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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Speech reception threshold

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Academic literature on the topic 'Speech reception threshold'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Speech reception threshold"

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TAIKI, MASAMICHI. "Speech reception threshold and pure tone audiometry." AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 39, no. 5 (1996): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.39.451.

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Zekveld, Adriana A., Erwin L. J. George, Sophia E. Kramer, S. Theo Goverts, and Tammo Houtgast. "The Development of the Text Reception Threshold Test: A Visual Analogue of the Speech Reception Threshold Test." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 50, no. 3 (June 2007): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/040).

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Purpose In this study, the authors aimed to develop a visual analogue of the widely used Speech Reception Threshold (SRT; R. Plomp & A. M. Mimpen, 1979b) test. The Text Reception Threshold (TRT) test, in which visually presented sentences are masked by a bar pattern, enables the quantification of modality-aspecific variance in speech-in-noise comprehension to obtain more insight into interindividual differences in this ability. Method Using an adaptive procedure similar to the SRT test, the TRT test determines the percentage of unmasked text needed to read 50% of sentences correctly. SRTs in stationary noise (SRT STAT ), modulated noise (SRT MOD ), and TRTs were determined for 34 participants with normal hearing, aged 19 to 78 years. Results The results indicate that about 30% of the variance in SRT STAT and SRT MOD is shared with variance in TRT, which reflects the shared involvement of a modality-aspecific cognitive or linguistic ability in forming meaningful wholes of fragments of sentences. Conclusion The TRT test, a visual analogue of the SRT test, has been developed to measure the variance in speech-in-noise comprehension associated with modality-aspecific cognitive skills. In future research, normative data of the TRT test should be developed. It would also be interesting to measure TRTs of individuals experiencing difficulties understanding speech.

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ASANO, KAZUE. "Development of new SRT (speech reception threshold) examination." AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 39, no. 5 (1996): 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.39.453.

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Xu, Li, Solveig C. Voss, Jing Yang, Xianhui Wang, Qian Lu, Julia Rehmann, Volker Kuehnel, and Jinyu Qian. "Speech Perception and Sound-Quality Rating with an Adaptive Nonlinear Frequency Compression Algorithm in Mandarin-Speaking Hearing Aid Users." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 31, no. 08 (April 27, 2020): 590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709450.

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Abstract Background Mandarin Chinese has a rich repertoire of high-frequency speech sounds. This may pose a remarkable challenge to hearing-impaired listeners who speak Mandarin Chinese because of their high-frequency sloping hearing loss. An adaptive nonlinear frequency compression (adaptive NLFC) algorithm has been implemented in contemporary hearing aids to alleviate the problem. Purpose The present study examined the performance of speech perception and sound-quality rating in Mandarin-speaking hearing-impaired listeners using hearing aids fitted with adaptive NLFC (i.e., SoundRecover2 or SR2) at different parameter settings. Research Design Hearing-impaired listeners' phoneme detection thresholds, speech reception thresholds, and sound-quality ratings were collected with various SR2 settings. Study Sample The participants included 15 Mandarin-speaking adults aged 32 to 84 years old who had symmetric sloping severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss. Intervention The participants were fitted bilaterally with Phonak Naida V90-SP hearing aids. Data Collection and Analysis The outcome measures included phoneme detection threshold using the Mandarin Phonak Phoneme Perception test, speech reception threshold using the Mandarin hearing in noise test (M-HINT), and sound-quality ratings on human speech in quiet and noise, bird chirps, and music in quiet. For each test, five experimental settings were applied and compared: SR2-off, SR2-weak, SR2-default, SR2-strong 1, and SR2-strong 2. Results The results showed that listeners performed significantly better with SR2-strong 1 and SR2-strong 2 settings than with SR2-off or SR2-weak settings for speech reception threshold and phoneme detection threshold. However, no significant improvement was observed in sound-quality ratings among different settings. Conclusions These preliminary findings suggested that the adaptive NLFC algorithm provides perceptual benefit to Mandarin-speaking people with severe-to-profound hearing loss.

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Takeuchi, Yoshio. "Spech Level of Digit Words List in the Speech Reception Threshold Test." AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 34, no. 3 (1991): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.34.177.

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Smith, Julia, Jing Wang, Anneke C. Grobler, Katherine Lange, Susan A. Clifford, and Melissa Wake. "Hearing, speech reception, vocabulary and language: population epidemiology and concordance in Australian children aged 11 to 12 years and their parents." BMJ Open 9, Suppl 3 (July 2019): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023196.

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ObjectivesTo describe the epidemiology and parent-child concordance of hearing, speech reception, vocabulary and language in Australian parent-child dyads at child age 11 to 12 years.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study (Child Health CheckPoint) nested within the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.SettingAssessment centres in seven Australian cities and eight regional towns or home visits around Australia, February 2015 to March 2016.ParticipantsOf all participating CheckPoint families (n=1874), 1516 children (50% female) and 1520 parents (87% mothers, mean age 43.8 years) undertook at least one of four measurements of hearing and language.Outcome measuresHearing threshold (better ear mean of 1, 2 and 4 kHz) from pure-tone audiometry, speech reception threshold, receptive vocabulary, expressive and receptive languages using a sentence repetition task. Parent-child concordance was examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and adjusted linear regression models. Survey weights and methods accounted for Longitudinal Study of Australian Children’s complex sampling and stratification.ResultsChildren had a similar speech reception threshold to parents (children mean −14.3, SD 2.4; parents −14.9, SD 3.2 dB) but better hearing acuity (children 8.3, SD 6.3; parents 13.4, SD 7.0 decibels hearing level). Standardised sentence repetition scores were similar (children 9.8, SD 2.9; parents 9.1, SD 3.3) but, as expected, parents had superior receptive vocabularies. Parent-child correlations were higher for the cognitively-based language measures (vocabulary 0.31, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.36; sentence repetition 0.29, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.34) than the auditory measures (hearing 0.18, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.23; speech reception threshold 0.18, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.22). Mother-child and father-child concordances were similar for all measures.ConclusionsWe provide population reference values for multiple measures spanning auditory and verbal communication systems in children and mid-life adults. Concordance values aligned with previous twin studies and offspring studies in adults, in keeping with polygenic heritability that is modest for audition but around 60% for language by late childhood.

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Khoza, Katijah, Lebogang Ramma, Munyane Mophosho, and Duduetsang Moroka. "Digit Speech Reception Threshold Testing in Tswana/English Speakers." South African Journal of Communication Disorders 55, no. 1 (December 31, 2008): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajcd.v55i1.766.

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The purpose of this study was to establish whether digit stimuli offer a more accurate measure for Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) testing when assessing first-language Tswana (or Setswana), second-language English speakers, as compared to an English word list (CID W-1) and a Tswana word list. Forty Tswana first language speaking participants (17 males and 23 females) aged between 18 and 25 years, participated in this study. All participants were undergraduate students at a tertiary institution in Johannesburg, Gauteng. This study utilized a quantitative single group correlation design which allowed for a comparison between three SRT scores (CID-SRT, T-SRT, and D-SRT). Participants underwent basic audiological assessment procedures comprising of otoscopy, tympanometry, conventional pure tone audiometry and SRT testing. SRT measures were established using monitored live voice testing. Basic audiometric data were descriptively analyzed to ensure that hearing function was with in normal limits, and PTA-SRT averages and means were calculated. Furthermore, analysis of the SRT-PTA correlation data was conducted through the use of the non-parametric Spearman's correlation co efficient and linear regression. Results from this study were statistically significant (p .05) and indicated that digit-pairs were not the most effective stimuli for establishing SRT, compared to the CIDW-1 and Tswana word lists. On the contrary, findings of the current study revealed that PTA-SRT comparison was best in Tswana (r= 0 .62), followed very closely by CID W-1 (r = 0.61), and lastly digit- pairs (r = 0.60). The results however, confirm the efficacy of using digit pairs as alternative stimuli when more appropriate speech stimuli for the establishment of SRT are unavailable, as the correlation between SRT for digit pairs and PTA was also a strong one (r= 0.60). Linear regression analyses indicated that all three lists were acceptable speech stimuli for the population under investigation with the standard error of estimate being significantly smaller than the 5dB-stepused to collect the data (1.62 for Tswana, 3.56 for CID W-1, and 3.80 for digit-pairs).

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Shen, Jing, and Pamela E. Souza. "Do Older Listeners With Hearing Loss Benefit From Dynamic Pitch for Speech Recognition in Noise?" American Journal of Audiology 26, no. 3S (October 12, 2017): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_aja-16-0137.

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Purpose Dynamic pitch, the variation in the fundamental frequency of speech, aids older listeners' speech perception in noise. It is unclear, however, whether some older listeners with hearing loss benefit from strengthened dynamic pitch cues for recognizing speech in certain noise scenarios and how this relative benefit may be associated with individual factors. We first examined older individuals' relative benefit between natural and strong dynamic pitches for better speech recognition in noise. Further, we reported the individual factors of the 2 groups of listeners who benefit differently from natural and strong dynamic pitches. Method Speech reception thresholds of 13 older listeners with mild–moderate hearing loss were measured using target speech with 3 levels of dynamic pitch strength. Individuals' ability to benefit from dynamic pitch was defined as the speech reception threshold difference between speeches with and without dynamic pitch cues. Results The relative benefit of natural versus strong dynamic pitch varied across individuals. However, this relative benefit remained consistent for the same individuals across those background noises with temporal modulation. Those listeners who benefited more from strong dynamic pitch reported better subjective speech perception abilities. Conclusion Strong dynamic pitch may be more beneficial than natural dynamic pitch for some older listeners to recognize speech better in noise, particularly when the noise has temporal modulation.

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Saunders, Gabrielle H., and Kathleen M. Cienkowski. "A Test to Measure Subjective and Objective Speech Intelligibility." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 13, no. 01 (January 2002): 038–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715946.

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Measurement of hearing aid outcome is particularly difficult because there are numerous dimensions to consider (e.g., performance, satisfaction, benefit). Often there are discrepancies between scores in these dimensions. It is difficult to reconcile these discrepancies because the materials and formats used to measure each dimension are so very different. We report data obtained with an outcome measure that examines both objective and subjective dimensions with the same test format and materials and gives results in the same unit of measurement (signal-to-noise ratio). Two variables are measured: a “performance” speech reception threshold and a “perceptual” speech reception threshold. The signal-to-noise ratio difference between these is computed to determine the perceptual-performance discrepancy (PPDIS). The results showed that, on average, 48 percent of the variance in subjective ratings of a hearing aid could be explained by a combination of the performance speech reception threshold and the PPDIS. These findings suggest that the measure is potentially a valuable clinical tool.

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Dingemanse, Gertjan, and André Goedegebure. "Efficient Adaptive Speech Reception Threshold Measurements Using Stochastic Approximation Algorithms." Trends in Hearing 23 (January 2019): 233121652091919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216520919199.

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This study examines whether speech-in-noise tests that use adaptive procedures to assess a speech reception threshold in noise ( SRT50n) can be optimized using stochastic approximation (SA) methods, especially in cochlear-implant (CI) users. A simulation model was developed that simulates intelligibility scores for words from sentences in noise for both CI users and normal-hearing (NH) listeners. The model was used in Monte Carlo simulations. Four different SA algorithms were optimized for use in both groups and compared with clinically used adaptive procedures. The simulation model proved to be valid, as its results agreed very well with existing experimental data. The four optimized SA algorithms all provided an efficient estimation of the SRT50n. They were equally accurate and produced smaller standard deviations (SDs) than the clinical procedures. In CI users, SRT50n estimates had a small bias and larger SDs than in NH listeners. At least 20 sentences per condition and an initial signal-to-noise ratio below the real SRT50n were required to ensure sufficient reliability. In CI users, bias and SD became unacceptably large for a maximum speech intelligibility score in quiet below 70%. In conclusion, SA algorithms with word scoring in adaptive speech-in-noise tests are applicable to various listeners, from CI users to NH listeners. In CI users, they lead to efficient estimation of the SRT50n as long as speech intelligibility in quiet is greater than 70%. SA procedures can be considered as a valid, more efficient, and alternative to clinical adaptive procedures currently used in CI users.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Speech reception threshold"

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Slade, Katie Bedke. "Speech Reception Threshold Materials for Taiwan Mandarin." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1379.pdf.

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Ratclilff, Rose. "Psychometrically equivalent bisyllabic words for speech reception threshold testing in Arabic /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1418.pdf.

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Keller, Laurel Anne. "Psychometrically Equivalent Trisyllabic Words for Speech Reception Threshold Testing in Spanish." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2776.pdf.

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Kim, Misty Noelani. "Psychometrically Equivalent Trisyllabic Words for Speech Reception Threshold Testing in Cantonese." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1824.pdf.

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Gilbert, Kristen Nicole. "Psychometrically Equivalent Bisyllabic Words for Speech Reception Threshold Testing in Mongolian." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2877.pdf.

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Ratcliff, Elisha Rose. "Psychometrically Equivalent Bisyllabic Words for Speech Reception Threshold Testing in Arabic." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/488.

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The use of speech audiometry is essential in audiological testing. One of the most important elements of speech audiometry is speech reception threshold. To provide services for the growing population of non-English speaking people, audiologists need speech audiometry materials in a variety of languages. The purpose of this study was to develop, digitally record, evaluate, and equate Arabic bisyllabic words for use in testing speech reception threshold. Ninety frequently used bisyllabic words were digitally recorded by a male talker of standard Arabic. These words were presented to 20 normally hearing subjects in 2 dB increments at intensity levels ranging from -10 to 22 dB HL. Psychometric functions were then determined for all 90 words using logistic regression. Words with steep psychometric functions were selected for inclusion in the test CD. The intensities of these selected words were adjusted to match the mean subject PTA within 2 dB, and a list of words was developed which was homogenous with respect to slope and audibility. The words are contained on tracks 2 and 3 of the Brigham Young University Arabic Speech Audiometry Materials (Disc 1.0) CD.

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Wolmarans, Jenique. "Maturation of speech-in-noise performance in children using binaural diotic and antiphasic digits-in-noise testing." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75902.

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Digits-in-noise (DIN) tests have become very popular over the past 15 years for hearing loss detection. Several recent studies have highlighted the potential utility of digits-in-noise (DIN) as a school-aged hearing test. However, age may influence test performance in children. In addition, a new antiphasic stimulus paradigm has been introduced. This study determined the maturation of speech recognition for diotic and antiphasic DIN in children and evaluated DIN self-testing in young children. A cross-sectional, quantitative, quasi-experimental research design was used in this study. Participants with confirmed normal hearing were tested with diotic and antiphasic DIN test. During the DIN test, arrangements of three spoken digits were presented in noise via headphones at varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The researcher entered each three-digit sequence the participant said on a smartphone keypad. Six hundred and twenty-one normal hearing (bilateral pure tone threshold of ≤ 20 dB HL at 1, 2, and 4kHz) children between the ages of 6-13 years with normal hearing were recruited in order to examine the comparative maturation of diotic and antiphasic performance. A further sample of 30 first grade (7-year-old) children with normal hearing were recruited to determine the validity of self-testing on a smartphone. Multiple regression analysis including age, gender, and English additional language (i.e. Person whose first language or home language is not English) showed only age to be a significant predictor for both diotic and antiphasic SRT (p < 0.05). Speech reception thresholds improved by 0.15 dB and 0.35 dB SNR per year for diotic and antiphasic SRT, respectively. Post hoc multiple age group comparisons using Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons (by year) showed SRTs for young children (6 to 9 years old) differed significantly from older children (11 to 13 years old) (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in SRT between age 10 and upward. Self- and facilitated testing in young children was significantly (p > 0.05) different for the antiphasic condition and demonstrated poor reliability in diotic and antiphasic conditions. Increasing age was significantly associated with improved SRT using diotic and antiphasic DIN. Beyond 10 years of age, SRT results of children became more adult-like. However, age effects were only significant up to 10 and 12 years for antiphasic and diotic SRT, respectively. Furthermore, between self- and facilitated testing, the SRT difference was not significant (p > 0.05).
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
MA
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Taylor, Brandon Brian. "Development of Psychometrically Equivalent Speech Audiometry Materials for Measuring Speech Recognition Thresholds in Native Tagalog Speakers." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3348.

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In addition to the use of pure-tones for testing hearing, speech signals are highly valuable diagnostic tools for identifying and evaluating hearing impairment. Speech audiometry involves the implementation of such signals in the measurement of hearing acuity. One aspect of speech audiometry involves assessment of the speech recognition threshold (SRT) which evaluates an individual's ability to hear and understand speech. While live speech has been used in the past to assess SRT, recorded materials are preferred and have been shown to be advantageous over live speech. High-quality digitally recorded speech audiometry materials have been available in English for some time, but assessment of individuals using speech materials from a language that they do not speak natively has been shown to be both inadequate and inaccurate. Speech audiometry materials have recently become available in many languages. Currently, however, there are no known published recordings for assessment of SRT in the Tagalog language. The goal of this study was to develop psychometrically equivalent speech audiometry materials for measuring speech recognition threshold in Tagalog. During this study Tagalog words were initially recorded by a native speaker selected for accent and vocal quality. The words were reduced down to 90 words to be evaluated in the study. Each of the 90 trisyllabic words were evaluated at 2 dB increments from -10 to 16 dB HL by 20 native Tagalog speakers, all having normal hearing. Based on the results, 34 trisyllabic Tagalog words were selected based on their familiarity to native listeners, relative homogeneity with regards to audibility and psychometric function slope. Each word was then adjusted to make the 50% performance threshold equal to the mean PTA of the 20 research participants (4.3 dB HL). The final edited words were then digitally recorded onto compact disc for distribution and for use in assessing SRT in native Tagalog speakers worldwide.

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Caldwell, Meghan Elizabeth. "Development of Psychometrically Equivalent Speech Audiometry Materials for Testing Children in Mongolian." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3139.pdf.

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Jennings, Lara-Jill. "Psychometrically Equivalent Digital Recordings for Speech Audiometry Testing in Mandarin Chinese: Standard Mandarin Dialect." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1124.pdf.

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Book chapters on the topic "Speech reception threshold"

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Festen, J. M. "Speech-Reception Threshold in a Fluctuating Background Sound and its Possible Relation to Temporal Auditory Resolution." In The Psychophysics of Speech Perception, 461–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3629-4_37.

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FESTEN, JOOST M., and JANETTE N. VAN DIJKHUIZEN. "MODELING THE SPEECH-RECEPTION THRESHOLD FOR AMPLITUDE-COMPRESSED SPEECH." In Psychophysics, Physiology and Models of Hearing, 249–54. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812818140_0042.

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Al-Bahadili, Hussein, Shakir M. Hussain, Ghassan F. Issa, and Khaled El-Zayyat. "Investigating the Performance of the TSS Scheme in Noisy MANETs." In IT Policy and Ethics, 1038–58. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2919-6.ch047.

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A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) suffers from high packet-loss due to various transmission impairments, such as: wireless signal attenuation, free space loss, thermal noise, atmospheric absorption, multipath effect, and refraction. All of these impairments are represented by a generic name, noise, and therefore such a network is referred to as a noisy network. For modeling and simulation purposes, the noisy environment is described by introducing a probability function, namely, the probability of reception (pc), which is defined as the probability that transmitted data is successfully delivered to its destination despite the presence of noise. This chapter describes the implementation and investigates the performance of the Threshold Secret Sharing (TSS) node authentication scheme in noisy MANETs. A number of simulations are performed using the MANET Simulator (MANSim) to estimate the authentication success ratio for various threshold secret shares, number of nodes, node speeds, and noise-levels. Simulation results demonstrate that, for a certain threshold secret share, the presence of noise inflicts a significant reduction in the authentication success ratio, while node mobility inflicts no or an insignificant effect. The outcomes of these simulations are important to facilitate efficient network management.

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Al-Bahadili, Hussein, Shakir M. Hussain, Ghassan F. Issa, and Khaled El-Zayyat. "Investigating the Performance of the TSS Scheme in Noisy MANETs." In Simulation in Computer Network Design and Modeling, 315–35. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0191-8.ch015.

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A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) suffers from high packet-loss due to various transmission impairments, such as: wireless signal attenuation, free space loss, thermal noise, atmospheric absorption, multipath effect, and refraction. All of these impairments are represented by a generic name, noise, and therefore such a network is referred to as a noisy network. For modeling and simulation purposes, the noisy environment is described by introducing a probability function, namely, the probability of reception (pc), which is defined as the probability that transmitted data is successfully delivered to its destination despite the presence of noise. This chapter describes the implementation and investigates the performance of the Threshold Secret Sharing (TSS) node authentication scheme in noisy MANETs. A number of simulations are performed using the MANET Simulator (MANSim) to estimate the authentication success ratio for various threshold secret shares, number of nodes, node speeds, and noise-levels. Simulation results demonstrate that, for a certain threshold secret share, the presence of noise inflicts a significant reduction in the authentication success ratio, while node mobility inflicts no or an insignificant effect. The outcomes of these simulations are important to facilitate efficient network management.

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Conference papers on the topic "Speech reception threshold"

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Brown, Guy J., and Kalle J. Palomäki. "A computational model of the speech reception threshold for laterally separated speech and noise." In Interspeech 2005. ISCA: ISCA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2005-291.

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Ro̸nne, Filip M., So̸ren Laugesen, Niels S. Jensen, Renskje K. Hietkamp, and Julie H. Pedersen. "Magnitude of speech-reception-threshold manipulators for a spatial speech-in-speech test that takes signal-to-noise ratio confounds and ecological validity into account." In ICA 2013 Montreal. ASA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4799545.

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Samardzic, Nikolina, and Colin Novak. "The Band Importance Function in the Evaluation of the Speech Intelligibility Index at the Speech Reception Threshold within a Simulated Driving Environment." In SAE 2013 Noise and Vibration Conference and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1953.

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Gong, Jian, Yameng Yu, William Belllamy, Feng Wang, Xiaoli Ji, and Zhenzhen Yang. "Comparing Native Chinese Listeners' Speech Reception Thresholds for Mandarin and English Consonants." In 2019 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apsipaasc47483.2019.9023246.

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