Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spermatogenèse – effets des médicaments et substances chimiques'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Spermatogenèse – effets des médicaments et substances chimiques.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Ali, Muhammed Wali Sazan. "Effect of environmental factors on spermatogenesis. : Ex-vivo assessment of low level of cadmium or bisphenol A on testicular meiotic cells. : Dosage of metals in semen and in DNA of spermatozoa." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5050.
Full textWe did Flow cytometric analysis enabled us to evaluate changes in the number of Sertoli cells and germ cells by cadmium. Only germ cells were decreased in a time and dose dependent manner. Fragmented SC, asynapsis and "motheaten" SC were observed. Cd induced ex-vivo modifications in meiotic process. BPA changed meiotic chronology and activates the pachytene checkpoint. Asynapsis and fragmentation were induced. Abnormal leptotene nuclei, and asynapsed zygotene, observed. Pulverized SC indicated the abnormalities of genetic recombination and/or pairing. Transcriptomic analysis showed that BPA alters main biological functions and canonical pathways. The number of genes affected by BPA increased over the exposure time. Fold change increased. Four impaired functions were cancer, cell death, cellular development and cell to cell signaling. We emphasize that interacted genes linked to DNA DSB repair disturbed.The other part of this thesis is including the measurement of metals in seminal plasma and in sperm DNA of normal and abnormal men. We used ICP/MS to measure the metal concentration in the seminal plasma and sperm DNA. All metals analyzed were detected in seminal plasma. In sperm DNA, As, Hg, Sb and Se, were undetected with this method. No correlation between the seminal plasma and sperm DNA metal concentrations were observed. The metal concentrations, in normal and abnormal semen, visualized a significant increase of Sb in the seminal plasma and of Al in the sperm DNA in the abnormal semen group
Gallet, Sébastien. "Conception, synthèse et évaluation pharmacologique de thiadiazépines et oxathiazépines potentiellement anticancéreuses." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2P002.
Full textSafi, Malak. "Nanoparticules inorganiques et nanofils magnétiques : toxicité et étude physique des interactions avec les cellules vivantes." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077029.
Full textThe inorganic nanoparticles, due to their size (< 100 nm) are being used in a wide range of applications including industries (cosmetics, automotive. . . ) and biomedicine (cancer therapy, drug delivery. . . ). However, the toxicity of these nanoparticles and their impact on the environment and possible health risks have not yet been fully evaluated. The evaluation of the toxicity appears to be difficult, considering the existence of different parameters such as the chemical composition of the nanoparticles, their size, their surface, their morphology, their uptake, and the type of targeted cells. The objective of our work is the study of the toxicity of these nanoparticles, and their interactions with living cells. We especially study the effects of the chemical composition, the coating, and the shape of the cerium oxide (CeO₂), iron oxide (y-Fe₂O₃), and the nanostructured materials synthesized from these particles. The cellular viability assays showed that the uptake inside mammalian cells and the toxicity depend on the nature of the particle, and also on the type of coating. Indeed, the polymers of weak molecular weight, adsorbed on the surface of the nanoparticles are more stable than the classic ligands and make them stealth. Surprisingly, despite their shape and length, the magnetic nanowires synthesized from y-Fe₂O₃), are taken up by the cells. Their biocompatibility and their biodegradability pave the way for applications in biophysics and nanomedicine
Debbabi, Haythem. "Hypertension artérielle et microcirculation." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077085.
Full textMany works link the complications of the hypertensive disease to a defect of perfusion of the target organes. These anomalies are primarily represented by an arteriolo-capillary rarefaction, and an endothelial dysfonction. The effective adjustment of the level of blood pressure remains a crucial objective, although preserving or restoring the tissue perfusions should not be neglected. In the first work, we have validated the measurement of the reactivity of the cutaneous circulation using laser Doppler flowmetry after local deliverance of cumulative amounts of acetylcholine by iontophoresis. The cutaneous response to acetylcholine was compared with the flow mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery. We found a very significant corrélation between cutaneous reactivity and brachial answer (r = 0. 91, P<0. 000001). We then showed that the cutaneous capillary density rarefaction can be reversed by an antihypertensive treatment. Moreover, in spite of a blood pressure control equivalent, all the classes of drugs do not have the same effect on the microcirculation. We in particular showed the superiority of fixed association of périndopril-indapamide in this field. The relationship between the microcirculatory damage and arterial hypertension is not yet clearly established. We showed that the increase of the blood pressure under treatment by the bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF used in oncology, could be, at least partially, explained by capillary rarefaction and endothelial dysfonction in the microcirculation
Lassurguère-Labbé, Julie. "Xénobiotiques, perturbateurs endocriniens et la fonction testiculaire." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN1B060.
Full textKhawaja, Naeem Raza Shaheen. "Role of mitochondrial ROS in patupilone induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX22954.
Full textChe, Thi Cam Ha. "Effets des cellules souches mésenchymateuses sur la cancérogenèse colique chimio-induite chez le rat." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077147.
Full textThe aim of this work was to evaluate in an animal model the harmlessness of cell therapy for tissue repair in a cancer environment. For that purpose, we induced colon carcinogenesis by intrarectal instillations of MNNG (N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine) in the rat. The MNNG induce an increase in the thickness of colon mucosa, as well as of the content in MCP-1, IL-6 and flbronectin. We have characterized the tumors (1) in vivo by endoscopy and PET scanning, (2) after autopsy by histology and immunohistology and ELIS A assay of proteins. In this model, we studied the influence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) obtained from bone marrow of rats transgenic for fluorescent protein GFP. MSC were injected intraveinously 4 and 6 weeks after initiating MNNG treatment of rats. The MSC-GFP were traced by immunofluorescence and identified in the chorion of colonic epithelium 6 days after injection, but not thereafter. Thirty-two weeks after MNNG treatment, the number of rats bearing tumors was significatively lower in the MSC-treated batch, as compared to MNNG alone. This resuit was confirmed after 52 weeks. On the other hand, MSC injections increased the effect of MNNG on the thickness of mucosa, especially epithelium, suggesting an intensification of tissue repair process after the attack by the carcinogen. The results suggest an early but ongoing action of MSC. Our hypothesis is that MSC contribute to thé restoration of a favourable micro-environment after mucosa lesion by MNNG therefore slowing cancer development
Lehraiki, Abdelali. "Effets et mécanismes d'action du Mono (2-ethylhexyl) phtalate (MEHP) sur le développement du testicule foetal et neonatal de souris in vitro." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077100.
Full textPhthalate esters are a class of endocrine disrupting chemicals widely distributed in the environment. Numerous studies, conducted almost exclusively in the rat have shown that in utero exposure to phthalates results in deleterious effects on fetal testis. A few recent studies reported that phthalates also have deleterious effects on human fetal testis in vitro but the alterations described do not exactly match those in the rat and the mechanisms of action of these chemicals are largely unkhown. We defined specific periods of sensitivity of the mouse fetal testis to MEHP for steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. MEHP induced a severe and early decrease in the number of gonocytes due to massive apoptosis. Similar effects have recently been observed in vitro in the rat and in the human fetal testis. In contrast, effects on steroidogenesis were different from that described in both rat and human species. Therefore our work show that the deleterious effects of phthalates on steroidogenesis vary according to species and developmental stage, while the effects on gerrn cell development are similar in various mammalian species. Therefore, the effects bf phthalates on steroidogenesis are unrelated to those on gametogenesis. Using mouse deficient for ERo; ER/3 and AR (Tfm mouse) we defînitively eliminated the hypothesis of direct or indirect effect of MEHP on gametogenesis and steroidogenesis through antiandrogenic/estrogenic pathways. Finally, we demonstrated for the first time the implication of retinoic acid pathway in MEHP induced germ cells apoptosis. These results offer new clues to understand the mechanisms of action of phthalates in the fetal
Dumoux, Maud. "Etudes des effets de la pénicilline G sur les infections à chlamydia trachomatis." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077009.
Full textChlamydia trachomatis infections lead to ocular trachoma, pneumopathy and sexually transmitted diseases. These infections are mostly not symptomatic and present persistent forms. This combination brings about severe consequences: cecity, sterility, extra uterine pregnancy. . . Moreover, it can allow bacterial dissemination in the organism leading to cardiopathy and arthritis. Consequently, chlamydiosis must be considered as a main public health problem. This work presents Penicillin G not as a persistence inducer, like literature proposes, but as a trigger of Chlamydia death, including persistent forms, which antibiotics in current use are unable to do. We tried to determine cellular mechanisms that sustain this degradation and demonstrate Penicillin G inhibition on a virulence factor secreted by Chlamydia. This study proposes to reintroduce Penicillin G in therapeutic protocols, especially in the persistence stages of the disease. This work also explores host-pathogen interactions and proposes a hypothesis to elucidate the Chlamydia paradox
Khemiri, Hanan. "Caractérisation des effets périphériques et centraux de l'érythropoïétine sur la sensibilité chimique à l'O2 et au CO2." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5034.
Full textErythropoietin (EPO) is a cytokine that plays a major role in O2 homeostasis. Upon chronic hypoxia, EPO stimulates the maturation of erythroid progenitors into red blood cells, contributing to increased O2 carrying to tissues. Besides this well-known erythropoietic effect, EPO also modulates the respiratory response to hypoxia by interacting with the central respiratory network in the brainstem and the peripheral chemoreceptors. This effect was mainly characterized in adult mutant mice that overexpress EPO. Several aspects regarding EPO's effect on breathing regulation remain unknown. Our results show that acute EPO treatment increases the O2 sensitivity of the central respiratory network in newborn mice in vitro. However, EPO does not impact the hypoxic ventilatory response to hypoxia in vivo, but decreases the apneic events during severe hypoxia in mice at postnatal day 7. In WT adults, chronic but not acute EPO and C-EPO treatment increases the O2 sensitivity by stimulating both peripheral chemoreceptor and central respiratory network. Finally, both cerebral and plasmatic EPO blunt the ventilatory response to increased CO2 levels in adult mice. Taken together, these results imply that EPO, by acting on the ventilatory system, plays a key role in the modulation of the chemical sensitivity to O2 and CO2
Igoudjil, Anissa. "Effets métaboliques de la stavudine chez la souris : mise en évidence de mécanismes indépendants d'une altération de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077226.
Full textNucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) such as stavudine (d4T) and zidovudine (AZT) are antiretroviral drugs frequently used in HIV-infected patients. In some patients these drugs can unfortunately induce different side effects as hepatic steatosis, myopathy and lipodystrophy. Although it is widely acknowledged that NRTI are toxic for the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the respiratory chain, other mechanisms seem to be involved. Recently, we reported that 100 mg/kg/d of d4T and AZT (two thymidine analogs) stimulated fatty acid oxidation (PAO) in mouse liver. The aim of the investigations was to complete the study on AZT and d4T, in order to study the consequences of this PAO stimulation. In a first study, hepatic PAO stimulation was associated with fat wasting in mice treated with d4T and AZT 100mg/kg/j. In a second study, higher d4T doses (500 mg/kg/j) reduced further adiposity, while hepatic PAO was inhibited. Our results indicate that metabolic effects of thymidine analogues are difficult to understand and can be independent of mtDNA depletion. Moreover, d4T effects are dependent of the dose, and fat wasting could have indirect liver toxic effects. We hope that our results will help to prevent some NRTI-induced side effects and will prove useful to gain an insight into the physiopathology of these drug-induced mitochondrial diseases
Picard, Nathalie. "Effet de l'exposition in utero au diazépam sur la fonction respiratoire et la réponse à l'hypoxie du rat nouveau-né : impact sur les systémes GABAergiques et adénosinergiques." Amiens, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AMIED013.
Full textDiazepam (DZP) is a therapeutic benzodiazepine which acts at GABAA receptor to enhance the inhibitory action of endogenous GABA on neuronal function and may be prescribed to pregnant women. Neonatal behavior is altered by prenatal exposure to DZP. The purpose of the present work was to assess the consequences of prenatal DZP on breathing function and to analyze the mechanisms involved in newborn rats (P0-P2). In vivo plethysmographic recordings on unrestrained newborns showed that prenatal DZP altered the eupneic breathing pattern by reducing respiratory frequency and increasing tidal volume. Moreover, prenatal DZP enhanced the drop of tidal volume induced by sustained alveolar hypoxia. In vitro, prenatal DZP induced an acceleration of the rhythmic bursts generated by the central respiratory drive in isolated preparations. It attenuated the depressant effects of tissue hypoxia on this drive. Real time PCR and pharmacological analysis indicated that prenatal DZP may induce a down-regulation of the genes encoding for the α1 and α2 subunits of GABAA receptors or an attenuation of their response to the acute application of DZP, depending of the region studied. Furthermore, the levels of expression of genes encoding for A1 et A2A adenosine receptors, together with their response to specific agonists were altered by prenatal DZP. Finally, preliminary HPLC data suggested that glutamate and GABA biosynthesis may be deregulated in the pons and the medulla. In conclusion, prenatal diazepam affects the development of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems which are crucial for breathing control and its long-term consequences deserve further studies in mature animals
Ragunathan, Nilusha. "Effet du cadmium sur la biotransformation d'amines aromatiques pré-cancérogènes par les arylamine N-acétyltransférases (NAT) : capproches moléculaires, cellulaires et in vivo." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077090.
Full textCadmium (Cd) is a carcinogenic heavy metal of great environmental concern. Exposure to both Cd and carcinogenic organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or aromatic amines is a common environmental problem with toxicological consequences. Arylamine 7V-acetyltransferases (NAT) are xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) that play a key role in the biotransformation of aromatic amine carcinogens such as 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and 2-aminofluorene (2-AF). Changes in human NAT activity have been long associated with susceptibility to different cancers in relation with exposure to certain aromatic amines. We found that Cd at biologically-relevant concentrations impairs the NAT-dependent acetylation of carcinogenic aromatic amines such as 2-AF or 4-ABP in lung epithelial Clara cells. Moreover, NAT activity was found to be strongly impaired in the tissues of mice exposed to Cd. Accordingly, mice exposed to Cd and 2-AF displayed altered in vivo pharmacokinetics with a significant decrease in acetylated-2-AF in plasma thus confirming the functional impairment of NAT enzymes by Cd. Further kinetic and molecular experiments using recombinant enzyme showed that NAT1 was rapidly and irreversibly inhibited by Cd (IC5o~0. 075 |uM, kpS. LO4 M"1, s"1) through the formation of a Cd adduct with the active-site cysteine residue of the enzyme. Overall, our data suggest that Cd can aller the metabolism of carcinogenic aromatic amines through the impairment of the NAT-dependent pathway which may have important toxicological consequences
Récalde, Alice. "Régulateurs de l'homéostasie des cellules médullaires et revascularisation post-ischémique." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077035.
Full textBone Marrow cells (BMC) play a crucial role in post-ischemic revascularization. Their mobilization and recruitment to ischemic tissue are important steps in this angiogenic proces. Dopamine (DA) and norepinephrin (NE), catechilamines of the sympathetic nervous System (SNS) have been shown to control BMC egress. We showed that SNS is activated by ischemia and promote BMC egress through eNOS activation. DA and NE increase BMC recruitment and differentiation into ischemic muscle in cells with endothelial and inflammatory phenotype and then activate post-ischemic revascularisation. BMC recruitment to ischemic tissue depend on the chimioattractiv effect of CXC-12 protein whose γ isoform had better capacity to bind heparan-sulfates (HS) of the extracellular matrix than α and ß isoforms. We showed that γ is the isoform that induce the best BMC recruitment and that its up regulation in ischemic tissue activate post-ischemic revascularisation with the best efficiency. However, its activity depends on HS bonding domain expression. This process of revascularization depend on eNOS which is affected during diabetes. We then analyzed the effect of cellular therapy based on eNOS up regulation in BMC in diabetic mice. This kind of therapy restore post-ischemic revascularization during diabetes
Flusin, Olivier. "Stratégies de lutte contre des virus du risque infectieux : perspectives thérapeutiques contre les nairovirus et les orthopoxvirus." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077054.
Full textCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and smallpox virus (VARV) infections, for which there are no licensed antiviral therapeutics, represent a significant threat to the strategic and operational missions of the French armed forces. Here, we reported two strategies used to identity novel antiviral compounds that are specifically effective in inhibiting proteins and molecular complexes involved in genome replication of Hazara nairovirus (HAZV) and vaccinia orthopoxvirus (VACV), respective surrogate models of CCHFV and VARV. In a first study, the activity of small interfering RNA (siRNAs) targeting the HAZV mRNA was evaluated in cell culture. We were able to identify two siRNAs directed against the transcripts encoding the nucleoprotein that reduced the production of infectious HAZV particles by over 90%. The combination of ribavirin with siRNAs induced an additive, or synergistic, effect on HAZV replication inhibition. In a second study, we adapted the yeast two-hybrid technique in order to perform a high throughput screening for the selection of protein-protein interaction modulators within the VACV replication complex. We identified two molecules that specifically inhibit orthopoxvirus (OPV) replication in vitro. Furthermore, we showed that both compounds interfere with the VACV genome synthesis. The initial results of this work indicate the potential of these two strategies to be applied for the development of future treatments against nairovirus and OPV infections
Burckle, Céline. "Le Récepteur de la prorénine/rénine-RR/ATP6AP2 : données de biologie cellulaire : poids moléculaire, topologie, localisation subcellulaire : approche fonctionnelle." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077227.
Full textThe function of RR/ATP6AP2, described as a new receptor for prorenin/renin, is elusive in vivo. Controversies concerning its subcellular localization are confusing considering the proposed function of vascular cell surface receptor. Here, we readdressed the question of the sub cellular localization of RR/ATP6AP2, focusing on the detection of the endogenous protein. Then we used animal models of gene invalidation and gene overexpression to approach the in vivo function of RR/ATP6AP2. Our results underline that RR/ATP6AP2 might have a dual function possibly reflecting an evolutionary divergence. The RR/ATP6AP2 C-terminal part of the protein, corresponding to the m8-9 fragment, is highly conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates. This "ancestral" domain might account for the early developmental defect observed in zebrafish and suspected in mouse. This function is clearly not related to the renin angiotensin System, and might be linked to the vacuolar H+-ATPase. The N-terminal part of the protein might have acquire a prorenin/renin binding capacity in vertebrates
Nguyen, Thu Thuy. "Developpement de la matrice d'information de Fisher pour des modèles non linéaires à effets mixtes : application à la pharmacocinétique des antibiotiques et l'impact sur l'émergence de la résistance." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077029.
Full textNonlinear mixed effect models (NLMEM) can be used to analyse longitudinal data in patients, for example in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies, with fewer samples than the classical non-compartmental approach. A method for designing these studies is to use the Fisher information matrix (MF), approximated by first order linearization of the model. We extended this expression of MF to take into account the within subject variability and the discrete covariates. These developments were evaluated by simulations, implemented in PFIM 3. 2 dedicated to design evaluation and optimisation. We also applied PFIM to design a crossover study, showing absence of interaction of a compound on the pharmacokinetic of amoxicillin. We also proposed and evaluated by simulations an alternative approach to compute MF without linearization, based on Gaussian quadrature and stochastic integration. This approach gave more correct predictions than linearization when the model becomes very nonlinear but it is very time consuming; consequently its use is limited to NLMEM with only few random effects. Next, we studied the expansion of résistance to fluoroquinolones in intestinal flora. In a trial in piglets, we found, by non-compartmental approach, a significant correlation between fecal concentrations of ciprofloxacin and counts of resistant enterobacteria. Then we developed a mechanistic model to more precisely characterize the pharmacokinetic of fecal ciprofloxacin as well as the kinetics of susceptible and resistant enterobacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo modelling to study the bacterial résistance to fluoroquinolones in intestinal flora
El, Khoury Diala. "Etude du mécanisme d'action antitumorale du pseudopeptide HB-19 qui cible la nucléoline de surface." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077041.
Full textNucleolin is one of the major proteins of the nucleolus but it is also expressed at the cell surface where it serves as a binding protein for several ligands implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and angiogenesis; thus suggesting that it may serve as an interesting target for cancer therapy. By using a specific antagonist that binds the C-terminal of nucleolin, the HB-19 pseudopeptide, we show that the growth of tumor cells and angiogenesis are suppressed in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Unlike the nuclear nucleolin, we show for the first time that surface-nucleolin is a de novo synthesized protein, which is constantly induced in tumor and endothelial cells, with a half life of 90 and 45 minutes respectively for the mRNA and protein. We also show that that surface nucleolin is exclusively N-glycosylated and that its N-glycosylation is a requirement for its expression on the cell surface where it can induce signalling pathways via inducing calcium entry into the cells. Our results show that HB-19 represents a unique multi-action drug that exerts a differential and specific action according to tumor cell type. Moreover, we show thé relevance of considering surface nucleoline for innovative cancer therapy
Phan, Duy An. "Impact du NO inhalé sur les progéniteurs neuraux chez le rat nouveau né." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077206.
Full textThis thesis shows for the first time a treatment commonly used in neonatal intensive care units, iNO is capable of inducing neuroprotection in a model of diffuse lesions in the white matter of ante- perinatal origin. INO is associated with a significant increase in the proliferation of neural progenitors and viable which preferentially differentiate into oligodendrocyte cells. These works provide physiological and mechanistic basis of the neuroprotective effect experimentally observed with exposure to iNO. Hemodynamic phenomena and / or cellular responsible for this are being explored
Lansiaux, Pauline. "Mécanismes d'action moléculaires de l'hydroxycarbamide dans les cellules endothéliales dans le contexte de la drépanocytose." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077209.
Full textHydroxycarbamide (HC) is the only effective drug by reducing vaso-occlusive crisis in sicle cell disease patients. It is now admitted that HC acts on additional target cells than red cells and our team focuses on its mechanism of action in vascular endothelial cells (VEC). We showed that HC increases the expression of mimerons inflammatory molecules and decreases the expression of the adhesion molecule VCAM-1 and the vasoconstrictor ET-1. The aim of this thesis is: firstly to identify new adhesion molecules targeted by HC and secondly to find out molecular intermediates controlling HC action. We found that besides VCAM-1, the expression of TSP-1, vWF and PECAM-1 was decreased by HC in VEC. Guided by our transcriptomic data, we tested the involvement of GATA transcription factors as molecular intermediates of HC action in VEC. Results show that HC reduces the expression of GATA-2 and GATA-6, and that this decrease is partly responsible of VCAM-1, PECAM-1 and vWF response to HC. Finally, we found that NO-sGC-cGMP pathway was an intermediate of IL-8, PECAM-1 and vWF modulation by HC. Understanding HC mechanism of action is necessary to identify more specific and safer therapeutic targets. We demonstrate here the involvement of GATA transcription factors and NO-sGC-cGMP pathway in HG-response of several molecules involved in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease
Bonnin, Rémy. "Mécanismes émergents de résistances aux antibiotiques dans le genre Acinetobacter." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077072.
Full textThe genus Acinetobacter corresponds to Gram-negative aerobes responsible for severe nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patient. The recent emergence of acquisition of antibiotic résistance in this species greatly complicates the management of infections associated with it. The objectives of our work have included on the one hand in a study of structural and functional of AbaR-type genomic islands in A. Baumannii. A conserved structure of AbaR-type genomic islands has been demonstrated including a complex transposition module. On the other hand, our job consisted in to analyze the emerging mechanisms of résistance to ß-lactams in A. Baumannii. In this context, we determined the biochemical properties and mechanisms of acquisition of a extended-spectrum P-lactamase (ESBL) GES-14 with carbapenemase properties showing hydrolysis of all ß-lactam antibiotics and a peculiar genetic environment leading to resistance to carbapenems. This was the first report of a p-lactamase able to hydrolyze significantly all- ß-lactams. The dissemination of the worrisome NDM-type gene in A. Baumannii has been evidenced. This transposon of 10,099 bp in size was bracketed by two copies of lSAba125. In order to determine if the emergence of the blaNDM ₋₁/₋₂ genes was linked to a clone, a plasmid or a genetic structure, a collection of NDM-producing A. Baumannii from wolrdwide origin was studied. Four new class D carbapenemases intrinsic to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter haemolytiens, Acinetobacter johnsonii and Acinetobacter bereziniae were characterized. In the latest species, a carbapenem-resistant isolate was identified. The résistance to carbapenems was mediated by mutations in promoter sequences leading to overexpression. This finding was verified by qRT-PCR. Overall, this work helps to clarify the mechanisms of acquisition of antibiotic resistances in a increasingly important pathogen
Coyne, Sébastien. "Génétique de la multi-résistance aux antibiotiques chez Acinetobacter baumannii et Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077025.
Full textAcinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are two major nosocomial pathogens with a high propensity to develop resistance to antibiotics. We have designed a microarray that allows to both quantify the expression of efflux Systems and detect acquired résistance genes in A. Baumannii. Study of spontaneous mutants showed (i) overexpression of the AdeABC efflux System in one mutant, likely due to a new mutation in AdeS, the sensor of a two-component regulatory System ; (ii) overexpression of AdelJK in several mutants suggesting that this pump can contribute to acquired résistance ; (iii) overexpression of a new RND pump, AdeFGH, in two mutants, conferring multidrug résistance and likely due to due to mutations in adeL encoding a LysR-type transcriptional regulator. Study of the genetic environment of the ant(4')-IIb gene in P. Aeruginosa clinical isolates led to the characterization of Tn6061, a 26. 5-kb element conferring résistance to six unrelated drug classes. Ant(4')-Hb was present and flanked by directly repeated copies of ISCR6 in ail but one of the strains studied, consistent with ISCR6-mediated gene acquisition. Tn6061 was chromosomally located in six strains and plasmid-borne in the remaining isolate, suggesting horizontal acquisition. Furthermore, an IS6100 element, that ended Tn6061, was found to be responsible for large chromosomal inversions by duplication-insertion. This work indicates that multidrug resistance in A. Baumannii and P. Aeruginosa can result from one-step genetic events, either mutations leading to overexpression of an efflux System or acquisition of foreign elements carrying resistance determinants
Brillet, Thomas. "Relations structure-fonction de l'alpha-hémoglobine et de sa protéine chaperon l'AHSP : octamères d'hémoglobine recombinante : application à la mise au point d'un transporteur d'oxygène artificiel." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077097.
Full textThis work concerns the study of two candidate molecules of hemoglobin (Hb) in the development of an artificial oxygen carriers and the study of structure-function relationships of α-Hb and its chaperone AHSP in the context of a mutant AHSP described in a patient with thalassemia syndromes. The first part of the work concerns the mutant α-HbH⁵⁸L, a key residue of the heme pocket in order to reduce auto-oxidation in Hb. This mutant has the same spectral characteristics regardless of the external ligand added, unlike the native protein. This mutant appears to have a hexacoordinated heme with a high affinity endogenous ligand. The second part concerns the study of recombinant Hb octamers Hb, obtained by intermolecular disulfide bond of ß-Hb (ß octamer) or α-Hb (α octamer). These octamers have functional properties similar to HbA, but with a decreased interaction with haptoglobin (Hp). Hp and a octamer form within a few hours a large complex while the ß octamer reacts much more slowly with Hp, reflecting its greater stability. The third part concerns the characterization of the complex AHSP/α-Hb. Both association and dissociation rates of the α-Hb with its chaperone were determined. For the mutant AHSPV⁵⁶G, the dissociation rate of the complex AHSP/α-Hb is 4 times reduced. The AHSPV⁵⁶G appears to be partially folded at 37 ° C with a progressive thermal unfolding curve. However the complex AHSPV⁵⁶G/α-Hb has a thermal stability close to normal. Within the complex AHSPV⁵⁶G/α-Hb, the α-Hb displays a normal function
Nguyen, Thi Huyen Tram. "Handling data below the quantification limit in viral kinetic modeling for model evaluation and prediction of treatment outcome." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077224.
Full textViral kinetic (VK) models are useful tools to understand the lifecycle of hepatitis C virus and the mechanisms of action of antiviral agents. The understanding of virologic response can be improved by including pharmacokinetic (PK) information. VK model might also be useful to predict individual treatment outcome and support treatment personalization. One common problem in VK modeling is data below the quantification limit (BQL). However the impact of these data on model evaluation and treatment response prediction and how to properly handle them in these steps are still in question. We extended prediction discrepancies (pd) and normalized prediction distribution errors (npde) to handle BQL data and evaluated them in a simulation study. The extended metrics have better performance with satisfactory type I errors and powers, compared to the methods omitting BQL data. We developed a PK-VK model to characterize the VK to alisporivir, a cyclophillin inhibitor, given in with or without peg-IFN. The model provided good predictions for the virologic responses (BQL data fraction and SVR rate) for different combinations and doses of alisporivir in another study. We also studied by simulation the use of VK model to predict individual treatment outcome and evaluated several factors that can impact this prediction: methods for handling BQL data, design and a priori information on population parameters. We showed that Bayesian estimation of individual parameters can give good predictions for treatment outcome from only few early responses, provided that BQL data are correctly handled and correct a,priori information is available
Hussain, Salik. "Toxicité in vitro et in vivo des nanoparticules manufacturées : rôle de la composition chimique, de la surface et de la taille." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077225.
Full textNanomaterials are gaining increasing utilizations in every sector of life but their health and environmental effects are still lacking complete understanding. The present study was designed to investigate the role of carbon black (CB), titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and gold (Au) nanoparticle (NP) physicochemical characteristics in the toxic effects on the respiratory System. In vitro studies were done on bronchial epithelial cells (primary as well as 16HBE14o- cell Une) while in vivo studies on diisocyanate induced asthma and dermal sensitization were performed using BALB/c mice. Both in vitro and in vivo results indicated that NPs are readily internalized by bronchial epithelial cells as well as by alveolar macrophages. This internalization was dose and NP size dependent in case of epithelial cells and a higher percentage of macrophages with engulfed NPs was noted in case of chemical sensitized animals. Translocation of Au NPs was observed after oropharyngeal exposure and targeting of distinct organs was noted in case of inflammation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by NPs under cell free conditions depend upon the chemical nature, surface area anc size of the NPs (with CB being more reactive than TiO₂) while the type of intracellular ROS produced also depends upon the chemical nature of NPs. NPs induced apoptotic pathways depend upon the chemical nature of NPs as CB NPs induced apoptosis through a ROS dependent mitochondrial pathway while TiO₂ induced apoptosis through lysosomal pathway and lipid peroxidation. The global transcriptome response evaluated by microarray showed that different biological fonctions are induced by CB and TiO2 NPs involving different genes. NPs showed strong primary particle surface area dependent proinflammatory effects in bronchial epithelial cells under in vitro conditions leading to mRNA expression and secretion of GM-CSF, IL-6 and TNFa whereas under in vivo conditions NPs significantly modulated the asthmatic and inflammatory responses induced by diisocyanates. The LLNA revealed adjuvant effect of Au and TiO₂ NPs at low concentrations. In conclusion our results demonstrate the significance of primary particle surface area, chemical nature and size in proinflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic effects of NPs
Cras, Audrey. "Résistance des cellules tumorales aux rétinoïdes : paramètres moléculaires prédictifs d'une réponse thérapeutique aux rexinoïdes et aux drogues épigénétiques." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077087.
Full textRetinoids are involved in the regulation of key biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. The effects of retinoic acid are mediated through nuclear receptors - retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR) - which act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Despite the success of retinoic acid all-trans (ATRA) as differentiating agent in acute promyelocytic leukemia, the clinical use of retinoid remains limited. In this work, we studied retinoid actions in retinoid-resistant tumors cellular models, differentiated thyroid cancers and acute myeloid leukemia. Our results highlight the importance of RAR and RXR expression profile, and their induction in the retinoid sensitivity of cells. Bexarotene, a RXR agonist, inhibits cell growth and invasion ability of tumor cells resistant to ATRA by transcriptional repression of NF-kB signaling pathway. In addition, retinoid résistance is associated with lack of functionality of RAR transcriptional complex by epigenetic modifications. However, combination of ATRA with molecules modifying chromatin structure removes the transcriptional repression and induces the expression of RAR in ATRA-resistant cells. DMA methylation pattern analysis confirms that epigenetic modulation may be linked to drug efficacy. This work has enabled us, first, to define molecular parameters predictive of retinoid response, and secondly to identify therapeutic ways to bypass resistance and/or to restore ATRA sensitivity
Ambolet-Camoit, Ariane. "Effets de mélanges de xénobiotiques agissant par des voies de signalisation différentes : conséquences moléculaires dans des modèles hépatiques humains." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P617.
Full textLasocki, Sigismond. "Métabolisme du fer dans l'anémie de réanimation." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077088.
Full textAnemia is frequent among critically ill patients. It results from both inflammation and blood losses. It is usually considered that these critically ill patients have an inflammatory iron profile, with iron being stored in tissue macrophages. However, these two mechanisms exert opposite effects on iron metabolism regulation by the master regulator: hepcidin. During this work, we have developed and characterized a mice model of critical care anemia, associating an inflammatory peritonitis and repeated phlebotomies. We observed that erythropoiesis stimulation dominates over inflammation, with decreased hepcidin expression. This allowed the mobilization of spleen iron, despite the inflammation. In a preliminary study, we observed that intravenous iron toxicity was not enhanced in mice with peritonitis compared to control animals. Furthermore, we confirmed. In a prospective observational study in critically ill patients, that hepcidin may be repressed, even in the presence of inflammation. Taken together, these data suggest that iron may be proposed to treat some anemic critically ill patients
Lamotte, Suzanne. "Analyses pharmacologiques et génétiques de la régulation épigénétique dans le pathogène humain Leishmania." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC319.
Full textThe incidence of leishmaniases is steadily increasing, mainly due to the lack of preventive measures, a limited therapeutic arsenal, and appearance of resistant parasites to all current treatments. My thesis research consisted, on one hand, to develop new techniques for selecting efficient anti-leishmanial molecules and screening various compounds libraries, and on the other hand, to determine if epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of Leishmania gene expression and Leishmania host cell subversion and intracellular survival. The pharmacological approach was based on assays measuring anti-leishmanial activity on the clinically relevant stage, the intramacrophagic amastigote, and on the extracellular stage present in the phlebotome, the promastigote. Combination of assays applied on different stages and different species, one dermotropic and one viscerotropic, allowed the identification of pan-active compounds without toxicity against the host cell. Among 722 tested compounds, 225 showed interesting anti-parasitic activity depending on Leishmania species and stages at different concentrations between 4 and 10 µM, some of which were classified as epigenetic inhibitors. This pharmacological approach highlighted a possible role of epigenetics in two aspects of Leishmania biology that I have investigated in the following. First, applying a phylogenetic approach, I revealed a potential role of epigenetics in Leishmania biology. I analyzed genomes of 4 Leishmania species and found genes encoding for putative histone modifying enzymes, regulating the level of methylation (5 demethylases and 48-49 methyltransferases, depending on species) and acetylation (7 deacetylases and 15-17 acetyltransferases, depending on species). I next focused on potential post-transcriptional modifications of histone H3. The multiple sequence alignment of H3 from different mammals and Leishmania showed 60% homology, with important differences in the N-terminal tail, suggesting parasite specific DNA compaction and gene expression regulation in Leishmania. In contrast, some amino acid modifications of H3 were conserved and revealed in immunofluorescence analyses in promastigotes using commercially available antibodies against methylation of H3K4, H3K23, H3K27 and H3K36. Parasite-specific and conserved epigenetic modifications could be interesting drug targets in Leishmania, a possibility I investigated by studying the mode of action of two selected categories of epigenetic inhibitors (i.e. DNA and histone methylation inhibitors). Second, screening epigenetic inhibitor libraries, I discovered compounds that show activity only against intracellular amastigotes, suggesting an implication of epigenetic mechanisms in the intramacrophagic survival of Leishmania. I revealed by immunofluorescence and western blot analyses different histone methylation levels between non-infected and infected macrophages, suggesting that intracellular Leishmania can modulate host cell epigenetic regulation to promote its intramacrophagic survival. To assess this hypothesis, I conducted RNAseq analyses to address the mode of action of histone demethylases inhibitors, which could act on macrophage epigenetic regulation mechanisms restoring its leishmanicidal properties. This work should allow the discovery of new therapeutic targets in host-Leishmania interaction, some of which may have a host-directed mode of action, which may incite the development of new treatment options that are more refractory to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites
Simonin, Marie-Agnès. "Etude expérimentale de la toxicité articulaire des fluoroquinolones chez le rongeur : arguments physiopathologiques en faveur d'un stress oxydant." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN19921.
Full textEven if some infrequent adverse reactions occur during their use, fluoroquinolones have been reported to promote chondrotoxicity and tendinopathy. In this study, we investigated the pathophysiological mechanism involved in these both effects. A transitory hypomobility was observed by biotelemetric study. Proteoglycan synthesis decreased in both tendon and articular cartilage 24 hours after a single administration of pefloxacin. This inhibition was followed by a repair-like phase in Achilles tendon only. Pefloxacin treatment during several days induced an oxidative damage to articular and tendinous collagens, and we observed a significant IL1 mRNA expression. These modifications were identical to those observed in an experimental ischaemia-reperfusion of the tendon. Moreover, pefloxacin-induced oxidative damage was prevented by co-administration of NAC in Achilles tendon. Both a pefloxacin treatment during several days and the tendinous ischaemia-reperfusion induced type III collagen RNAm expression in Achilles tendon, thus underlining a wound-healing phenomenon. This study suggests a common pathophysiological pathway, involving an oxidative stress, during both fluoroquinolone-induced chondrotoxicity and tendinopathy
Janela, Baptiste. "Etude immunologique du syndrome d'hypersensibilité médicamenteuse." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077144.
Full textThe drug hypersensitivity syndrome or DRESS (Drug Rash With eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) is a severe skin reaction secondary to drug intake associated with multiple organ involvement. The immune response in DRESS syndrome is characterized by activated CD8 T lymphocytes, cytotoxic, with a cutaneous homing phenotype and directed against viral antigens such as EBV. Expended populations of CD8+ T lymphocyte are found in the peripheral blood System and in the skin, liver and lungs. We demonstrated that DRESS is characterized by the presence of numerous viral reactivation such as EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7; virus whose production is closely linked to drug taking. The presence of viral reactivation in DRESS syndrome is correlated with a significant increase in serum IL-10. During DRESS, regulatory B lymphocytes are thé principal source of IL-10 secretion. In addition this cytokine secretion is induced by drugs in vitro. Analysis of clinical and biological characteristics of patients with a prolonged course of disease allowed us to demonstrate that the essential component to this prolonged course would be the ethnicity of the patient. In conclusion, we evaluated the effectiveness of treatment of DRESS with intravenous immunoglobulin. We show that this treatment is neither safe nor effective and induces many undesirable side effects. In conclusion, hypersensitivity syndrome is a viral disease caused by drugs in individuals with specific genetic
Bonnet, Laurianne. "Régulation du métabolisme adipocytaire de la vitamine D : effet de l'obésité et d'une supplémentation en vitamine D." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0609/document.
Full textVitamin D (VD) is involved in many physiological processes, including the control of parameters of adipose tissue biology, its main storage site. Thus, it exerts strong anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects, but many other aspects of this regulation have never been studied. The aim of this thesis is to advance in the knowledge of the interrelation between VD, adipose tissue and obesity.Firstly, we have therefore demonstrated that VD limits the expression of 3 miRs (miR-146a, miR-150 and miR-155) by inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway, in vitro and in vivo, in adipose tissue and adipocyte, during inflammatory stress. We showed that VD modulated gene expression of enzymes involved in its own metabolism in adipose tissue and adipocyte, during a treatment of VD, in vivo and in vitro, known only in the liver and kidney. Moreover, the involvement of cubiline in 25(OH)D uptake in adipocytes has been demonstrated. Then, we showed that a high fat diet for 4 days, 7 and 11 weeks leads to a modulation of plasma concentration of VD metabolites as well as mRNAs of some actors involved in VD metabolism, suggested a possible storage of VD under 25(OH)D form in adipose tissue. Finally, the effect of weight gain induced by a high-fat diet followed by a return to a control diet was studied in mice. The levels of gene expression in the adipose tissue of the actors involved in VD metabolism as well as the plasma and adipocyte dosages of VD and its metabolites show a return to the basal state in mice having undergone weight loss. These results demonstrate the reversibility of changes induced by an obesogenic diet on VD metabolism
Olekhnovitch, Romain. "The antimicrobial activity of nitric oxide at the site of Leishmania infection." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC152.
Full textThe production of nitric oxide (NO) by the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) plays a critical role in the control of many infections with intracellular pathogens. However, the signais mediating iNOS induction in vivo and the precise mechanisms underlying its antimicrobial activity at the site of infection remain unclear. In particular, several studies have promoted the idea that NO production in infected cells may enable them to individually control their pathogen burden. Alternatively, the ability of NO to diffuse efficiently across cell membranes may be critical for the control of infection with intracellular pathogens. Whether pathogen control primarily depends on cell-intrinsic or cell-extrinsic activity of NO is unknown. In this thesis, we demonstrate that during Leishmania major infection, iNOS is rapidly induced in recruited mononuclear phagocytes in response to IFNy and TNF. We show that this rapid iNOS induction does not confer any cell-intrinsic ability to lower parasite content. Ln fact, we demonstrate that the diffusion of NO promotes equally effective parasite killing in producing and bystander cells and that the collective production of NO by numerous phagocytes is necessary to exert an effective antimicrobial activity. Altogether, we prOpose that in contrast to a cell-autonomous control of intracellular pathogens, this cooperative mechanism generates an antimicrobial milieu that provides the basis for pathogen containment at the tissue level. Finally, using a new method based on a photoconvertible protein, we demonstrate that this NO-rich microenvironment controls Leishmania infection in part by dampening parasite metabolism and subsequent proliferation in vivo
Otrebska-Machaj, Ewa. "The search for new inhibitors of bacterial efflux pumps among amine derivates of 5-Arylidenehydantoin." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5010.
Full textThe purpose of this research was to find new EPIs of the AcrAB-TolC efflux system in groups of amine derivatives of 5-arylidenehydantoin and 5-arylideneimidazolone. In the first stage of the research 32 new derivatives of 5-arylidenehydantoin were obtained as a result of modifications of the lead structure P2. Theoretical screening of the toxicity risk as well as the prediction of drug-like properties of hydantoins/imidazolones synthesised were performed by using the OSIRIS program which calculates various drug-relevant properties based on a planar structure of the molecule.In the next stage of the research the activity of compounds was evaluated in microbiological studies. Strains of Enterobacter aerogenes with different expressions of the AcrAB efflux pump were used. The first study carried out was a susceptibility test determining the MICs of compounds in order to find a concentration that could be used in combination with antibiotics without the influence of an intrinsic antibacterial activity of the compounds. Then the effect of the compounds on bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics such as nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, doxycycline and erythromycin was examined. After, the type of cooperation with antibiotics was determined based on isobolograms and the FIC index calculated. The last of microbiological studies was the real-time efflux (RTE) assay which used the fluorescent dye 1,2’-dinaphthylamine and allowed the functioning of the pump to be monitored directly. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis emphasized the essential role of the amphiphilic nature of the EPIs from the group of arylidene derivatives of hydantoin and imidazolone
Pochard, Pierre. "Immuno-modulation de la réponse allergique par les bactéries lactiques : implications des cellules présentatrices d'antigènes." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2MT09.
Full textNguyen, Hai Le. "HIV-1 minority variants associated with drug resistance to reverse transcriptase and integrase inhibitors and genetic barrier for the development of resistance to integrase inhibitors." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077051.
Full textMinority HIV-1 drug resistance bas not been studied in Thailand. Two groups of patients, whose conventional genotyping results showed no drug resistance-associated mutations, were investigated: 104 homosexual men recently infected with HIV-1, naive to antiretroviral treatment and 22 first-line NNRTI-based failures. Pyrosequencing assay was developed to detect and quantify minority Y181C and M184V variants from the patients' plasma samples. 1/104 (0. 96%) and 3/101 (3%) samples were found harboring Y181C and M184V in the group of homosexual men. In patients with first-line treatment failure, one harbored minority Ml84V mutants (4. 5%). Thus, due to such a low prevalence, minority drug résistance test may not be cost-effective for implementing in Thailand. The mechanism of raltegravir (RAL)-resistant evolutions has not been completely elucidated. Because of the emergence of RAL résistance usually initiated with the N155H mutant, we assessed the role of minority N155H-mutated variants in circulating RNA and archived DNA in 5 heavily treated patients experiencing RAL failure and harboring 3 different résistance profiles. No minority N155H-mutated variant was found by allele specific PCR (AS-PCR) in both plasma and whole blood samples collected at baseline and after RAL withdrawal in ail 5 patients. During RAL failure, the mutation N155H was detected at different levels in 3 patients displaying the N155H pathway and gradually declined when the double mutant Q148H+G140S was selected in one patient. In two patients with the Q148H résistance pathway, no N155H variant was identified by AS-PCR in both viral RNA and DNA. The N155H mutants might not play a role in determining different résistance profiles. The genetic barrier, defined by the accumulative number of drug-associated mutations required for the virus to escape drug-selective pressure, is a crucial factor in the development of drug résistance. There are limited data on subtype CRJF01_AE, a predominant isolate in Southeast Asia. The genetic barrier for the evolution of integrase inhibitors (INIs) including RAL, elvitegravir (EVG), and dolutegravir (DTG) résistance was compared between HIV-1 subtypes B and CRF01_AE by analyzing of 66 substitutions associated with INI résistance at 41 amino acid positions in 144 nucleotide sequences (109 HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE and 35 HIV-1 subtype B) of IN gene derived from INI-naïve patients. Most studied amino acid positions including ail corresponding to RAL and EVG primary mutations show a high degree of conservation, indicating the same genetic barrier between subtypes CRF01_AE and B. Nevertheless, different genetic barriers were observed in two mutations described to be associated with DTG résistance (L101I, A124T) and other five RAL and EVG secondary mutations (V72I, T125K, G140C/S, V201I), which could have an impact on the development of résistance to RAL, EVG, and DTG
Chevalier, Marlène. "Validation d'un extrait innovant de Solidago virgaurea : inhibition de la conversion levure-filament et de la formation du biofilm à Candida albicans." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0168/document.
Full textCandida yeast cause 70 to 90 % of human invasive fungal infections. In the oral cavity, Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated the most pathogenic species. This yeast has multiple virulence factors, including the capacity to alter its morphology (dimorphism), adhesins for host-recognition, the secretion of phospholipases and aspartyl proteases, and the ability to form biofilms. The search for new anti-biofilms drugs and, in particular, those targeting biofilm involving yeast is justified by the constantly increasing incidence of fungal infections and antifungal resistance, treatments side effects and costs. We first reviewed the literature regarding oral biofilm models. Then, we studied the effect of a Solidago virgaurea extract against C. albicans. A first study showed that this extract, which has no antibacterial effect, could act on the fungus in several ways, including: 1) inhibiting yeast-to-hypha transition, 2) inhibiting biofilm formation, and 3) disrupting existing biofilm. The second study aimed to understand the mode of action of this extract. It showed that it might act via the down-regulation of proteins involved in yeast adhesion and filamentation. Furthermore, it acted in synergy with antifungals to eliminate biofilm. Overall, these findings indicate that this S. virgaurea extract is a promising candidate for an innovative approach of superficial candidiasis topical therapy
Bourougaa, Karima. "Diversifying the p53 pathway in response to Endoplasmic Reticulum stress via alternative translation initiation of the p53 mRNA." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077128.
Full textThe p53 protein is the product of a tumour suppressor gene mutated in 50% of human tumours and it has been suggested that all tumours carry defects in the p53 pathways. The p53 protein is a tetrameric transcription factor which is activated in response to a large panel of stresses. P53 downstream pathways control Gl and G2 cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or apoptosis. Even though a large number of p53 response genes have been identified it is still not clear how cells can differentiate the cell biological outcome of p53 activation. More recently, several p53 isoforms hâve been identified and the physiological roles of these are now starting to unravel. The p53/47 isoform lacks the first 39 amino acids including the Mdm2 binding site and trans-actiyation domain I. In consequence, p53/47 homo and hetero-oligomer complexes exhibit altered activity and biochemical properties. The results presented here show that activation of the PERK kinase in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces cap-independent translation of p53/47 via an Internai Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) located within the first 120 nt of the p53 encoding sequence. ER stress promotes selective homo-oligomerisation of p53/47 which induces 14-3-3a and a G2 arrest. At the same time, p53/47 prevents p53-induced expression of p21 and Gl arrest. This thesis shows how IRES-dependent mRNA translation in response to a specific cellular stress pathway alters the expression of p53/47 allowing the cell to differentiate the cell biological outcome of p53 activation. This study can then help to unravel how thé cells can differentiate the cell biological response to different types of cell stress
Essabbani, Abdellatif. "La clusterine : un nouveau régulateur de la voie NF-қB et de la mort cellulaire." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T025.
Full textClusterin: a new regulator of NF-kappaB pathway and cell death Clusterin is a multifunctional protein that plays numerous roles in mammalian cells. By mean of transcriptomic analysis, we previously demonstrated that lower expression of clu both in tissues and cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis patients compared to osteoarthritic patients. We showed that CLU interacts with phospho-IkB-a and decreases the translocation of p50/p65 to the nucleus. To specify the interaction sites of CLU with its partners and to study the CLU isoforms roles, we generated several molecular constructs coding for various CLU regions of interest and test their role on NF-қB pathway and CLU subcellular localization. We have also developed a new approach of "exon skipping" in order to induce preferential expression of the nuclear spliced form of the gene. This strategy will allow a good understanding of nuclear forme poorly characterized
Bousquet, Guilhem. "Transgénèse et xénogreffe : deux stratégies expérimentales pour les thérapies innovantes en cancérologie." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077142.
Full textCancers are frequent diseases and leading causes of mortality in the world. They are a major health care problem. Despite a significant improvement in prognosis of patients since the last 20 years, the development of innovating therapeutical agents is highly required, challenging research in oncology. In addition, a preclinical knowledge of mechanisms of action and biomarkers of response is crucial for not missing the clinical development of these new drugs. The preclinical pharmacological models currently used since 30 years are clearly insufficient, as only 5% of tested agents finally succeed in being active in patients. I had the opportunity to use two different experimental murine models for the development of two innovating therapies : 1)The double transgenic model which develop colorectal tumors mimicking the human pathology. First, we demonstrated its pharmacological relevance regarding to cytotoxic currently used in patients. Second, we showed that Dbait, a DNA repair inhibitor, may be an effective additional treatment for increasing the efficacy of chemotherapy in colon or rectal cancer, independently of KRAS status. 2)Mice xenografted with human tumor cell lines with sequential cellular and molecular studies. We demonstrated that the specific effect of sunitinib, mainly a VEGFR inhibitor, differs according to the tumor type. This effect was first identified on neoangiogenic microvessels, but a direct effect on tumor cells was also found and related to sunitinib target expression
Cohen, Romy. "Développement d'anticorps à domaine unique comme vecteurs ciblant des récepteurs impliqués dans la transcytose et traversant la barrière hémato-encéphalique pour l'adressage d'agents d'imagerie et thérapeutiques vers le cerveau." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0394.
Full textThe vast majority of the molecules developed to treat neurological diseases do not reach their targets efficiently enough because of the unique anatomical and physiological features of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which plays a major protective role. Hijacking a physiological system named receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) is considered a promising route for brain delivery of pharmacological. This strategy involves the conjugation of pharmacological agents to vector molecules developed to specifically target receptors present at the BBB and involved in RMT processes. We aimed to develop new vectors specific for receptors expressed at the BBB. First, we constructed a phage library presenting vectors in order to perform various phage display selection strategies. Following screening steps, the selected vectors were produced and characterized (affinities for the receptors, competitions with natural ligands…). Then, we assessed the potential of the most promising vectors to carry a biomolecule. Two vectors per receptor were fused to a human IgG1 Fc region and the fusion proteins were tested for their ability to cross an in vitro model of the BBB. Finally, we evaluated the brain distribution of the vectors, in mice in vivo. Our results demonstrate the potential of our receptor-targeting vectors for brain drug delivery
Duraffour, Sophie. "Utilisation de différents orthopoxvirus pour le développement de modèles substitutifs du virus de la variole afin d'évaluer l'activité antivirale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20663.
Full textThe intentional release of smallpox by bioterrorists is considered to be a significant threat. Although effective smallpox vaccines are available, adverse events to vaccination particularly in immunosupressed individuals can be life threatening. Thus, researches in the field of highly potent antiviral against poxviruses have been intensified. Here we report the use and the development of surrogate models of variola virus, using several related Orthopoxviruses, to study anti-poxviral compounds. We (i) characterized the DNA repair protein uracil-DNA glycosylase of monkeypox virus, which is essential for orthopoxvirus replication and thus its inhibition is a rational therapeutic strategy, (ii) developed in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo surrogate model of variola virus by using its closest known related virus, camelpox virus; and (iii) investigated the mode of action of a novel anti-orthopoxvirus molecule, ST-246, against three Orthopoxviruses, vaccinia, cowpox and camelpox viruses
Rémy, Benjamin. "Développement d'une nouvelle génération de pansements antimicrobiens à base d'enzyme à activité lactonase." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0391.
Full textBacteria use a communication system, or quorum sensing (QS), to synchronize group behaviors according to population density. Some pathogens use QS to coordinate virulence and biofilm formation. Interfering with QS, or quorum quenching, represents a target to extent antibacterial drug resources. Along this PhD project, SsoPox, a hyperstable lactonase, hydrolyzing acyl homoserine lactones (AHL) involved in the QS of Gram-negative pathogen bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied. SsoPox was studied and characterized for its use in wound dressing against P. aeruginosa infection. The enzyme resistance to industrial constraints encountered during wound dressings manufacturing processes was estimated. SsoPox demonstrated a high tolerance to heat, organic solvents, ambient temperature storage and to sterilization processes. The enzyme efficiency was shown on 2 model strains and 51 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. SsoPox was also more efficient than 2 well characterized QS inhibitors. The enzyme kept its efficiency even when immobilized. A last part was dedicated to phenotypical and molecular study of enzymatic QQ of P. aeruginosa. SsoPox and another lactonase GcL, having distinct AHL specificities, were compared. In vitro experiments highlighted different impacts between the enzymes on virulence factors and biofilm. An in vivo study showed that SsoPox, unlike GcL, was able to reduce P. aeruginosa virulence. QS gene expression and proteome study confirmed distinct impacts between each enzyme treatment s. Thus, SsoPox seems to be a prime candidate for development of innovative medical devices
Naski, Nadia. "The p53, Mdm2 and Mdmx protein and mRNA interplay." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077158.
Full textThe p53 transcription factor is studied Worldwide for its key fonction as a tumour suppressor protein. Importantly, the gene coding for p53 is mutated in around 50% of human cancers. However, malignant transformation can also occur in a p53 WT context, and this is believed to be caused by the abrogation of the regulatory pathways upstream or downstream of p53. Indeed, p53 is tightly regulated by aplethora of positive and negative regulatory factors. Mdm2 and its homolog Mdmx (also called Mdm4) are two major negative regulators of p53. They can bind to the p53 protein and induce respectively its degradation or its transrepression. In addition, under specific conditions, p53 can transactivate the mdm2 and mdmx genes, thus implicating the three proteins in negative feedback loops. Interestingly, our group has also shown recently that in addition to its inhibitory function, Mdm2 could positively regulate p53 by enhancing its mRNA translation. Here, we show that the capacity of Mdm2 to bind to the/?53 mRNA is independent of their protein-protein interaction. However, the conformation of the p53 mRNA seems to play a key role in its interaction with Mdm2. Moreover, since Mdm2 and Mdmx share a high structural homology, it was interesting to investigate whether Mdmx could play similar functions. Surprisingly, even though it also binds to the p53 mRNA, Mdmx, by its own, is unable to trigger p53 synthesis, contrary to Mdm2. However, we show that the p53 protein is able to bind to the Mdmx transcript (on its 5'UTR) and drastically inhibit its translation, under normal and genotoxic conditions. Altogether, these data add new feedback loops into the intricate p53 regulatory network
Morel, Jean-David. "Mechanism underpinning the immunosuppressive effects of the mycobacterial macrolide mycolactone." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC316.
Full textMycolactone is a diffusible lipid produced by the human pathogen Mycobacteriumulcerans, the causative agent of a tropical skin disease called Buruli ulcer. Bacterial production of mycolactone in infected skin causes local tissue necrosis, while inducing immunosuppressive defects at the systemic level. When I started my PhD, the molecular mechanism(s) underpinning these effects were unknown. Over the course of my thesis, I contributed to demonstrate that mycolactoneis a novel inhibitor of the Sec61 translocon, a channel regulating the biogenesis of most secretedand membrane proteins in eukaryotic cells. Indeed, a single point mutation in the alpha subunit ofSec61 protected cells from the cytotoxic and immunosuppressive effects of mycolactone. I showed that mycolactone-mediated blockade of the Sec61 translocon efficiently prevents the synthesis ofkey immune receptors and signaling molecules, impeding the communication between immunecells that is required for the development of anti-mycobacterial immunity. Through a series of larges caleproteomic studies, I demonstrated that mycolactone is a broad-acting inhibitor of Sec61 and identified the Sec61 clients that are primarily down regulated by mycolactone in physiologicallyrelevant cell types. These analyses also allowed me to describe a unique stress response,encompassing elements of the unfolded protein response and integrated stress response, that isinduced upon protein translocation blockade and ultimately causes cell apoptosis. The Sec61 translocon has been proposed to play a role in other cell functions that require the retrograde transport of proteins across membranes, namely Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation(ERAD), an essential process in protein quality control, and antigen export to the cytosol during cross-presentation, a pathway essential to the activation of adaptive immunity to intracellular pathogens and cancer. Using mycolactone, I showed that Sec61 blockade does not affect protein export to the cytosol in either of these pathways, arguing against Sec61 operating as are trotranslocon. Altogether, my work provided a molecular mechanism for the diverse effects of mycolactone in Buruli Ulcer patients, and thus for M. ulcerans virulence. Mycolactone representing the most potent Sec61 blocker identified to date, my studies also revealed the key importance of Sec61-mediated protein translocation in the regulation of immune responses and protein homeostasis
Préaubert, Lise. "Reprotoxicité des nanoparticules : approche in vitro." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0749.
Full textThe fast development of nanotechnology gives rise to questions regarding the potential risks on human health. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NP) are widely used, as diesel additive, as well as promising therapeutic in cancerology, yet scarce data are currently available on their toxicity. It has been shown that metal nanoparticles can cross biological barriers and accumulate into various organs including the gonads after in vivo exposure. Our objectives were to investigate CeO2NP’s genotoxicity on mouse spermatozoa and oocytes, human spermatozoa, and to study their possible impact on murine IVF.We showed a significant decrease of fertilization rate, during IVF carried out in culture medium containing CeO2NP at very low concentration (0.01mg/l). We also showed significant DNA damage induced in vitro by CeO2NP on mouse spermatozoa and oocytes at 0.01 mg/l using Comet assay. TEM did not detect any nanoparticles in the IVF samples at 0.01 mg/l, but showed, at high concentration (100 mg/l), their endocytosis by the cumulus cells surrounding oocytes and their accumulation along spermatozoa plasma membranes and oocytes zona pellucida. We showed significant DNA damage induced by CeO2NP on human spermatozoa. The genotoxicity was inversely proportional to the concentration. At 0.01 mg/l, the genotoxicity mechanisms involved oxidative stress and close interactions between spermatozoa and CeO2NP.We demonstrate for the first time the impact of CeO2NP on in vitro fertilization, as well as their genotoxicity on mouse gametes and human sperm, at very low nanoparticle concentration exposure. These results support several publications on metal nanoparticles reprotoxicity
Orlandi-Pradines, Eve. "Exposition de voyageurs à la transmission de plasmodium falciparum et aux moustiques vecteurs en afrique inter-tropicale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20693.
Full textGrosdidier, Charlotte. "Anti-plaquettaires et risque hémorragique : rôle du CD40L." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5063/document.
Full textAspirin and thienopyridine are the therapy for patients with percutaneous coronary intervention after ACS. The level of platelet inhibition by thienopyridine varies between patients, this variability, multifactorial, is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Treatment efficacy was evaluated mainly on the association between poor thienopyridine response and thrombotic events but less on the principal side effect: bleeding complications. Platelet play a key role in atherosclerosis and thrombosis, notably via CD40L.I studied platelet factors that influence the bleeding risk in these patients and brought a new highlight on platelet function less known such as inflammation.P450 cytochrome genetic variants (2C19*2 and 2C19*17) influence platelet response to thienopyridines. There is a relation between platelet reactivity and bleeding events. A very low on-treatment platelet reactivity (VASP<10 %) is a predictor of bleeding and is mainly observed with prasugrel treatment. We then focussed on a marker of platelet inflammatory status, CD40L. Its release by platelets depends on P2Y12 signalling, whereas its surface expression is less dependent on this signalling pathway. A low platelet-CD40L surface expression is associated with bleeding events in these patients We show that genetic background on thienopyridine treatment efficacy is related to bleeding risk and that other platelet parameters influence the bleeding risk independently of platelet aggregation inhibition. Thus, a molecule of inflammation, CD40L, would be a link between inflammation and bleeding/thrombosis equilibrium
Belhareth, Rym. "Tabac et grossesse." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5007/document.
Full textActive smoking by the mother exposes the developing fetus to agents that can cross the placental barrier and interfere with placental functions. A wide range of immunological functions, including innate and adaptive immune responses, might be impaired. In this study, we assessed the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on macrophages isolated from human placentas (pMφs), which are major partners of innate feto-maternal immunity. I showed that CSE significantly inhibited the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs). This property of CSE is specific to macrophages because the fusion of monocyte-derived macrophages is inhibited during the in vitro formation of granulomas. I also investigated particle uptake and cytokine production by pMφs exposed to CSE. CSE inhibited the uptake of zymosan, but not that of opsonized zymosan, suggesting that it interferes with phagocytic receptors, not with the phagocytic machinery of pMφs. CSE increased the release of Tumor Necrosis Factor and interleukin-33, and decreased that of interleukin-10, demonstrating that the balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is affected by CSE. Furthermore, CSE enhanced the expression of metalloproteinase (MMPs) genes such as MMP-1, MMP-10 and MMP-12, known to be involved in tissue remodeling including macrophage fusion. Finally, I showed that nicotine, one of the major compounds of tobacco, did not affect the functional properties of pMφs
Borselli, Diane. "Adjuvants pour limiter la consommation d'antibiotiques en médecine vétérinaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0093/document.
Full textThe constant increase of multidrug resistant bacteria is leaving clinicians and veterinarians with very limited options to treat bacterial infections. The main goal of my work was find a chemical solution to reduce the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, especially in swines, without affecting the health of the livestock. To achieve this goal, we have developed a drug combination approach based on the association of antibiotics with chemosensitizers, herein called adjuvants, some of which were polyamines derivatives from natural sources. To provide the proof of concept, combination of several derivatives from different chemical sources (marine sponges and plants) have been tested ex vivo on « ESKAPE » pathogens, which are among the most urgent bacterial threats. Results from these studies allowed us to develop procedures for screening antibacterial activities and methodologies for understanding the impact of the selected adjuvants on bacterial physiology.Florfenicol is a widely used antibiotic to treat respiratory infections in swine. Therefore, derivatives were further assessed in combination with florfenicol, and florfenicol adjuvants were identified. The mode of action of one chosen adjuvant on bacterial membranes was further investigated by using fluorescence and bioluminescence methods. Data showed that this molecule was able to potentiate the antibiotic activity by increasing its intracellular concentration (membranotrope activity and inhibition of efflux) but also causes inner membrane depolarization. Flagellar motility represents an important virulence factor which use PMF, and we showed a diminution of the motility's halo with our compound