Journal articles: 'Sperm defects'

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Chenoweth, Peter J. "Genetic sperm defects." Theriogenology 64, no. 3 (August 2005): 457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.05.005.

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IWANINA, Maria, and Stanisław KONDRACKI. "Dependence of the frequency of sperm defects and dimensions on sperm motility in ejaculates of Polish Landrace boars." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5067.

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An attempt was made to determine the dependence of the frequency of sperm defects and dimensions on sperm motility in ejaculates of Polish Landrace boars. The study was conducted on 393 ejaculates collected from 33 Polish Landrace boars. Ejaculates were grouped according to the percentage of sperm with progressive motility, distinguishing ejaculates in which the percentage of motile sperm was 70% and 80%. In each ejaculate, the frequency of morphological changes in the sperm was determined and morphometric measurements of the sperm were made. Ejaculates with a higher proportion of sperm with progressive motility were found to contain more sperm. The ejaculate volume and sperm concentration in the ejaculate were not found to be directly associated with sperm motility. The frequency of primary defects was linked to sperm motility. Ejaculates with higher sperm motility contained fewer sperm with primary defects. The frequency of minor morphological changes, however, shows no significant dependence on sperm motility in the ejaculate. The primary morphological sperm defects most often found in ejaculates are a proximal droplet and the Dag defect. Both of these morphological forms are more common in ejaculates with lower sperm motility. The most common secondary sperm defects include sperm with a simple bent tail, sperm with a free normal head, and sperm with a distal droplet. These defects were not found to depend on sperm motility in the ejaculate. Sperm cells in ejaculates with greater sperm motility had slightly larger dimensions than sperm in ejaculates with lower sperm motility. Ejaculates with higher sperm motility are preferable for use in practice, not only because more insemination portions can be prepared from them, but also due to the lower frequency of primary defects.

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El-Gothamy, Zenab, and May El-Samahy. "Ultrastructure sperm defects in addicts." Fertility and Sterility 57, no. 3 (March 1992): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54927-9.

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Baccetti, B. "Genetic sperm defects and consanguinity." Human Reproduction 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 1365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/16.7.1365.

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Nie, Hua, Yunge Tang, and Weibing Qin. "Beyond Acephalic Spermatozoa: The Complexity of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcomes." BioMed Research International 2020 (February 10, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6279795.

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This review analyses the genetic mechanisms of acephalic spermatozoa (AS) defects, which are associated with primary infertility in men. Several target genes of headless sperms have been identified but intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes are complex. Based on electron microscopic observations, broken points of the sperm neck are AS defects that are based on various genes that can be classified into three subtypes: HOOK1, SUN5, and PMFBP1 genes of subtype II; TSGA10 and BRDT genes of subgroup III, while the genetic mechanism(s) and aetiology of AS defects of subtype I have not been described and remain to be explored. Interestingly, all AS sperm of subtype II achieved better ICSI outcomes than other subtypes, resulting in clinical pregnancies and live births. For subtype III, the failure of clinical pregnancy can be explained by the defects of paternal centrioles that arrest embryonic development; for subtype I, this was due to a lack of a distal centriole. Consequently, the embryo quality and potential ICSI results of AS defects can be predicted by the subtypes of AS defects. However, this conclusion with regard to ICSI outcomes based on subtypes still needs further research, while the existence of quality of oocyte and implantation failure in women cannot be ignored.

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Hirahara, Fumiki. "Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Birth Defects." Journal of Mammalian Ova Research 30, no. 4 (October 2013): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1274/jmor.30.149.

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Lin, Yu-Hua, Chia-Yen Huang, Chih-Chun Ke, Ya-Yun Wang, Tsung-Hsuan Lai, Hsuan-Che Liu, Wei-Chi Ku, Chying-Chyuan Chan, and Ying-Hung Lin. "ACTN4 Mediates SEPT14 Mutation-Induced Sperm Head Defects." Biomedicines 8, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8110518.

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Septins (SEPTs) are highly conserved GTP-binding proteins and the fourth component of the cytoskeleton. Polymerized SEPTs participate in the modulation of various cellular processes, such as cytokinesis, cell polarity, and membrane dynamics, through their interactions with microtubules, actin, and other cellular components. The main objective of this study was to dissect the molecular pathological mechanism of SEPT14 mutation-induced sperm head defects. To identify SEPT14 interactors, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry were applied. Immunostaining showed that SEPT14 was significantly localized to the manchette structure. The SEPT14 interactors were identified and classified as (1) SEPT-, (2) microtubule-, (3) actin-, and (4) sperm structure-related proteins. One interactor, ACTN4, an actin-holding protein, was selected for further study. Co-IP experiments showed that SEPT14 interacts with ACTN4 in a male germ cell line. SEPT14 also co-localized with ACTN4 in the perinuclear and manchette regions of the sperm head in early elongating spermatids. In the cell model, mutated SEPT14 disturbed the localization pattern of ACTN4. In a clinical aspect, sperm with mutant SEPT14, SEPT14A123T (p.Ala123Thr), and SEPT14I333T (p.Ile333Thr), have mislocalized and fragmented ACTN4 signals. Sperm head defects in donors with SEPT14 mutations are caused by disruption of the functions of ACTN4 and actin during sperm head formation.

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8

Evenson, D. P. "Loss of livestock breeding efficiency due to uncompensable sperm nuclear defects." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 11, no. 1 (1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd98023.

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An important goal of modern analyses of semen is to elucidate the molecular traits of mammalian sperm chromatin structural abnormalities, defined here as ‘uncompensable’, that lead to abnormalities in fertility, pronuclear formation, early embryo quality and pregnancy outcome. Sperm with uncompensable nuclear abnormalities are able to fertilize oocytes both in vivo and in vitro; however, due to the uncompensable trait(s), the embryo development may be abnormal. Uncompensable nuclear traits can be experimentally induced in bull sperm by a mild thermal insult to the testis. Sperm nuclear morphology abnormalities seen in ejaculates 11-days post stress are likely related to molecular changes in chromatin observed 3-days post stress by the flow cytometric sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA). The SCSA measures the susceptibility of sperm nuclear DNA to denaturation in situ. This susceptibility has been correlated with the presence of DNA strand breaks that may be derived in part by oxidative stress and possibly by a unique, abortive apoptotic mechanism. The extent of DNA denaturation is not significantly related to the level of disulfide bonding between the chromatin protamines. The use of human sperm with uncompensable nuclear traits for artificial reproductive techniques is also discussed. The goal of this research is to remove from semen doses those sperm with uncompensable nuclear traits and thereby increase male fertility potential. Extra key words: male fertility potential, sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA).

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Lasiene, K., V. Gedrimas, A. Vitkus, S. Glinskyte, V. Lasys, A. Valanciute, and W. Sienkiewicz. "Evaluation of morphological criteria of sperm quality before in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 773–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2013-0112.

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Abstract The quality of sperm has a direct influence on the fertilization and developmental competence of embryos. In the literature we did not find defined criteria for evaluation of normal sperm parameters in various species of domestic mammals. Therefore we attempted to review evaluation of criteria of morphologically normal human sperm and their abnormalities. All sperm cells observed in the stained sample are classified as normal or abnormal. Any abnormalities in morphology of sperm have a negative effect on the outcome in in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Abnormal sperm are categorized into subgroups according to the observed defects (concerning the head and/or midpiece and/or tail). Most morphologically abnormal sperm have multiple defects. This article can be considered as guideline for the manual of sperm quality evaluation in different species of domestic mammals.

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Skowronek, F., G. Casanova, J. Alciaturi, A. Capurro, L. Cantu, J. M. Montes, and R. Sapiro. "DNA sperm damage correlates with nuclear ultrastructural sperm defects in teratozoospermic men." Andrologia 44, no. 1 (May 19, 2011): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2010.01106.x.

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Aziz, Nabil, Ramadan A. Saleh, Rakesh K. Sharma, Iwan Lewis-Jones, Navid Esfandiari, Anthony J. Thomas, and Ashok Agarwal. "Novel association between sperm reactive oxygen species production, sperm morphological defects, and the sperm deformity index." Fertility and Sterility 81, no. 2 (February 2004): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.06.026.

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Usman, Tijjani Haruna, Saleh Mohammed Sir, and Ma’aruf Bashir Sani. "Comparison of semen characteristics between indigenous and Amo breeds cockerel of Gombe State, Nigeria." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 15, no. 2-1 (May 15, 2019): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v15n2-1.1540.

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The experiment was carried out to compare the semen characteristics of indigenous and Amo strains of cockerel at poultry unit of teaching and research farm of Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria. Semen samples were collected from nine indigenous and nine Amo breeds of cockerel at three days interval for two weeks using abdominal massage technique. Semen samples were examined macroscopically for semen colour, pH and ejaculation volume. Then, microscopic observation was carried for sperm concentration, mass motility, progressive motility, live and dead sperms percentage, normal and abnormal sperm, all for semen characteristics. The results showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between mass motility, progressive motility, sperm concentration and head defects of 4.85 ± 0.27 to 4.37 ± 0.19, 95.13 ± 0.43 to 81.63 ± 1.15%, 4.93 ± 1.84 to 3.40 ± 1.07×109/ml and 2.96 ± 0.17 to 3.44 ± 0.12% for indigenous and Amo breeds of cockerel, respectively. There were no significant differences observed as semen colour, ejaculate volume, semen pH, live / dead normal sperm neck (mid-piece), tail defects and sperm total abnormalities were found to be 2.85 ± 0.07 to 2.00 ± 0.090.21 ± 0.17 to 0.20 ± 0.02 /ml, 88.85 ± 0.58 to 72.70 ± 0.54% /ml, 11.14 ± 0.58 to 27.29 ± 0.54%, 81.00 ± 0.78 to 66.22 ± 0.61%,9.03 ± 0.42 to 13.96 ± 0.47%, 9.70 ± to 13.00 ± 0.30 and 21.70 ± 0.59 to 30.40 ± 0.53% for the indigenous and Amo breed groups of cockerel, respectively. It was concluded that semen quality characteristics could be differed between genetically improved (Amo strain) and indigenous breed of cockerels.

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Paz, R. C. R., T. O. Morgado, C. T. R. Viana, F. P. Arruda, D. O. Bezerra do Nascimento, and L. D’A Guimarães. "Semen collection and evaluation of captive coatis (Nasua nasua)." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 64, no. 2 (April 2012): 318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352012000200010.

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Semen samples (n=105) were collected through eletroejaculation from six adult male coatis (Nasua nasua) between January 2007 and December 2008 at Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Zoo, Cuiabá, Brazil. Mean values were: volume (mL); concentration (sperm/mL); total motility (%); progressive sperm motility (scale, 0-5); live spermatozoa (%); acrossome integrity (%); primary defects (%); and secondary defects (%). There was high correlation between total motility and live sperm; total motility and progressive sperm motility; total motility and acrossome integrity; live sperm and progressive motility; live sperm and acrossome integrity and volume and concentration. The method for semen collection was considered safe and efficient. It can be used for the evaluation of breeding potential of coati in captivity and for the establishment of new assisted reproductive technology (ART) for threatened neotropical carnivores species.

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Oliveira, Andrea, Felisa Martínez, Lydia Gil, and Victoria Luño. "Morphological Characteristics of the Sperm of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) during the Reproductive Season." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090169.

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The morphological characteristics of different sperm cells (normal, abnormal, and immature) in the peregrine falcon during the reproductive season were analysed. We also classified the main sperm defects found in semen. Semen samples were collected from mature peregrine falcons via cloacal massage and stained with Diff-Quik stain. The percentages of normal, abnormal, and immature sperm cells were determined by bright-field optical microscopy. The number of normal spermatozoa were greater at the initial stage and subsequently decreased during the middle and later stages of the reproductive season (p < 0.01). In contrast, the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa increased significantly in the middle and end stages of the reproductive season (p < 0.05), whereas the proportion of immature spermatozoa remained stable during the study. Head defects represented the greatest proportion of morphological abnormalities, followed by the defects in the tail and midpiece regions. A small percentage of multiple defects and cytoplasmic droplets were also observed in the falcon spermatozoa. The findings of this study might be important for the development of future conservation protocols for falcon sperm.

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Lehti, Mari S., and Anu Sironen. "Formation and function of sperm tail structures in association with sperm motility defects†." Biology of Reproduction 97, no. 4 (August 30, 2017): 522–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/iox096.

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Wolf, Jean Philippe, Sylvie Bulwa, Daniel Rodrigues, and Pierre Jouannet. "Human oocyte cytometry and fertilisation rate after subzonal insemination." Zygote 3, no. 2 (May 1995): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400002471.

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SummaryThe cytometry of 545 oocytes was evaluated during subzonal insemination (SUZI; 85 attempts), on day 0 (egg retrieval and SUZI), day 1 and day 2(embryo transfer). On day 0, the egg and oolemma diameters (mean ± SD) were 164.0 ± 19.6 μm and 114.2±16.8 μ5m respectively.The zona thickness was 17.8± 13.4 μm and correlated with the oolemma diameter(r = 0.24, p < 0.001). The fertilisation rate was significantly lower for the smaller oocytes (less than 108 μm diameter) compared with the larger oocytes (over 108μm) (9.8% vs 21.2% respectively; p < 0.05). These was little variation in oocyte diameter according to nuclear status. However, oocyte diameter increased significantly between day 0 and day 1 (p < 0.001) for both fertilised and unfertilised oocytes. Six different indications for SUZI were investigated in detail: three with non-specific (normal and subnormal sperm with in vitro fertilization failure, oligoasthenospermia) and three with specific sperm defects (flagellar dyskinesia, absence of outer dynein arms, antisperm antibodies). Oocytes from the non-specific defect groups had significantly smaller diameters than the others (p < 0.05). The mean fertilisation rate was related to the mean oolemma diameter for the groups with non-specific sperm defects and the group lacking dynein arms (LODA) (r = 0.91, p < 0.05). Eggs from the groups of patients with LODA and those with antisperm antibodies had thicker zona pellucida than others (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that in addition to nuclear criteria of maturity, the growth of oocytes is an important factor for fertilising ability. Insufficient development of the ooplasm may contribute to fertilisation failure, particularly when sperm with functional defects are used. In contrast, a thick zona pellucida may prevent sperm with specific anomalies such as LODA or antisperm antibodies from penetrating into the perivitelline space.

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Fernandes, C. E., D. N. Sodré, A. L. Zart, and L. J. F. Campos. "312 MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRICS CHARACTERISTICS OF NUCLEAR SPERM IN THE EPIDIDYMAL TRANSIT OF BULLS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab312.

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During the transit through the epididymis, many morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of spermatozoa are modified, as part of the maturation process. Nuclear maturation continues in the epididymis through an increase in formation of protamine disulfide. Thus, penetration through the oocyte membranes could be facilitated for elongated spermatozoa with dramatically condensed chromatin and nuclear integrity. Therefore, size, shape, and nuclear defects could be used to estimate the stage-related nuclear transformations from early spermiogenesis to the end of epididymal transit. Nellore bulls (n = 9), 30-36 months old, with high seminal quality (>80% motile and morphologically normal sperm) were submitted to orchiectomy. Impressions in slides of the caput, corpus, and caudal regions of the epididymis were prepared for evaluation of morphology (Feulgen stain, phase-contrast microscopy at 1000 ×) and morphometry of the nuclear sperm. The slides were captured in a Motic 2300 camera adapted to the microscope and digitally assessed. Nuclear morphology was considered normal (without visible alterations), head defect (variations in shape and form), and nuclear defects (abnormal chromatin condensation and presence of vacuoles). Base, width, length (μm), and area (μm2) were estimated in least 60 sperm nuclei. No difference (P > 0.05) among epididymal regions for normal nuclei (70.3 ± 3.1%), head defects (3.4 ± 0.5%), and nuclear defects (5.3 ± 1.3%) were seen. The base was higher (2.68 ± 0.5 μm, P < 0.01) in the caput than corpus (2.44 ± 0.4 μm) and caudal regions (2.41 ± 0.4μm). Normal nuclei were associated (P < 0.01) with width (r = 0.20), length (r = 0.27), and area (r = 0.44) in the caput and with width (r = 0.21), length (r = 0.40), and area (r = 0.33) in the corpus of epididymis. Epididymal transit affected (P < 0.001) the measures and nuclear status that accounted for regression analysis: normal nucleus (40.254 + 3.027, length; R2 = 0.20), head defects (0.922 + 1.097, width + 0.093 × area; R2 = 0.26), and nuclear defects (6.993-0.496, length + 0.454, base; R2 = 0.23). The results suggest that important variations occur in the nuclear status during the epididymal transit in the bovine spermatozoa. The higher measures in the sperm base of the caput suggest a narrowing probably indicating the continuity of nuclear remodeling from the final steps of spermiogenesis. The area accounts for 20% of the nuclear shape variations along the epididymal segment. These events characterize the adaptation of nuclear membranes and chromatin structure surrounded by epididymal environment and comprise a part of the maturation process. Additionally, morphometric variations are associated with defects in the nuclear structures and can be used to determine the conditions of spermatogenesis and sperm maturation based on the evaluation of ejaculated semen. We thank CNPq/PROPP and Fundect for financial support.

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Mitchell, M. J., C. Metzler-Guillemain, A. Toure, C. Coutton, C. Arnoult, and P. F. Ray. "Single gene defects leading to sperm quantitative anomalies." Clinical Genetics 91, no. 2 (November 22, 2016): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cge.12900.

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Eskandari, N., M. Tavalaee, D. Zohrabi, and M. H. Nasr-Esfahani. "Association between total globozoospermia and sperm chromatin defects." Andrologia 50, no. 2 (June 29, 2017): e12843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/and.12843.

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Sironen, Anu, Amelia Shoemark, Mitali Patel, Michael R. Loebinger, and Hannah M. Mitchison. "Sperm defects in primary ciliary dyskinesia and related causes of male infertility." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 77, no. 11 (November 28, 2019): 2029–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03389-7.

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AbstractThe core axoneme structure of both the motile cilium and sperm tail has the same ultrastructural 9 + 2 microtubular arrangement. Thus, it can be expected that genetic defects in motile cilia also have an effect on sperm tail formation. However, recent studies in human patients, animal models and model organisms have indicated that there are differences in components of specific structures within the cilia and sperm tail axonemes. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disease with symptoms caused by malfunction of motile cilia such as chronic nasal discharge, ear, nose and chest infections and pulmonary disease (bronchiectasis). Half of the patients also have situs inversus and in many cases male infertility has been reported. PCD genes have a role in motile cilia biogenesis, structure and function. To date mutations in over 40 genes have been identified cause PCD, but the exact effect of these mutations on spermatogenesis is poorly understood. Furthermore, mutations in several additional axonemal genes have recently been identified to cause a sperm-specific phenotype, termed multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF). In this review, we discuss the association of PCD genes and other axonemal genes with male infertility, drawing particular attention to possible differences between their functions in motile cilia and sperm tails.

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Johnson, Linda R., Stephen H. Pilder, and Patricia Olds-Clarke. "The cellular basis for interaction of sterility factors in the mouse t haplotype." Genetical Research 66, no. 3 (December 1995): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300034637.

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SummaryThe t haplotypes are variant forms of the proximal one-third of chromosome 17 in the mouse. They contain four inversions (relative to the wildtype DNA) extending over most of this region and house a number of male sterility factors. Males carrying two complete t haplotypes (t/t) are sterile, as are males homozygous for S2, the sterility factor located in the most distal (relative to the centromere) inversion. Males homozygous for the sterility factor S1, located in the most proximal inversion, are not sterile; however, if such a male also is heterozygous for other sterility factors, then sterility results. It has been suggested therefore that homozygosity for S1 enhances the detrimental action of other sterility factors. Sperm from t/t males have severe motility defects and are unable to penetrate investment-free eggs, while sperm from fertile t/+ mice have less serious motility defects and exhibit a delay in penetration of investment-free eggs. To determine whether homozygosity for S1 enhances the cellular defects exhibited by sperm from mice heterozygous for other sterility factors, we compared the motility and egg-penetrating ability of sperm from fertile mice homozygous for S1 to that of sperm from mice carrying one complete t haplotype and one proximal or distal partial t haplotype. The data suggest that sperm from males carrying a proximal partial t haplotype and a complete t haplotype have serious defects in motility and penetration of the investment-free egg, and support the hypothesis that S1 enhances the detrimental effects of other sterility factors within the t haplotype.

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Xin, Aijie, Ronggui Qu, Guowu Chen, Ling Zhang, Junling Chen, Chengqiu Tao, Jing Fu, et al. "Disruption in ACTL7A causes acrosomal ultrastructural defects in human and mouse sperm as a novel male factor inducing early embryonic arrest." Science Advances 6, no. 35 (August 2020): eaaz4796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz4796.

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Early embryonic arrest is a challenge for in vitro fertilization (IVF). No genetic factors were previously revealed in the sperm-derived arrest of embryonic development. Here, we reported two infertile brothers presenting normal in conventional semen analysis, but both couples had no embryos for transfer after several IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Whole-exome sequencing identified a homozygous missense mutation of ACTL7A in both brothers. This mutation is deleterious and causes sperm acrosomal ultrastructural defects. The Actl7a knock-in mouse model was generated, and male mutated mice showed sperm acrosomal defects, which were completely consistent with the observations in patients. Furthermore, the sperm from ACTL7A/Actl7a-mutated men and mice showed reduced expression and abnormal localization of PLCζ as a potential cause of embryonic arrest and failure of fertilization. Artificial oocyte activation could successfully overcome the Actl7a-mutated sperm-derived infertility, which is meaningful in the future practice of IVF/ICSI for the ACTL7A-associated male infertility.

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Yeh, Chung-Hsin, Ya-Yun Wang, Shi-Kae Wee, Mei-Feng Chen, Han-Sun Chiang, Pao-Lin Kuo, and Ying-Hung Lin. "Testis-Specific SEPT12 Expression Affects SUN Protein Localization and is Involved in Mammalian Spermiogenesis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051163.

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Male infertility is observed in approximately 50% of all couples with infertility. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a conventional artificial reproductive technique for treating male infertility, may fail because of a severe low sperm count, immotile sperm, immature sperm, and sperm with structural defects and DNA damage. Our previous studies have revealed that mutations in the septin (SEPT)-coding gene SEPT12 cause teratozoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. These spermatozoa exhibit morphological defects in the head and tail, premature chromosomal condensation, and nuclear damage. Sperm from Sept12 knockout mice also cause the developmental arrest of preimplantation embryos generated through in vitro fertilization and ICSI. Furthermore, we found that SEPT12 interacts with SPAG4, a spermatid nuclear membrane protein that is also named SUN4. Loss of the Spag4 allele in mice also disrupts the integration nuclear envelope and reveals sperm head defects. However, whether SEPT12 affects SPAG4 during mammalian spermiogenesis remains unclear. We thus conducted this study to explore this question. First, we found that SPAG4 and SEPT12 exhibited similar localizations in the postacrosomal region of elongating spermatids and at the neck of mature sperm through isolated murine male germ cells. Second, SEPT12 expression altered the nuclear membrane localization of SPAG4, as observed through confocal microscopy, in a human testicular cancer cell line. Third, SEPT12 expression also altered the localizations of nuclear membrane proteins: LAMINA/C in the cells. This effect was specifically due to the expression of SEPT12 and not that of SEPT1, SEPT6, SEPT7, or SEPT11. Based on these results, we suggest that SEPT12 is among the moderators of SPAG4/LAMIN complexes and is involved in the morphological formation of sperm during mammalian spermiogenesis.

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Carvalho, L. E., J. M. Silva Filho, M. S. Palhares, A. L. R. Sales, A. T. Gonczarowska, H. N. Oliveira, M. Resende, and R. Rossi. "Physical and morphological characteristics of the first three jets of Pêga jackasses sperm-rich fraction." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 68, no. 4 (August 2016): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-7891.

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ABSTRACT The first three jets of the sperm-rich fraction of Pêga jackasses were collected and assessed separately. Five fertile Pêga jackasses were used as semen donors and underwent fractionated semen collection, using an open model artificial vagina. The first three jets of the semen were collected separately and assessed for volume, sperm motility, vigor, concentration/mL of semen, and sperm morphology. These characteristics were compared between first, second and third jets and between jackasses. It was observed that the jet volume differed (P<0.05) between jackasses, although it was similar (P>0.05) between first, second and third jets. Sperm motility did not differ (P>0.05) between jets and jackasses. Vigor was similar (P>0.05) between jets of the same jackass, and only the first jet differed (P<0.05) between jackasses. The first, second and third jets of the sperm-rich fraction had decreased sperm concentrations (P<0.05) of 955.56, 725.56 and 280.56x 106 sperm/mL of semen, respectively. Sperm morphology differed between the first three jets only for the incidence of mid-piece defect, higher in the third one (4.26%), compared to the first (3.36%) and second (3.38%) ones. When comparing the morphological characteristics of the sperm-rich fraction between five jackasses, regardless of the jet, there were differences in the percentage of normal sperm, proximal cytoplasmic droplet, mid-piece and head defects.

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Martinez, Guillaume, Julie Beurois, Denis Dacheux, Caroline Cazin, Marie Bidart, Zine-Eddine Kherraf, Derrick R. Robinson, et al. "Biallelic variants in MAATS1 encoding CFAP91, a calmodulin-associated and spoke-associated complex protein, cause severe astheno-teratozoospermia and male infertility." Journal of Medical Genetics 57, no. 10 (March 11, 2020): 708–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106775.

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BackgroundMultiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) consistently lead to male infertility due to a reduced or absent sperm motility defined as asthenozoospermia. Despite numerous genes recently described to be recurrently associated with MMAF, more than half of the cases analysed remain unresolved, suggesting that many yet uncharacterised gene defects account for this phenotypeMethodsExome sequencing was performed on 167 infertile men with an MMAF phenotype. Immunostaining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in sperm cells from affected individuals were performed to characterise the ultrastructural sperm defects. Gene inactivation using RNA interference (RNAi) was subsequently performed in Trypanosoma.ResultsWe identified six unrelated affected patients carrying a homozygous deleterious variants in MAATS1, a gene encoding CFAP91, a calmodulin-associated and spoke-associated complex (CSC) protein. TEM and immunostaining experiments in sperm cells showed severe central pair complex (CPC) and radial spokes defects. Moreover, we confirmed that the WDR66 protein is a physical and functional partner of CFAP91 into the CSC. Study of Trypanosoma MAATS1’s orthologue (TbCFAP91) highlighted high sequence and structural analogies with the human protein and confirmed the axonemal localisation of the protein. Knockdown of TbCFAP91 using RNAi impaired flagellar movement led to CPC defects in Trypanosoma as observed in humans.ConclusionsWe showed that CFAP91 is essential for normal sperm flagellum structure and function in human and Trypanosoma and that biallelic variants in this gene lead to severe flagellum malformations resulting in astheno-teratozoospermia and primary male infertility.

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Zielonka, Łukasz, Włodzimierz Przewoski, Magdalena Gajęcka, Ewa Jakimiuk, and Maciej Gajęcki. "Effect of Exogenous Proteases on the Spermiogram and Microscopic and Macroscopic Characteristics of Boar Ejaculate." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0048.

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Abstract A growing interest in enzymatic growth promoters prompted the authors of the study to investigate the effects of a stimulating enzymatic complex on ejaculate characteristics of boars. The enzymatic complex comprising five proteases (proteinases - endopeptidases) and two peptidases (exopeptidases) was obtained by fermentation from Streptomyces fradiae. This complex was added to boar diets for 3 months at the initial doses of 90 (group E1) and 120 (group E2) g/ton of feed in the first week, followed by 40 and 60 g/ton, respectively, in the following weeks. Evaluation was based on the assessment of key ejaculate characteristics (volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, primary and secondary sperm defects). The enzymatic complex improved the microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of boar ejaculate by increasing sperm concentrations and total sperm counts, and decreasing the volume of the analysed ejaculates without significant changes in the spermiograms of primary and secondary defects.

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Pessoa, G. A., J. M. Trentin, A. P. Martini, D. R. Dotto, L. A. M. Centeno, M. L. Jardim, K. V. Aires, and M. I. B. Rubin. "180 SPERM SELECTION OF STALLION PONIES THROUGH GLASS WOOL." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 1 (2014): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv26n1ab180.

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Two techniques of sperm concentration (centrifugation or filtering) and sperm separation technique with glass wool were applied to the sperm samples collected from 3 pony stallions (6 ejaculates; 2 from each stallion). Ejaculates were extended to a final concentration of 50 × 106 spermatozoa mL–1 using a nonfat dry milk-based extender and evaluations occurred at 24, 48, and 72 h after immediate ejaculate dilution and cooling. Each stallion was considered as a block, and semen from each stallion was assigned to 4 treatments: Group A (control): extended semen alone; Group B: extended-centrifuged semen; Group C: extended-sperm filtered semen; Group D: extended-glass wool-separated semen. All groups were tested for pH, osmolarity, motility, morphology, membrane functionality (hyposmotic), and cell viability (MTT assay). The experimental design was performed using a split-plot model. Data analysis at the level of 5% was performed using ANOVA and Bonferroni as post-hoc test. Data are presented as mean ± standard error. Group D had the highest rate of viable cells (P < 0.05) after the separation procedure (Table 1). Group B had a higher percentage of cells with tail defects after processing compared with the controls and Groups A, C, and D (P < 0.05). More than 60% of the cells retained on the filter showed defects (P < 0.001). Progressive motility was greater in group D at 0, 24, and 48 h (P < 0.05). Seventy-two hours after cooling, motility in groups A and B was lower than in Group D (P < 0.01). Group D showed a higher number of cells with mitochondrial activity during the cooling period. In conclusion, the technique of sperm selection by gravity using a glass wool filter resulted in an increased number of viable sperms after cooling pony semen for 24, 48, and 72 h. Table 1.Effect of sperm concentration and separation techniques on mean ± standard error percent of intact sperm from 3 stallions ponies (2 ejaculates/pony) stained with eosin-nigrosin

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Castelo Branco, M. A., Y. N. T. C. Castelo Branco, F. J. Moraes Junior, F. N. Barros, F. P. S. Barçante, G. M. C. Carvalho, L. S. Melo Evangelista, A. L. Abreu-Silva, M. A. Sousa Filho, and J. A. T. Souza. "Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and Antipain preserve acrosome integrity of bovine spermatozoa during cryopreservation." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 69, no. 5 (October 2017): 1114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9252.

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ABSTRACT Seminal plasma contains serine proteases and serine protease inhibitor, which are involved in mammalian fertilization, and the inhibitors can be applied to prevent cold-induced sperm capacitation. The effects of different concentrations of two serine protease inhibitors were analyzed, Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 - PAI-1 (70ƞg, 140ƞg and 210 ƞg) and Antipain (10µg, 50µg and 100µg) as supplementation to bovine semen cryopreservation extender. The effects of the inhibitors on the sperm parameters (sperm kinetics - CASA, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, sperm defects and acrosome reaction rate) were evaluated in the post-thaw semen. Cryopreservation of sperm with Antipain decreased post-thaw kinetic parameters of MP, VSL, LIN, SRT and the percentage of hyper-activated sperm while PAI-1 (210 ƞg) decreased VSL and LIN. Antipain and PAI-1 had no effect on the integrity parameters of the plasma membrane, mitochondrial membrane potential and sperm defects. Sperm cryopreserved in the presence of Antipain and PAI-1 (70 and 140 ƞg) preserved acrosome integrity, as they were able to complete the in vitro acrosome reaction. In conclusion, the serine protease inhibitors, Antipain and PAI-1 (70 and 140ƞg) are able to preserve the acrosome integrity of cryopreserved bovine sperm.

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Carrell, DT, and AL Wilcox. "P-12. Sperm chromosome aneuploidy rates increased in conjunction with severe sperm ultrastructure defects." Reproductive BioMedicine Online 4 (January 2002): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(12)60095-9.

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Berby, Benoit, Cynthia Bichara, Aurélie Rives-Feraille, Fanny Jumeau, Pierre Di Pizio, Véronique Sétif, Louis Sibert, Ludovic Dumont, Chistine Rondanino, and Nathalie Rives. "Oxidative Stress Is Associated with Telomere Interaction Impairment and Chromatin Condensation Defects in Spermatozoa of Infertile Males." Antioxidants 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040593.

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Telomere length can be influenced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by lifestyle factors or environmental exposure. We sought to determine whether oxidative stress has an impact on sperm nuclear alterations, especially on chromatin organization and telomere interactions in the spermatozoa of infertile males. We performed an observational and prospective study including fifty-two males, allocated in the “case group” (30 infertile males presenting conventional semen parameter alterations) and the “control group” (22 males with normal conventional semen parameters). ROS detection was determined on spermatozoa using CellROX© probes. Sperm nuclear damage was assessed using quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q-FISH) for relative telomere length and telomere number, aniline blue staining for chromatin condensation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling for DNA fragmentation, and FISH for aneuploidy and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine immunostaining for oxidative DNA damages. Infertile males had significantly increased levels of cytoplasmic ROS and chromatin condensation defects as well as a higher mean number of telomere signals per spermatozoon in comparison with controls. In addition, the mean number of sperm telomere signals were positively correlated with the percentage of spermatozoa with chromatin condensation defect. In infertile males with conventional semen parameter alterations, oxidative stress is associated with telomere interaction impairment and chromatin condensation defects.

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de Kretser, D. M., C. Mallidis, K. Ma, and S. Bhasin. "Y Chromosome deletions and male infertility." Reproductive Medicine Review 6, no. 1 (March 1997): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962279900001393.

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Approximately one in ten couples experience infertility, and in about 40% of these infertile unions there are abnormalities in the fertility of the male partner. The clinical management of these infertile men is less than satisfactory because in 40% of such patients the cause of the abnormalities of sperm production and quality is unknown. The possibility that genetic disorders may account for a proportion of these disturbances of sperm production has been raised. It is well recognized that chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter's syndrome cause azoospermia and that gene defects are the basis of testicular feminization, Kallman's syndrome and Reifenstein's syndrome. With the explosion in our knowledge of the human genome, the possibility exists that other genetic disorders may form the basis of other sperma-togenic abnormalities. The past decade has witnessed the accumulation of evidence linking abnormalities of the Y chromosome with disturbances in sperm production and these observations form the basis of this review.

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Raphalalani, Z., F. Ramukhithi, R. Ndhlala, K. Nephawe, and T. Nedambale. "26 Baobab oil supplemented extender preserves post-thaw bull sperm quality parameters." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 2 (2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv32n2ab26.

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The processes of semen cryopreservation and thawing affect sperm membrane integrity and motility and increases morphological defects as well as DNA damage. The most influential cause of this is oxidative stress. When endogenous antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma is reduced during the freeze-thawing process, plant extracts exhibiting strong antioxidant activity can be used as supplements for compensation. Baobab oil has gained interest because it is rich in powerful antioxidants, which could protect sperm cells from oxidative damage during cryopreservation. Our study aimed to assess the effects of baobab oil on post-thaw sperm quality parameters in an egg-yolk-based extender. Thirty semen ejaculates were collected from 15 Nguni bulls using an electro ejaculator. Semen samples were randomly allocated to control (no baobab oil), 20μL (1%), 50μL (2.5%), and 100μL (5%) baobab oil per millilitre extender. Following dilution, semen samples were loaded into 0.25-mL semen straws, equilibrated for 4h at 5°C, and transferred into a controlled rate programmable freezer. The frozen semen straws were stored in a liquid nitrogen tank (−196°C) until thawing. Semen straws were thawed (37°C/60 minutes) after 1 week of cryopreservation and analysed for (1) sperm motility using a computer-aided sperm analyser, (2) morphological defects and viability using eosin-nigrosin stain, (3) membrane integrity by hypo-osmotic swelling test, and (4) DNA integrity by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling assay. Data was analysed using analysis of variance. Treatment means were compared in relation to the control group by Dunnett's test. We found that supplementing semen extender with baobab oil at 1% significantly (P<0.05) preserved sperm DNA integrity (88.3±3.7) and membrane integrity (74.0±4.2) when compared with the control group (71.7±3.7 and 55.8±4.4, respectively). Baobab oil supplementation either at 1% (5.9±0.5), 2.5% (7.2±0.5), or 5% (6.0±0.5) significantly reduced sperm morphological defects compared with control (9.5±0.5). Total motility (1% (72.7%), 2.5% (72.7%), 5% (71.9%), control (59.3%)) and viability (1% (79.1%), 2.5% (79.8%), 5% (77.8%), control (67.6%)) were also improved by supplementation; however, the difference was not significant. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that supplementing bull semen extender with 1% baobab oil protects sperm from morphological defects, maintains membrane integrity, as well as preserves sperm DNA. All the baobab oil supplementation levels preserved post-thaw bull-sperm quality parameters.

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Navara, CS, C. Simerly, S. Zoran, and G. Schatten. "The sperm centrosome during fertilization in mammals: implications for fertility and reproduction." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 4 (1995): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9950747.

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This article reviews the recent discoveries that: (1) nearly all mammals, including humans, inherit their centrosomes from their fathers; and (2) some sperm are ineffective in organizing the microtubules essential for effecting genomic union during fertilization, leading to the speculation that these sperm have centrosome defects. In addition, the molecular dissection and reconstitution of the human sperm centrosome in vitro is presented.

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Collodel, G., and E. Moretti. "Sperm morphology and aneuploidies: defects of supposed genetic origin." Andrologia 38, no. 6 (December 2006): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2006.00742.x.

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Cho, C. "Fertilization Defects in Sperm from Mice Lacking Fertilin ." Science 281, no. 5384 (September 18, 1998): 1857–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5384.1857.

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Aziz, Nabil, Ashok Agarwal, Iwan Lewis-Jones, Rakesh K. Sharma, and Anthony J. Thomas. "Novel associations between specific sperm morphological defects and leukocytospermia." Fertility and Sterility 82, no. 3 (September 2004): 621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.02.112.

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Scarselli, Filomena, Anna Maria Lobascio, Mario Terribile, Valentina Casciani, Pierfrancesco Greco, Giorgio Franco, Maria Giulia Minasi, and Ermanno Greco. "Analysis of MYO-Inositol effect on spermatozoa motility, in hyper viscous ejaculates and in patients with grades II and III varicocele." Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 88, no. 4 (December 30, 2016): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2016.4.279.

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The goal of this study is to evaluate MYOInositol effects on spermatozoa motility, in patients’ ejaculates with severe varicocele or hyper viscosity. The study included normal viscosity ejaculate from 30 patients affected by varicocele and hyper viscosity ejaculate from 33 patients without any testicular pathologies. All selected samples showed sperm concentration > 2 million/ml and progressive motility < 32%. In both groups, the pellet obtained after centrifugation in buffered medium, was divided in two aliquots, both incubated for 15 minutes at 37°C: one with MYO-Inositol and the other one, as control, only in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Afterwards, the sperm progressive motility was assessed using Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA system). Incubation with MYO-Inositol improved sperm progressive motility in high viscosity samples compared to control group (38.9% ± 3.0 vs 24.35% ± 2.41, respectively; p ≤ 0.0001). Conversely, no statistically significant difference was observed in total sperm progressive motility in varicocele samples compared with control group (22.7% ± 2.07 vs 26.7% ± 3.31, respectively; p = 0.085). The MYO-Inositol positive effect on spermatozoa motility may depend on the type of sperm damage: heavy structural and biochemical defects which typically affects patients with varicocele are not restored by Inositol. On the contrary, MYOInositol is able to improve sperm motility in semen samples with high viscosity, since those samples show no substantial structural sperm defects.

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Panasovskii, M. L. "Hormonal Status and Sperm Parameters in Patients with Microsurgery for Non-Obstructive Azoospermia." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 5, no. 5 (November 1, 2020): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.05.180.

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Azoospermia occurs in approximately 10% of men with infertility and can occur due to obstruction of the reproductive tract (obstructive azoospermia) or lack of sperm production. Assessing the hormonal status of men can provide prognostic information on the effectiveness of surgical sperm removal for their further use in assisted reproductive technology programs. Before performing a testicular biopsy to establish a histological diagnosis and search for sperm in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia, it is advisable to assess the chances of obtaining sperm. The purpose of the study was to assess hormonal levels and sperm parameters during microsurgery in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Material and methods. We analyzed the medical records of 45 men with non-obstructive azoospermia who underwent micro-TESE in the period from 2016 to 2019. We noted the data on the age of patients, their hormonal profile (level of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone) were analyzed and morphofunctional characteristics of the obtained spermatozoa. Results and discussion. In our study, testosterone levels were significantly higher in patients in group 1, which may be due to the fact that men in this group were significantly younger. Sperm were removed from 10 (22%) patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. The probability of sperm removal decreased with increasing age of patients. The average concentration of sperm in the samples was (2.3±0.8) million, of which active (18.0±0.3)%. Morphological analysis of sperm revealed that the frequency of abnormalities of the head was 19.9±2.45, neck – 13.69±1.49, tail – (5.96±1.52)%. Mixed pathology, which involved defects of the head, neck and middle part were at the level of (34.6±4.21)%. The frequency of sperm neck abnormalities was (13.7±1.5)%. The most numerous were abnormalities associated with the presence of cytoplasmic residues on the surface of the sperm. The number of sperm with tail pathology was at the level of (5.9±1.5)%. In general, the mixed pathology, in which defects of the head, neck and middle part were involved, was at the level of (34.6±4.2)%. Conclusion. In this study, the frequency of positive micro-TESE, i.e. surgical procedures after which sperm were removed, was 22.2%. Morphological analysis of the drugs revealed that among the identified pathologies, most of them were sperm with the presence of one large or several small vacuoles. The number of vacuoles, their size and shape reflect defects at the level of compaction of the sperm nucleus. It has been shown that embryos formed after fertilization of oocytes with such sperm do not undergo reproductive selection and can stop in the early stages of development

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Lim, C. C., S. E. M. Lewis, M. Kennedy, E. T. Donnelly, and W. Thompson. "Human sperm morphology and in vitro fertilization: sperm tail defects are prognostic for fertilization failure." Andrologia 30, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1998.tb01381.x.

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Felix, Ricardo. "Molecular physiology and pathology of Ca2+-conducting channels in the plasma membrane of mammalian sperm." Reproduction 129, no. 3 (March 2005): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00478.

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Current evidence indicates that mechanisms controlling the intracellular Ca2+concentration play pivotal roles in determining sperm fertilizing ability. Multiple Ca2+-permeable channels have been identified and characterized in the plasma membrane and in the acrosome membrane of mammalian sperm. This review summarizes the recent findings and assesses the evidence suggesting that these channels play roles in controlling a host of sperm functions ranging from motility to the acrosome reaction, and describes recent advances in the identification of the underlying gene defects of inherited sperm Ca2+channelopathies.

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Omran, Huda Mossa, Moiz Bakhiet, and Volker Ehemann. "Flow Cytometry Detection of Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Apoptotic Markers in the Semen of Infertile Males." International Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2021 (July 17, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9531775.

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The effect of sperm molecular defects on fertilization and pregnancy outcome after assisted reproductive therapy (ART) is widely documented by both research and clinical societies. Sperm DNA fragmentation and abnormal chromatin condensation represent critical causes of male infertility. Advanced androgenic techniques for accurately identifying molecular defects help in selecting an appropriate treatment strategy. Additionally, specific markers of apoptosis are increasingly important in predicting male infertility. The ability of flow cytometry to estimate the quantity of sperm with DNA fragmentation or damage and multifactor measurements in immotile sperm have made this developed technique essential in fertility centers. The study is aimed at assessing the level of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis by measuring flow cytometry using new techniques. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a varying degree of DNA damage. It was able to quantify the degree of impairment even in samples with minimal DNA fragmentation. DNA damage was observed even in samples that were considered normal with a routine semen analysis. Flow cytometry was sensitive to changes in sperm apoptosis. Elevated p53 activity levels were associated with high DNA fragmentation. Meanwhile, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) activities showed a different pattern. In conclusion, flow cytometry for sperm DNA fragmentation and markers of apoptosis can be a valuable tool in assisted reproductive centers.

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Chacur, Marcelo George Mungai, Mariana Grandis Ripari de Souza, Camila Dutra de Souza, and Camila Pires Cremasco. "Effect of Oral Administration of Selenium and Vitamin E on the Quality of Fresh, Refrigerated and Frozen Semen in French Bulldog Breed Dogs." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (June 9, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.79790.

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Background: New methodologies have been developed seeking to maximize pregnancy rate in female dogs created in commercial kennels, and also in order to maintain the quality of canine semen after dilution, refrigeration or freezing. One of the main factors that generate damage to sperm is oxidative stress, to minimize sperm damage, selenium and antioxidants like vitamin E are administered, by oral administration, seeking to improve the quality of semen. The objective was to study the effect of vitamin E and selenium, by oral administration, in the quality of fresh, refrigerated and frozen semen in adult dogs French Bulldog breed.Materials, Methods & Results: Semen samples were collected from 5 adult dogs, French Bulldog breed, being 2 semen drawing before the daily oral supplementation with vitamin E and selenium (ESE®) and semen drawing at 20, 40 and 60 days after the beginning of oral supplement. The ejaculated samples were diluted in TRIS - fructose citric acid (3.28 g TRIS-hydroxy-methyl-amino-methane, 1.78 g of citric acid monohydrate and 1.25 g of D - fructose, dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water and added of 20% egg yolk and 6% of glycerol. The characteristics evaluated in fresh semen were: volume (mL), color, appearance, concentration (x106 / mL), sperm motility (%), sperm strength (1 to 5) and morphology (%). For refrigerated and frozen semen were analyzed: sperm motility (%), sperm strength (1-5) and morphology (%). Diluted semen samples were centrifuged at: 1500 g/10 min and “pellets” formed by sperm of each ejaculated, detached from the tube wall were diluted homogeneously in the diluent TRIS type up to the final volume of 1.5 mL. After that, packaged in 0.5 mL French straws, kept under refrigeration at 5ºC/4 h, placed in nitrogen vapor at -120ºC/15 min, and dipped in liquid nitrogen at -196ºC and then stored on identified rachis and stored in liquid nitrogen container until the time of thawing in water bath at 37°C/30 s for semen microscopic analysis. Data from fresh, refrigerated and frozen semen were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and the average compared by 5% of Tukey test. Fresh semen sperm concentration differed (P < 0.05) between the samples, rising after 40 days after the beginning of oral supplementation with selenium and vitamin E. For the spermatic strength, better score (P < 0.05) was observed at collection 4, in 40 days after the beginning of oral supplementation to dogs. For fresh and refrigerated semen, the total defects, defects of head, acrosome and tail did not differ (P > 0.05) between the samples. Total sperm defects and minor head and tail defects did not differ (P > 0.05) between the samples in post-thawing. Regarding the acrosome defects after thawing, there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in samples performed 40 and 60 days after the beginning of oral supplementation with selenium and vitamin E.Discussion: Attention should be paid for what purpose the extenders within the refrigeration or freezing biotech will be used. The managed supplement, by oral administration, containing selenium and vitamin E, influenced beneficially raising the sperm concentration in fresh semen and decreasing the acrosome defects in frozen semen. Oral administration of supplementation with selenium and vitamin E is recommended for improving the quality of fresh and frozen semen in dogs.

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Angrimani, D. S. R., C. F. Lúcio, J. D. A. Losano, M. M. Brito, R. A. Silva Júnior, L. B. Keid, M. Nichi, and C. I. Vannucchi. "The influence of canine brucellosis on morphofunctional features of epididymal spermatozoa: case report." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 68, no. 6 (December 2016): 1449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9015.

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ABSTRACT The present work reports a clinical case of a mongrel dog, with serological diagnosis of brucellosis, from which epididymal sperm analysis was performed. Sperm samples were collected from different segments of the epididymis (tail, corpus, and caput). Sperm samples were evaluated for computer-assisted motility analysis (CASA), spermatic morphology, mitochondrial activity and sperm plasmatic membrane and acrosomal integrity. Changes in sperm movement patterns were found (progressive motility, percentage of rapid sperm, percentage of rapid velocity, average pathway, curvilinear velocity, velocity straight line, amplitude of lateral head displacement, straightness and linearity), increase of total morphological defects (51%) and absence of sperm mitochondrial activity (20%) were verified, especially for cauda epididymides. We highlight that such changes can contribute to clinical diagnosis of Brucellosis in dogs and to the use of epididymal sperm in reproductive biotechnologies.

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Burton, Kimberly A., Deborah A. McDermott, David Wilkes, Melissa N. Poulsen, Michael A. Nolan, Marc Goldstein, Craig T. Basson, and G. Stanley McKnight. "Haploinsufficiency at the Protein Kinase A RIα Gene Locus Leads to Fertility Defects in Male Mice and Men." Molecular Endocrinology 20, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2504–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2006-0060.

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Abstract Carney complex (CNC) is a familial multiple neoplasia syndrome characterized by spotty skin pigmentation, cardiac and cutaneous myxomas, and endocrine tumors. CNC is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and is transmitted with greater frequency by women vs. men. Nearly two thirds of CNC patients are heterozygous for inactivating mutations in the gene encoding the protein kinase A (PKA) type Iα regulatory subunit (RIα), PRKAR1. We report here that male mice heterozygous for the Prkar1a gene have severely reduced fertility. Sperm from Prkar1a heterozygous mice are morphologically abnormal and reduced in number. Genetic rescue experiments reveal that this phenotype results from elevated PKA catalytic activity in germ cells as early as the pachytene stage of spermatogenesis. Consistent with this defect in the male mutant mice, sperm from CNC patients heterozygous for PRKAR1A mutations were also found to be morphologically aberrant and decreased in number. We conclude that unregulated PKA activity in male meiotic or postmeiotic germ cells leads to structural defects in mature sperm and results in reduced fertility in mice and humans, contributing to the strikingly reduced transmission of PRKAR1A inactivating mutations by male patients with CNC.

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Berner, Jon. "16 Sperm motility defects in chronic pain and fatigue syndromes." Mitochondrion 7, no. 6 (December 2007): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2007.08.020.

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Cox, Gerald F., Joachim Bürger, Va Lip, Ulrike A. Mau, Karl Sperling, Bai-Lin Wu, and Bernhard Horsthemke. "Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection May Increase the Risk of Imprinting Defects." American Journal of Human Genetics 71, no. 1 (July 2002): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/341096.

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Boe-Hansen, G. B., M. R. S. Fortes, and N. Satake. "Morphological defects, sperm DNA integrity, and protamination of bovine spermatozoa." Andrology 6, no. 4 (April 6, 2018): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/andr.12486.

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Chandrakumari, Abilash Sasidharannair, and Dost Mohamed Khan. "Assessment of qualitative defects in patients with normal sperm counts." Annals of SBV 7, no. 2 (2018): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10085-7305.

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Zini, Armand. "Are sperm chromatin and DNA defects relevant in the clinic?" Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine 57, no. 1-2 (January 2011): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19396368.2010.515704.

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El-Taieb, Moustafa A. A., Ralf Herwig, Essam A. Nada, Joachim Greilberger, and Michael Marberger. "Oxidative stress and epididymal sperm transport, motility and morphological defects." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 144 (May 2009): S199—S203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.02.018.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sperm defects'

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