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Journal articles on the topic 'Speed independent'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Edwards, Mark, David R. Badcock, and Andrew T. Smith. "Independent speed-tuned global-motion systems." Vision Research 38, no. 11 (June 1998): 1573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00353-2.

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2

Kondratyev, A., J. Cortadella, M. Kishinevsky, L. Lavagno, and A. Yakovlev. "Logic decomposition of speed-independent circuits." Proceedings of the IEEE 87, no. 2 (1999): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.740027.

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3

Gimmon, Yoav, Hisham Rashad, Ilan Kurz, Meir Plotnik, Raziel Riemer, Ronen Debi, Amir Shapiro, and Itshak Melzer. "Gait Coordination Deteriorates in Independent Old-Old Adults." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 26, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2017-0120.

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Human gait is symmetric and bilaterally coordinated in young healthy persons. In this study, we aimed to explore the differences in bilateral coordination of gait as measured by the phase coordination index (PCI), gait asymmetry, and stride time variability of gait between four age groups. A total of 44 older adults were recruited: nine young-old (age 70–74 years), 26 old (age 75–84 years), nine old-old (>85 years and older), and 13 young adults (age 20–30 years). Subjects walked on a treadmill; walking speed was systematically increased from 0.5 to 0.9 m/s in steps of 0.1 m/s. There were marginal effects of age on PCI, significant main effects of walking speeds without interaction between walking speeds and age group. A difference in PCI could distinguish between young’s and late aging group, and only during their preferred treadmills walking speed. This study explicitly shows that bilateral coordination of walking is modified by gait speed, and deteriorates only at a very old age.

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4

Al-Smadi, Takialddin A., and Yasir K. Ibrahim . "Design of Speed Independent Ripple Carry Adder." Journal of Applied Sciences 7, no. 6 (March 1, 2007): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2007.848.854.

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5

Braddick, Oliver, Rory Trevelyan-Thomas, and Catherine Manning. "CAN SPEED BE JUDGED INDEPENDENT OF DIRECTION?" Journal of Vision 17, no. 10 (August 31, 2017): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.936.

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6

Weih, D. T., and M. R. Greenstreet. "Verification of speed-independent data-path circuits." IEE Proceedings - Computers and Digital Techniques 143, no. 5 (1996): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-cdt:19960703.

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7

DEL POZO, GONZALO BAILADOR, CARMEN SÁNCHEZ-ÁVILA, ALBERTO DE-SANTOS-SIERRA, and JAVIER GUERRA-CASANOVA. "SPEED-INDEPENDENT GAIT IDENTIFICATION FOR MOBILE DEVICES." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 08 (December 2012): 1260013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001412600130.

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Due to the intensive use of mobile phones for different purposes, these devices usually contain confidential information which must not be accessed by another person apart from the owner of the device. Furthermore, the new generation phones commonly incorporate an accelerometer which may be used to capture the acceleration signals produced as a result of owner's gait. Nowadays, gait identification in basis of acceleration signals is being considered as a new biometric technique which allows blocking the device when another person is carrying it. Although distance based approaches as Euclidean distance or dynamic time warping have been applied to solve this identification problem, they show difficulties when dealing with gaits at different speeds. For this reason, in this paper, a method to extract an average template from instances of the gait at different velocities is presented. This method has been tested with the gait signals of 34 subjects while walking at different motion speeds (slow, normal and fast) and it has shown to improve the performance of Euclidean distance and classical dynamic time warping.

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Manning, Catherine, Rory Trevelyan Thomas, and Oliver Braddick. "Can speed be judged independent of direction?" Journal of Vision 18, no. 6 (June 22, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.6.15.

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9

Kondratyev, A., M. Kishinevsky, and A. Yakovlev. "Hazard-free implementation of speed-independent circuits." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 17, no. 9 (1998): 749–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/43.720313.

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10

Seger, C. J. "On the existence of speed-independent circuits." Theoretical Computer Science 86, no. 2 (September 1991): 343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(91)90024-v.

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11

Göksu, Hüseyin. "Engine Speed–Independent Acoustic Signature for Vehicles." Measurement and Control 51, no. 3-4 (April 2018): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294018769080.

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A vehicle, when running, makes a complex sound emission from the engine, the exhaust, the air conditioner, and other mechanical parts. Analysis of this sound for the purpose of vehicle identification is an interesting practice which has security- and transportation-related applications. Engine speed variation, which causes shifts in the frequency content of the emissions, makes Fourier-based methods ineffective in terms of providing a stable signature for the vehicle. We search for an engine speed–independent acoustic signature for the vehicle, and for this purpose, we propose wavelet packet analysis rather than traditional time- or frequency-domain methods. Wavelet packet analysis, by providing arbitrary time–frequency resolution, enables analyzing signals of stationary and non-stationary nature. It has better time representation than Fourier analysis and better high-frequency resolution than wavelet analysis. Under varying engine speed, sound emissions are recorded from four cars and analyzed by wavelet packet analysis. Wavelet packet analysis subimages are further analyzed to obtain feature vectors in the form of log energy entropy, norm entropy, and energy. These feature vectors are fed into a classifier, multilayer perceptron, for evaluation. While norm entropy achieves a classification rate of 100%, log energy entropy and energy achieves classification rates of 99.26% and 97.79%, respectively. These results indicate that, wavelet packet analysis along with norm entropy and multilayer perceptron provides an accurate vehicle-specific acoustic signature independent of the engine speed.

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12

Kawai, Hiroshi, Genki Yagawa, and Shinobu Yoshimura. "FEM Postprocessor with Mesh-Independent Processing Speed." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 61, no. 586 (1995): 2455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.61.2455.

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13

Mungan, Carl E. "Pendulum Motion Damped by Speed-Independent Friction." Physics Educator 03, no. 03 (September 2021): 2150008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661339521500086.

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A pendulum without a supporting string or rod is obtained if a small block or marble is released at the rim of a spherical bowl or cylindrical half-pipe. This setup also applies to the familiar loop-the-loop demonstration. However, the bob will then experience sliding or rolling friction, which is speed independent in contrast to the linear or quadratic air drag which is more commonly used to model damping of oscillators. An analytic solution can be found for the speed of the bob as a function of its angular position around the vertical circular trajectory. A numerical solution for the time that the object takes to move from one turning point to the next shows that it is smaller than it would be in the absence of friction.

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14

Piguet, C. "Supplementary condition for STG-designed speed-independent circuits." Electronics Letters 34, no. 7 (1998): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19980458.

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15

Beerel, Peter A., and Teresa H. Y. Meng. "Semi-modularity and testability of speed-independent circuits." Integration 13, no. 3 (September 1992): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9260(92)90033-u.

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16

van Silfhout, Lysanne, Allard J. F. Hosman, Ronald H. M. A. Bartels, Michael J. R. Edwards, Rainer Abel, Armin Curt, and Henk van de Meent. "Ten Meters Walking Speed in Spinal Cord–Injured Patients: Does Speed Predict Who Walks and Who Rolls?" Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 31, no. 9 (August 8, 2017): 842–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968317723751.

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Background. Walking speed is assumed to be a key factor in regaining ambulation after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, from the literature it remains unclear which walking speed usually results in independent community ambulation. Objective. The primary aim of this study was to determine at which walking speed SCI patients tend to walk in the community instead of using a wheelchair. The secondary aim was to investigate clinical conditions that favor independent ambulation in the community. Methods. Data from SCI patients were collected retrospectively from the European Multicenter Study about Spinal Cord Injury database. We determined a cutoff walking speed at which the patients tend to walk in the community by plotting a receiver operating characteristics curve, using the Spinal Cord Independence Measure for outdoor mobility. Univariate analyses investigated which factors influence independent community ambulation. Results. A walking speed of 0.59 m/s is the cutoff between patients who do and do not ambulate independently in the community, with a sensitivity of 91.6% and a specificity of 80.3%. Age, injury severity, and lower limb muscle strength have a significant influence on independent community ambulation. Conclusions. Patients with an SCI who regain a walking speed of 0.59 m/s tend to achieve a level of walking effectiveness that allows for independent community walking. Although such patients tend to be younger and less severely injured, this walking speed can be a target for locomotor training in rehabilitation and clinical trials that lead to a meaningful outcome level of community walking.

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17

Liu, Mengnan, Chuiquan Wei, and Liyou Xu. "Development of Cooperative Controller for Dual-Motor Independent Drive Electric Tractor." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 11, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4826904.

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This paper proposes a control strategy of dual-motor independent drive electric tractor with cooperative control power take-off (PTO) and driving systems by investigating its structural characteristics to meet the field operation requirements. In the following operation mode, the vehicle speed is taken as the input signal, and the PTO motor speed is followed by the vehicle speed at a proportional ratio. Four different principles of collaborative control strategy-based stability control, namely, general closed-loop, conventional PID, adaptive fuzzy PID, and fuzzy neural network adaptive PID controls, are proposed to meet the requirements during speed change. Hardware design is divided into modules in accordance with circuit function. Software design is divided into application layer and underlying software, where the application software realizes the control strategy of the entire machine. The underlying software is based on the hardware driver of MC9S12XEP100 that connects the application layer software and hardware. A hardware-in-the-loop test platform based on dSPACE/DS1007 is built to test the function of the collaborative controller. Results show that the stabilization time of fuzzy neural network adaptive PID control is 0.024 s. Compared with the three other control modes, the settling time decreases by 0.256, 0.034, and 0.028, respectively, and the overshoot decreases to 1.6%. Root locus analysis results show that the stability of the system is the best. Under the entire machine cooperative operation mode hardware in the loop test, the PTO motor maintains the fixed target speed under the fixed speed output mode, and the PTO speed in the following mode has a good follow-up to the vehicle speed. The controller realizes the control of the power output shaft to cut between the following and standard speeds. It also meets the requirement of cooperative control in the operation of dual-motor independent drive electric tractor.

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18

Boranna, Rakshith, Chandrika Thondagere Nataraj, Raviprasad Kogravalli Jagannath, Suman Pahal, Manoj M. Varma, and Gurusiddappa R. Prashanth. "Spin-speed independent thickness and molecular adsorption behaviour of polyelectrolyte multilayers." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 93, no. 2 (February 2021): 20301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2021200294.

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The science behind the build-up mechanism of polyelectrolyte multilayers is important for developing devices for various engineering applications. Here we, study the dependency of thickness of polyelectrolyte multilayer films, fabricated using spin-assisted layer-by-layer self-assembly of polyelectrolytes technique, with respect to varying spin-speed while keeping all other parameters of the fabrication process-window constant. The thickness measurements were performed using variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. The experimentally observed results were validated mathematically using a Flory type theory. In addition, the bio-molecular adsorption studies on these polyelectrolyte multilayer films fabricated at various spin-speeds, were also quantitatively analyzed using fluorescence microscopy studies. It was seen that the effect of spin-speed on the thickness of polyelectrolyte multilayers was negligible. In addition, it was also observed that the bio-molecular adsorption modalities onto these substrates were also independent of the spin-speed. This finding prompts to develop low-cost alternative technologies for various biomedical engineering applications, like functionalized substrates for centrifugal assay for fluorescence-based cell adhesion, wherein stability of films against strong mechanical forces generated during spinning can play an important role.

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19

Witt, Jessica K., Mila Sugovic, and Michael D. Dodd. "Action-specific perception of speed is independent of attention." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 78, no. 3 (January 12, 2016): 880–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-015-1047-6.

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20

Kerrigan, D. Casey, Laura W. Lee, Tanya J. Nieto, John D. Markman, James J. Collins, and Patrick O. Riley. "Kinetic alterations independent of walking speed in elderly fallers." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 81, no. 6 (June 2000): 730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(00)90101-1.

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21

Anton-Erxleben, K., K. Herrmann, and M. Carrasco. "Independent effects of adaptation and attention on speed perception." Journal of Vision 11, no. 11 (September 23, 2011): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.230.

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22

Beerel, P. A., Cheng-Ta Hsieh, and S. Wadekar. "Estimation of energy consumption in speed-independent control circuits." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 15, no. 6 (June 1996): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/43.503936.

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23

Anton-Erxleben, Katharina, Katrin Herrmann, and Marisa Carrasco. "Independent Effects of Adaptation and Attention on Perceived Speed." Psychological Science 24, no. 2 (December 14, 2012): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612449178.

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24

Ren-Der Chen and Jer-Min Jou. "STG-level decomposition and resynthesis of speed-independent circuits." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 49, no. 12 (December 2002): 1751–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2002.805704.

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25

Pastor, E., J. Cortadella, A. Kondratyev, and O. Roig. "Structural methods for the synthesis of speed-independent circuits." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 17, no. 11 (1998): 1108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/43.736185.

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26

Kerrigan, D. Casey, Laura W. Lee, Tanya J. Nieto, John D. Markman, James J. Collins, and Patrick O. Riley. "Kinetic alterations independent of walking speed in elderly fallers." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 81, no. 6 (June 2000): 730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2000.5581.

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27

Ward, Chris C., and Karl Iagnemma. "Speed-independent vibration-based terrain classification for passenger vehicles." Vehicle System Dynamics 47, no. 9 (September 2009): 1095–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423110802450193.

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28

Rindler, Filip, Sebastian Schwarzacher, and Juan J. L. Velázquez. "Two-Speed Solutions to Non-convex Rate-Independent Systems." Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 239, no. 3 (January 8, 2021): 1667–731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00205-020-01599-z.

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29

Jia, Yan Fei, Xiao Dong Yang, Li Yue Xu, and Li Quan Zhao. "An Improved Independent Component Analysis with Reference." Applied Mechanics and Materials 667 (October 2014): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.667.64.

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Independent component analysis with reference is a general framework to incorporate a priori information of interesting source signal into the cost function as constrained terms to form an augmented Lagrange function, and utilizes Newton method to optimize the cost function. It can extract any interesting source signal without extracting all source signals comparing with the traditional Independent component analysis method. In this paper, to accelerate the convergence speed of the Independent component analysis with reference, two improved algorithms are presented. The new algorithms, firstly whiten the observed signals to avoid matrix inverse operation to reduce algorithm complexity, secondly use improved Newton method with fast convergence speed to optimize cost function,in the end deduce the improved Independent component analysis with reference algorithms. Simulation result demonstrates the new algorithms have faster convergence speed with smaller error compared with the original method.

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30

Kerr, Robert, and Roselyne Normand. "Independent Living and Psychomotor Performance." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 11, no. 1 (1992): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800014549.

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AbstractWhile the majority of seniors live outside of institutions, many live in seniors apartment buildings rather than in single family dwellings. MacPherson (1983) suggested that not maintaining an independent living style may have some negative consequences for seniors. The question asked was whether differences in lifestyle arising from the nature of the residence were associated with measures of psychomotor performance. Some 36 seniors, average age approximately 68 yrs., all in good health, completed 800 responses on a discrete pursuit tracking task which emphasized response speed and accuracy. Significant differences in performance were noted for both RT and speed of movement. Overall, seniors living independently, either in urban or rural areas, responded faster than seniors living in seniors apartment buildings. The data do not imply a causal relationship, however, they do suggest that psychomotor variables are relevant factors to consider in regard to differing living styles.

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31

Anderson, Dennis E., Christopher T. Franck, and Michael L. Madigan. "Age Differences in the Required Coefficient of Friction During Level Walking Do Not Exist When Experimentally-Controlling Speed and Step Length." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 30, no. 4 (August 2014): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2013-0275.

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The effects of gait speed and step length on the required coefficient of friction (COF) confound the investigation of age-related differences in required COF. The goals of this study were to investigate whether age differences in required COF during self-selected gait persist when experimentally-controlling speed and step length, and to determine the independent effects of speed and step length on required COF. Ten young and 10 older healthy adults performed gait trials under five gait conditions: self-selected, slow and fast speeds without controlling step length, and slow and fast speeds while controlling step length. During self-selected gait, older adults walked with shorter step lengths and exhibited a lower required COF. Older adults also exhibited a lower required COF when walking at a controlled speed without controlling step length. When both age groups walked with the same speed and step length, no age difference in required COF was found. Thus, speed and step length can have a large influence on studies investigating age-related differences in required COF. It was also found that speed and step length have independent and opposite effects on required COF, with step length having a strong positive effect on required COF, and speed having a weaker negative effect.

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32

Au, Wing Lok, Irene Soo Hoon Seah, Wei Li, and Louis Chew Seng Tan. "Effects of Age and Gender on Hand Motion Tasks." Parkinson's Disease 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/862427.

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Objective. Wearable and wireless motion sensor devices have facilitated the automated computation of speed, amplitude, and rhythm of hand motion tasks. The aim of this study is to determine if there are any biological influences on these kinematic parameters.Methods. 80 healthy subjects performed hand motion tasks twice for each hand, with movements measured using a wireless motion sensor device (Kinesia, Cleveland Medical Devices Inc., Cleveland, OH). Multivariate analyses were performed with age, gender, and height added into the model.Results. Older subjects performed poorer in finger tapping (FT) speed (r=0.593,p<0.001), hand-grasp (HG) speed (r=0.517,p<0.001), and pronation-supination (PS) speed (r=0.485,p<0.001). Men performed better in FT rhythmp<0.02, HG speedp<0.02, HG amplitudep<0.02, and HG rhythmp<0.05. Taller subjects performed better in the speed and amplitude components of FTp<0.02and HG tasksp<0.02. After multivariate analyses, only age and gender emerged as significant independent factors influencing the speed but not the amplitude and rhythm components of hand motion tasks. Gender exerted an independent influence only on HG speed, with better performance in menp<0.05.Conclusions. Age, gender, and height are not independent factors influencing the amplitude and rhythm components of hand motion tasks. The speed component is affected by age and gender differences.

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33

Browne, Michael G., and Jason R. Franz. "Does dynamic stability govern propulsive force generation in human walking?" Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 11 (November 2017): 171673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171673.

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Before succumbing to slower speeds, older adults may walk with a diminished push-off to prioritize stability over mobility. However, direct evidence for trade-offs between push-off intensity and balance control in human walking, independent of changes in speed, has remained elusive. As a critical first step, we conducted two experiments to investigate: (i) the independent effects of walking speed and propulsive force ( F P ) generation on dynamic stability in young adults, and (ii) the extent to which young adults prioritize dynamic stability in selecting their preferred combination of walking speed and F P generation. Subjects walked on a force-measuring treadmill across a range of speeds as well as at constant speeds while modulating their F P according to a visual biofeedback paradigm based on real-time force measurements. In contrast to improvements when walking slower, walking with a diminished push-off worsened dynamic stability by up to 32%. Rather, we find that young adults adopt an F P at their preferred walking speed that maximizes dynamic stability. One implication of these findings is that the onset of a diminished push-off in old age may independently contribute to poorer balance control and precipitate slower walking speeds.

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34

Heinrich, S. P., M. J. van der Smagt, M. Bach, and M. B. Hoffmann. "Electrophysiological evidence for independent speed channels in human motion processing." Journal of Vision 4, no. 6 (May 1, 2004): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/4.6.6.

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35

Furuya, Shinichi, and John F. Soechting. "Speed invariance of independent control of finger movements in pianists." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 7 (October 1, 2012): 2060–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00378.2012.

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Independent control of finger movements characterizes skilled motor behaviors such as tool use and musical performance. The purpose of the present study was to identify the effect of movement frequency (tempo) on individuated finger movements in piano playing. Joint motion at the digits was recorded while 5 expert pianists were playing 30 excerpts from musical pieces with different fingering and key locations either at a predetermined normal tempo or as fast as possible. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis using an expectation-maximization algorithm determined three distinct patterns of finger movement coordination for a keypress with each of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers at each of the two tempi. The finger kinematics of each coordination pattern was overall similar across the tempi. Tone sequences assigned into each cluster were also similar for both tempi. A linear regression analysis determined no apparent difference in the amount of movement covariation between the striking and nonstriking fingers at both metacarpo-phalangeal and proximal-interphalangeal joints across the two tempi, which indicated no effect of tempo on independent finger movements in piano playing. In addition, the standard deviation of interkeystroke interval across strokes did not differ between the two tempi, indicating maintenance of rhythmic accuracy of keystrokes. Strong temporal constraints on finger movements during piano playing may underlie the maintained independent control of fingers over a wider range of tempi, a feature being likely to be specific to skilled pianists.

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36

Kavitha, N., and D. N. Chandrappa. "Vehicle tracking and speed estimation using view-independent traffic cameras." International Journal of Applied Pattern Recognition 6, no. 2 (2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijapr.2020.10033789.

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Kavitha, N., and D. N. Chandrappa. "Vehicle tracking and speed estimation using view-independent traffic cameras." International Journal of Applied Pattern Recognition 6, no. 2 (2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijapr.2020.111531.

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38

Xu, Bingjie, Ziyang Chen, Zhengyu Li, Jie Yang, Qi Su, Wei Huang, Yichen Zhang, and Hong Guo. "High speed continuous variable source-independent quantum random number generation." Quantum Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 025013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab0fd9.

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39

Rose, Susan A., Judith F. Feldman, and Jeffery J. Jankowski. "Infant visual recognition memory: Independent contributions of speed and attention." Developmental Psychology 39, no. 3 (2003): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.563.

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40

Bates, Timothy C., and Andrew Rock. "Personality and information processing speed: Independent influences on intelligent performance." Intelligence 32, no. 1 (January 2004): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2003.08.002.

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41

Scanlan, Aaron T., Neal Wen, Tania Spiteri, Zoran Milanović, Daniele Conte, Joshua H. Guy, Anne Delextrat, and Vincent J. Dalbo. "Dribble Deficit: A novel method to measure dribbling speed independent of sprinting speed in basketball players." Journal of Sports Sciences 36, no. 22 (April 30, 2018): 2596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1470217.

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42

Paldor, Nathan, Yair De-Leon, and Ofer Shamir. "Planetary (Rossby) waves and inertia–gravity (Poincaré) waves in a barotropic ocean over a sphere." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 726 (May 30, 2013): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.219.

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AbstractThe construction of approximate Schrödinger eigenvalue equations for planetary (Rossby) waves and for inertia–gravity (Poincaré) waves on an ocean-covered rotating sphere yields highly accurate estimates of the phase speeds and meridional variation of these waves. The results are applicable to fast rotating spheres such as Earth where the speed of barotropic gravity waves is smaller than twice the tangential speed on the equator of the rotating sphere. The implication of these new results is that the phase speed of Rossby waves in a barotropic ocean that covers an Earth-like planet is independent of the speed of gravity waves for sufficiently large zonal wavenumber and (meridional) mode number. For Poincaré waves our results demonstrate that the dispersion relation is linear, (so the waves are non-dispersive and the phase speed is independent of the wavenumber), except when the zonal wavenumber and the (meridional) mode number are both near 1.

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43

Eboli, Laura, Giuseppe Guido, Gabriella Mazzulla, and Giuseppe Pungillo. "EXPERIMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OPERATING SPEEDS OF SUCCESSIVE ROAD DESIGN ELEMENTS IN TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS." Transport 32, no. 2 (November 1, 2015): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1110831.

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Speed has been identified for a long time as a key risk factor in road traffic. Inappropriate speeds contribute to a relevant part of road crashes, and then to the mortality and disabilities resulting from them. Starting from this consideration this paper investigates road safety by analysing operating speed, which is the 85th percentile speed. Particularly, two regression models are proposed to predict operating speeds for different road elements related to specific road conditions. The case study is represented by a two-lane rural highway. Smartphone-equipped vehicles were used to evaluate the operating speed for each element of the analysed road segment. Continuous speed data were recorded by the vehicles driven by users with different driving behaviours. Since the lack of safety is often linked to an inconsistency roadway geometric design, we effected a preliminary quantitative design consistency evaluation that confirmed the need of having accurate experimental measures of operating speed or appropriate models for predicting it. We propose two types of operating speed models: one for estimating speed profiles for horizontal curves, and the other one for tangents. According to both models, operating speed is predicted by the combination of an independent variable representing a geometric characteristic (curve radius for the curves and length for the tangent elements) and an independent variable relating to the speed, and specifically the operating speed of the previous road element. The models show a good predictive capability, and can be considered as a useful tool for operators and technicians for road management.

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Graham, James E., Steve R. Fisher, Ivonne-Marie Bergés, Yong-Fang Kuo, and Glenn V. Ostir. "Walking Speed Threshold for Classifying Walking Independence in Hospitalized Older Adults." Physical Therapy 90, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 1591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100018.

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Background Walking speed norms and several risk thresholds for poor health outcomes have been published for community-dwelling older adults. It is unclear whether these values apply to hospitalized older adults. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the in-hospital walking speed threshold that best differentiates walking-independent from walking-dependent older adults. Design This was a cross-sectional study. Methods This study recruited a convenience sample of 174 ambulatory adults aged 65 years and older who had been admitted to a medical-surgical unit of a university hospital. The participants' mean (SD) age was 75 (7) years. Fifty-nine percent were women, 66% were white, and more than 40% were hospitalized for cardiovascular problems. Usual-pace walking speed was assessed over 2.4 m. Walking independence was assessed through self-report. Several methods were used to determine the threshold speed that best differentiated walking-independent patients from walking-dependent patients. Approaches included a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity and specificity, and frequency distributions. Results The participants' mean (SD) walking speed was 0.43 (0.23) m/s, and 62% reported walking independence. Nearly 75% of the patients walked more slowly than the lowest community-based risk threshold, yet 90% were discharged home. Overall, cut-point analyses suggested that 0.30 to 0.35 m/s may be a meaningful threshold for maintaining in-hospital walking independence. For simplicity of clinical application, 0.35 m/s was chosen as the optimal cut point for the sample. This threshold yielded a balance between sensitivity and specificity (71% for both). Limitations The limitations of this study were the small size of the convenience sample and the single health outcome measure. Conclusions Walking speeds of older adults who are acutely ill are substantially slower than established community-based norms and risk thresholds. The threshold identified, which was approximately 50% lower than the lowest published community-based risk threshold, may serve as an initial risk threshold or target value for maintaining in-hospital walking independence.

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Ariff, M. H. M., Hairi Zamzuri, N. R. N. Idris, Saiful Amri Mazlan, and M. A. M. Nordin. "Independent Torque Control of an Independent-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.493.

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This paper focuses on designing a controller to enhance the traction and handling of an Independent-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle (IWD-EV). It presents a traction torque distribution controller for an IWD-EV in order to maintain vehicle handling and stability during critical maneuvers. The proposed controller is based on the Direct Yaw-moment Control (DYC) and Active Front Steering control (AFS) which intended to increase the handling and stability of the vehicle respectively by applying the yaw rate and the lateral acceleration as the control variables. The performance of the controller is evaluated by numerical simulations of two standard high speed maneuvers which are the double lane change (DLC) and J-Curve. The proposed scheme presents a new controller design for IWD-EV which can effectively improved the vehicle handling and stability.

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Kok, J. F. "Does the size distribution of mineral dust aerosols depend on the wind speed at emission?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 19 (October 7, 2011): 10149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10149-2011.

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Abstract. The size distribution of mineral dust aerosols partially determines their interactions with clouds, radiation, ecosystems, and other components of the Earth system. Several theoretical models predict that the dust size distribution depends on the wind speed at emission, with larger wind speeds predicted to produce smaller aerosols. The present study investigates this prediction using a compilation of published measurements of the size-resolved vertical dust flux emitted by eroding soils. Surprisingly, these measurements indicate that the size distribution of naturally emitted dust aerosols is independent of the wind speed. The recently formulated brittle fragmentation theory of dust emission is consistent with this finding, whereas other theoretical models are not. The independence of the emitted dust size distribution with wind speed simplifies both the interpretation of geological records of dust deposition and the parameterization of dust emission in atmospheric circulation models.

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Nagarajan, S., and D. A. Turcic. "Experimental Verification of Critical Speed Ranges for Elastic Closed Loop Linkage Systems." Journal of Mechanical Design 114, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2916905.

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In this work critical speed ranges are determined and verified for an elastic four bar crank rocker mechanism where all links are modeled as elastic members. The procedure used for the dynamic stability analysis is described in Nagarajan and Turcic (1991). The speed range of interest where the stability analysis is performed is 195–390 rpm. The values of the critical speeds obtained in the above speed range are then verified using independent theoretical and experimental methods of analysis. The steady state strain response is obtained both theoretically and experimentally for a number of speeds in the speed range of 195–390 rpm. From these responses plots different strain characteristics versus operating speeds are obtained. These plots exhibit peaks in the response at certain speeds indicating that the dynamic response at these speeds reaches a local maximum value. The critical speed ranges determined are found to correspond quite closely to the speeds where the peaks occur. This indicates that the critical speed ranges are indeed speeds where the response of the system is larger when compared to neighboring speeds and that the methods of determining them are accurate for the application considered.

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Vaze, Rahul, and Jayakrishnan Nair. "Network Speed Scaling." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 48, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3453953.3453967.

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Speed scaling for a network of servers represented by a directed acyclic graph is considered. Jobs arrive at a source server, with a specified destination server, and are defined to be complete once they are processed by all servers on any feasible path between the source and the corresponding destination. Each server has variable speed, with power consumption function P, a convex increasing function of the speed. The objective is to minimize the sum of the flow time (summed across jobs) and the energy consumed by all the servers, which depends on how jobs are routed, as well as how server speeds are set. Algorithms are derived for both the worst case and stochastic job arrivals setting, whose competitive ratio depends only on the power functions and path diversity in the network, but is independent of the workload.

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Leni, Siregar, Tri Tjahjono, and N. Nahry. "Endogenous relationship of accident occurrence with speed, traffic heterogeneity and driving environment on inter-urban roads in Indonesia." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 18, no. 4 (2020): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-25837.

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Speed performances and characteristics of traffic have mostly been considered as homogeneous across vehicles. In countries where the roads are dominated by mixed types of vehicles, the heterogeneity needs to be considered. This study is aimed at modeling how traffic heterogeneity as captured in speed, speed deviation, and traffic volume determines the fatality rates and accident rates. Traffic volume, road geometry (bendiness, hilliness, bend density and hill density) and road surface condition (represented by IRI) become the independent variables in a simultaneous regression using structural equation model (SEM). SEM is adopted to represent the hierarchical causal effects between the independent variables and dependent variables. The data cover inter-urban roads in eight provinces in Indonesia from 2012-2016 and 2019. Speed is not significant in predicting accident rate, and speed deviation is not significant in predicting fatality rate. An increase in speed deviation lowers the accident rates; an increase in speed increases fatality rates. Road geometry and traffic volume negatively impact the speed deviations of all vehicle categories, indicating that when there is more traffic on the road, the speeds of all vehicle categories become more homogenous. Bend density, bendiness, hill density and hilliness negatively affect both the speed and the speed deviations of the vehicles of all categories The findings of the study can contribute to traffic policing and traffic safety improvement schemes for heterogeneous traffic.

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ROME, LAWRENCE C., and R. MCNEILL ALEXANDER. "The Influence of Temperature on Muscle Velocity and Sustained Performance in Swimming Carp." Journal of Experimental Biology 154, no. 1 (November 1, 1990): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.154.1.163.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate how fish locomote at different muscle temperatures. Sarcomere length excursion and muscle shortening velocity, V, were determined from high-speed motion pictures of carp, Cyprinus carpio (11–14 cm), swimming steadily at various sustained speeds at 10, 15 and 20°C. In the middle and posterior regions of the carp, sarcomeres of the lateral red muscle underwent cyclical excursions of 0.31 μm, centred around the resting length of 2.06 μm (i.e. from 1.91 to 2.22 μm). The amplitudes of the sarcomere length excursions were essentially independent of swimming speed and temperature. As tail-beat frequency increased linearly with swimming speed regardless of temperature, the sarcomeres underwent the same length changes in a shorter time. Thus, V increased in a linear and temperature-independent manner with swimming speed. Neither temperature nor swimming speed had an influence on tail-beat amplitude or tail height. Our findings indicate that muscle fibres are used only over a narrow, temperature-independent range of V/Vmax (0.17-0.36) where power and efficiency are maximal. Carp start to recruit their white muscles at swimming speeds where the red muscle V/Vmax becomes too high (and thus power output declines). When the V/Vmax of the active muscle falls too low during steady swimming, carp switch to ‘burst-and-coast’ swimming, apparently to keep V/Vmax high. Because Vmax (maximum velocity of shortening) of carp red muscle has a Q10 of 1.63, the transition speeds between swimming styles are lower at lower temperatures. Thus, carp recruit their white anaerobic muscle at a lower swimming speed at lower temperatures (verified by electromyography), resulting in a lower maximum sustainable swimming speed. The present findings also indicate that, to generate the same total force and power to swim at a given speed, carp at 10°C must recruit about 50% greater fibre cross-sectional area than they do at 20°C. Note: Present address: Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. Present address: Department of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England.

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