during the reference period and which has had significant impacts for output and unemployment.
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Hasli, Anita, Catherine S. F. Ho, and Nurhani Aba Ibrahim. "Determinants of FDI inflow in Asia." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v3i3.9064.
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The research analyses the determinants of FDI inflow in Asia for the period 1993-2013 and is based on the fixed effect model. The macroeconomic factors included are lending rate, GDP per capita, trade openness, debt, exchange rate, money supply and unemployment rate. The country specific factors included are adult literacy rate, gross fixed capital formation, domestic credit provided by the financial sector, environmental pollution and natural resources rents. The study applies panel unit root tests, panel cointegration analysis and panel regression analysis based on the fixed effect model to ascertain the significance of macroeconomic and country specific factors on FDI inflow in Asia. The study found that lending rate, trade openness and money supply have a positive significance to FDI per capita whereas debt, unemployment rate and environmental pollution have a negative significance to FDI per capita.
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Afonina, Olena. "UNEMPLOYMENT IN CHERNIHIV REGION: REALITY AND PROGNOSIS." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.1.8.
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The state of unemployment in Chernihiv region is analyzed in the article. The present day situation and the state of labor market make it necessary to detect the groups of population which are at the risk of unemployment. Both the representatives of economic science and the contemporary Ukrainian scientists-geographers have dedicated their works to the investigation of unemployment and the necessity of the state regulation of the matter. The conducted research revealed the most vulnerable groups in the structure of the unemployed and at the same time pointed out the need for searching and applying the new forms and instruments in the state policy to decrease the level of unemployment.
The research of the state of unemployment in the region in 2010-2020 proved the tendency to its decrease. According to the official statistics, the level of unemployment in Chernihiv region in 2019 was 10,2 %. The author of the article thinks that the negative tendency on the regional labor market is the decreasing of the number of the officially registered unemployed that can be most possibly explained, on the one hand, by the implementation of complex measures targeted at reducing pressure on the labor market in Chernihiv region and, on the other hand, by the skeptical attitude of people to the registration at the Employment Center as they don’t believe the state authorities to find a job for them.
The labor market in Chernihiv region is characterized by the gender gap – the specific weight of unemployed men is 4,9% higher than the specific weight of unemployed women. The level of unemployment among young people is higher in comparison with older age groups, which characterizes this group of population as the unstable one. However, the level of concentration in the distribution of unemployment among the young people tends to decrease in the last years. There is a stable tendency in the growth of unemployment among young people with higher education. The specific weight of unemployed citizens with higher education in Chernihiv region is 46,0%. The growing number of the unemployed with higher education indicates that in the present day social-economic conditions education doesn’t reduce the risk of unemployment.
The level of unemployment in Chernihiv region is influenced by the economic activities of the population. The main spheres of the economic activities with the highest unemployment level are agriculture, forestry, fish-farming, state management and defense, compulsory social insurance, retail and wholesale, repairing of transport means, processing.
The level of unemployment in rural area exceeds that one in the urban area. There is a disproportion of unemployment rate in different districts. In the half of the administrative districts the unemployment rate is 4-5%. The worst situation is in Nizhyn and Pryluky districts.
The short-term prognosis on the number of the unemployed citizens in Chernihiv region is introduced. The number of the registered unemployed in Chernihiv region is expected to increase on 3 thousand people which makes 28,2%. The prognosis on the unemployment rate in Chernihiv region ensures monitoring of the changes, estimating of the tendencies in the development of the situation on the regional labor market and making more appropriate and timely decisions on the site.
Key words: labor market, unemployment, unemployment rate, the number of unemployed population.
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Gupta, Manash Ranjan, and Priya Brata Dutta. "Efficiency wage, unemployment and tourism development: a theoretical analysis." Indian Growth and Development Review 12, no. 3 (November 11, 2019): 333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-11-2018-0125.
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Purpose International tourism has experienced a substantial growth during the second half of twentieth century. Tourism development can contribute substantially to the reduction of poverty problem by creating new employment opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of tourism development on unemployment problem using an efficiency wage framework. Design/methodology/approach The authors developed a two-sector two-factor static competitive general equilibrium model of a less-developed open economy called South with an imported traded goods sector and with a non-traded tourism service sector, and with two factors, capital and labour. Labour is measured in efficiency unit; there exists unemployment in the labour market which is explained by the efficiency wage hypothesis. The authors also consider extensions of the basic model by introducing an exportable traded goods sector as well as sector-specific capital in the tourism sector. Findings The authors show that, with perfect intersectoral mobility of capital and with only one traded good, tourism development in South lowers unemployment rate and raises national income. However, this tourism development neither affects unemployment rate nor national income in South, in the mobile-capital model when there are two traded goods. When tourism sector uses sector-specific capital but capital is mobile between two traded goods sectors, tourism development keeps the unemployment rate unchanged but raises national income in South. Originality/value There exists a lot of debate about economic benefits of tourism development in a less-developed economy. A few works analyse the economic effects of tourism without developing formal models. However, no existing work analyses the effect on unemployment in an efficiency wage model. Although Harris–Todaro model is of relevance to explain unemployment in low-income countries, efficiency wage models are relevant for middle-income countries.
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Buffel, Veerle, Jason Beckfield, and Piet Bracke. "The Institutional Foundations of Medicalization: A Cross-national Analysis of Mental Health and Unemployment." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 58, no. 3 (August 10, 2017): 272–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146517716232.
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In this study, we question (1) whether the relationship between unemployment and mental healthcare use, controlling for mental health status, varies across European countries and (2) whether these differences are patterned by a combination of unemployment and healthcare generosity. We hypothesize that medicalization of unemployment is stronger in countries where a low level of unemployment generosity is combined with a high level of healthcare generosity. A subsample of 36,306 working-age respondents from rounds 64.4 (2005–2006) and 73.2 (2010) of the cross-national survey Eurobarometer was used. Country-specific logistic regression and multilevel analyses, controlling for public disability spending, changes in government spending, economic capacity, and unemployment rate, were performed. We find that unemployment is medicalized, at least to some degree, in the majority of the 24 nations surveyed. Moreover, the medicalization of unemployment varies substantially across countries, corresponding to the combination of the level of unemployment and of healthcare generosity.
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Hiilamo, Heikki. "Fertility Response to Economic Recessions in Finland 1991–2015." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 52 (December 20, 2017): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.65254.
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Previous studies have established a robust negative association between unemployment and fertility. Finland has experienced two periods of deep economic recessions within last 25 years, one in the early 1990s and the other during the Great Recession in the 2000s. This study analyzes fertility response to economic recession in Finland through total and gender specific unemployment between 1991 and 2015 with sub-regional data. The method of analysis is sub-region fixed effect regression. The changes in unemployment were associated with changes in fertility in Finland from 1991 to 2015. One percentage increase in unemployment reduced delivery rate by 0.13 percentages. The effect of unemployment on fertility was stronger during the Great recession than during the recession in the 1990s.
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Calvo, Fran, Xavier Carbonell, and Marc Badia. "Homelessness and Unemployment During the Economic Recession: The Case of the City of Girona." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 13 (May 31, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n13p59.
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Although the research suggests that the main causes of homelessness are classified in individual and structural factors, there are few scientific articles which evaluate the impact of structural factors such as unemployment during periods of economic recession. The objective of this study is to compare the evolution of the total rate of homelessness with the total rate of unemployment in the city of Girona (Catalonia) during the economical recession (2006-2016) and to determine if unemployment is a predictive factor of homelessness. This is the first study with a Catalan sample comparing unemployment and homelessness. The design was longitudinal, retrospective and observational. The correlation tests between unemployment and homelessness indicated strong connections in the combination of the sample (r = .914, p <.001), men (r = .924, p <.001), and women (r = .716, p = 0.013). The results of the different models of simple linear regression used to determine the predictor variables of homelessness indicate that the rise of global unemployment is a predictor variable of the rise of global homelessness (ß = 2.17, p = .002) and male homelessness (ß = .82, p <.001). However, it does not predict specific female homelessness (ß = .88, p =.68).
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Davidescu, Adriana AnaMaria, Simona-Andreea Apostu, and Liviu Adrian Stoica. "Socioeconomic Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring Uncertainty in the Forecast of the Romanian Unemployment Rate for the Period 2020–2023." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 7078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137078.
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During the health crisis, it is vital to protect not only the critical sectors of the economy, the assets, technology, and infrastructure, but first and foremost, it is fundamental to protect jobs and workers. The current COVID-19 pandemic has had a strong impact on the labor market from three main perspectives: number of jobs (through unemployment and underemployment), quality of work (through wages, or access to social protection), and through the effects on specific groups, with a higher degree of vulnerability to unfavorable labor market outcomes. The measures aiming to reduce economic activity and social contacts lead to a reduction of labor demand and implicitly to the increase of the unemployment rate. In this context, it becomes even more relevant to be able to monitor the unemployment rate, providing relevant forecasts that include the effects of market shocks. Thus, our paper aims to forecast the unemployment rate for the period 2020–2023 using the Box-Jenkins methodology based on ARIMA models, exploring also the uncertainty based on fan charts. Although the baseline forecast offers valuable information, a good understanding of risks and uncertainties related to this forecast is equally important. The empirical results highlighted an ascending trend for unemployment rate during 2020, followed by a slow and continuous decrease until the end of 2023 with a high probability for the forecast to be above the central projection.
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Fluckiger, Yves, and Bharat R. Hazari. "Unemployment, real exchange rate and welfare in a model with specific factors and non-traded goods." International Review of Economics & Finance 6, no. 2 (1997): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1059-0560(97)90025-3.
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Arabaci, Özer, and Rabihan Arabaci. "A flexible nonlinear inference to Okun’s law for Turkish economy in the last decade." Panoeconomicus 65, no. 5 (2018): 569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan130913026a.
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The study applies the flexible nonlinear inference approach of James D. Hamilton (2001) to investigate the relationship between cyclical components of unemployment and output in the Turkish economy where the unemployment rate remains at double digits despite the relatively stable economic environment over the last decade. The paper shows that economic expansion and contraction terms have an asymmetric effect on cyclical unemployment in Turkey. Moreover, the study identifies a specific range for the output gap level at which jobless growth pattern occurs in the Turkish economy. According to our findings, contrary to standard literature, cyclical component of unemployment does not decrease even though cyclical component of output is positive and increases in the middle stages of the upswing phase of the economy. This result may also indicate that the employers are reluctant to extend employment and alter into informalization for reasons such as over-valued domestic currency, surplus labour force and/or any rigid regulatory frameworks in the middle stages of the expansion phase of the economy. However, they become eager to expand employment and renounce informalization only after a certain rate of economic growth is achieved.
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CLASEN, JOCHEN, and ELKE VIEBROCK. "Voluntary Unemployment Insurance and Trade Union Membership: Investigating the Connections in Denmark and Sweden." Journal of Social Policy 37, no. 3 (July 2008): 433–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279408001980.
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AbstractThe high rate of trade union membership in Nordic countries is often attributed to the way in which unemployment insurance is organised: that is, as a voluntary scheme which is administered by trade union-linked funds (the so-called Ghent system). However, since trade unions and unemployment insurance funds are formally independent from each other, and alternatives to traditional trade union-linked unemployment funds are available, it is far from clear why the more expensive option of a dual membership in trade union and unemployment insurance is generally favoured. Comparing current characteristics and the operation of the Ghent system in Denmark and Sweden, the article identifies incentives for joining an unemployment insurance fundper seand, secondly, factors which make such a dual membership appealing. It shows that some of these apply to both countries, such as the strong identification with trade unions or the lack of a transparent institutional separation, while others are country-specific, such as job search support in Denmark and access to improved benefit provision in Sweden.
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Makri, Vasiliki, Athanasios Tsagkanos, and Athanasios Bellas. "Determinants of non-performing loans: The case of Eurozone." Panoeconomicus 61, no. 2 (2014): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1402193m.
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The purpose of the present study is to identify the factors affecting the non-performing loans rate (NPL) of Eurozone?s banking systems for the period 2000-2008, just before the beginning of the recession. In our days, Eurozone is in the middle of an unprecedented financial crisis, calling into question the soundness of the banking systems of European countries. Looking at both macro-variables (e.g. annual percentage growth rate of gross domestic product, public debt as % of gross domestic product, unemployment) and micro-variables (e.g. loans to deposits ratio, return on assets, return on equity), we investigate which factors determine NPL on aggregate level. Overall, our findings reveal strong correlations between NPL and various macroeconomic (public debt, unemployment, annual percentage growth rate of gross domestic product) and bank-specific (capital adequacy ratio, rate of nonperforming loans of the previous year and return on equity) factors.
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Briceño, Hernán Ricardo, and Javier Perote. "Determinants of the Public Debt in the Eurozone and Its Sustainability Amid the Covid-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 6456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166456.
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Different economic studies have been concentrated on specific and/or isolated factors to explain public debt evolution. In this article we have developed an integrated viewpoint based on financial, social and governance or institutional factors. Under our dynamic econometric assessment for the last two decades (i.e., since the Euro currency inception), economic growth, interest rate, life expectancy at birth, unemployment, government effectiveness and the last sovereign debt crisis have resulted as being the major determinants of its evolution. Public debt sustainability must be assessed continuously with the aim to discuss technical recommendations to maintain it at an even rate, to allow sustainable economic growth and better life standards, in the context of life expectancy increasing and stable governance and institutional conditions. Undoubtedly, the Covid-19 pandemic leads more damaged Eurozone countries with negative real economic growth and high unemployment rates to increase dramatically their current public debts, to such an extent that they could fall into unsustainable paths. Therefore, substantial reforms in European pension and unemployment insurance systems are necessary conditions to ensure public debt sustainability amid Covid-19 pandemic.
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Albert Dagume, Mbulaheni, and Agyapong Gyekye. "Determinants of youth unemployment in South Africa: evidence from the Vhembe district of Limpopo province." Environmental Economics 7, no. 4 (December 9, 2016): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(4).2016.06.
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The persistent high unemployment rate confronting South Africa, in particular among the youth, continues to be a cause of concern for all stakeholders including academic researchers dealing with labor market issues. As a contribution to efforts at finding solution to the unemployment challenge, the study sought to investigate the nature and causes of rural unemployment amongst the youth using data on a sample of 580 randomly and systematically selected youth from the four local municipalities in the Vhembe district of Limpopo province, South Africa. Binary logistic regression model was estimated to determine the socio-demographic, as well as economic factors that influence youth unemployment. Results of the binary logistic regression model showed that having received (skills) training and work experience were associated with reduced odds of being unemployed. This study highlights the importance of skills training opportunities, as well as apprenticeship in mitigating the unemployment challenge among the youth. The provision of necessary training infrastructure and funding for skills training, as well as work integrated learning and extended career specific internship programs to help to equip South African youth with work experience are major recommendations from this study. Keywords: unemployment, youth, binary logistic regression, Vhembe district, South Africa. JEL Classification: J64
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Bennett, Patrick, and Amine Ouazad. "Job Displacement, Unemployment, and Crime: Evidence from Danish Microdata and Reforms." Journal of the European Economic Association 18, no. 5 (October 18, 2019): 2182–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz054.
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Abstract This paper estimates the individual impact of a worker’s job loss on his/her criminal activity. Using a matched employer–employee longitudinal data set on unemployment, crime, and taxes for all residents in Denmark, the paper builds each worker’s timeline of job separation, unemployment, and crime. The paper focuses on displaced workers: high-tenure workers who lose employment during a mass-layoff event at any point between 1990 and 1994 (inclusive). Controlling for municipality- and time-specific confounders identifies the individual impact separately from the aggregate impact of the unemployment rate on crime. Placebo tests display no evidence of trends in crime prior to worker separation. Using Denmark’s introduction of the Act on an Active Labor Market at the end of 1993, we estimate the impacts of activation and of a reduction in benefit duration on crime: crime is lower during active benefits than during passive benefits and spikes at the end of benefit eligibility. We use policy-induced shifts in the kink formula relating prior earnings to unemployment benefits to estimate the separate impacts of labor income and unemployment benefits on crime: the results suggest that unemployment benefits do not significantly offset the impact of labor income losses on crime.
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Holik, Abdul. "The Impact of Regional Fund on Unemployment." JEJAK 13, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v13i1.19105.
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This research attempts to find the impact of the government budget on unemployment in West Java. It is conducted from 2006 until 2015. The data used here is secondary data from Centre of Indonesian Statistics (BPS). It consists of a general allocation fund (DAU), specific allocation fund (DAK), profit-share of tax and non-tax fund as independent variables. Meanwhile, set unemployment as the dependent variable. The method of analysis is Panel Regression with Fixed Effect. Because we firstly face awkward result when analyzing model by including all independent variables, then we try to estimate every single independent variable on the dependent variable. Therefore we have four models to dig the problem to its root. Based on the analysis result, it is founded that all independent variables have a negative and significant impact on the dependent variable. It signifies that unemployment can be on the wane due to various budget policies of a nation which directed to the regional development. The bigger the agenda development made, the bigger the decreasing unemployment rate because everybody can be absorbed into employment.
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Yamasaki, Akiko, Ryoji Sakai, and Taro Shirakawa. "Low Income, Unemployment, and Suicide Mortality Rates for Middle-Age Persons in Japan." Psychological Reports 96, no. 2 (April 2005): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.2.337-348.
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The relationships between age-specific suicide mortality rates and social life factors for all 47 Japanese prefectures in 1980, 1985, and 1990 were assessed by multiple regression analysis after factor analysis on 20 social life indicators. During this period, Japan experienced a secondary oil crisis in 1980–1983 and a bubble economy in 1986–1990. It was concluded that (1) low income was the major determinant which positively affected suicide mortality rate in middle-aged men during a previous 20-yr. period (1970–1990), (2) urbanization was negatively associated with male suicide mortality rates in most of the age classes in the 1980s, (3) unemployment was one of the major determinants of increased suicide mortality rate in middle-age men in the 1980s, and (4) unemployment was the major factor which was inversely associated with suicide mortality rate for elderly women from 1980 to 1990 in Japan.
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Alsaman, Marwa A., and Chun-Lung Lee. "Employment Outcomes of Youth With Disabilities in Vocational Rehabilitation." Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 60, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034355216632363.
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The purpose of this study is twofold: (a) to examine the relationship between individual factors and rehabilitation outcomes of transition youth with disabilities receiving state vocational rehabilitation services and (b) to determine the contextual effects of state unemployment rate on the employment outcomes of transition youth and its potential interactions with personal and service factors. Hierarchical generalized linear modeling was used to analyze Rehabilitation Services Administration Case Service Report (RSA-911) data for fiscal year 2013. Results show that state unemployment rates were found to moderate the relationships between some demographic and service variables and successful competitive employment. These results indicate the importance of contextual variables, such as state unemployment rates, and their impact on the predictive strength of specific personal and service variables on employment outcomes of youth with disabilities. Implications for vocational rehabilitation services and policy, and future research are discussed.
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Saar, Dan, and Yossi Yagil. "Predicting Growth Components – Unemployment, Housing Prices and Consumption Using Both Government and Corporate Yield Curves." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 6 (May 24, 2018): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n6p180.
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In this study, we predict changes in specific segments of economic growth including the unemployment rate, the housing prices and changes in personal consumption by employing corporate and government bonds. Our hypothesis is that the use of yield curves of corporate bonds will improve the predictions over previous models that used only the yield curves of government bonds. Our results support that contention. We find that corporate bonds’ spreads actually help predicting the changes in both the unemployment rate and housing prices. We also find a significant positive relationship between bond spreads and future changes in personal consumption levels, but the results are weaker than in the other two segments. One additional finding worth noting is that government bonds are better predictors for the long-term, whereas corporate bonds are better indicators for the short-term.
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Losert, C., M. Schmauß, T. Becker, and R. Kilian. "Area characteristics and admission rates of people with schizophrenia and affective disorders in a German rural catchment area." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 21, no. 4 (April 11, 2012): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796012000157.
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Background.Studies in urban areas identified environmental risk factors for mental illness, but little research on this topic has been performed in rural areas.Methods.Hospital admission rates were computed for 174 rural municipalities in the catchment area of the state psychiatric hospital in Günzburg in years 2006 to 2009 and combined with structural and socio-economic data. Relationships of overall and diagnosis-specific admission rates with municipality characteristics were analysed by means of negative binomial regression models.Results.Admission rates of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and affective disorder combined decrease with increasing population growth, population density, average income and green areas, while admission rates are positively correlated with commuter balance, income inequality, unemployment rates and traffic areas. Admission rates for schizophrenia are negatively related to population growth, average income and agricultural areas, but positively related to mobility index, income inequality and unemployment rate. Admission rates for affective disorders are negatively related to population growth, population density, average income and green areas, while higher admission rates are correlated with commuter balance, high income inequality, unemployment rate and traffic-related areas.Conclusions.Effects of wealth, economic inequality, population density and structural area characteristics influence psychiatric admission rates also in rural areas.
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Prevedouros, Panos D. "Origin-Specific Visitor Demand Forecasting at Honolulu International Airport." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1600, no. 1 (January 1997): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1600-03.
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The development of a PC-based and easy-to-use-and-update econometric model system for forecasting arrivals at the Honolulu International Airport is presented. A model system instead of a single model was designed so that differential growth rates from various origins as well as arrivals affected by curfews at the origin or the destination, or both, can be estimated. The airport system of the state facilitates the only mode of transportation into and out of Hawaii. Planning based on reliable demand forecasts is therefore essential. Separate models of arrivals from Australia and New Zealand, Canada, Germany, Korea, and the United Kingdom were specified and estimated using the Cochrane-Orcutt regression method. Several diagnostic tests were employed to arrive at the final models, as problems of correlation (over time) and collinearity (among variables) were present. Independent variables include the gross domestic product, population, monetary exchange rate, and unemployment rate of the origin countries. Historical values for the independent variables were taken from the publications of international organizations. Variables for wars that tend to affect flying security and natural disasters in Hawaii that affect the supply of tourist accommodations were included in the model specifications.
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Farrants, Kristin, and Clare Bambra. "Neoliberalism and the recommodification of health inequalities: A case study of the Swedish welfare state 1980 to 2011." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 1 (July 14, 2017): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817709191.
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Aims: This paper examines the effects of neoliberalism on health inequalities through an empirical examination of the recommodification of the social determinants of health. It uses a detailed case study of changes to three specific welfare policy domains in Sweden: unemployment, healthcare, and pensions. Methods: Using time series data from the repeat cross-sectional Swedish Living Conditions Survey for 1980–2011, it examines: (1) the effects of reductions in the replacement rate value of unemployment benefit on inequalities in self-reported general health between the employed and the unemployed; (2) the effects of reductions in the replacement rate value of pensions on educational inequalities in self-reported general health among pensioners; and (3) the effects of the increase in user charges on inequalities in having visited a doctor in the past 3 months by educational level. Results: The results suggest mixed effects of welfare state recommodification on health inequalities: inequalities increased between the Swedish employed and unemployed, yet they did not increase in the retired population, and inequalities in access to healthcare also remained steady during the study period. Conclusions: The paper concludes that the association between recommodification and health inequalities in Sweden is stronger regarding unemployment benefits than pensions or healthcare, and that this may relate to the stigmatisation of the unemployed.
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Palát, Milan. "Effects of labour migration on economic development during economic downturn and recovery." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 7 (2012): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260070207.
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International labour migration is mainly promoted by economic interests. This paper focuses on the period before and after the economic crisis and puts together important facts regarding motivation to labour migration and provides explanations of its causes and impacts on the macroeconomic level. The economic explanation why is migration so severely restricted is that migration policies are essentially distributive tools, aiming at reducing negative effects of migration on wages and unemployment among natives and moreover, we may stress out the gradualist tendencies of migration and such migration restrictions can mitigate supply-side shocks that may negatively affect incomes or jobs of some specific groups. A partial objective of the practical part of the paper is to evaluate relationships between the rate of migration and selected economic indicators using adequate quantitative methods. While the correlation between the crude rate of net migration and the GDP per capita is very low, the existence of correlation between the crude rate of net migration and the unemployment rate is evident in the most of analysed countries. Statistical insignificance of correlation indices in some countries can be then attributed to structural problems of those economies.
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Smith, M. Dwayne, Joel A. Devine, and Joseph F. Sheley. "Crime and Unemployment: Effects across Age and Race Categories." Sociological Perspectives 35, no. 4 (December 1992): 551–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389299.
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Despite numerous studies, the nature of the unemployment-crime relationship remains controversial. The relationship should be clearer for some segments of the population than for others, but is obscured by the use of general population data. Exploring this possibility through the use of a model developed by Cantor and Land (1985), a time-series analysis is conducted to determine relationships among age- and race-specific rates of unemployment and corresponding rates of arrests for homicide, robbery, and burglary for the United States during the period 1959–1987. Negative criminal opportunity-related and positive criminal motivation-related effects are found at the aggregate level, but these vary among age groups and are more evident for white than for African American arrest rates. Further, these effects hold even when controlling for the potential influence of other variables identified in recent research as having an impact on the unemployment-crime relationship.
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Dadgar, Iman, and Thor Norström. "Is there a link between cardiovascular mortality and economic fluctuations?" Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, no. 7 (January 9, 2020): 770–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494819890699.
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Background: Unemployment might affect several risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death globally. The characterisation of the relation between these two phenomena is thus of great significance from a public-health perspective. The main aim of this study was to estimate the association between the unemployment rate and mortality from CVD and from coronary heart disease (CHD). Additional aims were (a) to assess whether the associations are modified by the degree of unemployment protection; (b) to determine the impact of GDP on heart-disease mortality; and (c) to assess the impact of the Great Recession in this context. Methods: We used time-series data for 32 countries spanning the period 1960–2015. We applied two alternative modelling strategies: (a) error correction modelling, provided that the data were co-integrated; and (b) first-difference modelling in the absence of co-integration. Separate models were estimated for each of five welfare state regimes with different levels of unemployment protection. We also performed country-specific ARIMA-analyses. Results: Because the data did not prove to be co-integrated, we applied first-difference modelling. The estimated effect of unemployment and GDP on CVD as well as CHD was statistically insignificant across age and sex groups and across the various welfare state regimes. An interaction term capturing the possible excess effect of unemployment during the Great Recession was also statistically insignificant. Conclusions: Our findings, based on data from predominantly affluent countries, suggest that heart-disease mortality does not respond to economic fluctuations.
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Duguet, Emmanuel, Rémi Le Gall, Yannick L’Horty, and Pascale Petit. "How does labour market history influence the access to hiring interviews?" International Journal of Manpower 39, no. 4 (July 2, 2018): 519–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-09-2017-0231.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence of the effect of labour market status on the current probability to be invited to a hiring interview. The authors compare the effect of periods of unemployment, part-time job and short-term contracts (STCs). Design/methodology/approach Correspondence tests were conducted for accountants and sales assistants. The authors estimate the discrimination components from the response rate of each candidate by the asymptotic least squares method. Findings The authors find that men with a part-time profile suffer discrimination in both professions. Other differences of treatment are specific: for accountants, the authors find that the probability of success decreases with the time spent in unemployment, while for sales assistants the probability of success is smaller with a history of STCs. Originality/value This study compares the effect of different dimensions of career history (part-time versus full-time, permanent versus short-term, unemployment versus employment) for experienced job candidates. It also proposes an alternative way to exploit the design of a correspondence experiment.
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Ifeacho, Christopher, and Harold Ngalawa. "Performance Of The South African Banking Sector Since 1994." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, no. 4 (June 30, 2014): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i4.8663.
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This study investigates the impact of bank-specific variables and selected macroeconomic variables on the South African banking sector for the period 1994-2011 using the capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, and liquidity (CAMEL) model of bank performance evaluation. The study employs data in annual frequency from South Africas four largest banks, namely, ABSA, First National Bank, Nedbank, and Standard Bank. These banks account for over 70% of South Africas banking assets. Using return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) as measures of bank performance, the study finds that all bank-specific variables are statistically significant determinants of bank performance. Specifically, the study shows that asset quality, management quality, and liquidity have a positive effect on both measures of bank performance, which is consistent with a priori theoretical expectations. Capital adequacy, however, exhibits a surprising significant negative relationship with ROA, while its relationship with ROE is significant and positive as expected. Except for interest rates (in the ROA model), unemployment rate (in the ROA model), and the rate of inflation (in the ROE model), the rest of the macroeconomic variables are statistically insignificant. The study reveals that bank performance is positively related to interest rates and negatively related to unemployment rates and interest rates.
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Said, Rusmawati, Kamarul Hidayah Abdul Hamid, and Nursyazwani Mazlan. "How Does Immigration Affect Wages and the Unemployment Rate in Malaysia? A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Approach." Asian Social Science 16, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n11p100.
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Malaysia had approximately 2 million migrants in 2018, and this number was increasing dramatically by 25 percent in 2019. Parallels with the aims of country policy to reduce migrant workers' dependency in 2020, managing the workers needs to be clarified. At the same time, the country still needs to keep them for specific sectors. These issues motivate us to analyze the migrant worker's requirements at different levels of skills and wages. Using Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modeling, at four-level nested CES production function, this study found high skilled migrants will harm wages for the high skilled and skilled groups while the opposite effect was observed for the semiskilled and low-skilled groups. However, when the migrant stock increases slightly below 1 percent, it will reduce the wages for semiskilled workers due to substitution effects. This study also found that the influx of low-skilled migrant workers will reduce salaries for semiskilled and low-skilled workers. The analysis also indicates that a small rise in high skilled immigrant labour will reduce the unemployment rate; likewise, increasing more than 4 percent will increase the unemployment rate. The results provide the policymaker guidelines to employ foreign workers' best skills to control the inequality of wages among skilled and low-skilled workers.
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Rissanen, Ina, Leena Ala-Mursula, Iiro Nerg, and Marko Korhonen. "Adjusted productivity costs of stroke by human capital and friction cost methods: a Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study." European Journal of Health Economics 22, no. 4 (February 24, 2021): 531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-021-01271-7.
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Abstract Background Productivity costs result from loss of paid and unpaid work and replacements due to morbidity and mortality. They are usually assessed in health economic evaluations with human capital method (HCM) or friction cost method (FCM). The methodology for estimating lost productivity is an area of considerable debate. Objective To compare traditional and adjusted HCM and FCM productivity cost estimates among young stroke patients. Methods The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 was followed until the age of 50 to identify all 339 stroke patients whose productivity costs were estimated with traditional, occupation-specific and adjusted HCM and FCM models by using detailed, national register-based data on care, disability, mortality, education, taxation and labour market. Results Compared to traditional HCM, taking into account occupational class, national unemployment rate, disability-free life expectancy and decline in work ability, the productivity cost estimate decreased by a third, from €255,960 to €166,050. When traditional FCM was adjusted for occupational class and national unemployment rate, the estimate more than doubled from €3,040 to €7,020. HCM was more sensitive to adjustments for discount rate and wage growth rate than FCM. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of adjustments of HCM and FCM. Routine register-based data can be used for accurate productivity cost estimates of health shocks.
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Smit, A. M. "Franchisors on the financing and other problems of prospective franchisees." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2002): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v5i3.2749.
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The current high unemployment rate and the need to develop the SME sector in South Africa, has highlighted the franchise sector as a possible generator of employment and wealth. Certain problems in the SME sector, for example the lack of financing, were identified and investigated from the viewpoint of the franchisor. This study attempts to analyse the general problems that prospective franchisees are confronted with and then focuses on the more specific problems regarding financing as experienced by the prospective franchisees.
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Ferrouhi, El Mehdi. "Bank Liquidity and Financial Performance: Evidence from Moroccan Banking Industry." Business: Theory and Practice 15, no. 4 (December 19, 2014): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2014.443.
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This paper aims to analyze the relationship between liquidity risk and financial performance of Moroccan banks and to define the determinants of bank’s performance in Morocco during the period 2001–2012. We first evaluate Moroccan banks’ liquidity positions through different liquidity and performance ratios then we apply a panel date regression to identify determinants of Moroccan banks performance. We use 4 bank’s performance ratios, 6 liquidity ratios and we analyze 5 specific determinants and 5 macroeconomic determinants of bank performance. Results show that Moroccan bank’s performance is mainly determined by 7 determinants: liquidity ratio, size of banks, logarithm of the total assets squared, external funding to total liabilities, share of own bank’s capital of the bank’s total assets, foreign direct investments, unemployment rate and the realization of the financial crisis variable. Banks’ performance depends positively on size of banks, on foreign direct investments and on the realization of the financial crisis and negatively on external funding to total liabilities, on share of own bank’s capital of the bank’s total assets and on unemployment rate while the dependence between bank performance and liquidity ratios and bank performance and logarithm of the total assets squared depend on the model used.
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Núñez-Antón, Vicente, and Jesus Orbe. "Statistical Time to Event Analysis in the Social Sciences: Modeling Hazard Rate and Duration in Finance." Methodology 1, no. 3 (January 2005): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241.1.3.104.
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Abstract. The relevance of statistical time to event analysis in the social sciences has proved to be of great importance in the last few years, especially in applications related to labor-market analysis, employment and/or unemployment issues, duration of strikes, and survival of new firms, and in financial applications related to the time a company spends in a given status, for example, bankruptcy. We review some of the techniques that have proved to be adequate for analyzing this type of data and the conditions they require for their proper use. In addition, we extend these techniques in order to be able to analyze specific and more complex situations by using a more general and flexible model. All of these techniques and their extensions are illustrated with an example that studies the duration of firms under bankruptcy in the United States.
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Coppola, I., D. Marangon, C. Gramaglia, C. Delicato, S. Di Marco, E. Gattoni, A. Venesia, et al. "In a period of economical crisis who is at risk for attempted suicide?" European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2231.
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IntroductionAccording to Durkheim's theory, suicide attempts increase during periods of rapid economic changes and decrease again when stability is achieved, due to the social integration in the community guaranteed by occupational status. Since 2009 in Europe, it was observed an increase in the suicide rates, in line with the increase of unemployment. Although unemployment is considered a risk factor for suicide, it was observed a noticeable increase in suicide rates among Italian employed men during the last years, probably related to the specific economic scenario and to emerging difficulties in keeping an income to adequately maintain one's own family standard of living.AimTo study attempted suicides with a specific focus and attention on the current Italian economic scenario.MethodsDeterminants of emergency room visits for psychiatric reasons in patients aged > 16 years were studied prospectively from 2008 to 2015 at the AOU Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy. Each patient was assessed by an experienced psychiatrist with a clinical interview and socio-demographic and clinical features were gathered. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.ResultsPreliminary results suggest an increase in suicide attempts according to the rise of the unemployment rate in Novara. Although in absolute figures most attempters are unemployed, it seems that suicide attempts are more frequent in the group of employed subjects, which includes also people under redundancy fund. This subgroup may be considered halfway between employed and unemployed attempters.ConclusionsData collection and statistical analyses are still ongoing. Implications for clinical practice will be discussed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Peláez-Fernández, María Angeles, Lourdes Rey, and Natalio Extremera. "A Sequential Path Model Testing: Emotional Intelligence, Resilient Coping and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms during Unemployment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020697.
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The unemployment rate has dramatically increased in southern Europe in the last decade. Although it is well-known that unemployment impairs mental health, the specific roles of personal resources like emotional intelligence (EI) and potential underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Prior studies have shown that resilience and self-esteem are mediators in the link between EI and mental health. The present study aims to bridge these gaps by testing a sequential path model. Specifically, we propose that EI is associated with lower depressive symptoms, which is explained by higher resilient coping strategies and a resulting increased self-esteem among unemployed individuals. A sample of Spanish unemployed persons completed measures of EI, resilience, self-esteem and depression. The results showed that higher levels of EI were positively associated with resilience and self-esteem and negatively related to depressive symptoms. Path analyses showed that resilience and self-esteem mediated the relation between EI and depression in sequence. These findings suggest that EI plays a key role in promoting mental health and provide preliminary evidence regarding potential mechanisms through which EI contributes to mental health during unemployment. Implications for assessing the absence of these positive resources in developing effective job search programs geared toward promoting mental health and re-employment are discussed.
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PAŞNICU, Daniela. "Comparative Statistical Analysis of Gender Equality on the Labour Markets of Romania and EU28." Annals of "Spiru Haret". Economic Series 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1525.
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To achieve the employment target set in the Europe 2020 Strategy is necessary that women's potential and talent to be used optimally. Increasing employment for both men and women is the main way to achieve autonomy, financial independence and poverty reduction.This paper presents a comparative statistical analysis of gender equality on the labour markets of Romania and EU28 based on official statistics records and specific key labour market indicators. The aim was to highlight the gender gap on activity rates, employment rates by age, work time and unemployment rate, including long-term unemployment. The analyses undertaken shows that in the last ten years activity and employment rates of women in Romania had a slightly decreasing trend, while at the EU28 level had an upward trend, which led to the widening gap than the average EU28. The gender gap for the same indicators rose in the period under review, in the case of Romania, while at the EU28 level decreased.
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Ahwireng-Obeng, Fred. "Gender, Entrepreneurship and Socioeconomic Reparation in South Africa." Review of Black Political Economy 22, no. 2 (December 1993): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02689948.
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Entrepreneurship development has become recognized as a functional means of tackling South Africa's socioeconomic challenges of slow growth rate, rapidly increasing unemployment, and racially inequitable distribution of income. However, current policies and programs ignore the potential input of the female gender. Yet, females are proven to be capable of using their peculiar gender dispositions effectively as small and micro entrepreneurs. The article examines the socioeconomic outcomes of South Africa's systemic crisis, gender-specific influences on entrepreneurial supply and alternative women-in-entrepreneurship programs that could be implemented with sensitivity to that country's sociocultural diversity.
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Steliac, Nela. "How Effective Was the Romanian Labour Market After 2008?" Journal of International Business Research and Marketing 6, no. 3 (2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.63.3004.
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The efficient operation of the labour market is a matter of high stake for every state, considering that it reflects the balance between supply and demand. The extent to which such balance is achieved is highlighted by the Beveridge curve. This paper examines the efficient operation of the Romanian labour market, as measured by the relevant indicators of labour demand and supply. In order to capture the evolution of these indicators across the three target sub-periods (the crisis, the rebound and the resumption of an upward trend), the timeline subject to survey was 2008Q2-2016Q3. The survey conducted for this purpose revealed fluctuations in the number and rate of job vacancies, respectively in the unemployment rate. However, in the last part of the surveyed period, the trend of such indicators was downward for the unemployment rate and upward for the number and rate of job vacancies. Even so, these indicators failed to match the levels recorded before the outbreak of the economic crisis. Due to such evolutions, the Beveridge curve presented shifts of direction specific to the three sub-periods. Throughout the last part of the surveyed period, the curve seemed to recover slightly towards the top-left direction at national level. However, regionally, the evolutions of labour supply and demand varied, and the Beveridge curves varied accordingly. Surprisingly, it was not Bucharest-Ilfov, considered the best economically developed area in Romania, which reported the best correlation between labour supply and demand, but the Central region.
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Dvouletý, Ondřej. "Determinants of Nordic entrepreneurship." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 24, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): 12–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-07-2016-0104.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the determinants of entrepreneurial activity in the Nordic countries over the period of years 2004-2013 to provide supportive material for the Nordic entrepreneurial policy makers with specific focus on the role of necessity/opportunity-driven entrepreneurship, administrative barriers and the research and development (R&D) sector. Design/methodology/approach Quantitative study employed panel regression analysis with fixed effects estimator to test the impact of determinants on entrepreneurial activity operationalized as a rate of registered business activity and as an established business ownership rate. Findings The results obtained for the both dependent variables did not substantially differ from each other or the supported hypothesis stating a positive relationship between unemployment rate, GDP per capita and entrepreneurial activity. Also a negative impact of administrative barriers was found. However, no statistically significant positive impact of the R&D sector was observed. Practical implications Nordic entrepreneurial policy makers should put more effort into the reduction of administrative barriers towards founding enterprises and support entrepreneurship during the times of higher unemployment rates. Further evaluation of Nordic R&D policies is strongly needed, since no positive impacts towards entrepreneurship were found. Originality/value The empirical analysis was conducted based on the research gap in the studies related to the Nordic entrepreneurial policies and perceived need for the policy recommendations that are provided.