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Journal articles on the topic 'Spermicidal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Mohammad, Asif, and Imran Mohd. "Spermicidal Activity of Various Natural Compounds." Journal of Pharmacological Research and Developments 1, no. 2 (2019): 44–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3247297.

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<em>Spermicides are agents that immobilize or kill the spermatozoa in the vagina and exert their contraceptive effect. However, recent clinical trials have shown that detergent spermicides do not provide any protection against sexual transmitted diseases and auto immune disorders but may in fact even promote their transmission. Currently</em><em>, there were various types of contraceptives developed having dissimilar mechanism of action. These contraceptives are prepared from natural as well as synthetic sources. These contraceptives act by avoiding the fusion of sperm into ovum, alteration in

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2

NURLIANI1, ANNI, and NANI KARTINAH. "Short Communication: Spermicidal properties of Durio zibethinus in the Mandiangin Forests, South Kalimantan, Indonesia." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 15, no. 1 (2017): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f150105.

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Nurliani A, Kartinah N. 2017. Short Communication: Spermicidal properties of Durio zibethinus in the Mandiangin Forests, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biofarmasi (Rumphius J Nat Prod Biochem) 15: 26-28. Side effect caused by condom with synthetic spermicide encourages researcher to find alternative spermicide from plant which have fewer side effects. Bark of durian extract is potential candidate for herbal spermicide because it could decrease the percentage of human spermatozoa quality in vitro at the concentrations of 2%. This study was designed to evaluate its spermicidal activity by in vitro

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3

Zairi, Amira, Frédéric Tangy, Khaireddine Bouassida, and Khaled Hani. "Dermaseptins and Magainins: Antimicrobial Peptides from Frogs' Skin—New Sources for a Promising Spermicides Microbicides—A Mini Review." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2009 (2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/452567.

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agents of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), are two great concerns in the reproductive health of women. Thus, the challenge is to find products with a double activity, on the one hand having antimicrobial/antiviral properties with a role in the reduction of STI, and on the other hand having spermicidal action to be used as a contraceptive. In the absence of an effective microbicide along with the disadvantages of the most commonly used spermicidal contraceptive worldwide, nonoxynol-9, new emph

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4

Gupta, Gopal. "Microbicidal spermicide or spermicidal microbicide?" European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 10, no. 4 (2005): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13625180500280753.

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5

ZANEVELD, LOURENS J. D., DONALD P. WALLER, NAWAZ AHMAD, et al. "Properties of a New, Long‐Lasting Vaginal Delivery System (LASRS) for Contraceptive and Antimicrobial Agents." Journal of Andrology 22, no. 3 (2001): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2001.tb02205.x.

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ABSTRACT: In view of the need for improved vaginal formulations that are contraceptive, that may prevent transmission of sexually transmitted infections, or both, a new delivery system (base formulation; called Long Acting, Sustained Release of Spermicide, or LASRS) was developed that contains bioadhesive and other ingredients with a long history of safety, and was designed to provide long‐lasting vaginal retention of the formulation and to minimize possible vaginal irritation caused by incorporated active ingredients. Nonoxynol‐9 (N‐9) was added as an active ingredient to study the vaginal ir

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6

Venkatachalam, TK, OJ D'Cruz, and FM Uckun. "Importance of the Alanine Methyl Ester Side Chain for the Biological Activity Profile of Dual-Function Phenyl Phosphate Derivatives of Bromo-Methoxy-Zidovudine." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 11, no. 1 (2000): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095632020001100103.

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In a systematic search for developing a virucidal spermicide with potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and spermicidal activities, we synthesized and evaluated 14 phosphoramidate derivatives of 5-bromo-6-methoxy-zidovu-dine (PP-BMZ) with differing amino acid ester side chains and para substitutions on the phenyl moiety. Anti-HIV activity was tested by measuring viral p24 antigen production as a marker of viral replication in HIV-1-infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The effect of various PP-BMZ compounds on human sperm motion kinematics was analysed by computer-assiste

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7

Pal, Durba, Pratip Chakraborty, H. N. Ray, B. C. Pal, Debashis Mitra, and Syed N. Kabir. "Acaciaside-B-enriched fraction of Acacia auriculiformis is a prospective spermicide with no mutagenic property." REPRODUCTION 138, no. 3 (2009): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-09-0034.

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As a part of our continued venture to develop a safe and effective spermicide, we have identified a triterpene glycoside (Acaciaside-B (Ac-B))-enriched fraction (Ac-B-en) isolated from the seeds of Acacia auriculiformis and evaluated its spermicidal potential in vitro. Sperm motility was completely inhibited within 20 s at a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 120 μg/ml. Tests for sperm viability by dual fluoroprobe staining showed the effect to be spermicidal with an EC50 of 35.20 μg/ml. A series of investigations including tests for hypo-osmotic swelling, membrane lipid peroxidation, an

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8

Jones, B. M., A. Eley, D. A. Hicks, R. Patel, and J. M. Wordsworth. "Comparison of the Influence of Spermicidal and Non-Spermicidal Contraception on Bacterial Vaginosis, Candidal Infection and Inflammation of the Vagina—A Preliminary Study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 5 (1994): 362–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500515.

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This preliminary study compared the signs, symptoms and prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candidal infections in women using spermicides, with those using other forms of contraception, to establish whether nonoxynol-9 had any therapeutic value against BV or gave rise to vaginal candidiasis and inflammation. Overall results showed that the prevalence of BV in non-spermicide users was 35/113 (31%) but was significantly less in spermicide users, 10/66 (15%), P<0.05. Nonoxynol-9 was not associated with increased isolation of Candida albicans, which was found in 16/113 (14%) of non-sper

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9

Sukadana, I. Made, Sri Rahayu Santi, and Ni Putu Lisna Oktaviani. "Spermicide of Papaya Seed Oil and Compounds." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 30, no. 6 (2023): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.30.6.1111-1120.

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This study aimed to determine the spermicidal activity of papaya seed oil (Carica papaya L) from local Bali varieties against Wistar rat spermatozoa by evaluating sperm quality and the correlation between the percentage of motility and viability spermatozoa to identify its active compounds. Papaya seed oil was obtained by extracting papaya seeds using n-hexane solvent. The study was designed as follows; group of spermatozoa Wistar rat were treated with NaCl 0.9% (control, P0), with Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC) 0.5% (P1), with n-hexane extract 0.1%(b/v) (P2), with n-hexane extract 0.

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10

Hong, C. Y., C. C. Shieh, P. Wu, and B. N. Chiang. "The Spermicidal Potency of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola." Human Toxicology 6, no. 5 (1987): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718700600508.

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The inhibitory effect of Old Coke, caffeine-free New Coke, New Coke, Diet Coke and Pepsi-Cola on human sperm motility was studied with a trans-membrane migration method. None of them could decrease sperm motility to less than 70% of control within one hour. A previous study which claimed a marked variation of spermicidal potencies among different formulations of Coca-Cola could not be confirmed. Even if cola has a spermicidal effect, its potency is relatively weak as compared with other well-known spermicidal agents.

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11

Zairi, Amira, Afifa Belaïd, Amina Gahbiche, and Khaled Hani. "Spermicidal activity of dermaseptins." Contraception 72, no. 6 (2005): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2005.06.055.

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12

Idu, MacDonald, Sharon Ogedegbe-George, Precious Eromosele Oriarewo, and Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel. "Spermicidal, Antifertility and Contraceptive Effect of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Seed Extract in Female and Male Wistar Rats." Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 12, no. 1 (2022): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2023.121.79-88.

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This study investigates the spermicidal and contraceptive effect of Azadirachta indica seed aqueous extract in male and female Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups (n=6), graded doses (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) of the extract. They were exposed to female rats in a ratio of 2:1 after 24 hours, 7, and 14 days of administration. The spermicidal properties were evaluated. The female contraceptive study involved 14 days of pre-coital and post-coital administration of the neem seed extract, and contraceptive indexes were investigated. The results obtained from the spermicidal activity

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13

Kartinah, Nani, Mia Fitriana, Anni Nurliani, and Revani Hardian. "THE SPERMICIDE GELS FORMULATION FROM THE DURIAN’S (DuriozibethinusMurr.) CORTEX EXTRACT: THE DECOLOURIZATION AND SOLID DISPERSION." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 14 (2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s2.19477.

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Objective: The efficacy of the Durio zibethinus cortex extract as spermicidal agent was investigated on mice sperms and human sperms. The intense color spoiled the final product appearance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of decolorization and the best formula for preparation the spermicide gel from D. zibethinus cortex extract.Methods: The extract of the D. zibethinus cortex was prepared by two-step methods before made into the spermicide gels preparation. First, decolorization used activated carbon and second, the extract was formed into solid dispersion with variation

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14

Lee, Chi-Hyun. "Review: In vitro spermicidal tests." Contraception 54, no. 3 (1996): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-7824(96)00168-0.

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15

Kumar, Shrabanti, Yogesh P. Bharitkar, Gopinatha S. Kumar, and Nirup B. Mondal. "Asiatic acid, a non-detergent type spermicide: exploration of plausible pathway of spermicidal action." Medicinal Chemistry Research 25, no. 9 (2016): 1908–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00044-016-1623-x.

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16

Xu, Murong, Mingpeng Zhao, Raymond Hang Wun Li, et al. "Effects of nonoxynol-9 (N-9) on sperm functions: systematic review and meta-analysis." Reproduction and Fertility 3, no. 1 (2022): R19—R33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/raf-21-0024.

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Objective To summarize the currently available phase I and II clinical trials of the effects of nonoxynol-9 (N-9) on human sperm structure and functions. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis aiming to evaluate the spermicidal activity of N-9 on motility, was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases by 10 March 2021. The counted numbers of progressive motile (PR) sperm in cervical mucus and the vanguard sperm penetration distances were analyzed. Other effects on sperm structures and physiological activities were reviewed as well. Results In the pooled results, percentages or

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17

Alade, Gideon O., Jones O. Moody, Olanrewaju R. Awotona, Saburi A. Adesanya, Daowan Lai, and Peter Proksch. "Spermicidal Constituents of Ethanolic Extract of Sacoglottis gabonensis Stem Bark." Folia Medica 59, no. 4 (2017): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2017-0047.

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AbstractAim: To isolate the spermicidal constituents of Sacoglottis gabonensis. Materials and methods: The ethanolic extract with partitioned fractions of Sacoglottis gabonensis stem bark were subjected to sperm immobilization assay. The most active EtOAc fraction was further purifi ed by column and Semi-Preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography to give compounds which were characterized by spectroscopic methods (UV, LC/MS, and NMR). The compound(s) was also tested for sperm immobilization activity. Results: The ethanolic extract showed 100% signifi cant (p < 0.05) sperm immobiliza

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18

Fribourg, Sylvain. "Spermicidal contraceptives and poor reproductive outcomes." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 153, no. 2 (1985): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(85)90125-5.

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19

Moudgil, Pranab, Anshu Gupta, Ajay Sharma, Sunil Gupta, and Ashok K. Tiwary. "Spermicidal Efficacy of Some Membrane Stabilizers." Pharmacology Reviews and Communications 12, no. 4 (2002): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10604450214704.

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20

Oshio, S., S. Ozaki, I. Ohkawa, et al. "Spermicidal activity of menfegol-coated condom." Andrologia 22, no. 3 (2009): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1990.tb01984.x.

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21

MCNAUGHT, J., and M. JAMIESON. "Barrier and Spermicidal Contraceptives in Adolescence." Adolescent Medicine Clinics 16, no. 3 (2005): 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.admecli.2005.06.002.

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22

Prilepskaya, Vera N., Elena A. Mezhevitinova, Elena G. Nazarenko, and Elena A. Gorodnova. "The renaissance of barrier contraception (based on the data from an international clinical trial)." Gynecology 23, no. 5 (2021): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2021.5.201151.

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Background. In recent years, interest in the use of barrier methods of contraception has increased, since many women prefer them in connection with the change in the epidemiological situation associated with COVID-19, with contraindications to other methods of contraception, as well as with irregular sex life and casual sexual intercourse. In addition, these methods of contraception are preferred for breastfeeding mothers and pre- and postmenopausal women. Studies of the efficacy of spermicidal agents in late reproductive age women have not previously been carried out, although their use in th

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23

Patni, Anil K., Sunil Gupta, Ajay Sharma, Ashok K. Tiwary, and Santosh K. Garg. "Role of intracellular calcium in the spermicidal action of 2‘,4’-dichlorobenzamil, a novel contact spermicide." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 53, no. 10 (2001): 1387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/0022357011777738.

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24

Shah, Vishal, Gustavo F. Doncel, Theodoros Seyoum, et al. "Sophorolipids, Microbial Glycolipids with Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sperm-Immobilizing Activities." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 10 (2005): 4093–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.10.4093-4100.2005.

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ABSTRACT The increased incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS disease in women aged 15 to 49 years has identified the urgent need for a female-controlled, efficacious, and safe vaginal topical microbicide. To meet this challenge, sophorolipid (SL) produced by Candida bombicola and its structural analogs have been studied in this report for their spermicidal, anti-HIV, and cytotoxic activities. The sophorolipid diacetate ethyl ester derivative is the most potent spermicidal and virucidal agent of the series of SLs studied. Its virucidal activity against HIV and sperm-immobilizing

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25

Kulig, John W. "Adolescent Contraception: An Update." Pediatrics 76, no. 4 (1985): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.76.4.675.

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Increased adolescent sexual activity in the past decade has resulted in corresponding increases in pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion, as well as a changing spectrum of sexually transmitted diseases. Contraceptive use in this age group remains limited and is subject to developmental, peer, family, and cultural influences. The most appropriate contraceptive methods may differ among adolescents when compared with older parous women based upon such factors as efficacy, availability, cost, side effects, reversibility, and the need for preplanning. This review updates changes in patterns of contra

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26

Kawarkhe, Shilpa, and SS Poddar. "Designing of the mucoadhesive intravaginal spermicidal films." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 72, no. 5 (2010): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0250-474x.78540.

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27

Asif, Mohammad. "Various Synthetic Organic Compounds with Spermicidal Activity." Journal of Internal Medicine Research 1, no. 1 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12966/jimr.01.01.2014.

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28

van Ulsen, J., E. Stolz, Th van Joost, and A. M. Geursen-Reitsma. "Allergy to spermicidal lubricant in a contraceptive." Contact Dermatitis 17, no. 2 (1987): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb02678.x.

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29

Alvarez-Gómez, Angela M., Wálter Cardona-Maya, Jorge Forero, and Angela P. Cadavid. "Human Spermicidal Activity of Passiflora edulis Extract." Journal of Reproduction and Contraception 21, no. 2 (2010): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-7844(10)60017-x.

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30

Silkin, Lara, Shereen Hamza, Susan Kaufman, Steven L. Cobb, and John C. Vederas. "Spermicidal bacteriocins: Lacticin 3147 and subtilosin A." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 18, no. 10 (2008): 3103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.024.

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31

Souad, Kammoun, Saad Ali, Ajina Mounir, and Trabelsi Mohamed Mounir. "Spermicidal activity of extract from Cestrum parqui." Contraception 75, no. 2 (2007): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2006.10.006.

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32

Prakash, S., S. Ravikumar, K. V. R. Reddy, and E. Kannapiran. "Spermicidal activity of Indian seaweeds: anin vitrostudy." Andrologia 46, no. 4 (2013): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/and.12096.

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33

Pant, G., M. Panwar, D. Negi, and M. Rawat. "Spermicidal Activity and Chemical Analysis ofPentapanax leschenaultii." Planta Medica 54, no. 05 (1988): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962517.

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34

Ayotte, N., and P. Colin. "Spermicidal activity of a new contraceptive sponge." Advances in Therapy 19, no. 5 (2002): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02850362.

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35

Sartono, Gusti, Izzatu Rizqiyah, Asmarinah, Nicholas C. K. Heng, and Amarila Malik. "Three Bacteriocin Peptides from a Lactic Acid Bacterium Weissella confusa MBF8-1 with Spermicidal Activity." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 20, no. 9 (2019): 766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666190617163310.

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Background:The development of antibiotic resistance amongst bacterial pathogens and a population explosion, e.g. in countries such as Indonesia, are two issues the world is facing today. These issues have stimulated interest in the development of new antimicrobial therapeutic agents and contraceptive strategies, such as novel spermicides. Bacteriocins, which are bacterially-derived antimicrobial peptides, may fulfill some of the criteria for these new agents.Methods:Weissella confusa MBF8-1, originally isolated from a homemade soy product, exhibits antibacterial activity that was subsequently

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36

Hosseinzadeh, S., A. A. Pacey, and A. Eley. "Chlamydia trachomatis-induced death of human spermatozoa is caused primarily by lipopolysaccharide." Journal of Medical Microbiology 52, no. 3 (2003): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.04836-0.

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Elementary bodies (EBs) of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E are more toxic to sperm than those from serovar LGV. In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was prepared from the EBs of both serovars and incubated with human spermatozoa at concentrations that matched the LPS concentration of EBs. The effects of EBs and LPS on sperm motility, viability and acrosomal status were then determined. Sperm motility was measured by computer-assisted sperm analysis and the hypo-osmotic swelling test was used to determine the proportion of dead cells. Acrosomal status was examined using a standard mAb assay.

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37

Powar, P. V. "Spermicidal Condom and Risk of Urinary Tract Infection." Pharmatutor 6, no. 2 (2018): 06. http://dx.doi.org/10.29161/pt.v6.i2.2018.6.

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38

Bandivdekar, A. H., and S. B. Moodbidri. "SPERMICIDAL ACTIVITY OF SEED OIL OF PONGAMIA GLABRA." Archives of Andrology 48, no. 1 (2002): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014850102753385152.

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39

Saha, P., S. Majumdar, D. Pal, B. C. Pal, and S. N. Kabir. "Evaluation of Spermicidal Activity of Mi-Saponin A." Reproductive Sciences 17, no. 5 (2010): 454–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1933719110361378.

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40

Wojcik, C., W. Sawicki, P. Marianowski, M. Benchaib, J. C. Czyba, and J. F. Guerin. "Cyclodextrin enhances spermicidal effects of magainin-2-amide." Contraception 62, no. 2 (2000): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00143-8.

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41

Khillare, B., and T. G. Shrivastav. "Spermicidal activity of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract." Contraception 68, no. 3 (2003): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-7824(03)00165-3.

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42

Green, Terrence R., Jack H. Fellman, and Don P. Wolf. "Human spermicidal activity of inorganic and organic oxidants." Fertility and Sterility 76, no. 1 (2001): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(01)01830-1.

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43

Kumar S.T., V. S. Kiran, Vishnu Lal Sharma, Pratibha Tiwari, et al. "The spermicidal and antitrichomonas activities of SSRI antidepressants." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 16, no. 9 (2006): 2509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.078.

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44

Qian, Y. X., P. J. Shen, R. Y. Xu, et al. "Spermicidal effect by the active principle of garlic." Contraception 34, no. 3 (1986): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(86)90010-7.

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45

Smith, Conamore, Gaston Farr, Paul J. Feldblum, and Annette Spence. "Effectiveness of the non-spermicidal fit-free diaphragm." Contraception 51, no. 5 (1995): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(95)00075-l.

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46

Lakshmi, Vijai, Ajet Saxena, Sunil Kumar Mishra, et al. "Spermicidal Activity of Bivittoside D from Bohadschia vitiensis." Archives of Medical Research 39, no. 7 (2008): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.06.007.

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47

Ingram, Matthew J., Edel Zeller, Gary P. Moss, and Charlotte E. Hall. "A potential anti-implantation and spermicidal strategy: Putative derivatives of nonoxynol-9 and anti-inflammatory agents and their spermicidal activity." European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 11, no. 4 (2006): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13625180600907487.

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48

Jain, Ashish, Nand Lal, Lokesh Kumar, et al. "Novel Trichomonacidal Spermicides." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 9 (2011): 4343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00199-11.

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ABSTRACTMetronidazole, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug against trichomoniasis, is nonspermicidal and thus cannot offer pregnancy protection when used vaginally. Furthermore, increasing resistance ofTrichomonas vaginalisto 5-nitro-imidazoles is a cause for serious concern. On the other hand, the vaginal spermicide nonoxynol-9 (N-9) does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases and HIV in clinical situations but may in fact increase their incidence due to its nonspecific, surfactant action. We therefore designed dually active, nonsurfactant molecules that were capabl

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49

Olivera-Valle, I., M. C. Latorre, M. Calvo, et al. "Vaginal neutrophils eliminate sperm by trogocytosis." Human Reproduction 35, no. 11 (2020): 2567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa198.

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Abstract STUDY QUESTION What is the vaginal polymorphonuclear (PMN) spermicidal mechanism to reduce the excess of sperm? SUMMARY ANSWER We show that PMNs are very efficient at killing sperm by a trogocytosis-dependent spermicidal activity independent of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Trogocytosis has been described as an active membrane exchange between immune cells with a regulatory purpose. Recently, trogocytosis has been reported as a mechanism which PMNs use to kill tumour cells or Trichomonas vaginalis. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We used in vivo murine mode

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R. Abdullah, Ijlal, Kassim J. Al-Shamma, and Ansam N. Al-Hassany. "Investigation and Comparative Study Among Various Methods of Contraception Used in Erbil City." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512) 21, no. 2 (2017): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol21iss2pp56-62.

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Abstract:

The objective of this study was to investigate and compare among five different methods of contraception including combined oral contraceptive pills (COC), Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), copper Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD), vaginal spermicides and male condom used in Hawler City through estimate of their effect, relative failure rate, percentage of use, adherence and compliance and adverse effects of each contraceptive method. In order to reach to these aims, a retrospective study was conducted in Hawler City in Azadi Health Care Center over a period of 6 months from 22t

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