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Salem, Ahmad Kareem, Narmeen Abbas Lutfi, and Abbas Lutfi Hussein. "Legitimizing Racism: Critical Discourse Analysis of White Supremacy in Trump’s Political Speeches." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.9.16.
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Nowadays, the concept of racism has been frequently used by people and more specifically by political figures as a social phenomenon that has been utilized as a"legitimising ideological tool". It is exploited to persecute an addressed group/s and to dispute them access to some social, cultural and political rights (Miles, 1993: 28). Moreover, it has been considered as “a special variety of ‘heterophobia’, bearing a co-hyponymical relation to ‘antisemitism’ or ‘Jewphobia’, ‘Arab-phobia’, ‘black-phobia’, ‘sexism’, ‘homophobia’, ‘youth-phobia’ and ‘phobia against differently-abled persons’, etc.”(Reisigl and Wodak, 2001: 5-6). However, this study aims to identify the use of racism in the political arena (more specifically in the political speech of Donald Trump) and illustrate the functional use by analyzing three American political speeches given by the former American presidents. The analysis is based on the qualitative research method and the discursive strategies proposed by Reisigl and Wodak’s (2001: 45). The analysis results will show to the reader that, in the political speeches of Donald Trump, racism is expressed both explicitly and implicitly.
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Leksyutina, Yana Valeryevna. "China in D. Trump’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-1-22-34.
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With Trump as a president of the US from January 2017 and his decisive actions, which have undermined many agreements reached by previous American administrations (like withdrawal from the TTP, the Paris climate agreement, the Iran nuclear deal, the UNESCO, etc.), the international system and regional subsystems are under serious reconfiguration and readjustments. This accentuates the necessity to systemize Trump’s actions and initiatives in the realm of foreign policy and foreign trade, to interpret these actions’ logic, and to evaluate the changes that Trump’s policies have brought about. It is of high importance to analyze Trump’s strategy in the Indo-Pacific which is the priority region in his foreign policy agenda and the region where two major threats to the US and its allies are coming from - the rise of China as a country that pursues unfair trade and economic policies and reveals assertiveness in securing its core interests, and the threat from the North Korea. The aim of the article is to analyze China’s place in Trump’s Indo-Pacific strategy. By studying American conceptual documents, Trump’s and other American high-level officials’ speeches, the article characterizes Trump’s free and open Indo-Pacific strategy, reveals its commonalities and peculiarities vis-à-vis Obama’s rebalancing to the Asia-Pacific strategy. The article also addresses the issue of Trump’s policies in the region on the economic front, because this is where Trump administration has introduces dramatic changes. Trump’s Indo-Pacific strategy is examined in the article in the context of its impact on the US-China relations. The relations between the two countries - without exaggeration, one of the most consequential for the world - may seriously deteriorate due to not only the evolving US-China trade war, but also contradictions between them over various issues in the IndoPacific region. The article analyzes the aggravation of tensions between the US and China in 2017-2018 over South and East China Seas, Taiwan issue, and North Korea issue.
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Marciano, Lucas. "Obama’s inaugural addresses from the perspective of corpus linguistics." Revele: Revista Virtual dos Estudantes de Letras 7 (June 30, 2014): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2317-4242.7.0.92-111.
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A presidential inaugural speech marks, formally, the beginning of a president’s term of office in many countries. In such a speech, the head of state establishes his/her intentions as a leader. Presidents-to-be may also include social, economic and political remarks. This paper aims at analyzing the vocabulary in Barack Obama’s two inaugural speeches in order to detect the major issues at these two historical moments for the American society. A corpus of 4051 words was compiled and consists of Obama’s complete inaugural speeches. AntConc software was used to quantify the words most frequently chosen as well as the number of times each word appeared. It was noticed different lexical choices in both speeches when comparing the two frequency lists generated from them. The paper concludes that the content of the two speeches were influenced by different historical moments.
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Smekhov, Leonid V. "THE INSTITUTE OF THE PRESIDENCY OF THE UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA IN 2000–2008 AS A COMMUNICATIVE PHENOMENON." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, no. 2 (2022): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2022-2-91-99.
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Political power as such is of a communicative nature, the process of governing is exercised through the communication using the language and terminology accepted in the certain communicative community. The presidency institution can also be viewed and studied as a multidimensional communicative community, with the head of the state as the main actor. Besides the president, that communicative community also includes the president’s “team” (administration, advisors, speechwriters, plenipotentiaries, etc.), as well as certain media, especially journalists of the presidential pool. The presidential discourse is formed within the said community. Given the increasing complexity of the communication phenomenon in the contemporary world, the study of the presidency from the point of view of the communication theory seems to be an urgent scientific task. The paper uses examples of the United States of America and the Russian Federation to examine the institution of presidency as a phenomenon belonging to the field of political communication. By the term “communication” or “speech communication” the author understands the interaction of communicants – addressee and addressee, speaker and audience – through the verbal exchange of information with different purposes. The main object of analysis is the presidents’ annual oral addresses – “Addresses to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation” and “Addresses to the US Congress”.
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Gabets, Anna, and Arnau Barios Gené. "Pragmalinguistic Features of American Presidents’ Inaugural Addresses of the Last Century (1913-2013)." Journal of Language and Education 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2411-7390-2016-2-3-22-31.
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This paper studies the pragmalinguistic markers of the political discourse in American presidents’ inaugural addresses made from 1913 to 2013 and concentrates on the language units that reveal the potential of perlocutionary speech acts. The study analyzes the role of such domains of pragmalinguistics as deixis, reference, presupposition, cognitive structures in inaugural addresses, and their representation in speeches. The method of discourse-analysis, the method of contextual analysis, and the method of quantitative processing are used in the study. The means of deixis have several functions in these speech texts, providing some extra-linguistic information and additional meaning for the utterances. Firstly, the change of deictic center conveys a certain shift of attention and redirects the addressee’s thoughts. Secondly, the means of deixis represent presuppositions, ones which members of the public are unlikely to question since these presuppositions are explicitly referred to and the information provided includes people’s background assumptions. Thirdly, personal, temporal and spatial deixes are integrated in the actualization of the most important concept found in every speech of every American president – the concept of the “American nation”: deictic forms along with nouns with evaluative implications add to the pragmatic effect of the concept reflected in speech. Fourthly, the deictic means participate in the construction of a binary that juxtaposes “us” vs. “them”, typical of political utterances in the genre of inaugural addresses. A special form of reference constituting an important part of the concept of the “American nation” in inauguration addresses is precedent phenomena. Their main sources are the Bible, speeches of former politicians, texts of famous American documents. Reference to religious discourse and parts of national history familiar to everyone brings the feeling of joy to the public appealing to a basic national myth of a happy community. Thus means of deixis, presupposition and special type of reference are the characteristic of American inauguration speeches used for the purposes of strong pragmalinguistic effect. The dynamics of the usage of the precedent phenomena and other constituent parts of the concept “American nation” reflects the changes in political context of the epoch.
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Liao, Guohai, and Gelin Han. "Ideological Differences between America and China from Perspectives of Transitivity System —Illustrated by Trump’s and Xi Jinping’s Presidential Inaugural Addresses." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 10, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1004.16.
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Taking Systemic Functional Grammar proposed by M.A.K. Halliday as theoretical framework, this paper is set to quantitatively analyze Donald Trump’s inaugural address and Xi Jinping’s first public speech as president of China in the distribution and functions of six processes from perspectives of transitivity system. Having done this, ideological differences between America and China beneath the textual discourse of their speeches will be qualitatively illustrated. It finds that material, mental and relational processes predominate both speeches and Xi’s speech mainly takes the overall lead in spiritual guidance and inclines to generally control the economic and social development in China. For Trump, he needs to employ all his skill to induce and gain the supports from American people, objectively depicting American mediocre situations by material process, trying to narrow down the psychological distance between his governance and the people by mental process and increasing the belonging of American people by relational process.
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Everton, Sean F. "American Civil Religion in the Era of Trump." Religions 14, no. 5 (May 9, 2023): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14050633.
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In 1967, Robert Bellah argued that America’s “founding myth”, what he called American civil religion, helps bind American society together by providing its citizens with a sense of origin, direction, and meaning. For evidence, Bellah primarily turned to the inaugural speeches of American presidents. This paper draws on semantic network analysis to empirically examine the inaugural addresses of Presidents Trump and Biden, looking for evidence of what some would consider aspects of American civil religion. As some believe American civil religion to be no more than a thinly veiled form of nationalism, it also considers the importance of words associated with nationalism. It finds that both Trump and Biden employed the language of nationalism and American civil religion in their respective addresses, and while it found no differences in their use of nationalist discourse, it did find that American civil religion figures more prominently in Biden’s address than in Trump’s.
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Miller, Nancy L., and William B. Stiles. "Verbal Familiarity in American Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speeches and Inaugural Addresses (1920-1981)." Social Psychology Quarterly 49, no. 1 (March 1986): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2786858.
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Maru, Mister Gidion, Gin Gin Gustine, Slamet Setiawan, Julio Juniver Tadete, and Tirza Kumajas. "Interpreting repetition expressions in the writing of Trump’s addresses during the Covid-19 pandemic." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 12, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 708–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v12i3.49511.
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The emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic has driven a world crisis that requires world leaders to respond by voicing their policies and solutions. The political addresses serve to be the path for these purposes. This creates the need for effective rhetorical strategies or forms used by leaders, particularly presidents, to address the current issues which are not commonly beheld. This study shares the result of the inquiry on the use of repetition in President Donald Trump’s speeches during the Covid-19 Pandemic in America. The study attempts to interpret the type of repetition found in the speeches and their general meaning implications. As a textual study, this research gained data from three speeches of Trump specifically addressing the issue of the Covid-19 pandemic delivered during his attempt to handle the emergence and spread of the Coronavirus in the U.S. since in American literature, an address is also viewed as a literary work, this study deployed Goffman’s frame analysis which is also regarded as double hermeneutic for the analysis process. The findings, then, designate that Trump, in his addresses, applied seven types of repetition; from anaphora to root repetition. Further, the study found that anaphora serves to be the most used repetition, which means the main rhetorical instrument in the addresses. In terms of meaning implications, the repetitions apparently imply the reawakening of the jeremiad structure in the address and the affirmation of the American sense of greatness and role in the world. The findings of this inquiry are hoped to add more theoretical constructions and strategies for rhetoric texts for both crisis and socio-political communication contexts. Its practical contribution goes toward defining and exemplifying language expressions and functions in communicative text writing.
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Bessonova, Olga, and Irina Fatianova. "Dynamics of American Political Discourse of the 20th – Early 21st Centuries." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 1 (February 2024): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2024.1.6.
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The article addresses dynamics of conceptual space and communicative organization of the American political discourse in the 20 th – early 21 st centuries. The research objective is to identify transformations in the content of universal and nationally-marked concepts, as well as verbal modification of communicative strategies and tactics in the American political discourse of the periods under study. The main research methods applied are discourse, conceptual, semantic, and contextual analysis. The sampling corpus incorporates 662 public speeches of American presidents. The speeches under analysis belong to the ritual, orientational, and agonal genres of the political discourse. The main discourse-forming and nationally-marked concepts, features of the communicative structure of the American political discourse are established. The analysis of the metaphorical system as a way of realizing the intention in the American political discourse is carried out. The main types of conceptual metaphor, representing the discourse-forming concepts of the American political discourse are considered. The American political discourse conceptual space is more prone to transformations than its communicative structure in the studied timeframe. The nationally-marked concepts tend to be more dynamic than the universal discourse-forming concepts. The conceptual dynamism of the nationally-marked concepts manifests itself in the prevalence of the dominant features and the lacunarity at different stages of the American linguo-cultural community existence. The nationally-marked concepts components related to the historical and socio-cultural aspects of the speaking community life are brought into the open in the speeches of American presidents as transmitters of the national cultural values and role-status configurations in the political discourse of the 20 th – early 21 st centuries.
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Golovanova, Irina Sergeevna, and Elena Valerevna Bolotova. "lexical Means of Language Personality (Based on the Material of Speeches by American Politicians)." Development of education, no. 3 (9) (September 24, 2020): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-75555.
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The authors of the article outline that in modern linguistics, the role of human character in language and speech is studied, new concepts such as the conceptual picture of the world, language portrait, speech portrait, the ratio of language and speech, etc. are defined. The relevance of the article is presented in the linguistic description of the speeches by politicians of the Republican party in connection with the increased international interest in political life. The language features of speeches by American politicians are reviewed. The goal-directed factor of the research is to determine the lexical features of political speeches that characterize representatives of the Republican party as well-known political figures. Methods. Accordingly, the description of the lexicon of politicians, which acts as a lexical analysis in this work, is the main method of research, which is inextricably linked with semantic analysis. The language base for the research is English-language publications, such as The Guardian, the Washington Post, and the New York Times. The results of the study are associated with the identification of words used in political speeches that show the attitude of Republicans to the needs and values of American society, special abbreviations, expressions related to political, military, and social spheres of activity. It is concluded that the lexical and semantic characteristics influence the formation of ideas about the communicative and personal qualities of politicians.
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Wang, Fengyuan, and Chengcan Duan. "Exploring Self-Construction of the American International Image: A Conceptual Metaphor Perspective." Advances in Social Behavior Research 7, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7102/7/2024052.
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While press releases and cultural transmission materials are common materials for understanding a country's self-construction of international images, to what extent the speeches at international conferences are effective in shaping national images is yet to explore from a perspective of cognitive linguistics? The present study compiles the minutes of 26 meetings of the United Nations Security Council on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian issue, from which the speeches by U.S. representatives were selected to establish a corpus, and explores the self-construction of the American international image with conceptual metaphor theory. It is found that JOURNEY metaphor, BUILDING metaphor and so on are instrumental in shaping its image of advocating peace, but SEED metaphor and NEIGHBOR metaphor, etc. reveal its intention to perpetuate the conflict and double standards in dealing with the two conflicting parties.
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Wang, Fengyuan, and Chengcan Duan. "Exploring Self-Construction of the American International Image: A Conceptual Metaphor Perspective." Advances in Social Behavior Research 6, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7102/6/2024052.
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While press releases and cultural transmission materials are common materials for understanding a country's self-construction of international images, to what extent the speeches at international conferences are effective in shaping national images is yet to explore from a perspective of cognitive linguistics? The present study compiles the minutes of 26 meetings of the United Nations Security Council on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian issue, from which the speeches by U.S. representatives were selected to establish a corpus, and explores the self-construction of the American international image with conceptual metaphor theory. It is found that JOURNEY metaphor, BUILDING metaphor and so on are instrumental in shaping its image of advocating peace, but SEED metaphor and NEIGHBOR metaphor, etc. reveal its intention to perpetuate the conflict and double standards in dealing with the two conflicting parties.
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Hero, Rodney E., and Morris Levy. "Unequal values: equality and race in state of the union addresses, 1960–2018." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 6, no. 3 (October 28, 2021): 499–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rep.2021.21.
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AbstractWe analyze the prevalence and framing of references to equality and inequality in presidential state of the union addresses (SOTUs) delivered between 1960 and 2018. Despite rising income inequality and increased attention among political elites to structural inequalities of race and gender in recent years, we find very few direct or indirect references to inequality as a social problem and surprisingly few references even to the ostensibly consensual and primary values of equal opportunity and political equality. References to racial inequality have been few and far between since the height of the civil rights era. By contrast, another primary value in the American political tradition—economic individualism are a major focus in these SOTUs. We trace the scant presence of equality talk in these speeches to the ambiguous scope of egalitarian goals and principles and their close tie-in with race in America. We rely on automated text analysis and systematic hand-coding of these speeches to identify broad thematic emphases as well as on close reading to interpret the patterns that these techniques reveal.
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Mukhortov, Denis S., and Elena E. Polikarpova. "The concepts friend and foe in 2001–2018 US presidential rhetoric." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 3 (May 2019): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.3-19.038.
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Calling some nations an enemy and others a friend is an effective manipulative tool with US presidents. It helps them keep the public unaware of the real state of affairs as people are gullible and would trust anything the leader of the nation may say, it enables him to build up the right policy, and, ultimately, secures him power as long as he can cajole people into voting for him. Alliances with other countries and presidents are made and broken due to the political and economic situation in a country. This makes the number of enemies and allies varying from year to year and today’s ally may be tomorrow’s enemy. This article discusses shifts in the concepts FRIEND and FOE in American presidential rhetoric between 2001 and 2018. The communications under analysis include presidential inaugural addresses, addresses to Congress, UN General Assembly, NATO headquarters, US Senate, Democratic National Convention, Economic Crisis speeches, commencement speeches, press conferences, interviews, and debates. The analysis applies a framework approach originated by Charles Fillmore and elaborated by Russian scholars. It is argued that the friend-foe opposition in American presidential rhetoric is subject to change as presidents may pursue different strategies of self-presentation and self-affirmation, not to mention manipulative tactics designed to promote the USA in the geopolitical arena and keep any country under control.
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Sardinha, Tony Berber, and Marcia Veirano Pinto. "American television and off-screen registers: a corpus-based comparison." Corpora 12, no. 1 (April 2017): 85–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2017.0110.
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In this paper, we present an analysis of a corpus of American television programmes, comprising 930 texts from 191 different TV programmes (excluding commercial breaks and infomercials), totalling 5,320,159 tokens. This analysis compares different programme types (live politics, movies, news desk, reality shows, etc.) against one another and against non-televisual registers (face-to-face conversations, telephone conversations, prepared speeches, press reviews, etc.), using the multidimensional (MD) approach to register variation ( Biber, 1988 ). The goal of this analysis is to determine how homogeneous/heterogeneous the language of television is as well as to how it compares to the registers of English ( Biber, 1988 ). We sought to detect both the similarities and differences among the TV registers and with respect to the five major dimensions of register variation previously identified by Biber (1988) . Linguistic studies of television language to date (e.g., Al-Surmi, 2012 ; Bednarek, 2010; Quaglio, 2009 ; and Rey, 2001 ) have generally focussed on few or individual TV registers. This study provides a much more comprehensive view of American television discourse by relying on a large multi-register corpus optimised for representativeness through the application of Biber's (1993) method for sampling adequacy. The results show distinct differences among the registers' dimensions, suggesting that, on the whole, present-day American TV language is varied and patterned. In addition, the findings indicate that several TV registers have close counterparts in off-screen communication, such as conversations, speeches and interviews. All things considered, this study shows in detail the contact and separation points across different TV registers, as well as across TV and off-screen registers.
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Vavilova, Zhanna E., and Alfiya M. Galieva. "In the face of a threat: A study of political discourse based on the speeches of American presidents." Media Linguistics 10, no. 4 (2023): 478–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu22.2023.403.
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Analysis of the structural elements of the media space and communication mechanisms that shape the information picture of the world and construct the image of socially significant facts remains relevant in the eventful context of modern life; each time it requires fresh empirical material for research. The article analyzes State of the Union addresses of US Presidents in 2003 and 2022 — by George W. Bush and J. Biden — to identify the crypto components, or hidden aspects of leadership that are manifested in both speeches. The choice of sources is related to the current situation in the world, in which one can see some similarities with the context of the presidential speech twenty years ago. The study of texts included two stages: quantitative content analysis and qualitative discourse analysis. To highlight the semantic priorities of the texts, the methods of quantitative linguistics were used; calculating the frequency of linguistic units made it possible to determine the key words of the discourse and its main conceptual vectors. The qualitative analysis of the semantic and pragmatic aspects of information showed that both speeches were characterized by the use of such strategies as generalization, example, amplification, concession, repetition, and contrast. The study revealed that many common features in the speeches were due to the specifics of the genre — both in the lexical content and in the choice of strategies for influencing the audience. Both speeches contain a large number of units referring to the socio-political realities of the era; in their structure, the role of personal pronouns is extremely high, which helps create images of politicians with outstanding leadership qualities that are necessary to unite their people. The analysis also made it possible to highlight a number of peculiarities, both in the agenda and in the choice of means of expression.
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Yumrukuz, Anastasiia, and Juliana Irkhina. "RENDERING LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL REALIA IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH ALLUSIONS." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2022, no. 34 (July 2022): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2022-34-11.
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The paper is focused on the study of linguistic means of rendering lingual and cultural realia conveyed by allusions in English political speeches and their Ukrainian translation. It is argued that allusions are among those linguistic means which not only provide the factual information, but also carry nationallymarked load. The authors maintain that despite the presence of some fundamental studies devoted to structural and semantic aspects of allusions, the ways of preserving and reflecting certain lingual and cultural information in the Ukrainian translations of English texts, the issue of rendering this information conveyed by allusions in the texts of English (American) political speeches has not been sufficiently investigated. Thus, the aforementioned justifies the urgent character of the given research. The work aimed at determining the tactics and linguistic means of representing lingual and cultural realia in the texts of English inaugural speeches and their Ukrainian translations. The conducted study revealed that allusions in the analyzed texts render lingual and cultural information alluding to both textual and non-textual referents. The textual referents are represented by one’s own previous speeches, speeches of other politicians, biblical texts, folklore works, texts of state documents etc.; non-textual referents are the names of historical events, historical buildings, geographical features etc. The difficulty in preserving the lingual and cultural information in the translation can be justified by several factors, such as difficulties with identifying allusions in the text in case of non-nominated allusions as well as selection of the appropriate tactics of translation. The analysis proved that the linguistic and cultural information contained in allusions is mostly preserved in Ukrainian translations of the corresponding English-language texts of political speeches. Herewith, the kind of translation tactics and techniques depend on the type of the allusion — direct allusions are most commonly translated with the employment of transcription, transliteration, translation loans; indirect allusions — by means of contextual substitution, transposition, extension and omission.
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Sawchouk, Tetiana. "FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN GENDER ARGUMENTATIVE POLITICAL DISCOURSE." Grail of Science, no. 26 (April 24, 2023): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.14.04.2023.054.
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It is a common knowledge that politics has been primarily associated with men and for a long time, and the role of women in political life has been neglected and ignored. However, together with the appearance of the Women's Movement, which originated in the United States almost two centuries ago, and the global growth of the role of the political communication, women became more powerful and gained the audience's attention not only in this particular field, but others spheres of life as well. Thus, gender issues are now within the scope of close attention of linguists, and there are different approaches to gender studies. This paper is devoted to the establishing of similarities and differences of American argumenatative discourse of both men and women, the way they express their opinions and provide arguments, whether different or not, regarding the pressing issues (economic crisis, terrorism, social equalitry, etc.) during the political compaing of 2008 and 2016. Speeches of representatives of three different parties, namely the Republican Party, The Democratic Party, which are the most influential parties in the USA, and the Green party, which assigned women to the highest position in the country during both compaigns, were chosen for the purpose of the study. In the paper gender issue were examined from the point of view of topics of the speeches, usage of various argumentation tactics, and emotionality of the statements. The results of the study may be used for futher exploration of pacularities of political discourse in general and gender discourse in particular.
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Sarmiento, Erica, and Rafael Araujo. "COVID-19 and its effects in Latin America: social crisis, forced migration and hazy perspectives." Ameryka Łacińska Kwartalnik analityczno-informacyjny, no. 112 (November 6, 2021): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/20811152.2021.112.02.
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Latin America became one of the epicenters of the pandemic due to the Sars-Cov-2 virus. One of the serious problems faced by Latin American populations is forced migration, which, like everything that concerns vulnerable populations, has increased in the pandemic. The cases of Central America and Mexico, a country considered one of the largest human corridors in the world, reached unthinkable levels of human rights violations, demonstrate this. This article addresses, we will discuss the political and socioeconomic effects of the pandemic resulting from the Sars-Cov-2 virus (COVID-19) in Latin America. Likewise, we will present, through the press and the reports of civil society organizations, how, in the middle of the pandemic, the criminalization and blaming of migrants in the speeches of the American government agencies was accentuated.
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GHILAȘ, Ana. "Intermediate ways of creating theatricality in artistic discourse." Arta 31, no. 2 (January 2023): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/arta.2022.31-2.09.
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Th e article addresses the issue of theatricality, especially the way of creating this cultural phenomenon in the dramaturgical text and in the narrative artistic text. Theatricality understood as a cultural and aesthetic aspect is combined in some types of speeches with theatricality in life, especially in prose. If in the dramaturgical text its structure (dialogue — stage directions) constitutes a first element of theatricality, then the theatrical techniques from the show (ad spectatores, the monologue, the actor’s corporeality, etc.) are elements that can also be found in the narrative literary text in the form of authoriality, of various forms of psychology, etc. In this context, an important role in the creation of theatricality is played by intermediality as the interaction of codes specific to certain artistic or non-artistic discourses. We investigate the relationship between theatricality and intermediality from a theoretical and methodological point of view, with some examples from artistic texts or performances.
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Menshchikova, Galina. "The Peculiarities of Language Means and Speech Techniques of Manipulation in American Political Discourse (on the Example of D. Trump and J. Biden Presidential Debates)." Philology & Human, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/filichel(2022)1-05.
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Based on the material of the pre-election speeches of D. Trump and D. Biden during the first and last political debates in the United States in 2020, the article presents the results of the analysis of speech manipulation techniques, identifies similarities and differences in speeches, and identifies the features of their speech organization. The results of the study allow us to state that participants in American political discourse organize their speech in a special semantic, stylistic and semiotic way, which gives it an exclusively pragmatic character. In the course of the study, special attention is paid to such linguistic means as the use of emotionally expressive words and constructions with a negative assessment, “labeling”, etc., the use of the categories “friend or foe”, “I-we”, the purpose of which is to influence the consciousness and behavior of the interlocutor/audience to the benefit of the speaker.
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Urbaniak, Artur. "Contemporary homo politicus as an ideal orator. A pragmalinguistic analysis of the inaugural addresses of American presidents from 1981 to 2021." Scripta Neophilologica Posnaniensia 22 (December 30, 2022): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/snp2022.22.11.
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The article is a pragmalinguistic analysis of the inaugural addresses delivered by U.S. presidents from 1981 to 2021. The study was conducted using Voyant Tools, a computer software used in corpus linguistics. Four aspects/parameters of the text that affect its level of complexity and thus the level of assimilation of the message (reading ease) were examined. The analysis included (1) lexical density; (2) average sentence length; (3) readability indices including: Gunning Fog, Flesch-Kincaid and SMOG Index; and (4) a tag cloud (cirrus). The point of reference is the classical Ciceronian concept of the Ideal Speaker, which assumes that the political communicator is both erudite, and linguistically competent, encompassing Latin terms sapientia (the personification of widsdom) and eloquentia (the art of oratory). It boils down to an assumption that a fully competent political actor knows the rules of making speeches so as to reach both elites (Latin: optimates) and ordinary citizens (Latin populares). Using a pragmalinguistic approach, it was questioned whether the presidential addresses analyzed provide evidence that the communicators delivering them meet the criteria, fitting into the role of the ideal orator.
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I.V., Dolynskiy. "RHETORICAL DEVICES IN THE AMERICAN LEADERS’ POLITICAL SPEECHES AS THE MANIPULATION WAYS OF THE CITIZENS’ PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS." Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication, no. 1 (August 2, 2021): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-7.
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Increasing of language contacts, globalization and internationalization of public relations, expansion of modern information technologies encourage a comprehensive study of modern English communication. Political activity has always played a special role in society. An important role in determining the country’s international image is played by its presentation by the country’s political leaders. With the help of speeches, politicians have the opportunity to address both the international community and the citizens of their country. Direct contact with the audience determines the choice of lexical, syntactic and phonetic means in the design of speech. Political speeches have three main functions: the communication function, the announcement function and the influence function. American oratory theorists point to the need for the speaker to concentrate on composing his speech, taking into account the audience reaction what he is trying to provoke. Much attention in the American oratory theory is paid to the speech compositional construction. One of the political discourse genres is political speech. Presidential political speech is an oral political text, which is proclaimed by the president to a mass audience, sets urgent tasks in a particular sphere of public life, and gives recommendations for the implementation of tasks. It performs the functions of persuasion, agitation, congratulations, has a pre-created script, which depends on the communicative situation. The construction of a political speech is based on the principle of argumentation (introduction, main part, final part), which facilitates the speech audience perception. The study was based on the political speeches texts of two American presidents – John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan and presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. The analyzed speeches have different topics: inaugural addresses of presidents, comments during hostilities and diplomatic (delivered during visits). The article highlights the concept of political discourse; it’s identified and described the main types of political speeches; revealed the linguistic and stylistic features and expression means of John F. Kennedy’s; Ronald Reagan; Hillary Clinton political speeches.Key words: English discourse, political speeches, linguistic and stylistic aspect, translation aspect, rhetorical devices. Розширення мовних контактів, глобалізація та інтернаціоналізація суспільних відносин, впровадження сучасних інформаційних технологій спонукають до всебічного дослідження сучасної англомовної комунікації. Політична діяльність завжди відігравала особливу роль у житті суспільства. Політичний дискурс – це явище, з яким люди стикаються щодня. Боротьба за владу є основною темою та рушійним мотивом цієї сфери спіл-кування. Політична комунікація, орієнтована на викладення тих чи інших політичних подій, пропаганду ідей, установок, цінностей, володіє емоційним та інтелектуальним впливом на свідомість громадян. Важливу роль у визначенні іміджу країни відіграє спосіб презентації політичними лідерами держави. За допомогою виступів політики мають можливість звернутися як до міжнародної спільноти, так і до громадян своєї країни. Прямий контакт з аудиторією зумовлює вибір лексичних, синтаксичних і фонетичних засобів в оформленні промови. Політичні промови мають три основні функції: функцію спілкування, функцію повідомлення та функцію впливу. Теоретики американського ораторського мистецтва вказують на необхідність оратора сконцентруватися на тому, щоб його промова була складена, враховуючи реакцію аудиторії, яку він намагається викликати. Велика увага в теорії американського ораторського мистецтва приділяється композиційній побудові ораторської промови. Одним із жанрів політичного дискурсу є політична промова. Президентська політична промова – це усний політичний текст, який проголошується президентом перед масовою аудиторією, ставить назрілі завдання в тій чи іншій сфері громадського життя, дає рекомендації щодо здійснення поставлених завдань. Вона виконує функції переконання, агітації, вітання, має завчасно створений сценарій, який залежить від комунікативної ситуації. Побудова політичної промови засновується на принципі аргументації (вступ, основна частина, завершальна частина), що полегшує сприйняття промови аудиторією. На основі аналізу текстів політичних промов можна змоделювати інтереси, вподобання, типові реакції політичного лідера, його уявлення про друзів і ворогів. Матеріалом дослідження слугували тексти політичних промов двох американських президентів – Джона Кеннеді, Рональда Рейгана – й кандидата в президенти Гілларі Клінтон. Проаналізовані промови мають різну тематику: інавгураційні звернення президентів, коментарі під час воєнних дій і дипломатичні (що виголошувалися під час візитів). У статті викладено поняття політичного дискурсу; визначено й описано основні типи полі-тичних промов; виявлено лінгвостилістичні особливості й засоби вираження політичних промов Джона Кеннеді, Рональда Рейгана, Гілларі Клінтон.Ключові слова:англомовний дискурс, політичні промови, лінгвостилістичний аспект, перекладацький аспект, риторичні прийоми.
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Sullivan, Jonathan, and Eliyahu V. Sapir. "Ma Ying-jeou's Presidential Discourse." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 41, no. 3 (September 2012): 33–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261204100303.
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Despite the substantial advances made in cross-Strait relations during Ma Ying-jeou's (Ma Yingjiu) first term, the ROC president's rhetoric varied considerably as he grappled with the difficult reality of implementing campaign and inauguration pledges to establish better relations with China while striving to maintain national respect and sovereignty. In this article, we put forward a framework for measuring, analysing and explaining this variation in President Ma's first-term discourse. Analysing a very large number of Ma's speeches, addresses, etc., we provide empirical assessments of how the content of Ma's public pronouncements has developed over time, how his rhetoric varies according to the strategic context and timing of a speech, and how his discourse compares to that of his predecessor, Chen Shui-bian (Chen Shuibian). In addressing these questions, the article contributes a quantitative perspective to existing work on political discourse in Taiwan and to the growing methodological and applied literature on how to systematically analyse Chinese political text.
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Sabadash, Diana, and Vasylyna Lukaniuk. "CONCEPT DEMOCRACY IN THE SPEECHES OF THE WORLD LEADERS IN THE CONTEXT OF RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies, no. 2(34) (2023): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2659.2023.34.22.
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The article reflects the results of the reconstruction of the concept DEMOCRACY in lexicographic sources and analysis of its actualization in the speeches of Joe Biden, Boris Johnson, Liz Truss, Ursula von der Leyen, and Volodymyr Zelensky in 2022 from the perspective of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Based on the component-semantic analysis of the definitions of the lexeme democracy in eight English-language explanatory dictionaries (Cambridge Dictionary, Oxford Learner's Dictionary, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Macmillan Dictionary, Collins Online Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and Thesaurus, The Chambers Dictionary, Etymology Online Dictionary) was modeled, which includes core fields (people’s government та system of government), near (country, equality, right to vote) and far (freedom) periphery fields. The study of twelve selected speeches (67 pages of printed text) also made it possible to single out one more field of the far periphery – fight, which is actualized as a result of the objectification of such features of the concept as democracy under threat, union, protect/defend democracy, protect/defend freedom as a result of rethinking the concept of DEMOCRACY in the context of Russia's aggression against Ukraine. It was determined that in the speeches of world leaders in 2022, the concept of DEMOCRACY is verbalized with the help of tokens democracy, people, vote, elect, free, freedom, country, etc. The analysis of the features and frequency of their use indicate that the lexeme democracy in relation to other verbalizers prevails in the speeches of the American president, as evidenced by the number of the word usage – 111 times and Ursula von der Leyen's – 27 times; lexemes people (65 word usages) and country (64 word usages) dominate the speeches of Boris Johnson and Liz Truss; in the speech of Volodymyr Zelensky, free, freedom and people are the predominant verbalizers, which indicates the current priorities in the concept components for representatives of different nations. Contrasting the concepts of DEMOCRACY and AUTOCRACY to characterize Ukraine and its people and the aggressor country and its leader, respectively, reflect changes in the perception of Ukraine and Ukrainians on the world stage.
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Khlopotunov, Y. Y. "Hate speech in American political discourse: functional-linguistic analysis." Professional Discourse & Communication 2, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2020-2-2-20-30.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze how the concept of hatred is represented in American political discourse. The problem of intensified hate speech requires thorough linguistic investigation as political discourse is becoming more openly conflictual. The empirical material of this study comprises public speeches by American politicians, politically themed analytical articles in the press, posts and statements of politicians in social networks. The main method is that of functional-linguistic analysis of discourse. The author analyzes confrontational communicative tactics, e.g. discrediting, scorn, insult, accusation, mockery, etc. The objects (or victims) of such rhetoric are political opponents of the subject of speech, who may have different points of view, religious beliefs, cultural backgrounds and social status. Hate speech, which is an extreme form of how the concept of hatred can be verbalized, may be directed against confessional and ethnical groups. The paper puts special focus on communicative goals and intentions of the discourse participants who resort to hate speech. Usually it is the desire of the subject of speech to publicly demonstrate disrespect, mock, belittle the authority of opponents and favorably represent oneself in the eyes of the audience. The rhetoric of hatred comprises such typical means as negative and offensive epithets and metaphors; hyperbolic, comparative, rhetorical and lexical constructions with the pragmatical meaning of irony. In situations, when the subjects of speech emphasize the difference between them and their opponents (national, religious, social etc.), the functional fields of the concept of hatred and the “in-group/out-group” concept may overlap. In these cases, the communicative goal of the speaker is to alienate political opponents and emphasize their dissidence in a negative way.
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Benedict, Michael Les. "Constitutional Politics in the Gilded Age." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9, no. 1 (January 2010): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400003777.
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During the Gilded Age, constitutional issues pervaded the discussion of nearly all matters of public policy, including regulation of railroads, suppressing unsafe and fraudulent products, labor issues, and combating trusts and monopolies. The Democratic and Republican parties differed in their conceptions of federal power and state rights as well as on matters related to social order and personal liberty. They articulated these differences in political platforms and manifested them in their approach to public policy. The obsession with constitutional issues was not confined to the halls of Congress or the chambers of the Supreme Court. Constitutional discourse ran up from ordinary people and interest groups to public policy makers and down from policy makers seeking support based on fidelity to constitutional principles. Ordinary people influenced constitutional policymaking not only through voting but through various means of making their views known. Advocates used all types of media to make constitutional issues clear to the American people. These ranged from formal treatises aimed at the intellectual elite to cartoons, caricatures, songs, and screeds. Politicians articulated constitutional positions in political platforms, congressional addresses, pamphlets, political and commemorative addresses, and stump speeches. Justices of the Supreme Court eschewed technical and abstract language in constitutional opinions, addressing them to a more general public than they did in other areas of law. In the end, constitutional policy was not determined through legal determinations of the Supreme Court but by the political decisions of the American people.
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Albrespit, Jean. "OK dans le discours rapporté en anglais oral." Variations autour du mot "ok", no. 25 (December 1, 2019): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54563/lexique.421.
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The purpose of this article is to examine the functions of OK in sequences of reported speech introduced by a quotative verb in various corpora of spoken British and American English. As OK is mostly used in spoken English, it very often triggers the passage to direct speech. When speech is reported directly, the speaker can reduce the distance between speaker and co-speaker that a narration in indirect speech would maintain. The speaker can do so without resorting to a specific marker. The contribution of OK is then to delimitate the unit of speech being reported and to add meaning (agreement, concession, etc.). OK is compatible with a large number of contexts in which agreement – an inherent semantic component of the marker – is not a response to a co-speaker’s prior question but rather to the larger context. OK, then, is a means for the speaker to play a part and to involve the co-speaker by making her/him a direct witness of the conversation or monologue. The hypothesis tested here is that the presence of OK indicates a two-fold process: setting a “scene” and refocusing attention on the co-speaker. This paper begins with a typology of occurrences of OK in reported speech. Then, the following issues are addressed: verbs and subjects in sequences of reported speech, the way direct speech is represented, OK as a discourse marker, OK compared to other discourse markers and finally the connective function of OK.
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Schnell, Jim. "Using African American Perspectives to Promote a More Inclusive Understanding of Human Communication Theory." Ethnic Studies Review 19, no. 2-3 (June 1, 1996): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.1996.19.2-3.173.
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This article addresses the use of African American Perspectives as a means of promoting a more inclusive understanding of human communication theory. It describes contributions by African American scholars as they relate to providing a framework for inclusion of other under-represented cultures in U.S. society (i.e. Asian American, Latin American, etc.). This objective is becoming more and more relevant because of the increased percentage of U.S. citizens who are of non-European origin. Common sense supports the position that an inclusive curriculum, representative of the many cultural groups that compose the U.S., will appeal to the diverse audience educated in the U.S. today and tomorrow.
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Schnell, Jim. "Using African American Perspectives to Promote a More Inclusive Understanding of Human Communication Theory." Ethnic Studies Review 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2001.24.1.141.
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This article addresses the use of African American perspectives as a means of promoting a more inclusive understanding of human communication theory. It describes contributions by African American scholars as they relate to providing a framework for inclusion of other under represented cultures in U.S. society (i.e. Asian American, Latino American, etc.). This objective is becoming more and more relevant because of the increased percentage of U.S. citizens who are of non-European origin. Common sense supports the position that an inclusive curriculum, representative of the many cultural groups that compose the U.S., will appeal to the diverse audience educated in the U.S. today and tomorrow.
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Polanía Beltrán, Fihiza. "El discurso reproducido en discursos de posesión presidencial sudamericanos." Revista de Investigación Lingüística 24 (February 18, 2022): 147–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ril.458001.
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Based on the model of Koch and Oesterreicher (2007), which defends the thesis that oral and written language present particular characteristics that are not only limited to their form, this paper will analyze political discourse as a written corpus. The speeches of Alberto Fernández, Jeanine Añez, Sebastián Piñera, Iván Duque, Lenin Moreno, Martín Vizcarra and Nicolás Maduro are the speeches of interest. Thus, the objective of this paper is to analyze the use of the discourse reproduced in South American presidential inauguration addresses. In this sense, it will seek to understand the causes and motivations behind it as well as its use. Concepción Maldonado’s (1991) work on reproduced discourse is fundamental to this task. Basado en el modelo de Koch y Oesterreicher (2007), que defiende la tesis de que el lenguaje oral y el escrito presentan unas características particulares que no solamente se limitan a su forma, este trabajo analizará el discurso político como un corpus escrito. Siendo los discursos de Alberto Fernández, Jeanine Añez, Sebastián Piñera, Iván Duque, Lenin Moreno, Martín Vizcarra y Nicolás Maduro los discursos de interés. Así pues, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el uso del discurso reproducido en discursos de posesión presidencial sudamericanos. En este sentido, se buscará comprender las causas y las motivaciones detrás de ello así como su uso. El trabajo de Concepción Maldonado (1991) sobre el discurso reproducido es fundamental para esta tarea.
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Alpysbayeva, Saulet, and Valeriy Makhpirov. "DISCOURSE OF TOLERANCE: FRAME ANALYSIS IN BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECHES." Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 2, no. 26/2 (December 26, 2023): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2523-4463-2023-2-26/2-8.
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The knowledge of lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and syntactic can help with political speeches allowing deconstructing the principal messages originally laid down in the address. The right uses of tolerance help to create an idea of a political leader, including based on their verbal manifestations. The use of frame analysis is relevant in modern linguistics since the world is undergoing considerable transformations. The formation of an idea of the discourse of tolerance in the modern world is necessary for every member of society, since through political texts and the introduction of implicit meanings in them, one can achieve a considerable influence on the audience. Framing analysis is the young method in the world of mass information that helps to form framing with public opinions. With this method there is the opportunity to manipulate people, when there is a potential threat or important information. The decoding of linguistic mechanisms allowed forming the main semantic, grammatical, and stylistic guidelines for the identification and interpretation of symbols, images, and meanings in a political context. The purpose of this study was to investigate the meaning of tolerance evoked by frames in particular contexts, to form the principal semantic prototypes within the political text and their structural implementation. The subject of the study was the final address of B. Obama (2016a) at the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, on September 20, 2016, considered from the standpoint of the discourse of tolerance. To understand the genealogy of the discourse of tolerance there were used other political speeches of B. Obama. For the research were used such methods as discursive (for evaluation of final address of the B. Obama speeches), linguistic (analyse of verbal constructions), contextual and frame analysis, which include such stages as content analysis to quantify tolerance, framing each form of tolerance and context analysis. Semantic elements of tolerance with practices and knowledge became the main problem of this research. In the basis of the article lie Fillmore’s views that frames activate background knowledge containing scenes and situations; scenes are related to texts; word semantics is connected with text semantics. The research is designed systematically to locate tolerance and its forms quantitatively, contextually to textual interpretation which incorporates analysis of linguistic, discursive, pragmatic, and rhetorical elements. Also, it was defined that in the speeches B. Obama used four concepts of tolerance: in positive (A) (is a product of other human value) and negative (B) (emphasizes to tolerate) meanings, verbs in passive voice (C) (direct object) and adjective (D) (describe object founded around the world). Another feature of reference is the specification of a particular type of tolerance resulting from another human virtue, i.e., respect. In this utterance conjunctions of extension: two types of variation: alternative and replacive conjunctions are used. The following groups of synonyms are distinguished: “patience”, “forbearance”, “admittance” categories, etc.; hyponyms are arranged as “superior” and “inferior” components. In componential analysis, respect is in inferior relation to tolerance. However, in current utterance, respect is in superior relation to tolerance. The complex nature of tolerance discourse, showcasing its multifaceted linguistic expression, was investigated. Through various linguistic forms and contextual cues, the tolerance frame activates scenarios of conflict and crisis, offering itself as a solution against negative trends like intolerance. The research outlined how tolerance is strategically implemented into political addresses, invoking principles of respect, diversity, equity, and human rights to address challenges, including religious conflicts and societal disparities. The results of the research further can be used to create programs for semantic prototyping, placing frame markers in automatic mode, and developing language patterns.
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Arsentyeva, I. "Latin American Segment of Chinа’s Belt and Road Initiative." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 12 (2022): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-12-89-97.
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The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), also known as the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, is a strategy of China’s entry into international markets through the building of land and sea trade corridors with the necessary infrastructure. According to the Chinese government’s statements, any State and any international organization can join the project that creates an inclusive cooperation platform. The aim of this article is to analyze the implementation of BRI in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), as well as to identify changes that occur in this process under the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic. The primary sources are statistical data, government documents, papers of international organizations and forums, think tank reports, speeches by officials, media publications, etc. In the course of the study, the following results are obtained: recent scientific works on the topic are systematized, the issues considered in them are highlighted; the main documents related to the BRI and China-LАС cooperation are listed and briefly characterized; the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on the implementation of BRI in the region is identified. The author comes to the conclusion that, on the one hand, the BRI is a kind of rebranding of China’s policy towards Latin America and the Caribbean. On the other hand, this initiative strengthens China’s presence in the region. It has become especially noticeable in the COVID‑19 pandemic context. In addition, there is a strategic expansion of the project itself and its goals, which may lead to a significant increase in tension between China and the USA.
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Orrego-Hoyos, Gloria, and Esteban Pizá. "Challenges and Obstacles to Conducting Legal Research about Personal Drug Consumption (Minimum Doses) in Latin America." Legal Information Management 18, no. 3 (September 2018): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669618000336.
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AbstractAlthough all the international instruments (treaties, conventions, etc), that shape criminal policy concerning drug trafficking in the Latin American region, converge and given the commitment of the states to go in the same direction, nevertheless it is quite difficult to conduct good research in the subject. This is due to multiple, and constant, reforms in the local legislation, the use of different legal terms and the context of the right to privacy in each country. This article, written by Gloria Orrego Hoyos and Esteban Pizá, addresses the main legal instruments applicable to the general topic of drug trafficking, and concerning personal consumption or minimum dose, and highlights the problems and obstacles faced with regard to conducting research about drug trafficking in the Latin American region.
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Skalnaya, Yulia A. "“Interpreter of Life” and “Maker of Universes”: Bernard Shaw and Albert Einstein." Literature of the Americas, no. 14 (2023): 373–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2023-14-373-419.
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The article focuses on the two great figures of the XX century, Bernard Shaw and Albert Einstein. Their occupations belonged to quite distant realms of science and fiction, and the only event that united the two in public consciousness was Shaw’s speech in honor of Einstein at the OTR fundraising dinner at the Savoy Hotel on 28th October 1930 where he bestowed the honorary title of “Maker of the Universe” upon the scientist. However, these two great men had much more in common than it is generally accepted. The paper presents some little-known details of Shaw — Einstein relationship, establishes a correlation between their views on a number of socio-political, scientific, philosophic, ethical and aesthetical issues including common grounds and principal differences in their attitude towards the USA and the American social structure. Apart from the few existing articles in the foreign academic journals, this research relies on the official European and American press records of Shaw’s and Einstein’s speeches, their private correspondence, diary entries, memoirs and (auto)biographies created by their close friends, colleagues and contemporaries (such as Beatrice Webb, Leopold Infeld, Ronald Clark), as well as Einstein’s essays and Shaw’s dramas. Another significant figure in the paper is the American writer and scientist Archibald Henderson who, according to professor W.L. Phelps, was “perhaps the only living man who can talk on their own level with the two greatest intellects of today, George Bernard Shaw and Albert Einstein.” The vast majority of documents, radio and video addresses cited in this article have not been translated into Russian; the paper is a pioneering study in Russia, where this topic remains unknown and haven’t so far attracted attention of the Russian academia.
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Hollington, Michael. "“Why do you write what isn’t true?”: Dostoevsky and the Fantastic Paradox." Synthesis: an Anglophone Journal of Comparative Literary Studies, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/syn.16918.
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In this paper, my starting point will be Philip Roth’s famous essay “Writing American Fiction,” in which he complains about the difficulty of writing novels in a country “where the actuality is constantly outdoing our talents.” I shall contend that this perception is not a new one, nor does it apply to American reality alone, and trace it back through a series of writers commenting on the difficulty of writing novels in the face of contemporary reality to its origins in Byron’s Don Juan: “For truth is always strange; stranger than fiction.” I shall argue that the aesthetics of “romantic realism,” as Donald Fanger labels it—the writing of Dickens, Dostoevsky, Balzac, Gogol, etc—directly addresses this paradox, and that this partly accounts for the differences between it and “classic realism.” My contention is that we mistake the nature of such writing if we judge it by the criteria of “classic realism”—and find it wanting, as is often the case.
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Cojocaru, Alexandra. "The Persian Gulf Crisis 2019-2020 and the U.S.-Iran interactions." Euro-Atlantic Studies, no. 3 (2020): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/eas.2020.3.2.
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The Persian Gulf crisis 2019-2020 is one of the challenges the international community is currently facing. After the assassination of General Qasem Soleimani, the crisis has taken on new dimensions, calling into question the effectiveness of the U.S. strategy and its legitimacy in the Middle East. In order to provide a better view of the relationship between the U.S. and Iran, we identified the main underlying causes that contributed to paramount animosities and the reputation for resolve, classifying them into several categories: geostrategic, economic, symbolic, etc. To decipher the actions taken by combatants in 2019 and 2020, we analyzed the strategies adopted, the miscalculations, the strategic costs involved, and how they impacted the future interaction in the Middle East. Having access to numerous American primary sources (press, American officials’ speeches, official releases), we used theoretical aspects of political psychology in order to highlight the U.S. strategic incoherence. In the case of Iran, we used secondary sources to demonstrate the unjustified Iranian assertiveness during the crisis. This paper aims to question the rationality behind the decisions taken by the leaders of the two states and to determine to which extent these decisions were the product of a solid and rational decision-making process or the product of cognitive rigidity. This paper also emphasizes that the inference that the other’s image is the product of aggressiveness, was the main reason why coercive strategies did not have the desired effect on the initiator.
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Kibrik, Andrej. "<em>Thought-Based Linguistics: How Languages Turn Thoughts into Sounds.</em> Wallace Chafe’s concluding book." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 4 (2023): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2023.4.157-168.
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The concluding book by an eminent American linguist Wallace Chafe Thought-Based Linguistics: How Languages Turn Thoughts into Sounds presents an introduction to the central agenda of linguistics in the context of neighboring sciences. The present survey briefly explains the ideas presented in the six parts of the book. Chafe offers an original theory of the structure of thought and its step-bystep conversion, via semantics and grammar, to sound. Apart from basic issues in linguistic theory, Chafe also addresses adjacent questions, such as translation processes, peculiarities of literature, emotional components of thought, etc. The survey mentions several linguistic notions that are insufficiently covered in Chafe’s book. The final part of the survey offers general conclusions regarding Chafe’s contribution to linguistics.
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Kofman, Andrey F. "Greetings from Havana: MAPRYAL Forum in Cuba." Literature of the Americas, no. 14 (2023): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2023-14-443-450.
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In 2022 (December 12–14) Havana hosted the International educational and cultural forum “Russian Literature in Latin America: Ideas and Values for the Future of the World”. The forum was organized by the MAPRYAL (International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature) in cooperation with the University of Havana. The aim of the forum is to strengthen interaction among members of academic and educational communities of Latin American countries studying Russia and its cultural heritage. The forum was attended by over 200 delegates — teachers, scholars, writers, translators, literary critics, representing Cuba and other Spanish-speaking countries (Argentina, Colombia, Uruguay, etc.), as well as Russian educational and scholarly institutions. The Russian delegation included representatives of the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) and A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg State University, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), Pushkin State Institute of the Russian Language, Maxim Gorky Institute of Literature and Creative Writing, Ural Federal and Southern Federal Universities, reputed writers, critics, translators and scholars, among them Evgeny Vodolazkin, Alexey Varlamov, Pavel Basinksy, the representatives of A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, — Vadim Polonsky and Andrey Kofman. Cuban and Latin American Russian studies were also widely represented: at the forum sessions, speeches were made by teachers of Russian, translators, writers, scholars, literary critics, publishers — Omar Lobos, Alejandro Ariel Gonzalez, Ruben Dario Flores, Raul Rodriguez de Silva, Irina Luna and many other reputed professionals whose activities are related to the Russian language and literature.
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Bondarenko, I. "КОНЦЕПТ «РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЯ» ЯК СИМВОЛІЧНИЙ МАРКЕР РАДИКАЛЬНОГО СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ІНЖИНІРИНГУ." State and Regions. Series: Social Communications, no. 2(42) (March 18, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/cpu2219-8741/2020.2(42).17.
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<p><em>The article presents a conceptual analysis of Reconstruction notion which became a conceptual foundation of Ukrainian history in Stalinism era. Through the methodological prism of social engineering, the author studies the lingual techniques of embedding the new era ideological messages into the mental structure of personality. An interesting feature of this research is a comparative analysis of two modernism projects – American reconstruction in 1863–1877 and socio-political breakup of the Stalinism era. The author draws on extensive factual material including J. Stalin’s speeches, Ukrainian scientific periodical publications of 1930s etc. to look into the public and methodological planes of interpreting the Reconstruction construct. The article demonstrates the process of verbal coding for specific fragments or ‘pieces’ of the conceptual system and argues that information manipulation arises at the stage of language-related cognition of the world, interpretation of certain words and their meaning. It is this specifics that leads to creating an informational picture of the world that cannot be constituted without a language and enables an individual to go beyond their direct experience. The article shows the dynamics of implanting the idea of Reconstruction into the concept sphere of Soviet people and its development from the first public presentation of the word in Stalin’s speeches to its entrenchment in scientific discourse. Scholars of the time strived to justify, rationalize and give ground to Stalin’s ideas in terms of building new utopian society systems. Since early 1930s, the Reconstruction concept has been associated with drastic transformations in agriculture, education system, culture and science, mass media and households. In the course of the research the author resorted to general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, systematization, comparison, as well as conceptual analysis.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words: </em></strong><em>discourse, concept, reconstruction, Soviet people, social engineering, communication technologies, propaganda.</em></p>
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Shenin, Sergey. "Evolution of the U.S. Assistance Program and the Soviet “Economic Offensive” Factor (1950s)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.13.
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Introduction. This article is devoted to studying the influence of the Soviet “economic offensive” factor in the 1950s on the formation of the New World Economic Order by the American by the American ruling elite in general and the use of such an important tool as foreign assistance in particular in the framework of this process. The reconstruction of this process makes it possible to clarify the specifics of the foreign policy decision-making mechanism in the United States, to identify the ideological approaches of main political interest groups to the goals and methods of building a new world order. Methods and materials. The study uses a group analysis approach as well as American executive and legislative documents, press material, speeches by key politicians, etc., to identify the reasons for the differences among representatives of the three leading interest groups in interpreting the nature of the Soviet “economic offensive” in the Third World countries. Analysis. These differences were primarily due to the possibility of using the factor of the Soviet “aggression” for conducting domestic propaganda campaigns as part of the interest groups struggle for control over the foreign assistance program. Thus, the representatives of the atlantists group claimed that the main threat from the Communist world remained in the military sphere; the globalist-oriented progressives insisted that the Soviet “economic offensive” was a critical danger to U.S. interests, while conservatives declared that the “myths” about the Soviet-communist threats to the United States in the Third World were invalid. Results. In the second half of the 1950s the group of progressives used the factor of the Soviet “economic offensive” more effectively in the framework of their campaigns (there were four of them), which allowed them to take control over the foreign assistance program and begin to reorient the American strategic course from the prevailing ideology of “mutual security” towards the global developmentalism.
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Stefanchikov, Igor Vyacheslavovich. "Words and Collocations Containing roots -gr(i)eg- (-gring-, -grec-, etc.), -helen-, -bizant- in Modern Spanish." Litera, no. 11 (November 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2022.11.39012.
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The article addresses the subject of the semantics of Spanish words and collocations containing the roots -gr(i)eg- (-grec-, -gring-, etc.), -helen-, -bizant-, associated with Greece and with the Greek culture. The author analyzes the semantics and etymology of the words and expressions the way they are represented in the two most reputable explanatory dictionaries, Diccionario de la lengua española (DLE) and Diccionario de americanismos. In some cases, the usage of the selected units is described with reference to corpus data (Modern Spanish corpora — CREA and CORPES XXI). The study has revealed the presence of a significant proportion of “learned borrowings” (“cultismos”), which is explained by the importance of Ancient Greek and Byzantine culture for European civilization in general and for Spain in particular. It is stated that the semantic evolution of some vocabulary units was influenced by stereotypical ideas about Greece and the Greeks. In addition, the analysis of Diccionario de americanismos has shown some peculiarities of the usage of the words and expressions under analysis in Latin American Spanish (e. g. the more frequent use of “gringo” and its derivatives).
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Zhezhko-Braun, Irina. ""Project 1619" as an alternative to "American project"." Ideas and Ideals 13, no. 1-1 (March 19, 2021): 80–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2021-13.1.1-80-111.
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This article is the second in a series on the birth of a new elite in the United States, called ‘the minority elite’. The previous article hypothesized that what is happening is not so much the replenishment or evolution of the old elite, but the emergence of a new one, grown on the basis of the Affirmative Action Program, the culture of ‘woke capitalism’ and decades of the minority protest. The process of elite change intensified on the wave of protest activity of black minority, primarily ‘Black Lives Matter’ movement, in the summer of 2020, which coincided with elections to all branches of government. The new elite need to create their own version of American history and their liberation mission. The ideological paradigm of the black movement includes several social doctrines: ‘The 1619 Project’, critical race theory, Black liberation, theories of white privilege, white supremacy and anti-racism. ‘The 1619 Project’ clearly demonstrates how the new elite understand the past, present and future of the United States and their place in the social structure. This article analyzes the theses of ‘1619’, and also contains the main conclusions of the professional criticism of this project. The goal of the project, according to its authors, is to reframe American history. It places slavery and systematic racism at the very center of US history and thereby denies the foundations on which the ‘American project’ is based. ‘1619’ is considered in the article as a socio-engineering project that includes various programs: curricula for colleges and schools, podcasts for radio, TV shows and films, interviews and speeches in universities, exhibitions, press publications, ideological themes for elections and trainings for organizations and social movements. The unprecedented speed of implementation and the scale of financing of the new version of American history in all spheres of society without its professional assessment indicate that this large-scale action was prepared in advance. The article deals with the fundamental factual errors in the presentation of history, analysis and interpretation of economic data in ‘1619’, including those that were uncritically borrowed from the school ‘New History of Capitalism’. It also addresses the doctrine of anti-racism. The analysis of the project showed a low level of evidence of the revision of history conceived in it. The author shows by the example of ‘1619’ that scientific research is not combined with ideological tasks, since the latter inevitably lead to adjustment to the given answer, a decrease in the level of the applied scientific apparatus and simplification of the conclusions drawn. Criticism of the project was heard only in the academic sphere, but did not get into the media. One of the most serious consequences of the project is the creation of a new mythology, supplanting from the public consciousness a version of American history based on the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and proven historical facts. The black movement, albeit temporarily, managed to impose its own narrative on public opinion and create a rationale for moving into power and receiving new privileges.
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García, Natalia, Juan Alfonseca Giner de los Ríos, and Tania Mateus Carreño. "NOTES ABOUT THE SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION ON THE LATIN AMERICAN AUTHORITARIAN STATE AND ITS SCHOOL." Historia y Memoria de la Educación, no. 20 (June 28, 2024): 279–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/hme.20.2024.38021.
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The purpose of this paper is to provide a preliminary overview of the state of research on education as an instrument of domination during the «exceptional» moments assumed by the State throughout the 20th century in Latin America. This is a summary review mainly aimed at recovering part of the knowledge debated in the Ibero-American Congresses on the History of Latin American Education (CIHELA) in the last thirty years. Certainly, the universe of connotations that open up in this call outlined by the concepts «authoritarianism, violence, war, vulnerability and school», forces a limited theoretical-methodological operation and, for instance, affordable. In this sense, this work results from the search, identification, selection and analysis of a broad field of research and reflection on this subject, problems and academic objectives. Following the works presented in the CIHELA, this selection focuses on the transformations of the educational field, in general, and the school, in particular, in periods of restriction or closure of democratic participation. More specifically, it addresses the devices, uses and scope of authoritarian power according to the many variants assumed in each geography and unique history (foreign occupations, military and civil-military dictatorships, etc.).
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Смирнова, У. В. "SYNTHESIS OF RELIGION AND POLITICS IN MODERN ANGLO-AMERICAN DISCOURSE." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ И МЕТОДИКО-ДИДАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, no. 4(60) (December 17, 2023): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2023.40.96.004.
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Постановка задачи. В статье на материале политического дискурса, представленного общественно-политическими речами американских политиков Дж. Буша-мл, Д. Трампа, Б. Обамы, Дж. Спиэр, религиозного дискурса апологетов американского евангелизма, блогов и постов в социальных сетях политического и религиозного характера, исследуется глубинное проникновение религиозного в политическое в англо-американском политическом дискурсе с позиции когнитивных исследований религии, семиотики и дискурс-анализа. Синтез религиозного и политического рассматривается в работе как продукт «отражения» внутриполитических кризисов, переживаемых по моделям, заданным религиозным знанием, и реализуемых в форме лозунга, социальной практики, истории или высказывания, с одной стороны, и как результат экспертного конструирования и эксплуатации религиозных структур массового сознания, с другой стороны. Результаты. Формулируется понятие псевдореференции, религиозно-политического мифа и исследуются некоторые религиозно-политические мифы. Описаны высказывания, конструируемые по концептуальным моделям евангелизма «calling» (призыв Господа), «awakening» (пробуждение), и структурным моделям контрастивных смыслов, лежащих в основе религиозных проповедей американских евангелистов. Анализируется дискурс политических оппонентов и обывателей на предмет осмысления политического как религиозного в форме лозунга движения КьюЭнон «Trust the Plan» и сакрализации фигуры Дж. Флойда. Выводы. Гибрид религиозного и политического в англо-американском политическом дискурсе возникает, когда общественно-политическая речь интегрирует структурные схемы и концептуальные смыслы проповеди, исповеди или откровения, при этом евангельские смыслы интерпретируется в контексте политической повестки дня. Религиозно-политический миф обнаруживается в политическом дискурсе не только как средство манипуляции, но и как результат обыденного переживания политического как религиозного. tatement of the problem. The article discusses the integration of religion into politics in Anglo-American political discourse from the perspective of cognitive science of religion, semiotics, and discourse analysis. The author draws examples from political speeches by G.W. Bush, D. Trump, J. Speier, sermons by American evangelical apologists, and religion and politics blogs on social media. Results. The author introduces the terms "pseudo-reference" and "politico-religious myth" and addresses some of the politico-religious myths in Anglo-American political discourse. The author analyzes utterances that are constructed following the conceptual evangelical models of "calling" and "awakening," as well as contrasting models that structure the conceptual idea of sermons by American evangelists. The author also highlights signs of interpreting politics as a religious phenomenon in the discourse of political opponents and grassroots discourse. These interpretations take the form of political slogans (such as "Trust The Plan" by the QAnon movement) and social and verbal practices that sacralize the figure of G. Floyd. Conclusion. Hybrids of politics and religion result from the expert integration of structural schemes and concepts characterizing genres of sermon, confession, and revelation into political discourse, as well as the interpretation of political agenda events in the context of evangelical ideas. Politico-religious myths surface in political discourse not only as an expert manipulation technique but also as a result of experiencing politics against religious events and phenomena
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Mashevskyi, Oleg. "The traditions and tasks of the Ukrainian American Studies: «Ukraine and the USA: the experience and prospects of cooperation». The second international scientific conference." European Historical Studies, no. 9 (2018): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2018.09.167-180.
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The cooperation of the Ukrainian state with the most influential international actors, as well as the maintenance of good stable partner relations therewith guarantees the successful integration of Ukraine to the global community in this day and age. Therefore developing relations between Ukraine and the USA as with the single superpower is a crucial component of the integration process. Holding conferences, seminars and the expert meetings is extremely essential in investigating and studying the American history, economy and social life. In this respect, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv remains the standard-bearer. The article analyses the work of the Second International Scientific Conference “Ukraine and the USA: the experience and Prospects of Cooperation” dedicated to the 25th anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations between Ukraine and the United States which took place on November, 23 2017 and was backed by the Modern and Contemporary History Department (History Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv). The general session was opened by Oleg Mashevskiy, the convenor, PhD (history), professor, head of the Modern and Contemporary History Department. He as well presented the third volume of the specialized scientific “The American History and Politics”. The openings remarks were made by the dean of the History Department (Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv), PhD (history), Ivan Patryliak. The latter outlined the scientific importance of the event and of the subject thereof. The representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Maksym Kravchuk, the co-organizer of the conference, head of the Kyiv Office of Kennan Institute Kateryna Smagliy and the Chairman of the Board of the National Sikorski Center Charity Fund Viktor Yagun delivered challenging and thoughtful speeches. In his speech, Makar Taran, the Chairman of the Board of the Ukrainian American Studies Association Public Organization (the originator and one of the organizers of the event), underlined the rising influence of the NGOs within the framework of the Ukrainian-American relations. The scientific discussions then moved on within the conference sections. The latter were respectively divided into those on the Ukrainian-American relations, the foreign policy of the USA, the contemporary American society, the Ukrainian expat community in the USA etc. Over 190 key American studies specialists (scholars, experts, diplomats, servicemen, public persons and statesmen) partook in the conference.
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Дячук, Наталія. "Frame Analysis of Political Texts." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 4, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2017.4.1.dya.
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The article outlines the study of political texts from psycholinguistic perspectives. The research generalizes and empirically verifies a psycholinguistic approach to the study of political discourse and focuses on frame analysis, one of the most powerful psycholinguistic techniques. Frame structure embraces conceptual components that allow accumulating information from different sources. The public speeches of two great Ukrainian and American political leaders Viktor Yushchenko and Barack Obama were the principal sources of the analysis. Frame analysis was applied to study cross-cultural peculiarities that depict national nature of two cultures. Data analysis shows that discourse of the Ukrainian leader is mostly focused on categories such as people, power, liberty. The discourse of the American leader contains categories such as economy, money, people, psychological constructs. The results show that people have become top-priority for V. Yushchenko. They are the people the Ukrainian politician addresses, believes and trusts. V. Yushchenko also carries about freedom, independence and liberty of any Ukrainian citizen. B. Obama is deeply concentrated on economy and finance of his country. It has become obvious that he is ready to implement the set of reforms for the country to thrive. The category of psychological constructs shows that the American politician is full of respect and proud for his country ant population. The radical variety of two speeches is caused by different economic conditions, values and mentality of two cultures and personal purposes and objectives of two representatives.
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Anthopoulos, Leonidas, and Kleanthis Sirakoulis. "E-Government Portal Updates' Evaluation." International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age 2, no. 2 (April 2015): 54–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpada.2015040104.
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More than a decade has passed since the launch of the first e-Government one-stop web portals, which concern central points for digital access by citizens, enterprises and government. Due to the broad audience that these portals serve, various analyses have been performed concerning their effectiveness with regard to service delivery; trustworthiness with regard to service availability; usability; accessibility; and user satisfaction etc. The results from these analyses have extreme interest for governments, since they reflect government strategic planning, internal efficiency and effectiveness, while they have been utilized for their upgrades. E-Government portal upgrade appears to be something usual and various updates have been observed in most portals during this timeframe. This paper addresses and important issue: “do e-Government portal updates enhance user satisfaction?” To this end, a comparative qualitative evaluation of some major e-Government portals is performed, with the use of the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) during 2009 and 2012.
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Smith, Jacob. "Representing Themselves: Contesting Western Representations of Minoritized Communities in the Poetry of Danez Smith, Franny Choi, and Tommy Pico." Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal 20, no. 2 (November 16, 2022): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/uo/ourj/20.2.9.
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Over time, dominant world powers like the United States have levied the tool of definition to dehumanize, delegitimatize, and disempower certain peoples. How society defines what is normal vs. abnormal, human vs. inhuman, positive vs. negative, and so on has the potential to privilege certain groups over others who are defined as worse in some way. However, dominant cultures do not hold the power of definition exclusively. In recent years, individuals from minoritized communities have taken to defining their identities independently of their dominant culture’s representation of them after fighting for and winning certain rights and liberties that they had previous been denied. In particular, some poets from minoritized communities within the United States have made self-identification central to their works. They do this by examining the ingrained misrepresentation of minoritized communities—located in the numerous forms of American mass media (television, film, literature, news, etc.)—and unmasking the embedded systems of oppression that pervade those misrepresentations. This essay analyzes a collection of poetry from three contemporary poets of minoritized communities within the United States: Danez Smith’s Don’t Call Us Dead, Franny Choi’s Soft Science, and Tommy Pico’s Nature Poem. In each of their collections, the poets resist American media’s misrepresentations of their specific identity by asserting their own experiences and identities as a point of direct contrast. Specifically, Danez Smith resists American media’s obsession with the deaths of contemporary Black people by celebrating Black life; Franny Choi addresses American media’s dehumanization of Asian-descended peoples by contesting the Asian-robot archetype from American science fiction; and Tommy Pico resists the historical ecological Indian stereotype by reimagining the nature poem. In all three of their collections, the poets take up the powerful weapon of language to both reject the false identities the United States has forced upon them and represent themselves in a way that is unadulterated by American media.