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Journal articles on the topic 'Speculum (Medicine)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Wallis, Faith. ":Speculum medicine." Speculum 98, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/723152.

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2

Soo, G., and D. A. Nunez. "A simple method for retaining the aural speculum." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 109, no. 3 (March 1995): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100129767.

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AbstractIn middle ear surgery via the permeatal approach, aural specula are frequently used to improve visualization of the operative field. Mechanical holders designed for retaining the aural speculum, are expensive and require sterilization for reuse. A simple technique for retaining the speculum which overcomes the drawbacks of a mechanical holder is described.
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3

Joob, Beuy, and Viroj Wiwanitkit. "Speculum Lubrication." Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 21, no. 2 (April 2017): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/lgt.0000000000000291.

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4

Ellis, Harold. "The Sims’ Speculum." Journal of Perioperative Practice 16, no. 5 (May 2006): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175045890601600506.

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5

KIMURA, KEN. "Intraperitoneal speculum cholecystectomy." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 82, no. 9 (1993): 1535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.82.1535.

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6

Singh, Bharath. "A safer transnasal technique for the management of bilateral choanal atresia." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 105, no. 12 (December 1991): 1004–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100118079.

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AbstractA study was undertaken on a 3.2 kilogram fresh stillborn neonate, to determine ways and means of preventing damage to the skull base.Gruber and Rosen aural specula were inserted separately into the right nostril, to determine the degree of exposure of the choana with each. The position of the surgeon was varied (septoplasty versus tonsillectomy position), to determine on which anatomical site of the choana the surgeon's field of vision was focused.The Gruber aural speculum, gave a completely, uninterrupted view of the choana.In the tonsillectomy position, the entire field of vision was focused on the choana itself, whilst in the septoplasty position, one half was focused on the choana and the other half on the roof. Since the roof is part of the skill base, damage to this area can result in serious intracranial complications, such as CSF leak and meningitis.These complications can be avoided if the surgeon uses the Gruber aural speculum for exposure and operates from a tonsillectomy position.
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7

Cherewatuk, Karen. "Speculum Matris: Duoda's Manual." Florilegium 10, no. 1 (January 1991): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/flor.10.003.

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Dhuoda (c. 803-843), wife of the Carolingian noble Bernard of Septimania and dedicated mother of two sons, William and Bernard, displays remarkable humility in her approach to writing and is startlingly honest in her use of personal voice. Her lengthy letter offers advice, worldly and spiritual, to her elder child William. In this letter, which she titles “liber manualis,”1 Dhuoda writes about herself and her hopes for both her sons. This paper will explore the two genres — the handbook or manualis and the mirror or speculum principis — that inform Dhuoda’s letter, as well as her success at overcoming anxiety about writing in these traditionally masculine modes through distinctly female, particularly maternal, authority.
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8

Barr, Wendy Brooks. "Vaginal speculum examinations without stirrups." BMJ 333, no. 7560 (July 20, 2006): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.333.7560.158.

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9

Bakker, Ronan, Katherine Peng, and David Chelmow. "Speculum Lubrication and Patient Comfort." Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 21, no. 1 (January 2017): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/lgt.0000000000000272.

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10

Alonso Guardo, Alberto. "Arnau de Villanova, Speculum medicine, ed. Michael R. McVaugh, en Arnaldi de Villanova Opera Medica Omnia XIII, eds. Michael R. McVaugh, Fernando Salmón, Sebastià Giralt y Jon Arrizabalaga, Barcelona, Fundació Noguera - Universitat de Barcelona,." Minerva. Revista de Filología Clásica, no. 32 (November 19, 2019): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24197/mrfc.0.2019.241-244.

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Reseña del libro: Arnau de Villanova, Speculum medicine, ed. Michael R. McVaugh, en Arnaldi de Villanova Opera Medica Omnia XIII, eds. Michael R. McVaugh, Fernando Salmón, Sebastià Giralt y Jon Arrizabalaga, Barcelona, Fundació Noguera - Universitat de Barcelona, 2018, 448 páginas. ISBN 978-84-1303-042-5
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11

Jeavons, Wanda. "Sterile Speculum Exams & fFN Collection." AWHONN Lifelines 9, no. 3 (June 2005): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091592305279119.

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12

McLaughlin, SJ, and S. Rogers-Wilson. "An inexpensive and useful anal speculum." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 93, no. 6 (September 2011): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2011.93.6.492b.

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13

Morin, Vély. "An asymmetrical speculum for vaginal surgery." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 54, no. 3 (May 1994): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-2243(94)90285-2.

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14

Kaiser, Christian. "Speculum amoris: Liebeskrankheit und medizinische Wissenschaft in Umberto Ecos Mittelalter." Medizinhistorisches Journal 56, no. 4 (2021): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/mhj-2021-0009.

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15

de F. Damasceno, Eduardo, Nadyr A. Damasceno, Mauricio B. Pereira, and Raul N. G. Vianna. "New Eye Speculum for Pars Plana Vitrectomy." Retina 30, no. 9 (October 2010): 1549–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iae.0b013e3181f04957.

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16

Gomi, Fumi, Yuji Matsuda, Hideyuki Futamura, and Kohji Nishida. "DISPOSABLE EYELID SPECULUM DESIGNED FOR INTRAVITREAL INJECTION." Retina 31, no. 9 (October 2011): 1972–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iae.0b013e31822f570c.

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17

Abraham, Suzanne. "Vaginal and Speculum Examination in Medical Curricula." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 35, no. 1 (February 1995): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828x.1995.tb01832.x.

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18

Raman, R., M. B. Dahalil, and N. Prepageran. "Modified Mitchellson endoscope holder." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 122, no. 4 (April 2008): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215107009723.

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19

ÜNAL, Adnan, Samet ÖZLÜGEDİK, Ali TİTİZ, Yavuz Fuat YILMAZ, Kamran SARI, and Mehmet GAMLI. "Killian Nasal Speculum-Assisted Tonsillectomy Under Local Anesthesia." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences 33, no. 3 (2013): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2011-27871.

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20

Abraha, Million, and Shiden Solomon. "Case Report: A rare cause of vaginal bleeding at Keren Zonal Referral Hospital, Eritrea." F1000Research 8 (April 8, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17453.2.

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Vaginal bleeding due to leech infestation is a very uncommon but important gynaecological problem. This report presents the case of a 65-year-old woman who presented to Keren Regional Referral Hospital, Eritrea, with vaginal bleeding of two and half weeks duration, dizziness and fatigue. On the day of her admission complete blood count and speculum exam were done and she was diagnosed with anaemia due to cervical leech infestation. Routine speculum exam for vaginal bleeding is recommended in cases with history of holy water or springs visits to prevent unnecessary diagnostic tests and for rapid management.
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21

Granada, Miguel A. "Helisaeus Roeslin’s Chronological Conception and a New Manuscript Source." Early Science and Medicine 18, no. 3 (2013): 231–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-0009a0001.

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Helisaeus Roeslin’s manuscript Speculum et harmonia mundi, Das ist Wellt Spiegel Erster Theil (1579) was conceived as part of a broader project comprising a Speculum ecclesiae as well as a Speculum naturae. This project was connected with a Chronology aiming to establish the precise date of the most important events in history as well as to advance some conjectures about the approaching eschatological future. This article presents some recent discoveries that shed new light on Roeslin’s chronological work after 1579, most importantly the incontrovertible attribution to Roeslin of the anonymous manuscript De potestatibus orbis Christiani, et politicis et ecclesiasticis, Discursus (1580). Here Roeslin presented his discovery of the numerical proportions governing the numbers of spiritual and temporal potestates in the three historical periods (Void, Law and Gospel), affirming that these numbers were now nearly fullfilled, along with their ensuing eschatological implications. We show how Roeslin published this discovery in his Kurtz Bedencken (1583) against the calendar reform and again in 1612 in a short tract on the occasion of the coronation of Emperor Matthias I. The article focuses in particular on the appended broadsheet Tabella des Welt Spiegels, which displayed the completion and culmination of history, according to the astronomical revolutions of the planets as well as the numbers of temporal and spiritual governors.
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22

Ciaglia, P., Charles Brady, and Kenneth D. Graniero. "Emergency percutaneous dilatational cricothyroidostomy: Use of modified nasal speculum." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 10, no. 2 (March 1992): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-6757(92)90050-8.

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23

Raman, R., and O. Rahmat. "Grommet insertion using a branula." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 122, no. 7 (July 2008): 735–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215108001928.

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AbstractObjective:To develop an easy method of performing myringotomy and grommet insertion, using minimal instruments.Methods:An ear speculum and a branula were used.Results:This method was found to be useful.Conclusion:An easy method of performing myringotomy and grommet insertion is proposed.
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24

Stranjalis, George, Lampis C. Stavrinou, Andreas T. Kouyialis, and Damianos E. Sakas. "A modified speculum for transsphenoidal surgery: technical note." Neurosurgical Review 32, no. 4 (July 24, 2009): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10143-009-0213-5.

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25

Roberts, Matthew M., and Sigvard T. Hansen. "Technique tip: using a vaginal speculum for gastrocnemius recession." Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics 14, no. 1 (January 2004): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.oto.2004.01.001.

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26

Slosek, Rosemary. "Stirrups or no stirrups for routine speculum examinations?: Patient's perspective." BMJ 333, no. 7562 (August 3, 2006): 305.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.333.7562.305-a.

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27

Prowse, S. J., and Z. Makura. "Gustav Killian: beyond his dehiscence." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 126, no. 11 (September 4, 2012): 1164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215112001764.

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AbstractFor most doctors, Gustav Killian is best known for his eponymous pharyngeal dehiscence. Otorhinolaryngologists may also be familiar with his contributions to rhinology by way of his well-known incision and speculum. Few, however, will be aware of the true significance of his contributions to medicine. Killian was at the forefront of advances in ENT surgery at the turn of the twentieth century. From his early years to his revolutionary work on bronchoscopy and a narrowly missed Nobel Prize, this paper reviews the life and works of a most prolific and often overlooked surgical innovator.
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28

Narayanan, A., M. O'Brien, RS Rajput, and S. Sundararaman. "Use of a Vaginal Speculum to Assist Difficult Urethral Catheterisation." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 89, no. 3 (April 2007): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2007.89.3.316b.

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29

Wallbridge, Thomas, Angela Holden, Aled Picton, and Janesh Gupta. "Does medical students’ gender affect their clinical learning of gynaecological examination? A retrospective cohort study." Postgraduate Medical Journal 94, no. 1112 (April 25, 2018): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-135390.

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IntroductionMedical graduates should be competent in gynaecological examination as well as associated skills including speculum use and swabbing. Male and female medical students may have different opportunities to practise these skills in clinical environments, potentially impacting on confidence and competence. This study explores this further via reviewing students’ learning experience in genitourinary medicine (GUM) and obstetrics and gynaecology (O&G) clinics.MethodsCross-sectional study of 759 year 4 and year 5 University of Birmingham medical students via an online questionnaire. This explored degree of participation, impact of gender and self-reported confidence.ResultsOverall response rate was 31% (233/759). Students of either gender who observed an examination being performed by a clinician were more likely to perform the same examination. Female students reported more opportunities to practise gynaecological examination and associated skills. Female students were more likely to be granted consent to perform speculum examinations, vaginal swabbing and vaginal bimanual examinations. Sixty-five per cent of male students felt that their gender affected their learning experience with female patients. Despite this, there was no significant difference in self-reported confidence level in performing gynaecological examinations between genders at the end of placement.ConclusionThe majority of male students perceived that their gender impacted their clinical experience in O&G and GUM. Self-reported confidence levels were unaffected, which could reflect varying approaches to competence between genders. The link between observing examinations and subsequent opportunities to practise is key. This could demonstrate students developing rapport and trust with patients, and clinicians’ roles as gatekeepers.
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30

Didion, Nicole, Mrs Susanne Fischer, Daniel Wollschläger, and Nina Pirlich. "Scalpel cricothyrotomy – with or without speculum: that is the question." Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care 30 (February 2020): e101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tacc.2019.12.251.

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31

Peirce, Susan, Alistair Ray, and Grace Carolan-Rees. "Diagnostic reliability of sterile speculum exam for rupture of membranes." Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 92, no. 9 (June 26, 2013): 1116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aogs.12177.

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32

Vishnoi, N., H. H. Dash, and P. K. Bithal. "HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES DUE TO NASAL SPECULUM INSERTION DURING TRANSSPHENOIDAL HYPOPHYSECTOMY." Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 7, no. 4 (October 1995): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008506-199510000-00092.

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33

Friedman, Duncan A., John O. Mason, Tracy Emond, and Gerald Mcgwin. "POVIDONE–IODINE CONTACT TIME AND LID SPECULUM USE DURING INTRAVITREAL INJECTION." Retina 33, no. 5 (May 2013): 975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iae.0b013e3182877585.

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34

Jones, Jeffrey S., Chris Dunnuck, Linda Rossman, Barbara N. Wynn, and Cathy Nelson-Horan. "Significance of toluidine blue positive findings after speculum examination for sexual assault." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 22, no. 3 (May 2004): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2004.02.010.

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35

Longmore, Peter G. "Veda-scope: More comfortable than the bivalve speculum and cytologically equivalent." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 44, no. 2 (April 2004): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828x.2004.00180.x.

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36

Vigliani, Marguerite B. "Finding the Difficult-to-Visualize Ventral Cervix With the Bruno Speculum." Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 18, no. 1 (January 2014): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/lgt.0b013e31828829cb.

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37

Griffith, William F., Gretchen S. Stuart, Karen L. Gluck, and Stephen F. Heartwell. "Vaginal speculum lubrication and its effects on cervical cytology and microbiology." Contraception 72, no. 1 (July 2005): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2005.01.004.

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38

Griffith, William F., Gretchen S. Stuart, Karen L. Gluck, and Stephen F. Heartwell. "Vaginal Speculum Lubrication and Its Effects on Cervical Cytology and Microbiology." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 60, no. 11 (November 2005): 731–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ogx.0000183600.92381.76.

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39

Fry, Amy M., Elizabeth A. Ferries-Rowe, Lee A. Learman, and David M. Haas. "Pap Smear Versus Speculum Examination: Can We Teach Providers to Educate Patients?" Journal of Women's Health 19, no. 9 (September 2010): 1715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1862.

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40

Hoey, R. "Does speculum examination have a role in assessing bleeding in early pregnancy?" Emergency Medicine Journal 21, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2003.012443.

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41

Nunes, Rodrigo Dias, Maisa Cascaes, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, and Jefferson Traebert. "Effects of using lubricant during the speculum examination for Pap smear collection." Diagnostic Cytopathology 46, no. 12 (October 3, 2018): 1040–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dc.24069.

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42

Shahnam Nia, Shahrzad, Fatemeh Safi, Maryam Shoukrpour, and Alireza Kamali. "An investigation into the effect of evening primrose in dilatation of cervix and pain during and after hysterosalpingography." Journal of Medicine and Life 12, no. 3 (July 2019): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25122/jml-2019-0021.

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Hysterosalpingography is one of the essential diagnostic methods for examining women who have difficulty becoming pregnant. This procedure is somehow invasive and is associated with numerous complications such as allergic sensitivity, pain, abdominal cramps and shock. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of evening primrose on cervical length and pain during and after hysterosalpingography. In this double-blind clinical trial, 66 candidates for hysterosalpingography were randomly divided into two groups. A group received 1000 mg of evening primrose orally for two days prior to hysterosalpingography, while the control group received a placebo drug similar in size to evening primrose three days prior to hysterosalpingography. The pain level was recorded based on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), during tenaculum placement but also immediately and four hours after hysterosalpingography. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS (version 20). There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of pain during insertion of speculum and injection of the contrast medium (p <0.05). Less pain was reported in the evening primrose group compared to placebo. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the length and diameter of the cervix (p <0.05). Given the fact that it is a medicinal plant with no complications and can reduce pain during speculum insertion and during contrast medium injection, evening primrose seems to be a good drug for managing pain during hysterosalpingography.
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43

Jones, Christina L., Daniel D. Gruber, William Warner, and Jerome L. Buller. "Usability Study of a Novel, Self-Lighted, Disposable Speculum: Military Applications." Military Medicine 178, no. 4 (April 2013): e489-e492. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-12-00402.

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44

Soo, G., and M. C. F. Tong. "A simple method for re-dilatation of an acute tracheostoma stenosis." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 120, no. 12 (September 28, 2006): 1059–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215106003161.

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Tracheostomy or laryngectomy stomas may sometimes re-stenose, resulting in respiratory distress for the patient unless the stoma is rapidly re-dilated and an adequate airway re-established.This article describes a simple and effective method for the acute re-dilatation of a tracheostoma stenosis, using an aural speculum, prior to the insertion of a patent airway tube. This technique has been successfully used in our department since 1995 and, in our experience, causes significantly less distress to our patients when compared with other means employed previously.
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45

Bohman, Björn, Alyssa M. Weinstein, Raimondas Mozuraitis, Gavin R. Flematti, and Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson. "Identification of (Z)-8-Heptadecene and n-Pentadecane as Electrophysiologically Active Compounds in Ophrys insectifera and Its Argogorytes Pollinator." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020620.

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Sexually deceptive orchids typically depend on specific insect species for pollination, which are lured by sex pheromone mimicry. European Ophrys orchids often exploit specific species of wasps or bees with carboxylic acid derivatives. Here, we identify the specific semiochemicals present in O. insectifera, and in females of one of its pollinator species, Argogorytes fargeii. Headspace volatile samples and solvent extracts were analysed by GC-MS and semiochemicals were structurally elucidated by microderivatisation experiments and synthesis. (Z)-8-Heptadecene and n-pentadecane were confirmed as present in both O. insectifera and A. fargeii female extracts, with both compounds being found to be electrophysiologically active to pollinators. The identified semiochemicals were compared with previously identified Ophrys pollinator attractants, such as (Z)-9 and (Z)-12-C27-C29 alkenes in O. sphegodes and (Z)-9-octadecenal, octadecanal, ethyl linoleate and ethyl oleate in O. speculum, to provide further insights into the biosynthesis of semiochemicals in this genus. We propose that all these currently identified Ophrys semiochemicals can be formed biosynthetically from the same activated carboxylic acid precursors, after a sequence of elongation and decarbonylation reactions in O. sphegodes and O. speculum, while in O. insectifera, possibly by decarbonylation without preceding elongation.
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46

Haider, Hasnain, Bakht Aziz, Umair Wahab, Atiq U. Rehman, Zahra Aleem, Maryam Umar, Irshad Malik, and Kashif Iqbal Malik. "Analogical Evaluation of Endoscopic Septoplasty in Posterior Septal Deviation." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221611106.

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Background: Deviated Nasal Septum is one of the pronounced causes of Nasal Obstruction. A number of surgeries are being done since decades to alleviate symptoms. Recent advancement with endoscopes has revolutionized the surgical approach towards minimal invasive procedures. Aim: To analyze the post-op hospital stay and complications in headlight vs. endoscopic septoplasty Study design: The study is Cross sectional Randomized Control Trial. Place and duration of study: We conducted this study in ENT Unit I of Jinnah Hospital Lahore from June 2021 to January 2022. The follow up time was 2 months. Methodology: We performed this study on 30 patients who were diagnosed with Posterior Septal deviation. We randomly divided the patients into two groups. Group A was to undergo trans-nasal trans-speculum (TNTS) septoplasty while group B, endoscopic septoplasty. We analyzed the outcomes in the form of incidence of anterior nasal packing, post-op hospital stays and rate of adhesion formation. Results: We concluded that in Group A, nasal packing was required in 14(93.3%) patients, adhesion formation in 2(13.3%) patients and the mean post-operative hospital stay was 2.13±0.352 days while in Group B, only 3(20%) patients needed anterior nasal packing, none developed post-surgical adhesion formation and the mean postop hospital stay was 1.00±0.000 days. Practical implication: This study delineated that endoscopic septoplasty once mastered is far superior to Endonasal Conventional septoplasty and must be adopted in all public and private sectors to improve cost-effectiveness. Conclusion: We concluded that endoscopic septoplasty is far superior to trans-nasal trans-speculum (TNTS) septoplasty when post-op hospital stays and incidence of nasal packing was concerned in posterior septoplasty. However, there was no statistical difference in terms of post-surgical adhesion formation among the two studied groups. Keywords: Endoscopic Septoplasty, Trans-nasal trans-speculum (TNTS) septoplasty, Deviated Nasal Septum
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47

Seehusen, Dean A., Dawn R. Johnson, J. Scott Earwood, Sankar N. Sethuraman, Jamie Cornali, Kelly Gillespie, Maria Doria, Edwin Farnell, and Jason Lanham. "Improving women's experience during speculum examinations at routine gynaecological visits: randomised clinical trial." BMJ 333, no. 7560 (June 27, 2006): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38888.588519.55.

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48

Méndez, Pablo Carnota, Carlos Méndez Vázquez, Jaime Otero Villar, and José Antonio Saavedra Pazos. "Assessment of the use of the speculum for intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF." Acta Ophthalmologica 91, no. 3 (January 29, 2013): e244-e246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02551.x.

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Aguado Pérez, Rogelio Apolo, María Fernanda Linares Rodríguez, Sergio Rosales Órtiz, Karla Alejandra Sanchez Reyes, and Janeth Márquez Acosta. "A comparison of two techniques for vaginal speculum placement to reduce patient pain." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 155, no. 1 (July 12, 2021): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13801.

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Ladfors, Lars, Lars-ÅKe Mattssoni, Margareta Eriksson, and Ole Fall. "Is a speculum examination sufficient for excluding the diagnosis of ruptured fetal membranes?" Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 76, no. 8 (January 1997): 739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016349709024339.

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