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Rodriguez-Sosa, Jose R., and Ina Dobrinski. "Recent developments in testis tissue xenografting." REPRODUCTION 138, no. 2 (August 2009): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-09-0012.
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Development of the mammalian testis and spermatogenesis involve complex processes of cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and cell–cell interactions. Although our knowledge of these processes has increased in the last few decades, many aspects still remain unclear. The lack of suitable systems that allow to recapitulate and manipulate both testis development and spermatogenesisex situhas limited our ability to study these processes. In the last few years, two observations suggested novel strategies that will improve our ability to study and manipulate mammalian spermatogenesis: i) testis tissue from immature animals transplanted ectopically into immunodeficient mice is able to respond to mouse gonadotropins and to initiate and complete differentiation to the level where fertilization-competent sperm are obtained, and ii) isolated testis cells are able to organize and rearrange into seminiferous cords that subsequently undergo complete development, including production of viable sperm. The current paper reviews recent advances that have been obtained with both techniques that represent novel opportunities to explore testis development and spermatogenesis in diverse mammalian species.
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Johnson, L., N. H. Ing, T. H. Welsh, D. D. Varner, W. L. Scrutchfield, and M. T. Martin. "Efficiency of spermatogenesis in animals and humans." Journal of Animal Science 77, E-Suppl (2000): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2000.77e-suppl1t.
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Torgun, P. M., D. B. Nikityuk, S. V. Klochkova, N. T. Alexeeva, A. G. Kvaratskheliya, D. A. Sokolov, I. A. Ul'yanov, A. D. Teptsova, A. S. Tkachenko, and M. V. Goryainova. "Age Dependency of Spermatogenesis Efficiency in Cats." Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2020-9-1-64-68.
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The purpose of this study is to study the efficiency of spermatogenesis in old and young cats in various seasons of the yearMaterial and methods. The material has been collected from 16 cats of different ages in winter and summer periods in Voronezh veterinary clinics while animals being sterilized. The testicles were fixed in Shtiva’s liquid and Buen’s liquid. The material was poured into paraffin and a series of paraffin sections 4–5 μm thick were prepared. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, iron hematoxylin, Heidengain azane, trichrome-PAS reaction and tetrachrome-PAS reaction. By means of a helical eyepiece-micrometer, the diameter of the testicles tubules and the epididymis (50 measurements for each animal) were measured. To determine the effectiveness of spermatogenesis at an increase in 900 times, the number of first-order spermatocytes in the zigotene and pachitene stage, early spermatid (50 canals for each animal) was estimated. The normality of the distribution was determined using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and the Lilliefors adjustment. The measurement results were processed using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-criteria. Changes at Р<0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results. The maximum diameter of the testicular tubules and the canal of the epididymis was found in animals at two years of age. These parameters in cats at the age of 8 years are reduced by 29.2%, and by17.0%, respectively. Comparing the number of dying cells in old and young animals, it can be noted that in cats at the age of 8 years the number of dying spermatids increases, while spermatogenesis efficiency decrease is statistically significant (by 19.1%).
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Vidigal, Dimas José Araújo, Alcino Lázaro da Silva, Luiz Mauro Andrade da Fonseca, Anilton Cesar Vasconcelos, Dilermando Fazito de Resende, and Felipe Eduardo Costa Vidigal. "The effect of finasteride on spermatogenesis of Mesocricetus auratus." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 23, no. 3 (June 2008): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502008000300012.
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PURPOSE: To study the effect of finasteride on the spermatogenesis of adult Mesocricetus auratus. METHODS: Twenty adult hamsters were evaluated. The animals were one year-older, and were randomly divided in 2 different groups: control group with ten animals (n=10) and experimental group also with ten animals (n=10). The animals in the experimental group were shot 7.14 ng/mL (0.5mL) of finasteride by 100mg/Kg, subcutaneously in the dorsal region three times per week during 90 days. This dose correspondes to 5mg of the drug used in adult men for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). After three months, the animals were anesthetized through association of 200mg/kg ketamine chloridrate and 2.5 mg/kg of diazepan and were dead through hypovolemia.. The testis removed along with the whole genitourinary apparel were fixed with 10% formalin and submitted to histological analisys by optical microscopy. The hematoxilin-eosin (HE) method was used to stain the slides. RESULTS: The mean weight of animals in the control group before death was 129.0±18.8gr. The mean weight of animals in experimental group was 145.0±15.25gr. The mean age of animals in control group before death was 15.2±1.13 months. The mean age of animals in experimental group before death was 17.16±0.82 months. The mean difference in weight between both groups was not statistical significant (p=0.0514). The totality of animals in control group (100%) presented no tubular alterations and showed no disturbancy in the spermatogenesis stages. Four animals (40%) in the experimental group showed hypotrophy of the seminiferous tubules and six (60%) showed normal spermatogenesis, however reduced compared to control group. There was statiscally significant difference (p=0.043) between the control and experimental group related to testicular alterations. CONCLUSION: The animals that were administered finasteride showed significant tubules atrophy and spermatogenesis reduction compared to control group.
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Parks, J. E., D. R. Lee, S. Huang, and M. T. Kaproth. "Prospects for spermatogenesis in vitro." Theriogenology 59, no. 1 (January 2003): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(02)01275-x.
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Schedl, T., and J. Kimble. "fog-2, a germ-line-specific sex determination gene required for hermaphrodite spermatogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans." Genetics 119, no. 1 (May 1, 1988): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.1.43.
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Abstract This paper describes the isolation and characterization of 16 mutations in the germ-line sex determination gene fog-2 (fog for feminization of the germ line). In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans there are normally two sexes, self-fertilizing hermaphrodites (XX) and males (XO). Wild-type XX animals are hermaphrodite in the germ line (spermatogenesis followed by oogenesis), and female in the soma. fog-2 loss-of-function mutations transform XX animals into females while XO animals are unaffected. Thus, wild-type fog-2 is necessary for spermatogenesis in hermaphrodites but not males. The fem genes and fog-1 are each essential for specification of spermatogenesis in both XX and XO animals. fog-2 acts as a positive regulator of the fem genes and fog-1. The tra-2 and tra-3 genes act as negative regulators of the fem genes and fog-1 to allow oogenesis. Two models are discussed for how fog-2 might positively regulate the fem genes and fog-1 to permit spermatogenesis; fog-2 may act as a negative regulator of tra-2 and tra-3, or fog-2 may act positively on the fem genes and fog-1 rendering them insensitive to the negative action of tra-2 and tra-3.
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Gao, Xinming, Chen Du, Xuebin Zheng, Congcong Hou, Yajun Wang, Shanliang Xu, Yang Yang, Junquan Zhu, and Shan Jin. "Characterisation, expression and possible functions of prohibitin during spermatogenesis in the silver pomfret Pampus argenteus." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 12 (2020): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd19381.
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Mitochondria play an important role in spermatogenesis, and some mitochondrial proteins are specifically related to this process. In this study we investigated the cytological characteristics of spermatogenic cells, including mitochondrial dynamics, during spermatogenesis in Pampus argenteus. In addition, we characterised the mitochondria-related protein prohibitin (PHB), which has been reported to play roles in mitochondrial dynamics and animal fertility. The full-length cDNA of the P. argenteus phb gene (Pa-phb) is 1687bp, including a 102-bp 5′-untranslated region (UTR), a 772-bp 3′-UTR and an 813-bp open reading frame encoding 271 amino acids. The predicted P. argenteus PHB protein (Pa-PHB) contains three functional domains (a transmembrane domain, an SPFH domain (the conserved region of stomatins, prohibitins, flotillins and HflK/C) and a coiled-coil domain) and exhibits high similarity with its homologue in other animals. The Pa-phb gene was widely expressed in all tissues examined, especially the liver and heart. We primarily focused on Pa-phb expression during spermatogenesis after observing the cytological features of male germ cells, and found that Pa-phb transcripts were detected throughout the course of development of male germ cells. Notably, we observed colocalised signals of Pa-PHB and mitochondria, which were distributed in the cytoplasm around the nucleus in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and early spermatids, tended to move to one side of the cell in middle spermatids and, finally, were colocalised in the sperm midpiece. These observations indicate that Pa-PHB is primarily localised in mitochondria during spermatogenesis, indicating that it has a role in mitochondria. Based on the results of this and previous studies regarding the essential roles of PHB in mitochondria and spermatogenesis in animals, we propose a functional model for PHB during spermatogenesis, including possible roles in the proliferation of spermatogonia and in the regulation of mitochondrial morphology and function in spermatogenic cells.
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Rathi, R., A. Honaramooz, W. Zeng, R. Turner, and I. Dobrinski. "Germ cell development in equine testis tissue xenografted into mice." Reproduction 131, no. 6 (June 2006): 1091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.01101.
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Grafting of testis tissue from immature animals to immunodeficient mice results in complete spermatogenesis, albeit with varying efficiency in different species. The objectives of this study were to investigate if grafting of horse testis tissue would result in spermatogenesis, and to assess the effect of exogenous gonadotropins on xenograft development. Small fragments of testis tissue from 7 colts (2 week to 4 years of age) were grafted under the back skin of castrated male immunodeficient mice. For 2 donor animals, half of the mice were treated with gonadotropins. Xenografts were analyzed at 4 and 8 months post-transplantation. Spermatogenic differentiation following grafting ranged from no differentiation to progression through meiosis with appearance of haploid cells. Administration of exogenous gonadotropins appeared to support post-meiotic differentiation. For more mature donor testis samples where spermatogenesis had progressed into or through meiosis, after grafting an initial loss of differentiated germ cells was observed followed by a resurgence of spermatogenesis. However, if haploid cells had been present prior to grafting, spermatogenesis did not progress beyond meiotic division. In all host mice with spermatogenic differentiation in grafts, increased weight of the seminal vesicles compared to castrated mice showed that xenografts were releasing testosterone. These results indicate that horse spermatogenesis occurs in a mouse host albeit with low efficiency. In most cases, spermatogenesis arrested at meiosis. The underlying mechanisms of this spermatogenic arrest require further investigation.
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GRAF, KRISTINE M., JAMES A. DIAS, and MICHAEL D. GRISWOLD. "Decreased Spermatogenesis as the Result of an Induced Autoimmune Reaction Directed Against the Gonadotropin Receptors in Male Rats." Journal of Andrology 18, no. 2 (March 4, 1997): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1997.tb01898.x.
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ABSTRACT: The presence of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone is considered critical for the maintenance of spermatogenesis in the rat. However, the role and importance of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) in the initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis has been a subject of debate for some time. The objective of this study was to examine the role of FSH and LH in vivo in the developing and adult rat by inducing an autoimmune reaction against the receptors to these gonadotropins. Sperm numbers were reduced in animals immunized against either the FSH or LH receptor (FSHR/LHR). In animals immunized against both FSHR and LHR there was also a significant reduction in sperm number although spermatogenesis was never completely ablated. These results were seen in male rats immunized either prepubertal† (18 days of age) or as adults (80 days of age). To examine the requirements for FSH in early postnatal‐testicular development, pregnant females were also immunized against either FSHR, LHR, or both of the receptors, and the male offspring were examined at 30 days of age. Again, germ‐cell number was decreased with the greatest effect in those pups whose mothers were immunized against both FSHR and LHR. Radioligand‐receptor‐binding assays revealed that the antibody produced in the rats against FSHR was able to compete with FSH for binding sites in receptor‐membrane preparations. Therefore, the mechanism of disruption of spermatogenesis is probably due to suppression of hormone to receptor binding. The results of this study support a role for FSH in spermatogenesis not only during neonatal and early postnatal development but also in the adult animal.
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White-Cooper, Helen, and Nina Bausek. "Evolution and spermatogenesis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1546 (May 27, 2010): 1465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0323.
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Sexual reproduction depends on the production of haploid gametes, and their fusion to form diploid zygotes. Here, we discuss sperm production and function in a molecular and functional evolutionary context, drawing predominantly from studies in model organisms (mice, Drosophila , Caenorhabditis elegans ). We consider the mechanisms involved in establishing and maintaining a germline stem cell population in testes, as well as the factors that regulate their contribution to the pool of differentiating cells. These processes involve considerable interaction between the germline and the soma, and we focus on regulatory signalling events in a variety of organisms. The male germline has a unique transcriptional profile, including expression of many testis-specific genes. The evolutionary pressures associated with gene duplication and acquisition of testis function are discussed in the context of genome organization and transcriptional regulation. Post-meiotic differentiation of spermatids involves very dramatic changes in cell shape and acquisition of highly specialized features. We discuss the variety of sperm motility mechanisms and how various reproductive strategies are associated with the diversity of sperm forms found in animals.
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Atanassova, N., C. McKinnell, K. J. Turner, M. Walker, J. S. Fisher, M. Morley, M. R. Millar, N. P. Groome, and R. M. Sharpe. "Comparative Effects of Neonatal Exposure of Male Rats to Potent and Weak (Environmental) Estrogens on Spermatogenesis at Puberty and the Relationship to Adult Testis Size and Fertility: Evidence for Stimulatory Effects of Low Estrogen Levels*." Endocrinology 141, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 3898–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.141.10.7723.
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Abstract This study investigated whether neonatal exposure of male rats to estrogenic compounds altered pubertal spermatogenesis (days 18 and 25) and whether the changes observed resulted in long-term changes in testis size, mating, or fertility (days 90–100). Rats were treated neonatally with a range of doses (0.01–10 μg) of diethylstilbestrol (DES; administered on alternate days from days 2–12), a high dose of octylphenol (OP; 2 mg administered daily from days 2–12) or bisphenol A (Bis-A; 0.5 mg administered daily from days 2–12), or vehicle, while maintained on a standard soy-containing diet. The effect on the same parameters of rearing control animals on a soy-free diet was also assessed as was the effect of administering such animals genistein (4 mg/kg/day daily from days 2–18). Testis weight, seminiferous tubule lumen formation, the germ cell apoptotic index (apoptotic/viable germ cell nuclear volume), and spermatocyte nuclear volume per unit Sertoli cell nuclear volume were used to characterize pubertal spermatogenesis. Compared with (soy-fed) controls, DES administration caused dose-dependent retardation of pubertal spermatogenesis on day 18, as evidenced by decreases in testis weight, lumen formation, and spermatocyte nuclear volume per unit Sertoli cell and elevation of the germ cell apoptotic index. However, the two lowest doses of DES (0.1 and 0.01 μg) significantly increased spermatocyte nuclear volume per unit Sertoli cell. Similarly, treatment with either OP or Bis-A significantly advanced this and some of the other aspects of pubertal spermatogenesis. Maintenance of control animals on a soy-free diet also significantly advanced lumen formation and spermatocyte nuclear volume per unit Sertoli cell compared with controls fed a soy-containing diet. Administration of genistein reversed the stimulatory effects of a soy-free diet and significantly retarded most measures of pubertal spermatogenesis. In general, plasma FSH levels in the treatment groups changed in parallel to the spermatogenic changes (reduced when pubertal spermatogenesis retarded, increased when pubertal spermatogenesis advanced). By day 25, although the changes in FSH levels largely persisted, all of the stimulatory effects on spermatogenesis seen on day 18 in the various treatment groups were no longer evident. In adulthood, testis weight was decreased dose dependently in rats treated neonatally with DES, but only the lowest dose group (0.01 μg) showed evidence of mating (3 of 6) and normal fertility (3 litters). Animals treated neonatally with OP or Bis-A had normal or increased (Bis-A) testis weights and exhibited reasonably normal mating/fertility. Animals fed a soy-free diet had significantly larger testes than controls fed a soy-containing diet, and this difference was confirmed in a much larger study of more than 24 litters, which also showed a significant decrease in plasma FSH levels and a significant increase in body weight in the males kept on a soy-free diet. Neonatal treatment with genistein did not alter adult testis weight, and although most males exhibited normal mating and fertility, a minority did not mate or were infertile. It is concluded that 1) neonatal exposure of rats to low levels of estrogens can advance the first wave of spermatogenesis at puberty, although it is unclear whether this is due to direct effects of the estrogen or to associated elevation of FSH levels; 2) the effect of high doses of OP and Bis-A on these processes is essentially benign; and 3) the presence or absence of soy or genistein in the diet has significant short-term (pubertal spermatogenesis) and long-term (body weight, testis size, FSH levels, and possibly mating) effects on males.
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Zhu, Guang-dan, Gloria Salazar, Stephanie A. Zlatic, Babar Fiza, Michele M. Doucette, Craig J. Heilman, Allan I. Levey, Victor Faundez, and Steven W. L'Hernault. "SPE-39 Family Proteins Interact with the HOPS Complex and Function in Lysosomal Delivery." Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, no. 4 (February 15, 2009): 1223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-07-0728.
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Yeast and animal homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complexes contain conserved subunits, but HOPS-mediated traffic in animals might require additional proteins. Here, we demonstrate that SPE-39 homologues, which are found only in animals, are present in RAB5-, RAB7-, and RAB11-positive endosomes where they play a conserved role in lysosomal delivery and probably function via their interaction with the core HOPS complex. Although Caenorhabditis elegans spe-39 mutants were initially identified as having abnormal vesicular biogenesis during spermatogenesis, we show that these mutants also have disrupted processing of endocytosed proteins in oocytes and coelomocytes. C. elegans SPE-39 interacts in vitro with both VPS33A and VPS33B, whereas RNA interference of VPS33B causes spe-39–like spermatogenesis defects. The human SPE-39 orthologue C14orf133 also interacts with VPS33 homologues and both coimmunoprecipitates and cosediments with other HOPS subunits. SPE-39 knockdown in cultured human cells altered the morphology of syntaxin 7-, syntaxin 8-, and syntaxin 13-positive endosomes. These effects occurred concomitantly with delayed mannose 6-phosphate receptor-mediated cathepsin D delivery and degradation of internalized epidermal growth factor receptors. Our findings establish that SPE-39 proteins are a previously unrecognized regulator of lysosomal delivery and that C. elegans spermatogenesis is an experimental system useful for identifying conserved regulators of metazoan lysosomal biogenesis.
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Elsawah, Hozaifa, Aziza Amin, Haitham Mokhimar, Mohamed Kandiel, Ayman Farid, and AbuBakr El-Mahmoudy. "Phytochemical analysis underlying membrane stabilization and anti-oxidant promising potentials of Acacia nilotica seed extract." Bionatura Journal 1 1, no. 1 (March 15, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/bj/2024.01.01.31.
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Gentamicin induces gonadotoxicity in animal models, accompanied by oxidative stress. This study evaluated the histopathological protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid against gentamicin-induced gonadotoxicity. A parallel experimental study included 50 albino Wister rats, which were divided into 5 groups of ten according to the intraperitoneal intervention: group I received gentamicin, group II received gentamicin plus alpha-lipoic (100 mg/kg), group III received gentamicin plus a double dose of alpha-lipoic acid, group III received gentamicin plus oral vitamin E, and group IV received NaCl 0.9% (control). The animals were equally euthanized on days 15 and 16. Tests were dissected, prepared, and stained using a light microscope for histopathological examination. Rats exposed to gentamicin showed degeneration of seminiferous tubules, characterized by a significant decrease in germinal epithelial cells, impaired Spermatogenesis, and a lack of spermatozoa in the lumen. An improvement in testes of animals co-treated with alpha-lipoic acid or vitamin E, including restoration of Spermatogenesis and epithelial thickness. The histometric analysis also showed that the tubule epithelial thickness decreased when gentamicin was used, but this did not happen when alpha-lipoic acid or vitamin E was added simultaneously. The detrimental effects of gentamicin on testicular architecture are preventable through alpha-lipoic acid or vitamin E co-treatment. Keywords: Alpha-lipoic acid, Gonads, Histometric, Gentamicin, Seminiferous tubule, Spermatogenesis
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Elsawah, Hozaifa, Aziza Amin, Haitham Mokhimar, Mohamed Kandiel, Ayman Farid, and AbuBakr El-Mahmoudy. "Evaluating the protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid against gentamicin-induced gonadal toxicity indicated by histopathology." Bionatura Journal 1 1, no. 1 (March 15, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/bj/2024.01.01.73.
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Gentamicin induces gonadotoxicity in animal models, accompanied by oxidative stress. This study evaluated the histopathological protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid against gentamicin-induced gonadotoxicity. A parallel experimental study included 50 albino Wister rats, which were divided into 5 groups of ten according to the intraperitoneal intervention: group I received gentamicin, group II received gentamicin plus alpha-lipoic (100 mg/kg), group III received gentamicin plus a double dose of alpha-lipoic acid, group III received gentamicin plus oral vitamin E, and group IV received NaCl 0.9% (control). The animals were equally euthanized on days 15 and 16. Tests were dissected, prepared, and stained using a light microscope for histopathological examination. Rats exposed to gentamicin showed degeneration of seminiferous tubules, characterized by a significant decrease in germinal epithelial cells, impaired spermatogenesis, and a lack of spermatozoa in the lumen. An improvement in testes of animals co-treated with alpha-lipoic acid or vitamin E, including restoration of spermatogenesis and epithelial thickness. The histometric analysis also showed that the tubule epithelial thickness decreased when gentamicin was used, but this did not happen when alpha-lipoic acid or vitamin E was added simultaneously. The detrimental effects of gentamicin on testicular architecture are preventable through alpha-lipoic acid or vitamin E co-treatment. Keywords: Alpha-lipoic acid; Gonads; Histometric; Gentamicin; Seminiferous tubule; Spermatogenesis.
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G., V. "Placental, ovarian and testicular lipoids Fellner’a (Pflilge.r’s Arch., Bd. 189)." Kazan medical journal 18, no. 2 (September 23, 2021): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj79911.
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According to Fellner's experiments (Pflilge.r's Arch., Bd. 189), the injection of placental and ovarian lipoids into male animals causes in the latter a decrease in the testes, shrinkage of the tubules and the cessation of spermatogenesis, and this action is not specific, - the state of the testes with it resembles that , which is observed at the birth of an animal.
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Aragón, M. A., M. E. Ayala, M. Marín, A. Avilés, P. Damián-Matsumura, and R. Domínguez. "Serotoninergic system blockage in the prepubertal rat inhibits spermatogenesis development." Reproduction 129, no. 6 (June 2005): 717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00598.
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The stimulatory and inhibitory role of serotonin in gonadotropin secretion and in the onset of puberty in the male rat has been previously described, but its role in the establishment of spermatogenesis is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of serotoninergic inhibition by p-chloroamphetamine (pCA) on the prepubertal-to-adult stage of the rat reproductive system. Hypothalamic serotonin, gonadotropins and sex steroid hormone concentrations were measured, and a histopathological analysis of seminiferous epithelium was carried out on animals treated with pCA from day 30 and killed at 45 or 65 days of age. The pCA treatment significantly reduced the hypothalamic levels of serotonin and its metabolite (5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid). This inhibition did not affect the sex steroid hormone or LH concentrations, but rather it induced an increase in FSH concentration in animals of both ages. Spermatogenesis was impaired by pCA treatment. Disruption of seminiferous epithelium and the death of numerous germ cells were observed. Sperm produced by pCA-treated animals was of poor quality and appeared in small quantities. Apparently, serotonin depletion did not affect communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary, but the FSH increase could have been related to alterations in the seminiferous epithelium effects. The seminiferous epithelium cycle was altered in rats killed at both 45 and 65 days of age, because at each age of killing the distribution of spermatogenesis stages was different. Germ cell apoptosis did not appear to be related to changes in the FSH concentrations, but other factors produced during spermatogenesis could have been involved in this induction. This study showed that serotonin was necessary for the development of normal spermatogenesis in prepubertal rats.
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Kulchenko, N. G. "Morphological testicular changes following the experimental inguinal hernia repair modeling." Research and Practical Medicine Journal 8, no. 3 (September 26, 2021): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17709/2410-1893-2021-8-3-6.
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Purpose of the study. To evaluate morphological changes in the testes in experimental animals after tension-free inguinal hernia repair modeling.Materials and methods. The study included male rabbits, aged 120 days, weighing 3.8 ± 0.9 kg. All rabbits were divided into two groups depending on the type of operation: in the first group (n = 10) of animals, we made a model of tension-free inguinal hernia repair and used a polypropylene mesh; in the second group (n = 10) of animals, we left the structures of the inguinal canal intact. Morphological assessment of spermatogenesis was performed after 40 days. All morphometric measurements were carried out on strictly cross-sections of the convoluted seminal tubules.Results. In rabbits of group 1, the volume of the testicle was significantly three times less than in animals of group 2 (p < 0.05). In the animals of the first group, a significant deterioration in spermatogenesis was observed (p < 0.05). Histological examination of sections of the testes of these animals showed that hypoplasia of the spermatogenic epithelium was present in the convoluted seminal tubules, in 1/8 of the tubules there was subtotal aplasia of the spermatogenic epithelium, Sertoli-Cell-Only Syndrome was detected only in 2 %. Atrophy of the convoluted seminal tubules was not recorded at this period of observation. In the animals of the control group, almost 90 % of cases of spermatogenesis disorders were not detected.Conclusions. This experimental study on rabbits showed that after using a polypropylene mesh for inguinal canal plastic, inhibition of germ cell maturation occurs after 1.5 months. Therefore, in men of reproductive age, it is necessary to use polypropylene mesh implants with caution in terms of performing inguinal hernia repair.
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Tsimafeyeu, Ilya, Nataliya Lapina, Mikhail Byakhov, Nadezhda Dragun, Evgenia Gavrilova, Anastasia Skorobogatova, Kira Stosman, et al. "FGFR2 inhibition could suppress spermatogenesis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e15659-e15659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e15659.
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e15659 Background: The incidence of cancer among the people of reproductive age is constantly increasing. Although FGF2/FGFR2 expression in the male reproductive tract has been reported, there is no evidence of the impact of FGFRs inhibitors on sperm function. Therefore, the objective of this large study was to determine the effects of alofanib, selective FGFR2 allosteric extracellular inhibitor on the regulation of sperm physiology using the rat and rabbit models. Methods: Two-hundred forty Sprague-Dawley rats and 30 Chinchilla white rabbits received alofanib (0–40.5 and 0–21.6 mg/kg/day, respectively) intravenously on a consecutive daily dosing schedule for six months. Eighty rats and 8 rabbits were in the control group. The subchronic study evaluated high doses (300 mg/kg/day) of alofanib for 2 months in 15 male rats. Necropsy was conducted following treatment/recovery periods, and histologic examinations were performed. Results: Animals were active. After injections of a dose equivalent to a human therapeutic dose during 6 months, most of the seminiferous tubules were empty, the elements of spermatogenesis were not classified, and altered primary spermatogonia and spermatocytes were distinguished in male rats. After injections of a five-fold dose, all seminiferous tubules were empty and expelled by a cylindrical epithelium. Very similar changes in sperm physiology were founded in rabbits. Most of the seminiferous tubules were blank, and some tubules contained eosinophilic amorphous masses. High doses of alofanib resulted in pronounced atrophy of the spermatogenic tubule epithelium. Multinucleated giant cells were observed in the lumen of a part of the tubules. There were no changes in untreated animals. Conclusions: FGFR2 inhibition led to the suppression of spermatogenesis. Male cancer patients should be informed of this potential adverse event before treatment with FGFR2 inhibitors.
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HUANG, H. F. S., L. POGACH, W. GIGLIO, E. NATHAN, and J. SEEBODE. "GnRH‐A Induced Arrest of Spermiogenesis in Rats is Associated with Altered Androgen Binding Protein Distribution in the Testis and Epididymis." Journal of Andrology 13, no. 2 (March 4, 1992): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1992.tb01648.x.
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ABSTRACT: This study examines the effects of a potent gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)‐antagonist (GnRH‐A, Ac‐D[2] Nal1 4‐CL‐D Phe2, D‐Trp3, D‐Arg6, D‐Ala10) upon the distribution of androgen binding protein (ABP) in serum, testis, and epididymis, and its relationship with the completion of spermatogenesis in Sprague‐Dawley rats. After 2 weeks of daily injections of 10 μg/kg, 50 μg/kg, 100 μg/kg, or 500 μg/kg of GnRH‐A, testicular ABP content was either unchanged or elevated (P < 0.05), and serum ABP levels were elevated (P < 0.01). Spermatogenesis was maintained in animals administered 10 μg/kg or 50 μg/kg GnRH‐A, and epididymal ABP content remained unchanged. On the other hand, daily injections of 100 μg/kg or 500 μg/kg GnRH‐A resulted in a significant decrease in epididymal ABP content (P < 0.05), and spermatogenesis was arrested at early spermiogenesis. After 4 weeks of GnRH‐A administration, both testicular and epididymal ABP were decreased in a dose‐dependent manner in animals receiving doses of 50 μg/kg or higher of GnRH‐A. In order to evaluate the normalcy of the bidirectional release of ABP in GnRH‐A treated rats, additional rats were given daily injections of 25 μg/kg or 250 μg/kg of GnRH‐A for 2 weeks. Concentrations of ABP in interstitial fluid (ITF) and seminiferous tubular fluid (STF) remained unchanged, but serum ABP levels were significantly increased (P <0.05) in rats administered 25 μg/kg GnRH‐A. Qualitatively normal spermatogenesis was maintained and epididymal ABP content did not differ from that of control animals. In contrast, administration of 250 μg/kg GnRH‐A resulted in a significant elevation of ABP concentration in both serum (P < 0.01) and ITF (P <0.05), while ABP in STF remained unchanged. Spermatogenesis was arrested at early spermiogenesis and was associated with a marked decrease of epididymal ABP content (P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that disruption of spermatogenesis following high doses of GnRH‐A was associated with abnormal distribution of ABP between the testis and epididymis, as well as elevated serum ABP. Despite the maintenance of qualitatively normal spermatogenesis and normal epididymal ABP content in rats administered low doses of GnRH‐A, serum ABP was also elevated. The mechanisms responsible for these changes remain unknown, as does their possible involvement in the regulation of spermiogenesis.
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Melo, Michelle C., Fernanda R. C. L. Almeida, André L. Caldeira-Brant, Gleydes G. Parreira, and Hélio Chiarini-Garcia. "Spermatogenesis recovery in protein-restricted rats subjected to a normal protein diet after weaning." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 6 (2014): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd13032.
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This study investigated the pre- and postnatal effects of protein restriction (8% vs 20% crude protein) on different parameters of spermatogenesis in adult rat offspring. Body and testis weights as well as the seminiferous tubular diameter were reduced in those animals that received the protein-restricted diet after weaning, although these parameters recovered when a 20% protein diet was offered subsequently. The numbers of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and Leydig cells were reduced in undernourished animals, whilst the Sertoli cell number did not change. Prenatal programming effect was observed only in the spermatogonial or proliferative phase of spermatogenesis. However, the intake of the normal protein diet after weaning brought many of the testicular parameters evaluated back to normal in 70-day-old rats. A significant reduction of the meiotic index, Sertoli cell supporting capacity and spermatogenic efficiency was observed in animals subjected to protein undernutrition throughout their lives. The data presented show that protein restriction impairs the normal development of the testis in different ways, depending on the period during which the restriction was imposed, and the negative effects on spermatogenesis are more severe when undernutrition occurs from conception to adulthood; however, the return to a normal protein diet after weaning recovers the spermatogenic process.
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Wang, Li, Jingqian Wang, Xinming Gao, Chen Du, Congcong Hou, Chundan Zhang, Junquan Zhu, and Daojun Tang. "Characterization of Mitochondrial Prohibitin in Opsariichthys bidens and Its Potential Functions in Spermatogenesis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 7295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137295.
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Spermatogenesis is the intricate and coordinated process by which spermatogonia develop into haploid differentiated spermatozoa. Mitochondria are essential for spermatogenesis, and prohibitin (PHB) is closely associated with mitochondrial structure and function during spermatogenesis. Although PHB has been implicated in spermatogenesis in some taxa, its roles in Opsariichthys bidens have not been determined. In this study, the expression patterns and potential functions of PHB in spermatogenesis in O. bidens were characterized using histological microscopic observations, PCR cloning, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), Western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF). The full-length cDNA of Ob-phb was 1500 bp encoding 271 amino acids. A sequence alignment demonstrated that the PHB protein is conserved among different animals. qPCR revealed that phb mRNA is widely distributed in O. bidens and highly expressed in the testes at stages IV and V. WB revealed that Ob-PHB is located in the mitochondria of testes. IF revealed the colocalization of PHB signals and mitochondria. Signals were detected around nuclei in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, gradually moving to the tail region during spermiogenesis, and finally aggregating in the midpiece. These results indicate that Ob-PHB was expressed in the mitochondria during spermatogenesis. In addition, this study proposed Ob-PHB may participate in the degradation of mitochondria and cell differentiation during spermatogenesis.
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HUANG, H. F. S., T. A. LINSENMEYER, M. T. LI, W. GIGLIO, R. ANESETTI, J. VON HAGEN, J. E. OTTENWELLER, C. SERENAS, and L. POGACH. "Acute Effects of Spinal Cord Injury on the Pituitary‐Testicular Hormone Axis and Sertoli Cell Functions: A Time Course Study." Journal of Andrology 16, no. 2 (March 4, 1995): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1995.tb01746.x.
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ABSTRACT: The present study investigated the time course of the onset of the abnormalities in spermatogenesis following spinal cord injury, and their relationship to changes in the pituitary testicular hormonal axis and Sertoli cell function.These results suggest that spinal cord injury will result in a temporary, but profound, effect on the pituitary‐testicular hormone axis. These changes may impair certain aspects of Sertoli cell function that could render these cells incapable of supporting normal spermatogenesis. However, the seventy of spermatogenic lesions and the disparate responses of the two major Sertoli cell proteins make it unlikely that hormone deficiency is the only mechanism responsible for the impaired spermatogenesis following spinal cord injury.Spinal cord injury (SCI) was induced in adult male rats by surgical transection of the spinal cord at the level of T9 and L1 vertebrae. Animals were killed 3, 7, and 14 days after the operation. As early as 3 days following SCI, abnormalities in spermatogenesis, including delayed spermiation and vacuolization of the nucleus of spermatids, were noted in both the T9 and L1 animals. By 14 days, other lesions, including phagocytosis of mature spermatids, incomplete cellular associations, and total regression of seminiferous epithelium, became apparent. Concurrently a transient but significant (P < 0.05) suppression of serum follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) occurred in the T9 animals, and a suppression of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) occurred in both the T9 and the L1 animals 3 days after the surgery. This was accompanied by a suppression of testicular and serum testosterone levels (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively). Most of the hormonal parameters had recovered and were not different from those of sham‐operated animals by 14 days (P > 0.10). Northern blot analysis of testicular poty(A)+ RNA revealed a transient but significant reduction in the steady‐state level of the 2.7‐kilobase (kb) Sertoli cell transferrin mRNA transcript in both the T9 and the L1 animals 3 days after the operation (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the 1.7‐kb androgen binding protein (ABP) mRNA remained unaffected during the 2‐week study period. The steady‐state level of mRNA transcripts for spermatogenic cell‐specific hemiferrin and spermatid specific transition protein 2 and protamine 1 also remained unchanged.
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Segatelli, T. M., S. R. Batlouni, and L. R. França. "Duration of spermatogenesis in the bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus)." Theriogenology 72, no. 7 (October 2009): 894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.06.007.
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Koutsouveli, Vasiliki, Paco Cárdenas, Nadiezhda Santodomingo, Anabel Marina, Esperanza Morato, Hans Tore Rapp, and Ana Riesgo. "The Molecular Machinery of Gametogenesis in Geodia Demosponges (Porifera): Evolutionary Origins of a Conserved Toolkit across Animals." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 12 (July 16, 2020): 3485–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa183.
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Abstract All animals are capable of undergoing gametogenesis. The ability of forming haploid cells from diploid cells through meiosis and recombination appeared early in eukaryotes, whereas further gamete differentiation is mostly a metazoan signature. Morphologically, the gametogenic process presents many similarities across animal taxa, but little is known about its conservation at the molecular level. Porifera are the earliest divergent animals and therefore are an ideal phylum to understand evolution of the gametogenic toolkits. Although sponge gametogenesis is well known at the histological level, the molecular toolkits for gamete production are largely unknown. Our goal was to identify the genes and their expression levels which regulate oogenesis and spermatogenesis in five gonochoristic and oviparous species of the genus Geodia, using both RNAseq and proteomic analyses. In the early stages of both female and male gametogenesis, genes involved in germ cell fate and cell-renewal were upregulated. Then, molecular signals involved in retinoic acid pathway could trigger the meiotic processes. During later stages of oogenesis, female sponges expressed genes involved in cell growth, vitellogenesis, and extracellular matrix reassembly, which are conserved elements of oocyte maturation in Metazoa. Likewise, in spermatogenesis, genes regulating the whole meiotic cycle, chromatin compaction, and flagellum axoneme formation, that are common across Metazoa were overexpressed in the sponges. Finally, molecular signals possibly related to sperm capacitation were identified during late stages of spermatogenesis for the first time in Porifera. In conclusion, the activated molecular toolkit during gametogenesis in sponges was remarkably similar to that deployed during gametogenesis in vertebrates.
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Ding, Yi, Xunping Jiang, Ling Sun, Yiyu Sha, Zhan Xu, Ahmed Sohail, and Guiqiong Liu. "Multiple-Pathway Synergy Alters Steroidogenesis and Spermatogenesis in Response to an Immunocastration Vaccine in Goat." Cells 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13010006.
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Background: Animal reproduction performance is crucial in husbandry. Immunocastrated animals serve as an ideal animal model for studying testicular function. During androgen suppression, the testis undergoes dramatic developmental and structural changes, including the inhibition of hormone secretion and spermatogenesis. Methods: To characterize this process, we investigated the effects of castration using a recombinant B2L and KISS1 DNA vaccine, and then identified functional genes in the testes of Yiling goats using RNA-seq and WGS. The experimental animals were divided into three groups: the PVAX-asd group (control), PBK-asd-immunized group, and surgically castrated group. Results: The results demonstrated that the administration of the recombinant PBK-asd vaccine in goats elicited a significant antibody response, and reduced serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), resulting in smaller scrotal circumferences and decreased sexual desire compared to the control group. In addition, RNA transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the testes revealed that the biological processes after immunocastration mainly focused on the regulation of cell matrix adhesion, histone acetylation, negative regulation of developmental processes, apoptosis, and activation of the complement system and the thrombin cascade reaction system. Then, we integrated the whole-genome sequencing and testis transcriptome, and identified several candidate genes (FGF9, FST, KIT, TH, TCP1, PLEKHA1, TMEM119, ESR1, TIPARP, LEP) that influence steroidogenesis secretion and spermatogenesis. Conclusions: Multiple pathways and polygenic co-expression participate in the response to castration vaccines, altering hormone secretion and spermatogenesis. Taken together, our atlas of the immunocastration goat testis provides multiple insights into the developmental changes and key factors accompanying androgen suppression, and thus may contribute to understanding the genetic mechanism of testis function. Joint analysis of whole genome sequencing and RNA-seq enables reliable screening of candidate genes, benefiting future genome-assisted breeding of goats.
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Pörtner, Carolin, Kristina Rode, Julia Hollenbach, Heike Thiemeyer, Andreas Beineke, Anne-Rose Günzel-Apel, and Ralph Brehm. "Expression of claudin-11 in canine prepubertal testes, and in canine adult testes showing normal spermatogenesis, impaired spermatogenesis, or testicular neoplasia." Theriogenology 148 (May 2020): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03.001.
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Koreneva, E. M., N. A. Karpenko, Yu B. Laryanovskaya, I. O. Belkina, V. K. Klochkov, S. L. Yefimova, and Yu I. Karachentsev. "CORRECTION OF TESTES AGE CHANGES RATS THROUGH GADOLINIUM ORTOVANADAT IN NANOFORM." Problems of Endocrine Pathology 57, no. 3 (August 23, 2016): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21856/j-pep.2016.3.04.
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During this period, the greatest amount of obtained nanomaterials based on transition of rare earth metals, some of which have significant biological activity. In particular, vanadium compounds have expressive insulin-mimetic action and gadolinium orthovanadate (GdVO4) in nanoform capable in aging laboratory animals inhibit the development of age-related changes, namely a gradual increase (in the physiological range) age glucose level, body weight, reduction of the nervous system reactions and increases the sperm concentration. Given the urgency of anti-aging drug development focus, found a positive effect on spermatogenesis and the lack of information on the effect of this compound on the functional state of the gonads, studied morphofunctional status and endocrine function of the testes in older (18–18.5 months) male rats in long-term (70 days) using nanoparticles (NP) based on GdVO4 dose of 0.33 mg/kg body weight. It was establish the positive effect on bass GdVO4 testicular hormonal function, as evidenced by an increase in serum testosterone (56.3 % at 60 days compared to the injection on the 20th day). It was not found gonadotoxical impact bass GdVO4, as in the seminiferous tubules of the main animals present full pool of germ cells spermatogenesis. Morphometric parameters of glands histological structure indicate the activation of spermatogenesis, which may be due to increasing activity of hormone-producing testes of animals after chronic use NPs GdVO4.
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Vokina, V. A., E. A. Kapustina, M. A. Novikov, and E. S. Andreeva. "Reproductive potential of male rats in the experimental model of wildfire." Вестник Пермского университета. Серия «Биология»=Bulletin of Perm University. Biology, no. 1 (2021): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-9952-2021-1-70-76.
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The assessment of the indicators of the reproductive potential of male white rats exposed to smoke for 1 month was carried out. Examination of exposed animals included determination of the spermatogenesis index and the level of DNA fragmentation and methylation in the testes and blood. A statistically signifi-cant increase in the level of genome-wide methylation in the blood of rats exposed to smoke was revealed. A morphometric study of the testis tissue revealed a violation of spermatogenesis indices in exposed rats.
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Bartlett, J. M. S., G. F. Weinbauer, and E. Nieschlag. "Differential effects of FSH and testosterone on the maintenance of spermatogenesis in the adult hypophysectomized rat." Journal of Endocrinology 121, no. 1 (April 1989): 49—NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1210049.
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ABSTRACT In order to clarify further the role of FSH in the maintenance of spermatogenesis, adult rats were treated with purified human FSH (2 × 5 IU/day per rat), testosterone (1·5 cm silicone elastomer implant) or a combination of both hormones for 2 weeks following hypophysectomy. After hypophysectomy alone, no elongate spermatids were observed and the numbers of pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids observed were reduced when compared with untreated controls. Testosterone supplementation alone qualitatively maintained the formation of elongate spermatids in most seminiferous tubules, whilst in FSH-treated rats increased numbers of round spermatids and pachytene spermatocytes were observed when compared with hypophysectomized animals. Formation of elongate spermatids, however, did not occur under FSH treatment alone. A combination of FSH and testosterone treatment maintained spermatogenesis in an almost quantitative fashion. Numbers of pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids were maintained at about 80% of levels seen in intact control animals. Treatment with FSH or testosterone alone maintained testis weights at significantly higher levels than those seen in hypophysectomized controls (FSH, 0·79 ± 0·05 g; testosterone, 0·81 ± 0·07 g; hypophysectomized, 0·50 ± 0·04 g). Animals treated with FSH and testosterone showed testis weights 20% below control values (1·22 ± 0·05 vs 1·51 ± 0·06 g; P <0·05). No increases in intratesticular or intratubular androgen concentrations or in testosterone: dihydrotestosterone ratios were observed in any of the hormone-treated groups when compared with hypophysectomized controls. In all hypophysectomized animals testicular androgen concentrations were reduced to <5% of control values. The results obtained in this study suggest that FSH is involved in the maintenance of spermatogenesis in the adult rat and that the effects of FSH are not mediated through changes in intratesticular androgens. Low levels of testosterone in combination with FSH can almost quantitatively maintain spermatogenesis in adult rats. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 121, 49–58
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Yao, Baohui, Kang An, Yukun Kang, Yuchen Tan, Degang Zhang, and Junhu Su. "Reproductive Suppression Caused by Spermatogenic Arrest: Transcriptomic Evidence from a Non-Social Animal." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 4611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054611.
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Reproductive suppression is an adaptive strategy in animal reproduction. The mechanism of reproductive suppression has been studied in social animals, providing an essential basis for understanding the maintenance and development of population stability. However, little is known about it in solitary animals. The plateau zokor is a dominant, subterranean, solitary rodent in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. However, the mechanism of reproductive suppression in this animal is unknown. We perform morphological, hormonal, and transcriptomic assays on the testes of male plateau zokors in breeders, in non-breeders, and in the non-breeding season. We found that the testes of non-breeders are smaller in weight and have lower serum testosterone levels than those of breeders, and the mRNA expression levels of the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and its transcription factors are significantly higher in non-breeder testes. Genes related to spermatogenesis are significantly downregulated in both meiotic and post-meiotic stages in non-breeders. Genes related to the meiotic cell cycle, spermatogenesis, flagellated sperm motility, fertilization, and sperm capacitation are significantly downregulated in non-breeders. Our data suggest that high levels of AMH may lead to low levels of testosterone, resulting in delayed testicular development, and physiological reproductive suppression in plateau zokor. This study enriches our understanding of reproductive suppression in solitary mammals and provides a basis for the optimization of managing this species.
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Bartlett, J. M. S., G. F. Weinbauer, and E. Nieschlag. "Quantitative analysis of germ cell numbers and relation to intratesticular testosterone following vitamin A-induced synchronization of spermatogenesis in the rat." Journal of Endocrinology 123, no. 3 (December 1989): 403—NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1230403.
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ABSTRACT Synchronization of spermatogenesis would provide an ideal model for the investigation of stage-dependent changes in the secretion of paracrine factors. In vitamin A-deficient animals subsequently injected with vitamin A, over 80% of seminiferous tubules were synchronized within three to five stages of the seminiferous cycle. Following replenishment of vitamin A, spermatogenic stages IV–VI (35 days), VI–VIII (38 days), IX–XII (41 days), I–IV (45 days) and V–VII (48 days) were observed. Despite synchronization of spermatogenesis at all stages, spermatogenesis was markedly impaired when evaluated in a quantitative fashion. At all times evaluated, numbers of round spermatids were reduced compared with age-matched controls. Numbers of pachytene spermatocytes reached control values only after 45 days of vitamin A replenishment. Elongate spermatids were almost totally absent up to 41 days after vitamin A replenishment. Testicular and epididymal weights were also reduced, although testicular weights showed a significant recovery over the time-course of the study. Serum and pituitary concentrations of LH and FSH were raised at the commencement of the study, with serum gonadotrophins returning to control values 48 days after vitamin A replenishment. Both testicular and serum testosterone concentrations in treated animals tended to be higher than in the controls. Although synchronization of spermatogenesis was achieved, testicular testosterone concentrations did not reflect the stage-dependent cyclical changes observed in earlier studies. Testicular concentrations of testosterone were raised throughout the period of observation with the exception of animals synchronized around stages II–IV of the spermatogenic cycle. No correlation between the most frequent stages and intratesticular testosterone was found (r = 0·06, P > 0·1). Previous observations that testosterone concentrations are selectively increased at stages VII–VIII of the spermatogenic cycle are not supported by the present study. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 123, 403–412
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Baleato, R. M., R. J. Aitken, and S. D. Roman. "244.Interaction between bone morphogenetic protein 4 and retinoid signalling in mouse spermatogenesis." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 9 (2004): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb04abs244.
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Vitamin A (retinol, or ROL) is also essential for normal spermatogenesis in the rat and mouse. Vitamin A-deficient (VAD) rodents suffer various disorders including blindness and male infertility. The molecular mechanisms leading to infertility in vitamin A deficient rodents have never been fully elucidated. Following prolonged vitamin A withdrawal the only germ cells remaining in the VAD rodent testis are stem cell spermatogonia, type A1 spermatogonia, and a few preleptotene spermatocytes. Supplementing the diet of these animals with retinoic acid (RA) alleviates all symptoms of vitamin A deficiency, with the exception of sight and spermatogenesis. It is not until VAD animals are re-administered ROL through the diet, or RA is injected in repeated high doses directly into the testis, that normal spermatogenic function is restored. Here we report an interaction, in germ cells, between the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) 4 and retinoid signalling pathways that may help explain the molecular mechanics of vitamin A deficiency. We localised BMP4 gene expression to adult germ cells, in particular spermatogonia, at both the mRNA and protein level. We generated VAD mice and found that in the absence of retinoids in vivo, bmp4 gene expression was significantly upregulated in the testis. We also observed that the expression of bmp4 is downregulated by retinoid treatment in germ cells isolated from vitamin A sufficient mice. Expression of bmp4 mRNA in isolated spermatogonia was more sensitive to ROL rather than RA. Our results may reflect a direct requirement for ROL by germ cells for the resumption of spermatogenesis in VAD animals that involves the regulation of BMP4 expression. Furthermore our observations suggest that retinoid signalling in germ cells is different to that observed in somatic cells, and may provide insights into the role of retinoids in spermatogenesis.
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Iolchiev, B. C., L. A. Volkova, A. N. Vetokh, and N. A. Volkova. "The study of features in sperm and spermatogenesis from males of the genus Ovis with different genotypes." Agrarian science, no. 10 (December 15, 2022): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-363-10-64-68.
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Relevance. Interspecific hybridization of domestic animals with wild related species is considered as one of the promising directions in animal husbandry in the framework of increasing the genetic biodiversity of the gene pool of agricultural animals. The article presents the results of studies of the reproductive characteristics in animals of the genus Ovis with different genotypes.Methods. The objects of research were purebred sheep of the Romanov breed, mouflon and interspecific hybrids from sheep of the Romanov breed with mouflon. The qualitative and quantitative indicators of the sperm at the age of 9, 12 and 18 months were studied. An assessment of the morphometric parameters of spermatozoa from interspecific hybrids is given in comparison with the original parental species. The testes histological studies of purebred and hybrid animals at the age of 12 months were carried out.Results. Differences in several indicators of sperm production and spermatogenesis in purebred and hybrid animals depending on the genotype were revealed. A decrease in the volume of ejaculate and concentration of spermatozoa in hybrid animals relative to purebred males at the age of 12 and 18 months was established in 3.5, 2.6 times and in 1.6, 2.1 times, respectively (р < 0,01). An increase in the proportion of spermatozoa with abnormal morphology in hybrid animals relative to purebred males in 2.9–3.3 times was revealed (р < 0,01). The obtained data are confirmed by histological studies. There is a decrease in the area and volume of seminiferous tubules in hybrid animals by 9.7% and 37.1%, respectively, compared with similar indicators of purebred males of the Romanov breed (р < 0,01). It was shown that in purebred animals in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule have many mature germ cells — sperm, while in hybrid males the presence of single germ cells was established, which indicates a later puberty of hybrid animals compared to the original maternal form — sheep of the Romanov breed.
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Kesselring, T., S. Viquerat, L. L. IJsseldijk, M. Langeheine, P. Wohlsein, A. Gröne, M. Bergmann, U. Siebert, and R. Brehm. "Testicular morphology and spermatogenesis in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)." Theriogenology 126 (March 2019): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.031.
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Hatef, Azadeh, and Suraj Unniappan. "Metabolic hormones and the regulation of spermatogenesis in fishes." Theriogenology 134 (August 2019): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.021.
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Artamonov, A. A., S. V. Bogolyubov, T. I. Eliseeva, O. B. Pozdnyakov, and A. V. Astakhova. "Obesity as a factor in spermatogenesis disorders (experimental study)." Andrology and Genital Surgery 21, no. 2 (July 5, 2020): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/2070-9781-2020-21-2-36-43.
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Introduction. In recent years, the effects of obesity on male fertility have been extensively investigated. The results of existing studies are extremely contradictory.The study objective was to determine the effect of obesity on the male reproductive system using the biological model of laboratory rats as an example.Materials and methods. In vivo modeling of diet-induced obesity. The study was conducted on 22 laboratory sexually mature white rats weighing 140–160 g. The animals were divided into two groups: 1 control (10 animals) and 2 rats with diet-induced obesity (12 animals). After 12 weeks, the animals were removed from the experiment. All rats underwent: calculation of the Lee index (body mass index in rats), determination of the concentration and viability of spermatozoa in a suspension of sperm from the epididymis, determination of glucose level of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, study of sperm DNA fragmentation, histological examination testis: calculating the crosssectional area of the seminiferous tubule; determination of the number of non-functioning tubules and tubules with desquamated spermiogenic epithelium; determination of the average spermatogenesis index.Results. In the study groups there were no differences in glucose and total cholesterol levels. However, a statistically significant, significant difference in the level of triglycerides in the blood was revealed. The concentration of sperm and their viability in the studied groups did not differ. The level of sperm DNA fragmentation in the experimental group is significantly higher than in the control group (31.5 ± 10.1 and ± 1.4 %, respectively, p <0.05). Morphometric evaluation of histological preparations did not establish differences in the cross-sectional area of the seminiferous tubules and the average spermatogenesis index in the studied groups. In rats with obesity, compared with the control group, significantly more non-functioning tubules (2.9 ± 0.3 and 8.4 ± 0.3; p <0.05) and tubules with desquamated spermatogenic epithelium (1.8 ± 0.3 and 8.8 ± 0.5; p <0.05).Conclusion. Diet-induced obesity causes impaired spermatogenesis, and damage to the sperm genetic material in male white rats.
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Beena, Meena, and Meena Geeta. "Effcets of Synthetic Food Colourants on Spermatogenesis and Alteration in Cauda Epididymal Sperm Characteristics of Swiss Albino Mice." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.029.
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The present study examined effects of Azorubine (E122) and Amaranth (123) on male reproductive system of Swiss albino mice. Control (Group I, n=20) was treated with vehicle. Two treatment groups based on azorubine (Group II) and amaranth (Group III) treatment were designed with sub-groups for doses 1/2LD50 and 1/4LD50 (Group IIa, Group IIb, Group IIIa and Group IIIb) consisting of 20 animals each. Five animals from each group and sub-group were sacrificed at 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day of administration. Body and testis weight were measured, along with cauda sperm characteristics and testicular histology. Level of reproductive hormones were also examined. Results showed significant deterioration of sperm characteristics after treatment with both dyes. Major types of sperm deformities noticed in azorubine and amaranth treated animals were broken tail, bend tail, cytoplasmic droplet, head-tail separation, coiled tail, and headless sperms. More than 30% decline in motility and abnormality was noted in animals treated with amaranth. Histological observation indicated cytotoxic damages in amaranth treated mice, while azorubine treated animals exhibited large scale disorganization of germ cells and interference in spermatogenesis. Conclusively, azorubine and amaranth at the doses used in this study were detrimental to spermatogenesis. Deformities found in the cauda epididymal sperms indicated consequential impact on the rate of fertility.
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Tash, Joseph S., Donald C. Johnson, and George C. Enders. "Long-term (6-wk) hindlimb suspension inhibits spermatogenesis in adult male rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 1191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00931.2001.
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The International Space Station will allow extended habitation in space and long-term exposure to microgravity (μG). A concern is the impact of long-term μG exposure on the ability of species to reproduce. The model often used to simulate μG is rat hindlimb suspension (HLS), where the hindlimbs are elevated above the cage floor with a tail harness. Experiments described here are the first to examine the effect of long-term HLS on testicular function in adult male rats. Free-roaming (controls), animals with only the tail harnessed but hindlimbs in contact with the cage floor (TO), and HLS animals were tested for 6 wk. Cryptorchidism was prevented in TO and HLS animals by partial constriction of the inguinal canal with sutures. All parameters were compared at the end of the 6-wk experiment. Testicular weights and spermatogenesis were significantly reduced by HLS, such that no spermatogenic cells beyond round spermatids were present and epididymides were devoid of mature sperm. In many tubules, loss of all germ cells, except a few spermatogonia, resulting in histopathology similar to the Sertoli cell, was observed. Spermatogenesis appeared unaffected in control and TO animals. Sertoli and Leydig cell appearance, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, and epididymal and seminal vesicle weight were unchanged by HLS. Cortisone was not elevated by HLS; thus stress may not be a factor. These results demonstrate that spermatogenesis is severely inhibited by long-term HLS, whereas testicular androgen production is not. These results have significant implications regarding serious effects of long-term exposure to μG on the reproductive capability of scrotal mammals, including humans.
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RUSSELL, LONNIE D., MIKE KERSHAW, KURT E. BORG, AHMED EL SHENNAWY, SUSANA S. RULLI, ROBERT J. GATES, and RICARDO S. CALANDRA. "Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis in the Hypophysectomized Rat: FSH Maintenance of Cellular Viability During Pubertal Spermatogenesis." Journal of Andrology 19, no. 3 (May 6, 1998): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1998.tb02010.x.
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ABSTRACT: The potential for follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) to promote germ‐cell survival and the cellular sites of FSH action were studied using a gonadally maturing (pubertal), hypophysectomized (Hx) rat model in which residual testosterone (T) activity was blocked by injections of an androgen‐receptor antagonist, flutamide. Recombinant human FSH was given to androgen‐deprived and androgen‐blocked male rats at 27 days of age to determine maintenance of individual germ‐cell types at 35 days of age. Follicle‐stimulating hormone significantly increased testis weights and tubular diameters as compared with Hx and Hx‐flutamide controls, although testis weights in FSH‐treated animals were significantly lower than in pituitary‐intact animals. Morphometry assays to determine ratios of germ cells to Sertoli cells and to determine the number of germ cells present per hour of development showed that the population of type A spermatogonia in the early stages of the cycle was not responsive to FSH. Follicle‐stimulating hormone had a marked ability to maintain cell viability in the rapid, successive divisions that begin in the latter part of the cycle and that continue through the next cycle (i.e., from type A1 to A4 and from intermediate spermatogonia to type B spermatogonia to preleptotene spermatocytes to leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes to young pachytene spermatocytes). The data also suggest T responsiveness of these cell types since the Hx‐FSH‐flutamide group showed lower cell viability at the aforementioned steps when compared with the Hx‐FSH group. Too few cell types were present at subsequent phases of spermatogenesis to allow a sensitive determination of FSH activity in the maintenance of cell viability. The data show the potential of FSH in the absence or relative absence of T activity to maintain cell viability. These data support the concept of overlapping and synergistic (or additive) effects of T and FSH in the immature rat and identify the cellular sites of FSH action.
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Johnson, L., D. D. Varner, M. E. Roberts, T. L. Smith, G. E. Keillor, and W. L. Scrutchfield. "Efficiency of spermatogenesis: a comparative approach." Animal Reproduction Science 60-61 (July 2000): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00108-1.
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Osman, D. I., and L. Plöen. "Spermatogenesis in the camel (Camelus dromedarius)." Animal Reproduction Science 10, no. 1 (January 1986): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(86)90137-5.
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Santos, P. R. S., M. F. Oliveira, A. R. Silva, and A. C. Assis Neto. "Development of spermatogenesis in captive-bred Spix's yellow-toothed cavy (Galea spixii)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 6 (2012): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd12015.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the phases of sexual development and spermatogenesis of Spix’s yellow-toothed cavy (Galea spixii) based on analyses of the structural components of the testes. The testes of animals from 0 to 150 days of age were collected by orchiectomy, weighed, and processed for analysis by light microscopy. At 45 days of age, spermatozoa were seen in the tubular lumen. Spermatogenesis was not established in animals from 45 to 150 days of age. The stages of sexual development may be classified into the following phases: from birth to the age of 15 days (immature); 30 days of age (prepubertal); 45–105 days of age (pubertal); and 120 and 150 days of age (postpubertal). This is the first study to address the male reproductive biology of Spix’s yellow-toothed cavy.
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Chen, Shi X., Jan Bogerd, Eva Andersson, Fernanda F. L. Almeida, Geir Lasse Taranger, and Rüdiger W. Schulz. "Cloning, pharmacological characterization, and expression analysis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) nuclear progesterone receptor." REPRODUCTION 141, no. 4 (April 2011): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-10-0224.
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To better understand the role(s) of progestogens during early stages of spermatogenesis, we carried out studies on the nuclear progesterone receptor (Pgr) of the Atlantic salmon. Its open-reading frame shows the highest similarity with other piscine Pgr proteins. When expressed in mammalian cells, salmon Pgr exhibited progestogen-specific, dose-dependent induction of reporter gene expression, with 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) showing the highest potency. We then analyzed testicular pgr mRNA and DHP plasma levels in animals during the onset of spermatogenesis, which were exposed to natural light or to constant light, to induce significant differences in testis growth. Grouping of the animals according to their progress through spermatogenesis showed that testicular pgr mRNA levels as well as DHP plasma levels first increased when germ cells had reached the stage of late type B spermatogonia and further increased when entered meiosis, i.e. when spermatocytes were present. However, in situ hybridization studies revealed that pgr mRNA expression was restricted to Sertoli cells, with a strong signal in Sertoli cells contacting type A/early type B spermatogonia, while Sertoli cells contacting larger germ cell clones with further differentiated stages (e.g. late type B spermatogonia) were less intensely/not stained. We conclude that the increase in pgr mRNA levels per pair of testis reflects, at least in part, the increased number of Sertoli cells enveloping type A and early type B spermatogonia. We propose that Sertoli cell-expressed Pgr may mediate DHP-stimulated early steps in spermatogenesis in Atlantic salmon, such as an increase in the number of new spermatogonial cysts.
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Xavier, Daniele Rosa, Auricelio Alves de Macedo, Larissa Sarmento dos Santos, Taynan Dulce da Silva Rosa, Ellainy Maria Conceição Silva, Fábio Henrique Evangelista de Andrade, José Ribamar de Souza Torres-Júnior, and Alcina Vieira de Carvalho-Neta. "Histopathological evaluation and expression profile of PRM-1, TNP-2, 17B-HSD3, LHR, MHC-I, MIC-B, NC1 and NC3 genes in bovine testis." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 15, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2021.15.2.9539.
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Histopathological and spermatogenesis classification by Johnsen is widely used in the germinal epithelium maturation analysis, besides identifying pathological alterations able to cause subfertility and even infertility. The aim of this study was to analyze cell-differentiation histopathological data and to correlate them with expression of PRM-1, TNP-2, 17β-HSD3, LHR, generic MHC-I, MIC-B, NC1 and NC3 genes, involved in bovine spermatogenesis using qRT-PCR from testicular parenchyma. Based on Johnsen’s criteria, the results showed normal spermatogenic activity in these animals, classified at 6, 7 and 8 scores. The qRT-PCR analysis expression showed that MHC-I (generic) gene was less expressed than all the other genes in evaluated scores (p < 0.05) and, PRM-1 and TNP-2 were the most expressed genes (p < 0.05). The PRM-1 gene expression was significantly higher than TNP-2 (p < 0.05). Comparing scores, 17β-HSD3 gene expression was lower (p < 0.05) in score 6 when compared to scores 7 and 8 animals. It was also observed that PRM-1 expression was lower in score 6 when compared to 7, as well as TNP-2 gene was less expressed in the score 6 (p < 0.05) when compared to 7 and 8 scores. Our results demonstrated that MHC I (generic), MIC-B, NC1, NC3, and LHR genes are poorly expressed in bovine testis, suggesting their marginal action on spermatogenesis. Instead, PRM-1, TNP-2, and 17β-HSD3 expression were higher, supporting the notion that these genes can act directly on the germ cells differential development during bovine spermatogenesis.
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Kirsanov, Oleksandr, Randall H. Renegar, Jonathan T. Busada, Nicholas D. Serra, Ellen V. Harrington, Taylor A. Johnson, and Christopher B. Geyer. "The rapamycin analog Everolimus reversibly impairs male germ cell differentiation and fertility in the mouse†." Biology of Reproduction 103, no. 5 (July 27, 2020): 1132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaa130.
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Abstract Sirolimus, also known as rapamycin, and its closely related rapamycin analog (rapalog) Everolimus inhibit “mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1” (mTORC1), whose activity is required for spermatogenesis. Everolimus is Food and Drug Administration approved for treating human patients to slow growth of aggressive cancers and preventing organ transplant rejection. Here, we test the hypothesis that rapalog inhibition of mTORC1 activity has a negative, but reversible, impact upon spermatogenesis. Juvenile (P20) or adult (P>60) mice received daily injections of sirolimus or Everolimus for 30 days, and tissues were examined at completion of treatment or following a recovery period. Rapalog treatments reduced body and testis weights, testis weight/body weight ratios, cauda epididymal sperm counts, and seminal vesicle weights in animals of both ages. Following rapalog treatment, numbers of differentiating spermatogonia were reduced, with concomitant increases in the ratio of undifferentiated spermatogonia to total number of remaining germ cells. To determine if even low doses of Everolimus can inhibit spermatogenesis, an additional group of adult mice received a dose of Everolimus ∼6-fold lower than a human clinical dose used to treat cancer. In these animals, only testis weights, testis weight/body weight ratios, and tubule diameters were reduced. Return to control values following a recovery period was variable for each of the measured parameters and was duration and dose dependent. Together, these data indicate rapalogs exerted a dose-dependent restriction on overall growth of juvenile and adult mice and negative impact upon spermatogenesis that were largely reversed; following treatment cessation, males from all treatment groups were able to sire offspring.
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Khramtsova, Yu S., N. V. Tyumentseva, O. S. Artashyan, and B. G. Yushkov. "Reaction to damage of connective tissue in immunoprivileged organ (testis)." Russian Journal of Immunology 24, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1011-rtd.
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Microenvironment of sperm and its precursors includes various immune cell populations. This indicates not only their importance for immune privileged state within testes, but it concerns a regulatory role of these structures in performance of the most important physiological functions. Despite sufficient knowledge on the immune privileged state in the organ, the regulatory function are scarcely studied, and existing literature virtually does not cover the issues of local spermatogenesis regulation by various components of testicular microenvironment in the course of their regeneration. Purpose of the present study was to define the reactions of connective tissue in rat testis following traumatic lesion. Materials and methods: the study was carried out in mature male Wistar rats. Experimental animals were divided into 2 groups: intact animals and animals with blunt trauma to the left testicle. The animals were removed from the experiment on the 7th and 30th days. Blunt trauma was simulated by squeezing the organ with forceps with a force of 15 N for 3 seconds. For histological examination, the testes were excised, preparations were made by the standard scheme, stained with hematoxylin/ eosin, toluidine blue (to identify mast cells), and according to Van Gieson (to detect collagen fibers). Distinct components of connective tissue and spermatogenesis were evaluated in testicular preparations. Quantitative indexes were calculated using the ImageJ program. Total testosterone levels in the blood were determined by chemiluminescence technique. Statistical evaluation was performed with Statistica 8.0 software. Comparison of groups was performed using Mann-Whitney test. We have found that restoration of spermatogenesis in the damaged testis did not occur within 30 days after the injury. While the reaction of connective tissue was noted in the both testes, it was more pronounced in the damaged organ, and manifests as changes in testicular microvasculature, stimulation of fibroblastic response, multidirectional effects of mast cells and Leydig cells, depending on the duration of exposure. Changes in various components of microenvironment in the damaged testis led to similar changes in the intact organ. The mechanism of this change is usually associated with effect of antisperm antibodies and development of autoimmune processes, but another possible mechanism for impairment of spermatogenesis in the second paired intact organ may include effects of connective tissue microenvironment upon the spermatogenic epithelial cells.
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Jivago, José Luiz P. R., Juliana Lis Mendes Brito, Gustavo Capistrano, Marcus Vinícius-Araújo, Ediron Lima Verde, Andris Figueiroa Bakuzis, Paulo E. N. Souza, Ricardo Bentes Azevedo, and Carolina Madeira Lucci. "New Prospects in Neutering Male Animals Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091465.
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Controlling populations of free-roaming dogs and cats poses a huge challenge worldwide. Non-surgical neutering strategies for male animals have been long pursued, but the implementation of the procedures developed has remained limited to date. As submitting the testes to high temperatures impairs spermatogenesis, the present study investigated localized application of magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (MNH) to the testicles as a potential non-surgical sterilization method for animals. An intratesticular injection of a magnetic fluid composed of manganese-ferrite nanoparticles functionalized with citrate was administered followed by testicle exposure to an alternate magnetic field to generate localized heat. Testicular MNH was highly effective, causing progressive seminiferous tubule degeneration followed by substitution of the parenchyma with stromal tissue and gonadal atrophy, suggesting an irreversible process with few side effects to general animal health.
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Zhao, Xin, Weican Wan, Xianyu Zhang, Zhenfang Wu, and Huaqiang Yang. "Spermatogonial Stem Cell Transplantation in Large Animals." Animals 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11040918.
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Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation (SSCT) can restore male fertility through transfer of germline between donor and recipient males. From an agricultural perspective, SSCT could be an important next-generation reproductive and breeding tool in livestock production. Current SSCT approaches in large animals remain inefficient and many technical details need further investigation. This paper reviews the current knowledge on SSCT in large animals, addressing (1) donor spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) preparation, (2) recipient male treatment, and (3) SSC injection, homing, and detection. The major studies showing unequivocal evidence of donor SSC-derived spermatogenesis in large animals (mainly in livestock for breeding purpose) are summarized to discuss the current status of the field and future directions.
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Pandey, Neelam, and Sarbani Giri. "Melatonin attenuates radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz)-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in germ cells of male Swiss albino mice." Toxicology and Industrial Health 34, no. 5 (March 21, 2018): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233718758092.
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Increasing male infertility of unknown aetiology can be associated with environmental factors. Extensive use of mobile phones has exposed the general population to unprecedented levels of radiofrequency radiations (RFRs) that may adversely affect male reproductive health. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of RFR Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) type, 900 MHz and melatonin supplementation on germ cell development during spermatogenesis. Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups. One group received RFR exposure for 3 h twice/day for 35 days and the other group received the same exposure but with melatonin ( N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (MEL; 5 mg/kg bw/day). Two other groups received only MEL or remain unexposed. Sperm head abnormality, total sperm count, biochemical assay for lipid peroxides, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase activity and testis histology were evaluated. Additionally, flow cytometric evaluation of germ cell subtypes and comet assay were performed in testis. Extensive DNA damage in germ cells of RFR-exposed animals along with arrest in pre-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis eventually leading to low sperm count and sperm head abnormalities were observed. Furthermore, biochemical assays revealed excess free radical generation resulting in histological and morphological changes in testis and germ cells morphology, respectively. However, these effects were either diminished or absent in RFR-exposed animals supplemented with melatonin. Hence, it can be concluded that melatonin inhibits pre-meiotic spermatogenesis arrest in male germ cells through its anti-oxidative potential and ability to improve DNA reparative pathways, leading to normal sperm count and sperm morphology in RFR-exposed animals.
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Kubíková, Jana, Rebecca Reinig, Harpreet Kaur Salgania, and Mandy Jeske. "LOTUS-domain proteins - developmental effectors from a molecular perspective." Biological Chemistry 402, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2020-0270.
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AbstractThe LOTUS domain (also known as OST-HTH) is a highly conserved protein domain found in a variety of bacteria and eukaryotes. In animals, the LOTUS domain is present in the proteins Oskar, TDRD5/Tejas, TDRD7/TRAP/Tapas, and MARF1/Limkain B1, all of which play essential roles in animal development, in particular during oogenesis and/or spermatogenesis. This review summarizes the diverse biological as well as molecular functions of LOTUS-domain proteins and discusses their roles as helicase effectors, post-transcriptional regulators, and critical cofactors of piRNA-mediated transcript silencing.