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Journal articles on the topic 'Specks'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Broderick, Lori, and Hal M. Hoffman. "cASCading specks." Nature Immunology 15, no. 8 (2014): 698–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.2942.

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2

Whitaker, T. B., J. W. Dickens, and A. B. Slate. "Grading Peanut Butter Using Video Image Analysis Techniques1." Peanut Science 14, no. 2 (1987): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-14-2-6.

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Abstract A video image analysis system was designed to quantitatively measure the amount of specks and the color of peanut butter samples for grade purposes. The video image of a peanut butter surface 5.8 cm by 5.8 cm was captured and converted into 384 by 384 picture elements (pixels). The intensity of each of the 147,456 pixels was classified into one of 256 shades of gray from zero for black to 255 for white. The percent of total pixels that represented specks was defined as the speck index. The aveage shade of gray of all 147,456 pixels was defined as the color index. The speck and color indices were computed for 52 peanut butter samples that had been graded by experienced Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) inspectors. The speck and color indices were both in good agreement with the AMS speck and color classifications assigned to the samples by the AMS inspectors.

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3

Kuri, Paola, Nicole L. Schieber, Thomas Thumberger, Joachim Wittbrodt, Yannick Schwab, and Maria Leptin. "Dynamics of in vivo ASC speck formation." Journal of Cell Biology 216, no. 9 (2017): 2891–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201703103.

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Activated danger or pathogen sensors trigger assembly of the inflammasome adaptor ASC into specks, large signaling platforms considered hallmarks of inflammasome activation. Because a lack of in vivo tools has prevented the study of endogenous ASC dynamics, we generated a live ASC reporter through CRISPR/Cas9 tagging of the endogenous gene in zebrafish. We see strong ASC expression in the skin and other epithelia that act as barriers to insult. A toxic stimulus triggered speck formation and rapid pyroptosis in keratinocytes in vivo. Macrophages engulfed and digested that speck-containing, pyroptotic debris. A three-dimensional, ultrastructural reconstruction, based on correlative light and electron microscopy of the in vivo assembled specks revealed a compact network of highly intercrossed filaments, whereas pyrin domain (PYD) or caspase activation and recruitment domain alone formed filamentous aggregates. The effector caspase is recruited through PYD, whose overexpression induced pyroptosis but only after substantial delay. Therefore, formation of a single, compact speck and rapid cell-death induction in vivo requires a full-length ASC.

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4

Basiorka, Ashley A., Zhenjun Ma, Kathy L. Mcgraw, et al. "NLRP3 Inflammasome-Derived ASC Specks Are a Diagnostic Biomarker for Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.2005.2005.

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Abstract Background: We reported that ineffective hematopoiesis in MDS results from caspase-1-dependent, pyroptotic cell death. Pyroptosis, which culminates in cytolysis, is initiated by the NOD-like receptor NLRP3, a redox-sensitive, cytosolic sensor of danger signals. Upon activation, NLRP3 recruits the ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (caspase activation and recruitment domain)) adapter protein that polymerizes to create large cytoplasmic filaments. Exposure of the ASCCARDdomain on the filament surface fosters docking of pro-caspase-1 that initiates processing of pro-IL1β and -IL18. Large cytoplasmic aggregates formed by filament clusters are known as ASC specks. Upon cytolysis, ASC specks are released into the extracellular space where they retain catalytic activity and propagate inflammation. Given the magnitude of pyroptosis in the bone marrow (BM) and maturing cells, we hypothesized that detection of ASC specks in peripheral blood (PB) plasma may serve as a biologically-rational MDS biomarker. Methods: We optimized a flow cytometry assay for detection of extracellular ASC specks averaging 1µm in size. Following protein quantitation, 300µg was aliquoted from each donor and stained with rabbit-anti-ASC 1o-Ab at a 1:1500 dilution for 60' at 37°C. 1:1500 dilution 2o-Ab was added and incubated for 30' at 37°C. Sample acquisitions were made on a BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer. PB plasma samples were obtained from normal donors (ND, n=40) and patients with MDS (n=220), de novo AML (n=16), 2o AML (n=26), CMML (n=20), CLL (n=50), CML (n=52), ALL (n=7), ET (n=20), PV (n=20), myeloma (n=20) and patients with Type-2 diabetes (T2D, n=25) on IRB-approved protocols, providing >90% power to detect significant differences between diseases. The diagnostic biomarker is defined as % of PB plasma ASC specks adjusted for glucose. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were used to evaluate classification accuracy of the biomarker at varied cutoff points. Results: The % PB-ASC specks was significantly increased in lower-risk (LR) MDS vs. ND (n=196, 27.7±1.5 vs. 7.2±0.7, respectively; p=2.8x10-32). No significant difference was observed between ND and higher-risk (HR) MDS (12.4±3.0), however, % of PB-ASC specks was significantly increased in LR (n=196) vs. HR (n=16) MDS (p= 2.0x10-5). Because hyperglycemia stimulates NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation, we measured plasma glucose by colorimetric assay to adjust for this potentially confounding variable. % PB-ASC specks were normalized to plasma glucose concentration and corrected for volume. Glucose-adjusted speck % in LR-MDS remained significantly higher vs. ND (1.2±0.2 and 0.02±3.0x10-3, respectively; p=3.7x10-6). Notably, the corrected % PB specks was not significantly greater in HR-MDS (0.6±0.5) vs. ND or between LR-MDS vs. HR-MDS, although the HR-MDS sample size is small. Importantly, LR-MDS samples (1.2±0.2) displayed significantly greater corrected % ASC specks compared to de novo AML (0.3±0.2, p=2.3x10-3), 2o-AML (0.16±0.05, p=5.5x10-5), CMML (0.03±0.01; p=4.4x10-6), CLL (0.03±4.4x10-3, p=4.4x10-6), CML (0.04±0.01; p=5.2x10-6), ALL (0.2±0.09, p=9.9x10-5), ET (0.17±0.07, p=8.7x10-5), PV (0.12±0.06, p=3.8x10-5), myeloma (0.14±0.04, p=3.8x10-5) and PB from non-cancer patients with T2D (p=4.8x10-6), suggesting specificity for MDS (see Figure). A cut off of 0.053 was selected to minimize total misclassification error (false positive + false negative). With this cutoff, the biomarker achieves 99% sensitivity and 81% specificity in classifying MDS from ND. The corresponding PPV and NPV are both 95%. In a preliminary cohort of lenalidomide-treated LR-MDS patients, PB-ASC specks decreased a mean of 48% (range, 3-69%) at week 16, suggesting that specks may serve as a biomarker index of ineffective hematopoiesis. Conclusion: ASC specks are readily quantified by flow cytometry and profoundly increased in PB plasma of MDS patients compared to ND and other hematologic malignancies. ASC specks are a sensitive and specific diagnostic biomarker for MDS that may also serve as an index of disease activity and emerging treatment response. Disclosures Pinilla-Ibarz: Novartis: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Abbvie: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy; Gilead: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Gilead: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Komrokji:Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.

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5

Balci-Peynircioglu, Banu, Andrea L. Waite, Philip Schaner, et al. "Expression of ASC in Renal Tissues of Familial Mediterranean Fever Patients with Amyloidosis: Postulating a Role for ASC in AA Type Amyloid Deposition." Experimental Biology and Medicine 233, no. 11 (2008): 1324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/0803-rm-106.

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Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is characterized by recurrent attacks of fever and serositis; in some cases, ensuing amyloidosis results in kidney damage. Treatment with colchicine reduces the frequency and severity of FMF attacks and prevents amyloidosis, although the mechanisms behind these effects are unknown. Pyrin, the protein product of the MEFV gene, interacts with ASC, a key molecule in apoptotic and inflammatory processes. ASC forms intracellular speck-like aggregates that presage cell death. Here we show that cell death after ASC speck formation is much slower in nonmyeloid cells than in myeloid cells. Additionally, we demonstrate that colchicine prevents speck formation and show that specks can survive in the extracellular space after cell death. Because we also found that ASC is expressed in renal glomeruli of patients with FMF but not in those of control patients, we posit that high local ASC expression may result in speck formation and that specks from dying cells may persist in the extracellular space where they have the potential (perhaps in association with pyrin) to nucleate amyloid. The fact that speck formation requires an intact microtubule network as shown here could potentially account for the ability of prophylactic colchicine to prevent or reverse amyloidosis in patients with FMF.

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6

Lee, SangJoon, Akari Ishitsuka, Masayuki Noguchi, et al. "Influenza restriction factor MxA functions as inflammasome sensor in the respiratory epithelium." Science Immunology 4, no. 40 (2019): eaau4643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aau4643.

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The respiratory epithelium is exposed to the environment and initiates inflammatory responses to exclude pathogens. Influenza A virus (IAV) infection triggers inflammatory responses in the respiratory mucosa, but the mechanisms of inflammasome activation are poorly understood. We identified MxA as a functional inflammasome sensor in respiratory epithelial cells that recognizes IAV nucleoprotein and triggers the formation of ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) specks via interaction of its GTPase domain with the PYD domain of ASC. ASC specks were present in bronchiolar epithelial cells of IAV-infected MxA-transgenic mice, which correlated with early IL-1β production and early recruitment of granulocytes in the lungs of infected mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that MxA contributes to IAV resistance by triggering a rapid inflammatory response in infected respiratory epithelial cells.

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7

Huber, Patrick, Laurent Lyannaz, and Bruno Carré. "Specks masking by the coating layer in coated paper made from deinked pulp." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 27, no. 2 (2012): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2012-27-02-p466-471.

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Abstract Production of lightweight coated paper (LWC) utilises more and more deinked pulp (DIP), for both economical and environmental reasons. A critical requirement on DIP quality for such grades is the cleanliness of the pulp. Indeed, the coating layer may not fully cover specks in the base paper. The objective of this work was to determine the required specifications of the coating layer to produce LWC with DIP base paper. The specks masking phenomena by the coating layer was studied from both optical measurements on coated handsheets made from DIP, and computer simulations of specks contrast reduction. The impact of coating layer parameters (coat weight and optical properties), base paper parameters (grammage and optical properties) and specks nature (grammage and optical properties) on specks masking is studied.

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8

Wedincamp, Jimmy, Frank E. French, Robert F. Whitcomb, and Roberta B. Henegar. "Laboratory Infection and Release of Spiroplasma (Entomoplasmatales: Spiroplasmataceae) from Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 32, no. 4 (1997): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-32.4.398.

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Many tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) are infected with spiroplasmas (Mollicutes: Spiroplasmataceae). Naturally-infected Tabanus gladiator Stone and T. sulcifrons Maquart flies were restrained and fed 10% sucrose to determine the exit points of Spiroplasma from tabanid flies. The flies were allowed to feed for 24 h, and the resulting oral and anal specks were cultured in MID broth. Spiroplasmas were isolated from 21 of 51 oral specks but not from 23 anal specks deposited on plastic. In contrast, when anal specks were deposited in a sucrose solution, 9 of 28 anal specks in sucrose yielded spiroplasma cultures. Tabanus limola F. and T. longiusculus Hine were offered a culture of Spiroplasma strain EC-1 on a stewed raisin or in 5% sucrose in the form of a hanging drop. After 4 d, the minced abdominal viscera of each fly were incubated in MID broth and 25 of 32 tabanids yielded cultures of Spiroplasma.

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9

Bel-Berger, Patricia, and Terri Von Hoven. "Effects of Mechanical Cleaning on Cotton Fibers: Part III: Effects of Card Wire Condition on White Specks." Textile Research Journal 67, no. 12 (1997): 857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706701201.

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Combinations of gin and mill cleaning sequences have been studied to determine the best way to clean both smooth-leaf and hairy-leaf cottons. The two varieties were subjected to four different levels of lint cleaning at the gin, followed by nine different mill cleaning sequences, for a total of thirty-six samples. All samples were tested for fiber properties (Part II), yarn strength, and fabric strength and appearance. The yarn and fabric properties are reported in this paper. In the middle of the study, the card wire was damaged and subsequently replaced, which presented the opportunity to determine the impact of the card wire's condition on white specks. In addition, image analysis of the fabric samples by Optimas detected the percent white, the percentage of the area of white specks in a specified area of fabric. Because of the variability of white specks, a larger sample size was needed than was available for the mill samples, so only trends can be reported for the mill samples. In general, the more aggressive the cleaning, the higher the percent white. When comparing the effect of ginning, each additional lint cleaner produced an increase in percent white for the worn card wire. The new card wire decreased the percent white overall as compared to the worn card wire. The new card wire samples with three lint cleanings had a significantly higher white speck level than zero, one, or two lint cleaners. Similarly, the harsher the mill cleaning, the higher the percent white. The hairy-leaf variety produced percent white values similar to those for the smooth-leaf cotton for both the old and new card wires. Thus, when confronted with the possibility of a white speck problem, minimal gin cleaning and less aggressive mill cleaning are recommended.

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10

MAJER, GERALD. ""NAKED SPECKS OF LIVING MATTER"." Yale Review 95, no. 1 (2007): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9736.2007.00274.x.

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11

Chung, I.-Che, Lih-Chyang Chen, Ngan-Ming Tsang, et al. "Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Complex Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Predicts Patient Survival in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma." Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 19, no. 1 (2019): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.ra119.001808.

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We previously reported that tumor inflammasomes play a key role in tumor control and act as favorable prognostic markers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Activated inflammasomes frequently form distinguishable specks and govern the cellular secretion of IL-1β. However, we know little about the biological and biochemical differences between cells with and without apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) speck formation. In this study, we used proteomic iTRAQ analysis to analyze the proteomes of NPC cells that differ in their ASC speck formation upon cisplatin treatment. We identified proteins that were differentially over-expressed in cells with specks, and found that they fell into two Gene ontology (GO) pathways: mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and ubiquinone metabolism. We observed up-regulation of various components of the OxPhos machinery (including NDUFB3, NDUFB8 and ATP5B), and subsequently found that these changes lead to mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, which promotes the formation and activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and subsequent pyroptosis. In NPC patients, better local recurrence-free survival was significantly associated with high-level expression of NDUFB8 (p = 0.037) and ATP5B (p = 0.029), as examined using immunohistochemistry. However, there were no significant associations between the expression of NDUFB8 and ATP5B with overall survival of NPC patients. Together, our results demonstrate that up-regulated mitochondrial OxPhos components are strongly associated with NLRP3 inflammasome activation in NPC. Our findings further suggest that high-level expression of OxPhos components could be markers for local recurrence and/or promising therapeutic targets in patients with NPC.

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12

Robeck, Cecil M. "Specks and Logs, Catholics and Pentecostals." Pneuma 12, no. 1 (1990): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007490x00124.

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13

Ransohoff, Richard M. "Specks of insight into Alzheimer’s disease." Nature 552, no. 7685 (2017): 342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-017-08668-6.

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14

Hoss, Florian, Juan F. Rodriguez-Alcazar, and Eicke Latz. "Assembly and regulation of ASC specks." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 74, no. 7 (2016): 1211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2396-6.

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15

Hermann, Dirk M. "ASC-Specks: Kristallisationskeime der Alzheimer-Erkrankung." InFo Neurologie & Psychiatrie 20, no. 5 (2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15005-018-2606-x.

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16

He, Xiao-fei, Yi-xuan Zeng, Ge Li, et al. "Extracellular ASC exacerbated the recurrent ischemic stroke in an NLRP3-dependent manner." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 40, no. 5 (2019): 1048–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x19856226.

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Using a photothrombotic mouse model of single stroke, we show that a single stroke onset increases the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), NLR family CARD domain containing protein 4 (NLRC4), and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes, as well as the mRNA levels of NLRP3. Next, using a photothrombotic mouse model of recurrent stroke, we found that recurrent strokes increased the activation of NLRP3, exacerbated the brain damage and the pro-inflammatory response in wild type (WT) mice, but not in NLRP3 knockout ( NLRP3 KO) mice. Additionally, we found that apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) protein level surrounding the infarct area was comparatively increased, but that ASC specks outside of microglia in both the ipsilateral and contralateral of stroke site were decreased in NLRP3 KO mice relative to wild-type (WT) controls, and the number of ASC specks surrounding the second infarct area was positively correlated to the damage scores. Mechanistically, we found that recombinant ASC (RecASC) activated NLRP3 and induced pro-inflammatory responses, exacerbating the outcome of ischemic stroke, in WT mice, but not in NLRP3 KO mice. We therefore conclude that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by two attacks of stroke, which act together with ASC to exacerbate recurrent strokes.

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17

Mayer, Jörg. "Red specks on honey bees (Apis mellifera)." Lab Animal 34, no. 7 (2005): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0705-19.

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18

Wolf, Dominik, and Eicke Latz. "ASC specks: a biomarker for myelodysplastic syndromes?" Lancet Haematology 5, no. 9 (2018): e379-e380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3026(18)30113-3.

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19

Panoy, A., and J. Malinowski. "Concentration of Silver Atoms into Developable Specks." Journal of Photographic Science 33, no. 2 (1985): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223638.1985.11738338.

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20

Hwa Lee, Mi, Hong Ryang Jung, Cheong Hwan Lim, Mi Soon Park, Ki Jeong Kim, and Sung Hun Jeung. "Optical density analysis of standard phantom for mammography quality control." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.3 (2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.33.13846.

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Background/Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze optic density of dummy lesions in breast phantom by mammography and understand whether the objectivity of visual inspections on dummy lesions upon appropriate and inappropriate decisions was correct quantitatively.Methods/Statistical analysis: Study subjects were 165 phantom images in 74 hospitals nationwide that passed the test of special medical equipment by Korean Institute for Accreditation of Medical Image from May 2016 to April 2017. Min (A), Max (B), Mean (C), and StdDev (D) were measured using color level information. Fibers, specks, and masses divided dummy lesions determined as appropriate or inappropriate in 165 images. For each divided dummy lesion, Min, Max, Mean concentration, and concentration difference summarized it.Findings: There was a significant difference in Max concentration (B) between dummy lesions of 9 (specks 3) and 10 (specks 4). In dummy lesion 12 (mass 1), there was no significant difference by each step, although the deviation between black and white was high since the scope of lesion was big. Upon analysis of optic density divided by appropriate and inappropriate decisions, there were significant differences in concentration difference (D) for fibers, Min (A) and Max (B) concentrations as well as concentration difference (D) for specks, and Max (B) and Mean (C) concentrations with concentration difference (D) for masses.Improvements/Applications: Visual inspections appeared to have difficulty in analyzing lesions due to the ambiguity of quantitative differences. Further developments of quantitative programs are needed to replace visual inspection for breast phantom lesions in mammography.

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21

Franklin, Bernardo S., Eicke Latz, and Florian Ingo Schmidt. "The intra- and extracellular functions of ASC specks." Immunological Reviews 281, no. 1 (2017): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imr.12611.

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22

Sahillioğlu, Ali Can, and Nesrin Özören. "Artificial Loading of ASC Specks with Cytosolic Antigens." PLOS ONE 10, no. 8 (2015): e0134912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134912.

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23

Zheng, Runxiao, Jing Zhang, Xiaoqing Han, et al. "Particulate matter aggravates Alzheimer's disease by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome to release ASC specks." Environmental Science: Nano 8, no. 8 (2021): 2177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1en00361e.

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24

Sonoike, Sanemi, and Ryuuichi Yoda. "ESR Study of Silver Specks in Silver Halide Crystals." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 28, Part 2, No. 9 (1989): L1651—L1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.28.l1651.

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25

Kuge, K., H. Shimabukuro, T. Tsutsumi, et al. "Dispersion of latent image specks on reduction-sensitized emulsions." Imaging Science Journal 48, no. 3 (2000): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682199.2000.11784351.

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26

Tillema, Erik S. "Math for Real: A Speck of Dust." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 15, no. 6 (2010): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.15.6.0368.

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27

Rinehart, Robert. "Fictional Methods in Ethnography: Believability, Specks of Glass, and Chekhov." Qualitative Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1998): 200–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107780049800400204.

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28

Spalding, Mark A., and Gregory A. Campbell. "Troubleshooting Black Specks and Color Streaks in Injection Molded Parts." Plastics Engineering 69, no. 1 (2013): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2013.tb00942.x.

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29

Sonoike, Sanemi, and Ryuuichi Yoda. "ESR Study of Latent Image Specks in Silver Halide Crystals." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 29, Part 1, No. 7 (1990): 1347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.29.1347.

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30

Thapa, Ratna, and Siriwat Wongsiri. "Giant Honeybees Use Wax Specks To Recognize Old Nest Sites." Bee World 88, no. 4 (2011): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.2011.11417432.

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31

Kitchen, Marcus J. "X-Ray specks: Seeing the lungs in a new light." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 125, no. 2 (2013): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs13028.

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32

Green, Jack P., Shi Yu, Fátima Martín-Sánchez, et al. "Chloride regulates dynamic NLRP3-dependent ASC oligomerization and inflammasome priming." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 40 (2018): E9371—E9380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812744115.

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The NLRP3 inflammasome is an important regulator of inflammation and immunity. It is a multimolecular platform formed within cells that facilitates the activation of proinflammatory caspases to drive secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Knowledge of the mechanisms regulating formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is incomplete. Here we report Cl−channel-dependent formation of dynamic ASC oligomers and inflammasome specks that remain inactive in the absence of K+efflux. Formed after Cl−efflux exclusively, ASC specks are NLRP3 dependent, reversible, and inactive, although they further prime inflammatory responses, accelerating and enhancing release of IL-1β in response to a K+efflux-inducing stimulus. NEK7 is a specific K+sensor and does not associate with NLRP3 under conditions stimulating exclusively Cl−efflux, but does after K+efflux, activating the complex driving inflammation. Our investigation delivers mechanistic understanding into inflammasome activation and the regulation of inflammatory responses.

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33

Lestringant, G. G., G. A. Aal, P. M. Frossard, and K. I. Qayed. "Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura: pigment specks and pits in unusual locations." British Journal of Dermatology 131, no. 1 (1994): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08475.x.

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34

Morton, O. "EARTH SYSTEM PROCESSES 2 MEETING: Specks of Evidence For Ancient Sunburn." Science 309, no. 5739 (2005): 1321a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.309.5739.1321a.

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35

Kitchen, Marcus J., Genevieve A. Buckley, Andrew F. T. Leong, et al. "X-ray specks: low dosein vivoimaging of lung structure and function." Physics in Medicine and Biology 60, no. 18 (2015): 7259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/60/18/7259.

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36

Venegas, Carmen, Sathish Kumar, Bernardo S. Franklin та ін. "Microglia-derived ASC specks cross-seed amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s disease". Nature 552, № 7685 (2017): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature25158.

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37

SCHATZ, HOWARD, ROBERT N. JOHNSON, and H. RICHARD McDONALD. "DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF DOTS, SPOTS, FLECKS, AND SPECKS OF THE FUNDUS." Retina 12, no. 1 (1992): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006982-199212010-00013.

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38

Cho, Soo Jung, Kyoung Sook Hong, Ji Hun Jeong, et al. "DROSHA-Dependent AIM2 Inflammasome Activation Contributes to Lung Inflammation during Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis." Cells 8, no. 8 (2019): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8080938.

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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been linked to chronic lung inflammation. Drosha ribonuclease III (DROSHA), a class 2 ribonuclease III enzyme, plays a key role in microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which DROSHA affects the lung inflammation during idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that DROSHA regulates the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation during idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Both DROSHA and AIM2 protein expression were elevated in alveolar macrophages of patients with IPF. We also found that DROSHA and AIM2 protein expression were increased in alveolar macrophages of lung tissues in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. DROSHA deficiency suppressed AIM2 inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activation and interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 secretion in primary mouse alveolar macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Transduction of microRNA (miRNA) increased the formation of the adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) specks, which is required for AIM2 inflammasome activation in BMDMs. Our results suggest that DROSHA promotes AIM2 inflammasome activation-dependent lung inflammation during IPF.

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Van Gorp, Hanne, Pedro H. V. Saavedra, Nathalia M. de Vasconcelos, et al. "Familial Mediterranean fever mutations lift the obligatory requirement for microtubules in Pyrin inflammasome activation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 50 (2016): 14384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613156113.

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Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is the most common monogenic autoinflammatory disease worldwide. It is caused by mutations in the inflammasome adaptor Pyrin, but how FMF mutations alter signaling in FMF patients is unknown. Herein, we establish Clostridium difficile and its enterotoxin A (TcdA) as Pyrin-activating agents and show that wild-type and FMF Pyrin are differentially controlled by microtubules. Diverse microtubule assembly inhibitors prevented Pyrin-mediated caspase-1 activation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 from mouse macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Remarkably, Pyrin inflammasome activation persisted upon microtubule disassembly in PBMCs of FMF patients but not in cells of patients afflicted with other autoinflammatory diseases. We further demonstrate that microtubules control Pyrin activation downstream of Pyrin dephosphorylation and that FMF mutations enable microtubule-independent assembly of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) micrometer-sized perinuclear structures (specks). The discovery that Pyrin mutations remove the obligatory requirement for microtubules in inflammasome activation provides a conceptual framework for understanding FMF and enables immunological screening of FMF mutations.

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Turnau, Katarzyna, and Magdalena Czerwonka. "Scanning ultrastructural ontogeny of cleistothecia in the powdery mildew Microsphaera alphitoides." Acta Mycologica 22, no. 2 (2014): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1986.025.

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Morphogenesis of cleistothecia in <i>Microsphaera alphitoides</i> Griff. et Maubl. (<i>Erysiphales, Ascomycetes</i>) on naturally infected leaf of oak was investigated with the scanning electron microscope. All phases of the life cycle of this specks have been described. Some comparisons between methods of preparation of the material have been made.

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Bel, Patricia, and Bugao Xu. "Image Analysis Measurements of White Specks on U.S. Extreme Varieties of Cotton." Textile Research Journal 76, no. 7 (2006): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517506062633.

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Rottman, Joshua, and Liane Young. "Specks of Dirt and Tons of Pain: Dosage Distinguishes Impurity From Harm." Psychological Science 30, no. 8 (2019): 1151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619855382.

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Levels of moral condemnation often vary with outcome severity (e.g., extreme destruction is morally worse than moderate damage), but this is not always true. We investigated whether judgments of purity transgressions are more or less sensitive to variation in dosage than judgments of harm transgressions. In three studies, adults ( N = 426) made moral evaluations of harm and purity transgressions that systematically varied in dosage (frequency or magnitude). Pairs of low-dosage and high-dosage transgressions were presented such that the same sets of modifiers (e.g., “occasionally” vs. “regularly,” “small” vs. “large”) or amounts (e.g., “millimeter” vs. “centimeter”) were reused across moral domains. Statistical interactions between domain and dosage indicated robust distinctions between the perceived wrongness of high-dosage and low-dosage harms, whereas moral evaluations of impure acts were considerably less influenced by dosage. Our findings support the existence of a cognitive distinction between purity-based and harm-based morals and challenge current wisdom regarding relationships between intentions and outcomes in moral judgment.

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Kuge, K., H. Kaizaki, M. Nakamura, and N. Mii. "Effect of Sulphur Sensitization on the Delayed Formation of Latent Image Specks." Journal of Photographic Science 37, no. 6 (1989): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223638.1989.11737057.

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Zholnerova, E. A., and A. V. Vaganov. "To the taxonomy of the family Liliaceae Juss. in Altai Mountain Country." Проблемы ботаники Южной Сибири и Монголии 19, no. 1 (2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2020007.

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The work presents a comparative morphological analysis of the distinctive characteristics of the LiliaceaeJuss. family representatives, growing in the Altai Mountain Country based on the materials of Herbaria ALTB and YALT,as well as digital collections NS (NSK), MW, FRU, E, CAS, B and G. Based on the analysis of literary sources, herbariumspecimens and studies of representatives in the environment the main morphological characteristics of species, genera andfamily as a whole have been identified. For representatives of the genus Streptopus Michaux. with the rhizome type ofunderground organs, flat basal leaves and always the presence of inflorescences are common, the fruit is a berry. For somespecies of the genus Gagea Salib. small bulbs are typical, except for one-two-headed (Lilium L., Fritillaria L., TulipaL., Erythronium L. and Lloydia Salisb. ex Rchb.). The color of the corolla is different: from white and yellow to red andpurple. Yellow color of the petals is most common, white forms are less common. The genus Lilium L. is characterized bythe attachment of anthers to the threads in the middle and the presence of specks and specks on the corolla, while in therepresentatives of the remaining genera the anthers are attached with a base. Indicative spots or a checkerboard patternare also noted in the genus Fritillaria L.

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Efimov, Vladimir P. "Roles of NUDE and NUDF Proteins of Aspergillus nidulans: Insights from Intracellular Localization and Overexpression Effects." Molecular Biology of the Cell 14, no. 3 (2003): 871–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e02-06-0359.

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The NUDF protein of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans functions in the cytoplasmic dynein pathway. It binds several proteins, including the NUDE protein. Green fluorescent protein-tagged NUDF and NUDA (dynein heavy chain) localize to linearly moving dashes (“comets”) that coincide with microtubule ends. Herein, deletion of the nudE gene did not eliminate the comets of NUDF and NUDA, but affected the behavior of NUDA. Comets were also observed with the green fluorescent protein-tagged NUDE and its nonfunctional C-terminal domain. In addition, overexpressed NUDA and NUDE accumulated in specks that were either immobile or bounced randomly. Neither comets nor specks were observed with the functional N-terminal domain of NUDE, indicating that these structures are not essential for NUDE function. Furthermore, NUDF overproduction totally suppressed deletion of the nudEgene. This implies that the function of NUDE is secondary to that of NUDF. Unexpectedly, NUDF overproduction inhibited one conditionalnudA mutant and all tested apsA mutants. An allele-specific interaction between the nudF andnudA genes is consistent with a direct interaction between NUDF and dynein heavy chain. Because APSA and its yeast homolog Num1p are cortical proteins, an interaction between thenudF and apsA genes suggests a role for NUDF at the cell cortex.

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Jones, Stacy Holman, and Anne M. Harris. "(On the) Body as Book." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 8, no. 3 (2019): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2019.8.3.76.

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Written in the spirit of Maggie Nelson's “autotheory,” this essay takes up José Esteban Muñoz's notion of “ephemera as evidence” to explore how the body-as-object (i.e., the body-as-book) might reformulate understandings of materiality as an ephemerality of “traces, glimmers, residues, and specks of things.” Bodies-as-books are distinctly material, though not always solid, and can be written and read as artifact-ephemera that end but do not disappear.

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Premi, B. R., Vijay Sethi, and D. B. Saxena. "Studies on identification of white specks in cured aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) fruits." Food Chemistry 61, no. 1-2 (1998): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(97)00121-0.

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Stahl, Joan. "BRÜCKE: GERMAN EXPRESSIONIST PRINTS FROM THE GRANVIL AND MARCIA SPECKS COLLECTION. Reinhold Heller." Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America 8, no. 4 (1989): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/adx.8.4.27948147.

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Chen, Alice C.-H., Hai B. Tran, Yang Xi, et al. "Multiple inflammasomes may regulate the interleukin-1-driven inflammation in protracted bacterial bronchitis." ERJ Open Research 4, no. 1 (2018): 00130–2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00130-2017.

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Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) in young children is characterised by prolonged wet cough, prominent airway interleukin (IL)-1β expression and infection, often with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). The mechanisms responsible for IL-1-driven inflammation in PBB are poorly understood.We hypothesised that the inflammation in PBB involves the NLRP3 and/or AIM2 inflammasome/IL-1β axis. Lung macrophages obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages from patients with PBB and age-matched healthy controls were cultured in control medium or exposed to live NTHi.In healthy adult PBMCs, CD14+ monocytes contributed to 95% of total IL-1β-producing cells upon NTHi stimulation. Stimulation of PBB PBMCs with NTHi significantly increased IL-1β expression (p<0.001), but decreased NLRC4 expression (p<0.01). NTHi induced IL-1β secretion in PBMCs from both healthy controls and patients with recurrent PBB. This was inhibited by Z-YVAD-FMK (a caspase-1 selective inhibitor) and by MCC950 (a NLRP3 selective inhibitor). In PBB BAL macrophages inflammasome complexes were visualised as fluorescence specks of NLRP3 or AIM2 colocalised with cleaved caspase-1 and cleaved IL-1β. NTHi stimulation induced formation of specks of cleaved IL-1β, NLRP3 and AIM2 in PBMCs, blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages.We conclude that both the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes probably drive the IL-1β-dominated inflammation in PBB.

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Compan, Vincent, Fátima Martín-Sánchez, Alberto Baroja-Mazo, et al. "Apoptosis-Associated Speck-like Protein Containing a CARD Forms Specks but Does Not Activate Caspase-1 in the Absence of NLRP3 during Macrophage Swelling." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 3 (2014): 1261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1301676.

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