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Journal articles on the topic 'Sperm maturation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Seandel, Marco, and Shahin Rafii. "In vitro sperm maturation." Nature 471, no. 7339 (March 2011): 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/471453a.

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2

López-Trinidad, B. P., R. M. Vigueras-Villaseñor, M. Konigsberg, A. Ávalos-Rodríguez, A. Rodríguez-Tobón, E. Cortés-Barberena, M. Arteaga-Silva, and E. Arenas-Ríos. "Alterations in epididymal sperm maturation caused by ageing." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 18 (2021): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd21081.

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The epididymis is an organ that performs all the biochemical changes responsible for sperm maturation. During ageing, histological alterations in the epididymis and decreased protein synthesis have been found. This might affect the sperm maturation process. The aim of this study was to determine if the changes in the epididymis during ageing might cause alterations in sperm maturation. Wistar rats of 3–4months old (young) and 18–21months old (old) were used. The testosterone concentration was determined and the epididymides were dissected and divided in three regions: caput, corpus, and cauda. The tissues were used for histological processing and sperm extraction. Testosterone concentration decreased 34% in the old animals compared to the young ones. The distribution of mannose, sialic acid, and N-acetylglucosamine in the glycocalyx of the sperm membrane of old animals was different from that of young animals. The same occurred with phosphatidylserine externalisation and protein phosphorylation at tyrosine residues. Epididymis histology in old animals showed tubular and cellular degeneration. Our results suggest that ageing affects maturational markers, likely due to alterations in the epididymis as a result of the testosterone decrease associated with ageing.
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3

Tourzani, Darya A., Maria A. Battistone, Ana M. Salicioni, Sylvie Breton, Pablo E. Visconti, and Maria G. Gervasi. "Caput Ligation Renders Immature Mouse Sperm Motile and Capable to Undergo cAMP-Dependent Phosphorylation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 10241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910241.

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Mammalian sperm must undergo two post-testicular processes to become fertilization-competent: maturation in the male epididymis and capacitation in the female reproductive tract. While caput epididymal sperm are unable to move and have not yet acquired fertilization potential, sperm in the cauda epididymis have completed their maturation, can move actively, and have gained the ability to undergo capacitation in the female tract or in vitro. Due to the impossibility of mimicking sperm maturation in vitro, the molecular pathways underlying this process remain largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the use of caput epididymal ligation as a tool for the study of sperm maturation in mice. Our results indicate that after seven days of ligation, caput sperm gained motility and underwent molecular changes comparable with those observed for cauda mature sperm. Moreover, ligated caput sperm were able to activate pathways related to sperm capacitation. Despite these changes, ligated caput sperm were unable to fertilize in vitro. Our results suggest that transit through the epididymis is not required for the acquisition of motility and some capacitation-associated signaling but is essential for full epididymal maturation. Caput epididymal ligation is a useful tool for the study of the molecular pathways involved in the acquisition of sperm motility during maturation.
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4

Liu, Yue, Chujun Zhang, Shiyao Wang, Yanqin Hu, Jia Jing, Luyao Ye, Ran Jing, and Zhide Ding. "Dependence of sperm structural and functional integrity on testicular calcineurin isoform PPP3R2 expression." Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 12, no. 7 (January 3, 2020): 515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjz115.

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Abstract After leaving the testis, mammalian sperm undergo a sequential maturation process in the epididymis followed by capacitation during their movement through the female reproductive tract. These phenotypic changes are associated with modification of protein phosphorylation and membrane remodeling, which is requisite for sperm to acquire forward motility and induce fertilization. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying sperm maturation and capacitation are still not fully understood. Herein, we show that PPP3R2, a testis-specific regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 3 (an isoform of calcineurin in the testis), is essential for sperm maturation and capacitation. Knockout of Ppp3r2 in mice leads to male sterility due to sperm motility impairment and morphological defects. One very noteworthy change includes increases in sperm membrane stiffness. Moreover, PPP3R2 regulates sperm maturation and capacitation via (i) modulation of membrane diffusion barrier function at the annulus and (ii) facilitation of cholesterol efflux during sperm capacitation. Taken together, PPP3R2 plays a critical role in modulating cholesterol efflux and mediating the dynamic control of membrane remodeling during sperm maturation and capacitation.
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5

FRIEND, DANIEL S. "Sperm Maturation: Membrane Domain Boundaries." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 567, no. 1 Viral Oncogen (August 1989): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb16472.x.

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6

Purnell, Beverly A. "Local control of sperm maturation." Science 368, no. 6495 (June 4, 2020): 1076.1–1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.368.6495.1076-a.

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7

Chan, H. C., and Y. L. Zhang. "Epididymial defensins and sperm maturation." Andrologia 37, no. 6 (December 2005): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2005.00687.x.

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8

Rodger, JC. "Prefertilization gamete maturation events in marsupials." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 4 (1994): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940473.

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Despite many fundamental similarities between the gametes of marsupials and placental mammals, the regulation and timing of prefertilization gamete maturation are quite different. The marsupial acrosome is remarkably stable and an acrosome reaction (AR) is not induced by reagent effective for the sperm of placental mammals. The ultrastructure of the marsupial sperm AR is essentially similar to that of placental mammals, however, whether an equatorial segment (ES) persists to serve as the site of sperm-egg membrane fusion is unclear. Diacylglycerol induction of the AR suggests that the sperm of Australian species lack an ES, yet an ES-like region appears to be involved in fertilization in the opossum Monodelphis. The marsupial oocyte, unlike those of placentals, continues to grow throughout follicular life and major cytoplasmic maturation events occur late in oocyte development. Cortical granules only become evident shortly before ovulation and mature dark granules may only appear after ovulation. Further, the zona pellucida (ZP) changes in character and function during the peri-ovulatory period. In vitro fertilization has been achieved for an opossum but not for any Australian marsupial, owing to failure of sperm-ZP binding. Requirement for a sperm maturation process is likely, but capacitation treatments used for placental sperm in vitro have been ineffective. Since it is now feasible to experimentally manipulate marsupial gametes in vitro major advances in our understanding of their function can be expected.
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9

Cartwright, Elizabeth J., Pauline Harrington, Louise Norbury, Gareth Leeming, and Paul T. Sharpe. "Surface heterogeneity of rat sperm during maturation." Bioscience Reports 12, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01125828.

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Rat sperm isolated from the caput and caudal epididymis and the vas deferens were subjected to multiple partition in aqueous two-phase systems. The technique was used to reveal heterogeneity of a sperm population with respect to particular surface properties. Sperm from all three regions gave broad distributions indicative of heterogeneous cell populations. Greatest heterogeneity was observed for cauda sperm with caput and was sperm producing similar distributions. Following multiple partition sperm from different regions of the distribution profiles were immunostained with three antibodies known to recognise maturation antigens. The results show that some antigens are acquired during epididymal transit whilst others are present throughout. The partition (surface heterogeneity) seen cannot therefore be explained solely by the distribution of the antigens recognised by 2D6, 6B2 and 3D5.
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10

Ahiezer, Rodríguez-Tobón. "Epididymal Sperm Maturation in Bats with Prolonged Sperm Storage." Animal and Veterinary Sciences 3, no. 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.s.2015030101.11.

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11

Amann, RP, RH Hammerstedt, and DN Veeramachaneni. "The epididymis and sperm maturation: a perspective." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 5, no. 4 (1993): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9930361.

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In common mammals, sperm leaving the testis are incapable of fertilizing a female gamete. Sperm have limited biosynthetic capability and need to minimize demand for ATP. Hence, modification of sperm to achieve their maturation requires pre-programmed cleavage of integral molecules (planned self-modification) and remodelling by action of molecules found in the suspending fluids. Most of these biocatalysts are secreted by a series of specialized regions in the epididymal epithelium, but some are provided in seminal plasma. The role of the epididymis in sperm maturation is postulated to be 'setting a series of triggers' each capable of initiating cellular changes either at emission or near or in the oocyte, and 'setting a safety' for each trigger to prevent premature occurrence of the event. The attributes required in a spermatozoon for in vitro fertilization and natural mating are different, and their expression is dependent on the site of sperm sampling. Some attributes needed for fertility are probably like an on-off switch, whereas others probably allow a gradually reduced probability of success before going to the off position (analogous to a conventional light switch and a dimmer-type light switch). All essential attributes of a spermatozoon must be expressed in a 'combined effective amount' for that cell to be fertile. Because of mixing, in any segment of the epididymal duct the population of sperm is heterogeneous in age and biological status. Thus, when assessing sperm maturation it is necessary to establish the proportion of sperm that has completed and retained all steps of maturation necessary to achieve fertilization of oocytes under the conditions imposed. In a normal animal, most sperm leaving the epididymis have a 'combined effective amount' of attributes, and the population has a high fertilizing potential.
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12

Breed, WG. "Egg maturation and fertilization in marsupials." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 8, no. 4 (1996): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9960617.

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This brief review summarizes our knowledge of the morphological events that are associated with oocyte maturation and fertilization in marsupials in which it has been suggested that there are marked differences from eutherians in both the developmental timetable of oocyte maturation and in some of the processes associated with sperm-egg interaction. Most of the data have been obtained from studies on four species: Monodelphis domestica, Sminthopsis crassicaudata, Sminthopsis macroura, and Trichosurus vulpecula. Differences between the species have been described for: (1) the arrangement of 'yolk' in the oocyte cytoplasm; (2) the time of formation of cortical granules: (3) the mode of sperm penetration through the zone pellucida: (4) the sperm membrane involved in sperm-egg fusion: (5) the fate of inner acrosomal and sperm plasma membranes: and (6) the rapidity of sperm chromatin decondensation in the ooplasm. Such differences suggest considerable variation in these processes between different marsupial species although some of the variation described may be due to technical differences in the obtaining of the data. Thus, whether there are fundamental differences between the two major extant infraclasses of mammals, marsupials and eutherians, in some of the processes associated with fertilization is conjectural at the present time. The interspecific variation in the results obtained cautions one in extrapolating from observations on one or two 'model' species to the infraclass as a whole: a conclusion that might not, on reflection, be too surprising bearing in mind the long and separate evolutionary history of the major extant marsupial lineages.
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13

Collodel, Giulia, Cesare Castellini, Jetty Chung-Yung Lee, and Cinzia Signorini. "Relevance of Fatty Acids to Sperm Maturation and Quality." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (February 5, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7038124.

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Almost 50% of infertility cases are associated with human male infertility. The sperm membrane is a key structure influencing sperm morphology and function in normal and pathological conditions. The fatty acid profile determines the performance not only of sperm motility but also of acrosomal reaction and sperm-oocyte fusion. This review presents available knowledge on the role of fatty acid composition in human sperm and spermatogenesis and discusses the influence of dietary fatty acids on the sperm fatty acid profile. Recent studies in biological sciences and clinical researches in this field are also reported. The topic object of this review has potential application in medicine by identifying potential causes of infertility.
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14

Miyaso, Hidenobu, Yuki Ogawa, and Masahiro Itoh. "Microenvironment for spermatogenesis and sperm maturation." Histochemistry and Cell Biology 157, no. 3 (March 2022): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-021-02071-z.

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15

Keber, Rok, Damjana Rozman, and Simon Horvat. "Sterols in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation." Journal of Lipid Research 54, no. 1 (October 23, 2012): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.r032326.

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16

Silber, S. J. "Role of Epididymis in Sperm Maturation." Journal of Urology 141, no. 5 (May 1989): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)41250-x.

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17

Axnér, Eva. "Sperm maturation in the domestic cat." Theriogenology 66, no. 1 (July 2006): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.022.

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18

Cooper, Trevor G. "The epididymal influence on sperm maturation." Reproductive Medicine Review 4, no. 3 (October 1995): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962279900000545.

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Consideration of the function of the epididymis has undergone profound changes over the last century during which it has moved from a largely neglected male reproductive organ to one that is an increasingly exploited source of sperm for assisted reproduction strategies. From histological studies in the lizard1 it was considered that, ‘…the cells lining the epididymal canal produce a material necessary for the spermatozoa during their passage through the organ …’ whereas a fertility study with guinea-pigs stated boldly that, ‘… changes undergone [by spermatozoa in the epididymis] are not conditioned by some specific action of epididymal secretion …’. The former view found favour in a review of the literature which concluded that, ‘… there are specific epididymal secretions necessary for sperm maturation and survival …’, although the nature of the secretions were not then known. However, this concept, currently held by most of those studying the epididymis of animals, was again contradicted on the basis of clinical work: ‘… it certainly is possible for sperm that have never passed through any length of the epididymis at all to mature on their own …’.
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19

Cooper, Trevor G. "The epididymal influence on sperm maturation." Reproductive Medicine Review 4, no. 3 (October 1995): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962279900001149.

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Consideration of the function of the epididymis has undergone profound changes over the last century during which it has moved from a largely neglected male reproductive organ to one that is an increasingly exploited source of sperm for assisted reproduction strategies. From histological studies in the lizard1 it was considered that, ‘…the cells lining the epididymal canal produce a material necessary for the spermatozoa during their passage through the organ …’ whereas a fertility study with guinea-pigs stated boldly that, ‘… changes undergone [by spermatozoa in the epididymis] are not conditioned by some specific action of epididymal secretion …’. The former view found favour in a review of the literature which concluded that, ‘… there are specific epididymal secretions necessary for sperm maturation and survival …’, although the nature of the secretions were not then known. However, this concept, currently held by most of those studying the epididymis of animals, was again contradicted on the basis of clinical work: ‘… it certainly is possible for sperm that have never passed through any length of the epididymis at all to mature on their own …’.
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20

Manfredi Romanini, M. G., M. Biggiogera, D. Formenti, A. Fraschini, S. Garagna, C. Pellicciari, and C. A. Redi. "Sperm-chromatin maturation in the mouse." Histochemistry 84, no. 4-6 (1986): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00482981.

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21

Silber, Sherman J. "Role of epididymis in sperm maturation." Urology 33, no. 1 (January 1989): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(89)90066-6.

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22

EGBUNIKE, G. N., W. BRANSCHEID, J. PFISTERER, and W. HOLTZ. "Changes in Porcine Sperm Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes During Sperm Maturation." Andrologia 18, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1986.tb01748.x.

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23

Wen, Zongzhuang, Haixia Zhu, Bin Wu, Aizhen Zhang, Hongxiang Wang, Yin Cheng, Hui Zhao, Jianyuan Li, Min Liu, and Jiangang Gao. "Cathepsin B plays a role in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation through regulating autophagy and apoptosis in mice." PeerJ 10 (December 2, 2022): e14472. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14472.

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Spermatogenesis and sperm maturation are complex and highly ordered biological processes. Any failure or disorder in these processes can cause defects in sperm morphology, motility, and fertilization ability. Cathepsin B (CTSB) is involved in the regulation of a variety of pathological processes. In the present study, we found that CTSB was abundantly expressed in the male reproductive system, however, the specific role of CTSB in regulating spermatogenesis and sperm maturation remained elusive. Hence, we generated Ctsb-/- mice using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In Ctsb-/- mice, sperm count was significantly decreased while the level of morphologically abnormal sperm was markedly increased. Additionally, these mice had significantly lower levels of progressive motility sperm and elevated levels of immobilized sperm. Histological analysis showed slight vacuolization in the testis epithelium, as well as the loss of epididymal epithelium cells. Further investigation showed that autophagic activity was inhibited and apoptotic activity was increased in both the testis and epididymis of Ctsb-/- mice. Together, our findings demonstrate that CTSB plays an important role in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation in mice.
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24

Galan, Carolina, Ryan W. Serra, Fengyun Sun, Vera D. Rinaldi, Colin C. Conine, and Oliver J. Rando. "Stability of the cytosine methylome during post-testicular sperm maturation in mouse." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): e1009416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009416.

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Beyond the haploid genome, mammalian sperm carry a payload of epigenetic information with the potential to modulate offspring phenotypes. Recent studies show that the small RNA repertoire of sperm is remodeled during post-testicular maturation in the epididymis. Epididymal maturation has also been linked to changes in the sperm methylome, suggesting that the epididymis might play a broader role in shaping the sperm epigenome. Here, we characterize the genome-wide methylation landscape in seven germ cell populations from throughout the male reproductive tract. We find very few changes in the cytosine methylation landscape between testicular germ cell populations and cauda epididymal sperm, demonstrating that the sperm methylome is stable throughout post-testicular maturation. Although our sequencing data suggested that caput epididymal sperm exhibit a highly unusual methylome, follow-up studies revealed that this resulted from contamination of caput sperm by extracellular DNA. Extracellular DNA formed web-like structures that ensnared sperm, and was present only in sperm samples obtained from the caput epididymis and vas deferens of virgin males. Curiously, contaminating extracellular DNA was associated with citrullinated histone H3, potentially resulting from a PAD-driven genome decondensation process. Taken together, our data emphasize the stability of cytosine methylation in mammalian sperm, and identify a surprising, albeit transient, period during which sperm are associated with extracellular DNA.
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25

Wu, Cuiling, Chunxin Wang, Bo Zhai, Yunhui Zhao, Zhuo Zhao, Zhiyu Yuan, Xuefeng Fu, and Mingxin Zhang. "Study on the region-specific expression of epididymis mRNA in the rams." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): e0245933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245933.

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The epididymis is divided into three regions including the caput, corpus and cauda. Gene expression profiles in different regions indicate the different functions of epididymis which are crucial for sperm maturation. In this study, three one-year-old rams was used as the experimental animal. Transcriptome sequencing technology was used to sequence mRNA in the caput, corpus and cauda of the epididymis. Based on the spatiotemporal-specific expression pattern in the epididymis, the mRNA expression profiles of the three parts of the epididymis were analysed. Region-specifically expressed genes were analysed by GO and KEGG analyses to screen the key genes involved in sheep sperm maturation. We obtained 129, 54 and 99 specifically expressed genes in the caput, corpus and cauda, respectively. And twenty specific expressed genes related to sperm maturation were used to construct functional networks. The heatmap showed that 6 genes of LCN protein family were highly expressed in the head of epididymis of sheep. We infer that sperm maturation is gradual in the epididymis and that there are significant differences in epididymal gene expression patterns between different species. This provides a data resource for analysing the regulatory mechanism of epididymis genes related to sperm maturation in rams.
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26

Bentley, M. G. "Sperm maturation response inArenicola marinaL.: An in vitro assay for sperm maturation factor and its partial purification." International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 8, no. 3 (June 1985): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01688170.1985.10510137.

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27

da Silveira, Juliano C., Ana Clara F. C. M. de Ávila, Hannah L. Garrett, Jason E. Bruemmer, Quinton A. Winger, and Gerrit J. Bouma. "Cell-secreted vesicles containing microRNAs as regulators of gamete maturation." Journal of Endocrinology 236, no. 1 (January 2018): R15—R27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-17-0200.

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Mammalian gamete maturation requires extensive signaling between germ cells and their surrounding somatic cells. In the ovary, theca cells, mural granulosa cells, cumulus cells and the oocyte all secrete factors throughout follicle growth and maturation that are critical for ovulation of a high-quality oocyte with the competence to develop into an embryo. Similarly, maturation of sperm occurs as it transits the epididymis during which epididymal epithelium and sperm exchange secretory factors that are required for sperm to gain motility and fertility. Recent studies in a variety of species have uncovered the presence of cell-secreted vesicles in follicular fluid (microvesicles and exosomes) and epididymal fluid (epididymosomes). Moreover, these cell-secreted vesicles contain small non-coding regulatory RNAs called microRNAs, which can be shuttled between maturing gametes and surrounding somatic cells. Although little is known about the exact mechanism of how microRNAs are loaded into these cell-secreted vesicles or are transferred and modulate gene expression and function in gametes, recent studies clearly suggest that cell-secreted vesicle microRNAs play a role in oocyte and sperm maturation. Moreover, a role for cell-secreted vesicular microRNAs in gamete maturation provides for novel opportunities to modulate and discover new diagnostic markers associated with male or female fertility. This manuscript provides an overview of cell-secreted vesicles in ovarian follicular fluid and epididymal fluid and microRNAs and discusses recent discoveries on the potential function of cell-secreted vesicles as carriers of microRNAs in oocyte and sperm maturation.
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28

Barua, M., D. Nath, and G. C. Majumder. "Alteration of goat sperm ecto-phosphoprotein phosphatase activity and its distribution on the sperm surface during epididymal maturation." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 6 (2001): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01027.

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Phosphoprotein phosphatase (ecto-PPase) of goat epididymal sperm outer surface showed a significant increase in its activity at the initial stage of epididymal sperm maturation (up to the proximal corpus region) followed by a sharp fall towards the terminal phase of the maturation event. PPase activity showed nearly the same profile when estimated in intact cells as well as in isolated sperm plasma membrane. The ecto-PPase was purified to apparent homogeneity by using various biochemical fractionation procedures, such as solubilization with Triton X-100, sephadex gel filtration chromatography, concanavalin A–sepharose affinity chromatography and diethylaminoethyl–cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. The isolated PPase has a molecular mass of approximately 36 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.95. Sperm surface topography of the enzyme was investigated using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibody of the purified PPase. The immunofluorescent studies have demonstrated that the isolated PPase is localized on the external surface of viable sperm. Immunocytochemical studies also revealed a marked topographical alteration of ecto-PPase during epididymal transit of the male gametes. Immunoreactivity was observed all over the surface of caput sperm, but was restricted primarily to the anterior tip of the head in the corpus sperm and to the posterior part of the head in cauda sperm cells. The maturation-dependent decrease in PPase activity was also confirmed by immunofluorescent studies. This remarkable maturation-dependent modification of ecto-PPase activity, as well as its distribution on sperm surface, suggest that the ecto enzyme may play an important role in sperm function by regulating the phosphorylation states of the membrane-associated and reproductive fluid phosphoprotein substrates.
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29

Quan, H. M., X. Q. Meng, Y. Hou, and Q. Y. Sun. "Sperm penetration of immature and maturing oocytes does not affect phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in pigs." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 15, no. 7 (2003): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd03035.

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Pig oocytes cultured in vitro for 0, 25, 33 and 44 h were inseminated by frozen–thawed ejaculated sperm. At specified times after insemination, sperm penetration, cell cycle progression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation were evaluated. It was shown that: (1) oocytes at various maturational stages could be penetrated by sperm; (2) sperm penetration did not affect meiotic cell cycle progression; (3) sperm penetration of germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes and maturing oocytes did not alter MAPK phosphorylation; and (4) when premetaphase I (pre-MI) and metaphase I (MI) oocytes, in which MAPK was activated, were fertilised, no evident MAPK dephosphorylation was detected as in metaphase II oocytes. The data suggest that sperm penetration before oocyte maturation does not affect MAPK phosphorylation and that the machinery inactivating MAPK upon fertilisation is not developed in maturing (pre-MI to MI) oocytes.
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30

Permatasari, Silvani, Dwi Ari Pujianto, and Astrid Teresa. "Pengaruh Hormon Androgen terhadap Ekspresi Gen CD52 di Epididimis Mencit (Mus musculus)." Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jka.v9i2.1224.

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Androgen has an important role in regulation epididymal sperm maturation Epididymal sperm maturation is occurs via interactions between sperm and proteins secreted by epididymal genes that are specifically expressed in a region-specific manner. Mice CD52 exhibited expression in all regions in epididymis. However, the regulation of its expression by androgen is needed to be known as a gene candidate that involved in sperm maturation. Objective: This study was aimed to analyze regulation of mice CD52 expression by androgen and a bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict functional domains of CD52. Methods: bioinformatics analysis using Motif Scan. For experiment, mice divided into 5 groups. The groups were control was injected ethanol 0,1 mL/day and others groups were 3, 5, 10, and 15 day used a androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide that dilute in ethanol at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day. And then quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to analyse expression of CD52 and it’s normalized to Beta actin. Result: CD52 contained a two potential phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C and casein kinase II, N-myristoylation, and N-glycosylation that showed CD52 is secretory protein and predict it’s attached to sperm membrane. Expression of CD52 was decrease about 93% than control. Conclusion: CD52 expression depend on androgen.Keywords: androgen; epididymis; sperm maturation; expression of CD52
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31

Saewu, Arpornrad, Suraj Kadunganattil, Riya Raghupathy, Kessiri Kongmanas, Pamela Diaz-Astudillo, Louis Hermo, and Nongnuj Tanphaichitr. "Clusterin in the mouse epididymis: possible roles in sperm maturation and capacitation." Reproduction 154, no. 6 (December 2017): 867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-17-0518.

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Clusterin (CLU) is known as an extracellular chaperone for proteins under stress, thus preventing them from aggregation and precipitation. We showed herein that CLU, expressed by principal cells of the mouse caput epididymis, was present in high amounts in the lumen. In the cauda epididymis, CLU bound tightly to the sperm head surface and its amount on total sperm was similar to that in the bathing luminal fluid. In both immotile and motile caudal epididymal sperm, CLU was localized over the entire sperm head except at the convex ridge, although in the motile sperm population, the CLU immunofluorescence pattern was distinctively mottled with a lower intensity. However, when motile sperm became capacitated, CLU was relocalized to the head hook region, with immunofluorescence intensity being higher than that on the non-capacitated counterparts. Under a slightly acidic pH of the epididymal lumen, CLU may chaperone some luminal proteins and deliver them onto the sperm surface. Immunoprecipitation of epididymal fluid proteins indicated that CLU interacted with SED1, an important egg-binding protein present in a high amount in the epididymal lumen. In a number of non-capacitated sperm, fractions of SED1 and CLU co-localized, but after capacitation, SED1 and CLU dissociated from one another. While CLU moved to the sperm head hook, SED1 translocated to the head convex ridge, the egg-binding site. Overall, CLU localization patterns can serve as biomarkers of immotile sperm, and non-capacitated and capacitated sperm in mice. The chaperone role of CLU may also be important for sperm maturation and capacitation.
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Perez, E. G. A., M. Nichi, C. A. Baptista Sobrinho, P. A. A. Góes, A. Dalmazzo, J. R. Gurgel, C. C. Rocha, R. O. C. Silva, R. C. Barnabe, and V. H. Barnabe. "240 FUNCTIONAL TRAITS OF CAT SPERM DURING DISTINCT MATURATION STATUS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab240.

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Sperm recovery from the caudae epididymides can be advantageous for preserving semen of endangered animal species. In this context, the domestic cat is a suitable model for the study of sperm physiology in endangered feline species and the research on epididymal sperm preservation combined with the use of reproductive biotechnologies including intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The aim of the present study was to examine the sperm collected from the cauda and caput of the cat epididymis using functional tests. Testicles and epididymides from 5 adult tomcats were collected by orchiectomy and maintained at 4°C for 4 h, until semen collection. Semen samples were collected from the epididymal tail and head by careful dissection. Samples were then analysed for motility by computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA; only for the caudal sperm). The 3-3′ diaminobenzidine stain was used as an index of mitochondrial activity, the eosin nigrosin stain as an index of membrane integrity, the simple stain (fast green/Bengal rose) as an index of acrosome integrity, and the measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as an index of lipid peroxidation. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS System for Windows (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA; least significant differences test and Spearman correlation; P < 0.05). No motility was observed in samples collected from the epididymal head, whereas samples from the tail showed 50.0 ± 4.2% motile spermatozoa. Surprisingly, more spermatozoa with high mitochondrial activity were found in the epididymal head than in samples from the tail (74.0 ± 3.5 v. 50.0 ± 4.3%, respectively). Similarly, samples collected from the head showed a higher susceptibility against the attack of ROS (31.9 ± 5.5 v. 16.3 ± 7.1 ng of TBARS/106 sperm, respectively). Furthermore, epididymal head sperm showed a lower percentage of sperm with intact membrane and a higher percentage of sperm with intact acrosome (44.9 ± 3.3 and 78.4 ± 1.8 v. 66.4 ± 4.2 and 56.7 ± 4.4%, respectively). Our results demonstrate that, during maturation, feline sperm are subjected to high oxidative stress, as shown by the lipid peroxidation assay, which would lead to structural damage to biomolecules, DNA, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, as well as other cellular components, such as mitochondria, and acrosomal impairment. Similar results were found in humans, in which higher levels of oxidative stress occurred in the post-testicular environment. The plasma membrane seems to be more resistant to damages. This may be due to the described rearrangement in the lipid profile occurring during maturation, but studies to test this hypothesis are still underway.
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Lee, YH, M. Lin, MA Baker, and RJ Aitken. "ABR-001 Mitochondria: role in sperm maturation." Reproductive BioMedicine Online 16 (January 2008): S—16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61500-3.

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34

Chauvin, Theodore R., Tao Liu, Carrie Nicora, Fang Xie, Feng Yang, David Camp, Richard Smith, and Kenneth P. Roberts. "The Sperm Maturation Proteome of Mus musculus." Biology of Reproduction 85, Suppl_1 (July 1, 2011): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolreprod/85.s1.575.

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35

Halder, Tanmoy, Uttam Datta, Siddhartha Basu, and Prasenjit Mukherjee. "Is lithium essential for epididymal sperm maturation?" Medical Hypotheses 96 (November 2016): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2016.09.018.

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36

Saez, Fabrice. "Prostasomes post-testicular sperm maturation and fertility." Frontiers in Bioscience 21, no. 7 (2016): 1464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/4466.

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37

Skerget, Sheri, Matthew A. Rosenow, Konstantinos Petritis, and Timothy L. Karr. "Sperm Proteome Maturation in the Mouse Epididymis." PLOS ONE 10, no. 11 (November 10, 2015): e0140650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140650.

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38

Kumar, R. Asok, and David M. Phillips. "Spermiation and sperm maturation in the marmoset." Anatomical Record 229, no. 3 (March 1991): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092290305.

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39

McKnight, Craig E., and Gertrude W. Hinsch. "Sperm maturation and ultrastructure in Scyllarus chacei." Tissue and Cell 18, no. 2 (January 1986): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-8166(86)90034-0.

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40

Kito, Seiji, and Barry Bavister. "Maturation of hamster oocytes under chemically defined conditions and sperm penetration through the zona pellucida." Zygote 4, no. 3 (August 1996): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400003117.

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SummaryThis study aimed to achieve high frequencies of nuclear maturation and penetrability through the zona pellucida of hamster oocytes cultured under protein-free conditions. Completion of nuclear maturation by cumulus-intact, immature oocytes (79% metaphase II stage) was depressed (37% p < 0·05) by adding four amino acids (glutamine, isoleucine, methionine and phenylalanine) reported necessary for nuclear maturation of cumulus-free oocytes. Following in vitro maturation, cumulus cells were removed and oocytes were inseminated with capacitated sperm, but after 6 h sperm:egg co-incubation, only 24% of in vitro matured oocytes were penetrated compared with 60% of in vivo matured oocytes (p < 0·05). Time required for zona lysis by α-chymotrypsin was not significantly different among in vitro and in vivo matured oocytes and 1-cell embryos. Addition to the maturation medium of soybean trypsin inhibitor or fetuin, both known to inhibit the zona reaction in vitro, did not improve penetrability of in vitro matured oocytes, implying that in hamsters, unlike other rodent species, a premature zona reaction is unlikely to be responsible for inhibiting sperm penetration. When oocytes were incubated with 20% periovulatory oviductal fluid (OF) for another 3 h after maturation, penetration was significantly improved (60% vs 37% with and without OF, respectively; p < 0·05), but was not equivalent to penetration of in vivo matured follicular oocytes similarly treated with OF (84%, p < 0·05)However, zona penetration was further improved by increasing sperm concentration from 1·0 × 104 (66%) to 5·0 or 10·0 × 104 sperm/ml (89%, p < 0·05). This study shows that nuclear maturation of hamster oocytes can occur in chemically defined medium, and indicates that a deficiency in the zona of in vitro matured oocytes can be overcome by preincubation with OF and insemination at high sperm conccentration.
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41

Pinart, Elisabeth. "Ion Channels of Spermatozoa: Structure, Function, and Regulation Mechanisms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 5880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115880.

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Ion transport is essential for sperm physiology, being involved in sperm-cell differentiation and maturation, motility activation, chemotaxis towards the oocyte, and fertilization, as well as in sperm adaptation to the surrounding medium [...]
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42

Nixon, B., A. J. Harman, K. L. Asquith, and R. J. Aitken. "212.The molecular basis of epididymal sperm maturation." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 9 (2004): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb04abs212.

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The mammalian epididymis represents the site where functionally incompetent spermatozoa originating from the testes undergo their final maturation enabling them to engage in the complex cascade of sperm-egg interactions that culminate in fertilization. The extent to which this process is actively driven by the epididymis or reflects properties intrinsic to the gamete remains largely unknown. However, recent studies within our laboratory have demonstrated that sperm transit through region 4 (corpus) of the mouse epididymis is associated with an acquired ability to exhibit coordinated movement, capacitate and engage in sperm-zona binding. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that immature mouse sperm recovered from region 3 (caput) of the epididymis are able to display similar attributes following brief co-culture with region 4 epididymal plasma. Interestingly, immunohistological studies of the epididymal lumen within region 4 have revealed the presence of a number of dense bodies containing the molecular chaperones, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and endoplasmin (GRP94). Although the nature and origin of such inclusions remains to be resolved, these collective findings raise the intriguing possibility that the molecular chaperones are involved in the delivery of critical signaling molecules to the surface of spermatozoa. In light of this data, we have commenced a proteomic analysis of region 4 epididymal fluid with a view to identifying proteins which interact with the chaperones, HSP60 and GRP94. Such studies will provide an extremely important insight into the molecular basis of sperm maturation.
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43

Huu Duc, Nguyen, Pham Thu Giang, Tran Thi Binh Nguyen, and Bui Dai Phong. "Evaluation of the sperm separability of blanc-blue-belge bull by swim-up method and in vitro embryo production with hybrid Zebu bovine oocyte in Vietnam." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 1 (July 11, 2020): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/18/1/15265.

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The objective of this study was to determine the right conditions for the separation of Blanc-Blue-Belge bovine sperm (BBB) by swim-up mothed; determine the maturity of hybrid Zebu bovine eggs; and culture of embryos after in vitro fertilization. After 60-80 minutes of swim-up in CAP-05, BBB bovine sperms were healthy, straight movement and separated with a concentration of 106 sperm/ml. Hybrid Zebu bovine eggs developed and matured in the maturation medium with the basic medium TCM-199 supplemented with 10% calf serum, FSH (0.75 µg / ml), LH (0.15 µg / ml) and Estradiol (2.5 µg / ml), the results showed that the IVM-08 medium had significantly higher maturation rates than IVM-03, the proportion of mature eggs reached 71,11% compared to 51.69%, respectively (P <0.01). In vitro fertilization of hybrid Zebu bovine egg in IVF-08 medium. In vitro fertilized embryos (BBB x hybrid Zebu) developed from bovine sperms separated by the swim-up method achieved a better rate of morula-blastocysts in IVC-09 than IVC-06 medium, 21.68% compared to 8.56%, respectively (P <0.01). The conclusion was that the suitable conditions for BBB bovine sperm separation and in vitro embryo production (BBB x hybrid Zebu) were determined. This is the premise to create bovine semen, BBB bovine embryos with defined gender.
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44

Brown, E. E., K. M. Margelot, and M. V. Danilchik. "Provisional bilateral symmetry in Xenopus eggs is estiblished during maturation." Zygote 2, no. 3 (August 1994): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400002008.

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SummaryDorsal–ventral patterning in the Xenopus egg becomes established midway through the first cell cycle during a 30° rotation of the subcortical yolk mass relative to the egg cortex. This rotation of symmetrisation is microtubule dependent, and its direction is thought to be cued by the usually eccentric sperm centrosome. The fact that parthenogenetically activated eggs also undergo a directed rotation, despite the absence of a sperm centrosome, suggests that an endogenous asymmetry in the unfertilised egg supports the directed polymerisation of microtubules in the vegetal cortex, in the way that an eccentric sperm centrosome would in fertilised eggs. Consistent with this idea, we noticed that the maturation spot is usually located an average of more than 15° from the geometric centre of the pigmented animal hemisphere. In parthenogenetically activated eggs, this eccentric maturation spot can be used to predict the direction of rotation. Although in most fertilised eggs the yolk mass rotates toward the sperm entry point (SEP) meridian, occasionally this relationship is perturbed significantly; in such eggs, the maturation spot is never on the same side of the egg as the SEP. In oocytes tilted 90° from upright during maturation in vitro, the maturation spot developed 15° or more from the centre of the pigmented hemisphere, always displaced towards the point on the equator that was up during maturation. This experimentally demonstrated lability is consistent with an off-axis oocyte orientation during oogenesis determining its eccentric maturation spot position, and, in turn, its endogenous rotational bias.
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45

Cito, Gianmartin, Maria E. Coccia, Sara Dabizzi, Simone Morselli, Pier A. Della Camera, Andrea Cocci, Luciana Criscuoli, et al. "Relevance of testicular histopathology on prediction of sperm retrieval rates in case of non-obstructive and obstructive azoospermia." Urologia Journal 85, no. 2 (March 23, 2018): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391560318758940.

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Introduction: The aim of our research was to establish the relevance of testicular histopathology on sperm retrieval after testicular sperm extraction in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and in patients with obstructive azoospermia, who already underwent a previous failure testicular fine needle aspiration. Methods: We evaluated a total of 82 azoospermic men, underwent testicular sperm extraction, referring to the Assisted Reproductive Technology Centre of the University of Florence, Italy between January 2008 and March 2017. A general and genital physical examination, scrotal and trans-rectal ultrasound, semen analysis, hormone measurements, including follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and total testosterone, were collected. Results: Successful sperm retrieval was obtained in 36 men of total (43.9%). Successful sperm retrieval was 29.5% in non-obstructive azoospermia patients, while men with obstructive azoospermia, who, underwent a previous failure testicular fine needle aspiration, had sperm retrieval in 86% of cases. Mean luteinizing hormone was 6.55 IU/L, total testosterone 4.70 ng/mL, right testicular volume 13.7 mL and left testicular volume 13.6 mL. Mean Follicle-stimulating hormone was 13.45 IU/L in patients with negative sperm retrieval and 8.18 IU/L in men with successful sperm retrieval. According to histology, 20.7% had normal spermatogenesis, 35.3% hypospermatogenesis, 35.3% maturation arrest and 8.5% Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Successful sperm retrieval was 88.2% in patients with normal spermatogenesis, 24.1% in the maturation arrest group and 48.27% in patients with hypospermatogenesis, while negative sperm retrieval was reported in Sertoli cell-only syndrome patients. Seven cases with maturation arrest showed a successful sperm retrieval. Conclusion: Testicular histopathology after testicular sperm extraction offers important information on prediction of sperm retrieval and can guide the surgeon in choosing the more suitable therapeutic practice.
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46

Sipilä, P., J. Jalkanen, I. T. Huhtaniemi, and M. Poutanen. "Novel epididymal proteins as targets for the development of post-testicular male contraception." REPRODUCTION 137, no. 3 (March 2009): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0132.

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Apart from condoms and vasectomy, modern contraceptive methods for men are still not available. Besides hormonal approaches to stop testicular sperm production, the post-meiotic blockage of epididymal sperm maturation carries lots of promise. Microarray and proteomics techniques and libraries of expressed sequence tags, in combination with digital differential display tools and publicly available gene expression databases, are being currently used to identify and characterize novel epididymal proteins as putative targets for male contraception. The data reported indicate that these technologies provide complementary information for the identification of novel highly expressed genes in the epididymis. Deleting the gene of interest by targeted ablation technology in mice or using immunization against the cognate protein are the two preferred methods to functionally validate the function of novel genesin vivo. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of several epididymal proteins shown eitherin vivoorin vitroto be involved in the epididymal sperm maturation. These proteins include CRISP1, SPAG11e, DEFB126, carbonyl reductase P34H, CD52, and GPR64. In addition, we introduce novel proteinases and protease inhibitor gene families with potentially important roles in regulating the sperm maturation process. Furthermore, potential contraceptive strategies as well as delivery methods will be discussed. Despite the progress made in recent years, further studies are needed to reveal further details in the epididymal sperm maturation process and the factors involved, in order to facilitate the development of new epididymal contraceptives.
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47

Divers, Sean L., Sheri L. Johnson, and P. Mark Lokman. "Sperm quality of artificially matured shortfinned eel is not affected by human chorionic gonadotropin dose and route of administration." PeerJ 10 (August 23, 2022): e13742. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13742.

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Background Acquisition of high quality sperm is key to the artificial propagation of eels in captivity, but fertility drugs are expensive and repeated handling is stressful to the fish. An interrupted treatment regime (an initial hormone injection to stimulate spermatogenesis, followed several weeks later by weekly booster injections to induce sperm maturation) for acquisition of sperm in captive male eels has promise for high sperm quality on the one hand, and animal welfare benefits on the other. To further develop this approach for shortfinned eel, Anguilla australis, we evaluated the efficacy of (i) different initial doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and (ii) route of administration. Methods Male eels were artificially induced to mature with a single injection of 0, 250, 500 or 1,000 IU/fish of hCG, administered either intramuscularly (IM) or intraperitoneally (IP). Sperm maturation was induced with 150 IU hCG/fish from week 5 onwards and sperm collected for evaluation of quality by computer-assisted sperm analysis. Results Control males did not mature and hence, sperm could not be retrieved and analysed, but all other treatments were effective in inducing testicular maturation. Milt volume tended to be higher for fish injected IM compared to those injected IP, whereas hCG dose had no effect. Conversely, the concentration of spermatozoa tended to be higher for several sperm collection time points in IP-injected than in IM-injected fish. Sperm quality, represented by percent motility, percent progressive motility and curvilinear velocity, was equal in fish given an initial dose of 250 IU hCG to those given higher initial doses of hCG. Conclusions We recommend that an initial dose of 250 IU hCG/fish be administered to induce spermatogenesis in male A. australis, and, after a period of 4–5 weeks, weekly booster injections of ∼150 IU hCG/fish be administered in the day prior to sperm collection; both routes of administration (IM or IP) are equally effective. We contend that an interrupted treatment regime has notable benefits for induced maturation in male anguillids, as it reduces fish handling and manipulation and reduces the resources required to produce high quality sperm.
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48

Li, Yong-Hai, Yi Hou, Wei Ma, Jin-Xiang Yuan, Dong Zhang, Qing-Yuan Sun, and Wei-Hua Wang. "Localization of CD9 in pig oocytes and its effects on sperm–egg interaction." Reproduction 127, no. 2 (February 2004): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00006.

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CD9 is a cell surface protein that participates in many cellular processes, such as cell adhesion. Fertilization involves sperm and oocyte interactions including sperm binding to oocytes and sperm–oocyte fusion. Thus CD9 may play an essential role during fertilization in mammals. The present study was conducted to examine whether CD9 is present in porcine gametes and whether it participates in the regulation of sperm–oocyte interactions. The presence of CD9 in ovarian tissues, oocytes and spermatozoa was examined by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Sperm binding and penetration of oocytes treated with CD9 antibody were examined by in vitro fertilization. The results showed that CD9 was present on the plasma membrane of oocytes at different developmental stages. A 24 kDa protein was found in oocytes during in vitro maturation by immunoblotting and its quantity was significantly (P < 0.001) increased as oocytes underwent maturation and reached the highest level after the oocytes had been cultured for 44 h. No positive CD9 staining was found in the spermatozoa. Both sperm binding to ooplasma and sperm penetration into oocytes were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced in anti-CD9 antibody-treated oocytes (1.2 ± 0.2 per oocyte and 16.6% respectively) as compared with oocytes in the controls (2.5 ± 0.4 per oocyte and 70.3% respectively). These results indicated that CD9 is expressed in pig oocytes during early growth and meiotic maturation and that it participates in sperm–oocyte interactions during fertilization.
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49

Rifkin, J. M., and G. E. Olson. "Characterization of maturation-dependent extrinsic proteins of the rat sperm surface." Journal of Cell Biology 100, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.100.5.1582.

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Mammalian spermatozoa must mature in the epididymis before they can fertilize an egg. It is known that modification of the protein composition of the sperm surface is an important part of the maturation process. In this paper, we present data on two related glycoproteins that can be extracted from mature but not immature spermatozoa. Cell surface radioiodination has shown that these proteins are on the sperm surface, and immunofluorescence microscopy, by use of monospecific antibodies to the proteins, has indicated that their localization is restricted to the periacrosomal region of the sperm head. We have also shown that in vitro, these proteins will bind to the identical region of immature sperm. Immunohistochemical localization of the proteins in the epididymis shows that they are produced and secreted by the cauda region. The significance of the addition of these proteins to the sperm surface in both maturation and fertilization is discussed.
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50

Jaiswal, Bijay S., and Gopal C. Majumder. "Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase: a regulator of forward motility initiation during epididymal sperm maturation." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 74, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o96-072.

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The concentrations of cAMP, cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity, and the effect of theophylline in vitro on the forward motility (FM) of maturing goat epididymal sperm have been analyzed. cAMP levels increased slowly during transit of the cells from the caput to the proximal cauda, although they acquired a minimal degree of forward progression. The last phase of sperm transit (proximal to distal cauda) was associated with a concomitant sharp rise in the level of both c AMP as well as flagellar motility. PDE activity progressively decreased (approximately threefold) during epididymal maturation, being minimal in mature cauda sperm. Theophylline (30 mM), a specific inhibitor of PDE, markedly activated (10-fold or greater) motility of the sperm derived from proximal-corpus, mid-corpus, distal-corpus, and proximal-cauda epididymides. FM of the native mature caudal sperm was similar to that of the theophylline-treated proximal-cauda sperm. The terminal stage of sperm maturity (proximal to distal cauda) was associated with a markedly reduced level of theophylline-dependent motility activation (approximately 50%). The data are consistent with the view that PDE plays an important role in the initiation of motility during epididymal sperm maturation.Key words: epididymal sperm, cyclic AMP, cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, flagellar motility, theophylline
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