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Books on the topic 'Speckle tracking echocardiography'
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1
Cameli, Matteo, Partho Sengupta, and Thor Edvardsen. Deformation echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0004.
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Echocardiographic strain imaging, also known as deformation imaging, has been developed as a means to objectively quantify regional and global myocardial function. First introduced as a post-processing feature of tissue Doppler imaging velocity converted to strain and strain rate, strain imaging has more recently also been derived from speckle tracking analysis. Tissue Doppler imaging yields velocity information from which strain and strain rate are mathematically derived whereas two-dimensional speckle tracking yields strain information from which strain rate and velocity data are derived. Data obtained from these two different techniques may not be equivalent due to limitations inherent with each technique. Speckle tracking analysis can generate longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain measurements and left ventricular twist. Although potentially useful, these measurements are also complicated and frequently displayed as difficult-to-interpret waveforms. Strain imaging is now considered a robust research tool and has great potential to play many roles in routine clinical practice. This chapter explains the fundamental concepts of deformation imaging, the technical features of strain imaging using tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking, and the strengths and weaknesses of these methods.
2
Marwick, Thomas H., Jing Ping Sun, Cheuk-Man Yu, and Cheuk-Man Yu. Myocardial Imaging: Tissue Doppler and Speckle Tracking. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.
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3
Sun, Jing Ping, Cheuk-Man Yu, and T. H. Marwick. Myocardial Imaging: Tissue Doppler and Speckle Tracking. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2008.
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4
(Editor), Thomas H. Marwick, Cheul-Man Yu (Editor), and Jing Ping Sun (Editor), eds. Myocardial Imaging: Tissue Doppler and Speckle Tracking. Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.
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5
Marwick, Thomas H., Jing Ping Sun, and Cheuk-Man Yu. Myocardial Imaging: Tissue Doppler and Speckle Tracking. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2009.
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6
Voigt, Jens Uwe, Peter Søgaard, and Emer Joyce. Heart failure: left ventricular dyssynchrony. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0026.
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Echocardiography plays a pivotal role in the management of patients with dilative cardiomyopathy and conduction disease, particularly in the setting of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Current CRT guidelines recommend the echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular size and function. Furthermore, echocardiography has the potential of analysing regional myocardial mechanics with high temporal resolution and without radiation burden or danger for the patient. Assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony has therefore become the next challenge. Besides the visual approaches, newer methods of functional imaging such as tissue Doppler and speckle tracking allow the exact quantification of regional myocardial function. This chapter reviews the current status of left ventricular dyssynchrony assessment by echocardiography and introduces emerging techniques which can better link conduction abnormalities and mechanical events and, thus, potentially improve clinical decision-making in this field.
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Edvardsen, Thor. Cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart. Edited by Frank Flachskampf. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0094.
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Echocardiography is an excellent tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart. It is the preferred method for assessment of ventricular function and valvular dysfunction and is of great value in decision-making in these patients. The different types of cardiomyopathies can usually be differentiated by echocardiography. Speckle tracking echocardiography has increased our awareness on early staging of the disease and the progress of cardiomyopathies. This chapter will explain important features of the most common cardiomyopathies and how echocardiography should be utilized. Echocardiographic findings in myocarditis include non-specific features such as decreased left ventricular function, wall motion abnormalities, and texture changes. These findings will in certain circumstances often prompt the awareness of myocarditis. Echocardiography has an important diagnostic position in patients with end-stage heart failure. The chapter will explain how echocardiography can be used in the screening period of recipients and donors, and how it can be an essential diagnostic tool in the perioperative and postoperative phases of cardiac transplantation.
8
Nihoyannopoulos, Petros, Gustavo Restrepo Molina, and André La Gerche. Right ventricular dilatation and function. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0048.
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Assessing the right ventricle by any imaging modality is a challenge because of the thin wall and crescent shape that wraps around the left ventricle. Structured echocardiographic examination using two-dimensional imaging provides a detailed regional and global qualitative assessment for routine evaluation. Quantitation is possible using one or more methods including tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion, fractional area change, and myocardial performance index but speckle tracking deformation imaging and three-dimensional echocardiography are emerging as more robust quantitative methods. Right ventricular pressures should also be estimated routinely as long as a clear tricuspid regurgitant jet is identified.
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Tribouilloy, Christophe, Patrizio Lancellotti, Ferande Peters, José Juan Gómez de Diego, and Luc A. Pierard. Heart valve disease (aortic valve disease): aortic regurgitation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0033.
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Echocardiography is the cornerstone examination for the assessment of aortic regurgitation (AR): it provides reliable evaluation of the aortic valve and allows diagnosis and identification of the mechanism of regurgitation. The specific aetiology of the disease can be identified in the majority of cases. A combination of quantitative and quantitative Doppler and two-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic parameters allows the evaluation of the severity of AR and determination of the haemodynamic and left ventricular function repercussions. Echocardiography allows the detection of associated lesions of the aortic root or other valves. In symptomatic patients, echocardiography is essential to confirm the severity of AR. In asymptomatic patients with moderate or severe AR, echocardiography is essential for regular follow-up, by providing precise and reproducible measurements of LV dimensions and function, and for identifying patients who should be considered for elective surgical intervention. In most cases, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) provides all of the necessary information and transoesophageal echocardiography in usually not required. Real-time three-dimensional (3D) TTE can be complementary to 2D echocardiography for the assessment of the mechanism and quantification of AR by increasing the level of confidence, especially when 2D echocardiographic data are inconclusive or discordant with clinical findings. Tissue Doppler imaging and especially the speckle tracking method are promising approaches to detect early LV dysfunction in patients with asymptomatic severe AR. Echocardiography is therefore the key examination for the assessment of AR and at the centre of the strategic discussion concerning the indications and timing of surgery.
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van den Bosch, Annemien E., Luigi P. Badano, and Julia Grapsa. Right ventricle and pulmonary arterial pressure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0023.
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Right ventricular (RV) performance plays an important role in the morbidity and mortality of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, congenital heart disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Assessment of RV size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its complex geometry. Conventional two-dimensional echocardiography is the modality of choice for assessment of RV function in clinical practice. Recent developments in echocardiography have provided several new techniques for assessment of RV dimensions and function, include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging. However, specific training, expensive dedicated equipment, and extensive clinical validation are still required. Doppler methods interrogating tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision-making. This chapter addresses the role of the various echocardiographic modalities used to assess the RV and pulmonary circulation. Special emphasis has been placed on technical considerations, limitations, and pitfalls of image acquisition and analysis.
11
Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns, eds. The EACVI Echo Handbook. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.001.0001.
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Echocardiography has become the most requested imaging modalities. It is the first line imaging in the diagnostic work-up and monitoring of most cardiac diseases. Echocardiography is harmless and combines low-cost high technology with easy accessibility. The advent of the new modalities such as harmonic imaging, tissue Doppler imaging, speckle tracking, real time 3-dimensional imaging, ad contrast cavity enhancement have also contributed to expand the role of echocardiography. It provides rapid quantitative information about cardiac structure and function, valvular motion, vascular system and haemodynamics at bedside. This imaging technique is considered an extension of the physical examination. Proper technical skills and knowledge are required for the optimal application of echocardiography. Disease-focused and succinct, the present handbook covers the information needed to perform and interpret echocardiogramsaccurately, including how to set up the echomachine to optimize an examination and how to perform echocardiographic disease assessment, and the clinical indicators, procedures, and contraindications. Sections include assessment of the left ventricular systolic dysfunction and diastolic function, discussion on ischaemic heart disease, heart valve disease, cardiomyopathies, pericardial disease, congenital heart disease, and many other aspects of echocardiology. Many talented people have contributed to the present handbook, which represents the pocket echocardiography book flagship of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. This book is intended principally as a clinical guide to the broad field of echocardiography at a glance.
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Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. Examination. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0001.
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Echocardiography is a diagnostic imaging technique by which ultrasound is used to display anatomic and physiologic characteristics of the cardiovascular system. Echocardiography consists of several different imaging modalities that require appropriate settings. In this chapter the most important system settings are discussed in the context of the basic physics of ultrasound image formation. Setting-up the echo machine to optimize patient examination is discussed in detail. All controls are covered. Continuous-wave, pulsed-wave, and colour flow Doppler are explained, as well as more advanced techniques including myocardial velocity imaging and speckle tracking and 3D imaging. Understanding these basic principles will allow optimizing image quality for each individual patient.
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Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. The Standard Transthoracic Echo Examination. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0002.
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Functional imaging by modern echocardiography offers a variety of methods to assess regional and global myocardial function beyond classic dimension, volume and ejection fraction measurements. This chapter shows how various modalities of Doppler echocardiography can be used for assessment of valves, haemodynamics, and coronary flow reserve. It also provides information on myocardial function can be extracted from echo images using a tissue Doppler or speckle tracking approach. 3Dechocardiography provides real-time 3D images of the heart in motion. Various types of examination and quantification are also shown. A brief explanation of contrast imaging is included as well as practical considerations such as administration protocols and the safety of ultrasound contrast.
14
Citro, Rodolfo, Laurent Davin, and Daniel Rodriguez Muñoz. Takotsubo syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0046.
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Owing to its dynamic and unique nature, standard echocardiography plays a key role in the diagnostic work-up of patients suspected of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC), providing distinctive features of this peculiar syndrome. Useful information for the early recognition of TTC can be derived from the discrepancy between extensive myocardial dysfunction and a modest increase in troponin levels; the detection of a ‘circumferential pattern’ of left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities, which typically extend beyond the distribution of a single coronary artery; coronary flow assessment in the distal tract of the left anterior descending artery; and right ventricular (RV) involvement (biventricular ballooning). Advanced echocardiographic techniques, including speckle tracking, myocardial contrast and coronary flow studies, are providing further mechanistic and pathophysiological insights. Additionally, evaluation of both LV systolic and diastolic function along with early identification of any potential complications are crucial for clinical management and risk stratification. Comprehensive serial echocardiographic examinations should be systematically performed during the follow-up of TTC patients to monitor myocardial function recovery.
15
Tourneau, Thierry Le, Luis Caballero, and Tsai Wei-Chuan. Right atrium. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0024.
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The right atrium (RA) is located on the upper right-hand side of the heart and has relatively thin walls. From an anatomical point of view, the RA comprises three basic parts, the appendage, the vestibule of the tricuspid valve, and the venous component (superior and inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus) receiving the deoxygenated blood. The RA is a dynamic structure dedicated to receive blood and to assist right ventricular (RV) filling. The three components of atrial function are the reservoir function during ventricular systole, the conduit function which consists in passive blood transfer from veins to the RV in diastole, and the booster pump function in relation to atrial contraction in late diastole to complete ventricular filling. Right atrial function depends on cardiac rhythm (sinus or atrial fibrillation), pericardial integrity, RV load and function, and tricuspid function. Right atrial dimension assessment is limited in two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. Right atrial planimetry in the apical four-chamber view is commonly used with an upper normal value of 18-20 cm2. Minor and major diameters can also be measured. Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography could overcome the limitation of conventional echocardiography in assessing RA size. Right atrial function has been poorly explored by echocardiography both in physiological and pathological contexts. Although tricuspid inflow and tissue Doppler imaging of tricuspid annulus can be used in the exploration of RA function, 2D speckle tracking and 3D echocardiography appear promising tools to dissect RA function and to overcome the limitations of standard echocardiography.
16
Cosyns, Bernard, Thor Edvardsen, Krasimira Hristova, and Hyung-Kwan Kim. Left ventricle: systolic function. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0020.
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The assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function is one of the most important parts of correct diagnosis, selection of treatment strategy or medications, and prediction of prognosis. Although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is generally accepted as the gold standard in vivo imaging modality for assessing LV systolic function, its practical use is limited due to its limited availability, high cost, and the presence of conditions precluding its performance such as a pacemaker, claustrophobia, and severe arrhythmia. Thus, transthoracic echocardiography is a first-line imaging modality employed in daily practice and has been widely used. Since the first attempts with M-mode approach, remarkable improvements have been made with the advent of two-dimensional echocardiography, and more recently three-dimensional echocardiography, with high accuracy and reproducibility. More sophisticated methodologies such as strain imaging, based on Doppler or speckle tracking techniques, provide a more sensitive and quantitative measurement of myocardial contractility, and are gaining a place in common daily practice. This chapter describes different modalities that have been used for assessment of LV systolic function based on echocardiography, and is grossly composed of two parts: LV global systolic function and LV regional or segmental systolic function. For better application of these conventional and novel methods of assessing LV systolic function, strengths and pitfalls of these techniques should be acknowledged.
17
Galderisi, Maurizio, Juan Carlos Plana, Thor Edvardsen, Vitantonio Di Bello, and Patrizio Lancellotti. Cardiac oncology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0064.
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Cancer therapeutics may induce cardiac damage in the left and the right ventricle. Radiotherapy most frequently induces valvular damage, carotid stenosis, and coronary artery disease. Pericardial disease may be due to both chemo- and radiotherapy. The manifestations of both chemo- and radiotherapy can develop acutely but also become overt years after their performance, in particular after radiotherapy. The main cardiac damage of cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) corresponds to the reduction of left ventricular (LV) systolic function. The Expert Consensus document from ASE and EACVI has defined CTRCD as a decrease in LV ejection fraction (LVEF) of greater than 10 percentage points, to a value less than 53%. The accurate calculation of LVEF at baseline and during follow-up is extremely important. The assessment of LV longitudinal function, in particular of speckle tracking-derived global longitudinal strain (GLS), can provide additional information, allowing early, subclinical detection of CTRCD. The ideal strategy could be to compare the measurements of GLS obtained during chemotherapy, with the one obtained at baseline. An integrated approach with the use of echocardiography at standardized, clinical preselected intervals with biomarker (ultrasensitive troponin) assessment prior to each chemotherapy cycle could be suggested in patients at high risk of CTRCD. Follow-up after therapy should depend on the type of chemotherapy/radiotherapy and the presence/absence of on-therapy CTRCD. Long-term follow-up should be planned after radiotherapy.
18
Voigt, Jens-Uwe. Quantification of left ventricular function and synchrony using tissue Doppler, strain imaging, and speckle tracking. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0006.
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Modern echocardiographic systems allow the quantitative and qualitative assessment of regional myocardial function by measuring velocity, motion, deformation, and other parameters of myocardial function.Both colour Doppler (CD) and spectral Doppler modes provide one-dimensional estimates of velocity. From CD data only, further parameters can be derived. Tracking techniques have recently been introduced which provide all parameters two-dimensionally, but at the cost of lower temporal resolution.Several clinical applications have been proposed, including regional and global systolic function assessment, evaluation of diastolic cardiac properties, and assessment of ventricular dyssynchrony.This chapter provides an introduction to the method of Doppler- and tracking-based function assessment and provides a basis for understanding its different clinical applications.
19
Badano, Luigi P., and Denisa Muraru. Assessment of right heart function and haemodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Assessment of right ventricular (RV) size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its unique cavity geometry. Conventional two-dimensional assessment of RV function is often qualitative. Doppler methods involving tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision making. Recent advances in echocardiographic assessment of the RV include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging, but they need specific training, expensive dedicated equipment, and extensive clinical validation. However, assessment of RV function is crucial, especially in patients with signs of right-sided failure and those with congenital or mitral valve diseases. This chapter aims to address the role of the various echocardiographic modalities used to assess RV and pulmonary vascular bed function. Special emphasis has been placed on technical considerations, limitations, and pitfalls of image acquisition and analysis.
20
Galderisi, Maurizio, and Sergio Mondillo. Assessment of diastolic function. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0009.
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Modern assessment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function should be based on the estimation of degree of LV filling pressure (LVFP), which is the true determinant of symptoms/signs and prognosis in heart failure.In order to achieve this goal, standard Doppler assessment of mitral inflow pattern (E/A ratio, deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time) should be combined with additional manoeuvres and/or ultrasound tools such as: ◆ Valsalva manoeuvre applied to mitral inflow pattern. ◆ Pulmonary venous flow pattern. ◆ Velocity flow propagation by colour M-mode. ◆ Pulsed wave tissue Doppler of mitral annuls (average of septal and lateral E′ velocity).In intermediate doubtful situations, the two-dimensional determination of left atrial (LA) volume can be diagnostic, since LA enlargement is associated with a chronic increase of LVFP in the absence of mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation.Some new echocardiographic technologies, such as the speckle tracking-derived LV longitudinal strain and LV torsion, LA strain, and even the three-dimensional determination of LA volumes can be potentially useful to add further information. In particular, the reduction of LV longitudinal strain in patients with LV diastolic dysfunction and normal ejection fraction demonstrates that a subclinical impairment of LV systolic function already exists under these circumstances.