Academic literature on the topic 'Sphaerocoma'

The work of Meigen 1800 was suppressed by the ICZN Commission in 1963 for the purposes of zoological nomenclature. The work as such is still to be treated as having been published and it remains available as a source of published descriptions and illustrations. Therefore, while the names in Meigen (1800) are deemed unavailable, a subsequent usage of any of the names may be considered a novel proposal. We review the first post-Meigen 1800 occurrence of each name, its first date of availability and authorship, and determine status and synonymy. Designations of type species are given for the following genus-group names: Coryneta Hendel, 1908 [Hybotidae]; Cyanea Hendel, 1908 [Hippoboscidae]. Acting as First Reviser, we select the following as the correct original spelling from multiple original spellings: Calirrhoe Hendel, 1908. New synonymies are proposed for the following: Ablabesmyia Johannsen, 1905 under Pelopia Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Limoniidae]; Amasia Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Penthetria Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Bibionidae]; Amphinome Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Limonia Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Limoniidae]; Antiopa Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Chrysotoxum Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Apivora Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Volucella Geoffroy, 1762, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Atalanta Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Clinocera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Empididae]; Calirrhoe Meigen & Hendel in Hendel, 1908 under Prosena Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Chrysozona Hendel, 1903 under Haematopota Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tabanidae]; Cinxia Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Sericomyia Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Cleona Meigen in Hendel 1908 under Callomyia Meigen, 1804, n. syn. [Platypezidae]; Clythia Hendel, 1903 under Platypeza Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Platypezidae]; Coryneta Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Tachydromia Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Hybotidae]; Crocuta Bezzi, 1907 under Siphona Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Cyanea Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Melophagus Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Hippoboscidae]; Cypsela Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Sphaerocera Latreille, 1804, n. syn. [Sphaeroceridae]; Dionnaea Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Rhamphomyia Meigen, 1822, n. syn. [Empididae]; Dorilas Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Pipunculus Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Pipunculidae]; Echinodes Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Eriothrix Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Erinna Hendel, 1903 under Xylophagus Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Xylophagidae]; Eulalia Hendel, 1903 under Odontomyia Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Stratiomyidae]; Euphrosyne Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Macrocera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Keroplatidae]; Flabellifera Osten Sacken, 1882 under Tanyptera Latreille, 1804, n. syn. [Tipulidae]; Fungivora Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Mycetophila Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Mycetophilidae]; Helea Osten Sacken, 1882 under Ceratopogon Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Ceratopogonidae]; Hermione Bezzi, 1908 under Oxycera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Stratiomyidae]; Itonida Bezzi, 1908 under Cecidomyia Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Lampetia Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Merodon Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Laphria Bezzi, 1907 under Laphria Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Asilidae]; Lapria Bezzi, 1907 under Laphria Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Asilidae]; Larvaevora Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Tachina Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Liriope Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Ptychopteridae]; Lycoria Latreille, 1802 under Sylvicola Harris, 1776, n. syn. [Anisopodidae]; Melusina Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Trichocera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Trichoceridae]; Musidora Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Lonchoptera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Lonchopteridae]; Noeza Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Hybos Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Hybotidae]; Omphrale Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Scenopinus Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Scenopinidae]; Pales Bezzi, 1906 under Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803, n. syn . [Tipulidae]; Penthesilea Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Blera Billberg, 1820, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Petaurista Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Trichocera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Trichoceridae]; Phalaenula Desmarest, 1818 under Psychoda Latreille, 1797, n. syn. [Psychodidae]; Philia Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Dilophus Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Bibionidae]; Phryne Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Sylvicola Harris, 1776, n. syn. [Anisopodidae]; Polymeda Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Erioptera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Limoniidae]; Polyxena Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Cordyla Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Mycetophilidae]; Potamida Hendel, 1903 under Clitellaria Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Stratiomyidae]; Rhodogyne Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Gymnosoma Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Salmacia Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Gonia Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Scathophaga Meigen, 1803 under Scopeuma Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Scathophagidae]; Coremacera Rondani, 1856 under Statinia Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Sciomyzidae]; Tendipes Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Chironomus Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Chironomidae]; Titania Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Chlorops Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Chloropidae]; Trepidaria Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Calobata Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Micropezidae]; Tritonia Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Temnostoma Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Tubifera Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Eristalis Latreille, 1804, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Urophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 under Euribia Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Zelima Hendel, 1903 under Xylota Meigen, 1822, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Zelmira Meigen in Hendel, 1908 under Orfelia Costa, 1857, n. syn. [Keroplatidae]. The following three names have not been found to be synonymous with any other taxon, and are treated here as nomina dubia: Orithea Meigen in Hendel, 1908; Salpyga Meigen in Hendel, 1908; Titia Meigen in Hendel, 1908 (preoccupied). The following four names are found to be senior synonyms of more commonly used genus-group names: Euribia Latreille, 1802 of Urophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Pelopia Latreille, 1802 of Ablabesmyia Johannsen, 1905, n. syn.; Scopeuma Latreille, 1802 of Scathophaga Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Scathophagidae]; Statinia Latreille, 1802 of Coremacera Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Sciomyzidae]. If they are construed as threatening stability of nomenclature and/or taxonomy, applications to the ICZN Commission may be warranted to request suppression of these names in favor of their junior synonyms.

Background. Caryophyllaceae is a large and cosmopolitic flowering plant family, however the systematics of many of its basal groups has been unclear, due to a lack of unambiguous morphology. Some members of Caryophyllaceae are used medicinally, e.g. Corrigiola roots in Morocco. Monitoring the trade in medicinal plants is complicated due to the absence of useful identification characters in plant products such as roots, bark, and powders. This thesis aims at elucidating the systematics and the ethnobotany of some of the basal clades in Caryophyllaceae. Methods. A comprehensive sampling from herbarium as well as market and field collected material was used in systematic studies combining morphological investigation, molecular phylogenetic and molecular dating analyses. Results. The data show that Polycarpon is polyphyletic, that Sphaerocoma is sister to Pollichia and shows some intraspecific variation, that Sanctambrosia falls within the genus Spergularia, and that both Spergula and Spergularia are monophyletic. Preliminary data suggest that Polycarpaea is polyphyletic and should be split into three larger and several smaller genera, that the members of Paronychia subgen. Anaplonychia will need to be transferred to Herniaria to maintain monophyly, and that Caryophyllaceae emerged during the Paleocene. All the major extant lineages originated in the Oligocene and diversified later. Using molecular identification it was possible to identify around 50% of the Moroccan medicinal roots to species level and an additional 30% to genus level. Discussion and conclusions. The polyphyletic Polycarpon needs to be split into at least three separate genera, but no name changes were made pending further research. The two species of Sphaerocoma were merged into one species with two subspecies. The San Ambrosio Island endemic Sanctambrosia, the only tree-like plant in Caryophyllaceae, is probably the result of a long distance dispersal event and its woody habit and gynodioecy are probably caused by inbreeding depression. Sanctambrosia manicata is transferred to Spergularia. Molecular identification put into practice on traded medicinal roots has a somewhat lower success rate than most theoretical studies, indicating that a global barcoding database would need to include reference sequences from a broad range of populations for each species.