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Journal articles on the topic 'Spheronization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 June 2025

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1

Zhang, Rui Shi, J. Z. Pan, and L. W. Wang. "Manufacture of Fine AL₂O₃Granules as Catalyst Carrier by an Extrusion/Spheronization Method." Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (June 2008): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.361.

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The effect of formulation (filler’s kind and amount, liquid’s kind and concentration required for granulation) and spheronization time on characterization of alumina based pellets parameters (pellets size distribution, roundness and aspect ratio) were investigated. Two schemes were successfully proofed by extrusion/spheronization. The mean volume particle diameter was found to have a profound effect on the formulation and processing parameters. Alumina powder with large mean volume particle diameter showed different mechanism of action with coupling agent. With the surface modification, the water required for granulation had decreased. The existing formal and kinematic velocity of the water had a direct effect on the processing parameter of the extrusion and spheronization. Spheronization time from 2 to 10 min had a pronounced effect on roundness and aspect ratio. No changes in roundness and aspect ratio were observed from 10 to 20 min of spheronization time.

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2

Rojas, John, and David Correa. "ASSESSMENT OF THE PRODUCTION VARIABLES ON THE PELLETIZATION PROPERTIES OF MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE II (MCCII)." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 10 (2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i10.20580.

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Objective: To study microcrystalline cellulose II (MCCII) as new pelletization aid using the extrusion/spheronization technology.Methods: The effect of the spheronization rate and spheronization time was assessed by a response surface design. The shape descriptors and physical properties of pellets were taken as response variables. Approximately, 30 g of MCCII were hydrated, passed through a # 20 mesh sieve and spheronizated at frequencies of 6, 9 and 12 Hz and residence times of 15, 240 and 480 s in 9 experimental runs. In a separate experimental set, moisture levels of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% were employed at the optimal operating conditions of 6 Hz and 480 s. A microscopy analysis was used to evaluate the shape descriptors. Pellets properties such as compressibility, friability, porosity, strength, flow rate and mass were also evaluated.Results: Pellets having a small size and a high value of shape descriptors related to morphology were obtained employing a spheronization rate and spheronization time of 6Hz and 480s and 100% wetting level. The spheronization time increased pellet densification but decreased the total porosity. Pellet mass was also favoured by using high spheronization rates. A high moisture level (>100%) rendered pellets having a large size, mass, low porosity and good yield. Conversely, pellet size decreased as sample load increased, whereas porosity and compressibility increased as sample load augmented.Conclusion: MCCII offers the potential for use as an alternative pelletization agent rendering pellets having a good flowability, high mechanical strength and low friability at the optimal operational conditions.

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3

Jain, Satishkumar P., Pirthi Pal Singh, and Purnima D. Amin. "Alternative extrusion–spheronization aids." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 36, no. 11 (2010): 1364–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2010.482590.

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4

Iyer, R. M., L. L. Augsburger, D. G. Pope, and R. D. Shah. "Extrusion/Spheronization—Effect of Moisture Content and Spheronization Time on Pellet Characteristics." Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 1, no. 4 (1996): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10837459609031427.

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5

Santoso, Rahmat, and Fiqi Aliudin. "KAJIAN PUSTAKA FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI MIKROKAPSUL SALUT ENTERIK MENGGUNAKAN ACRYL-EZE® & SURETERIC DENGAN METODE PENGGABUNGAN MIKROENKAPSULASI DENGAN EKSTRUSI-SFERONISASI." Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 2, no. 3 (2020): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v2i3.89.

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Microcapsules were prepared by means of microencapsulation modified by the extrusion-spheronization method. The extrusion-spheronization method is used to cover the shortcomings of the microencapsulation method. The results showed that Acryl-eze and Sureterik can be used in coatings in producing microcapsules. The results of research evaluating the formulation of enteric acetosal coated microcapsules have not resulted in delayed release system that is in accordance with monographic requirements and dissolution profile testing has not shown the elimination stage. The results of the evaluation of the delayed release release system enteric coated microcapsule formulation met the requirements of monograph and dissolution profile test results, except for F3 in buffering conditions. The purpose of this literature review is to examine the enteric-coated microcapsule formulation using Acryl-eze® & Sureteric by combining microencapsulation and spheronization extrusion methods.

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6

Bueva, Viktorija Vladimirovna, Evgenija Viktorovna Blynskaja, Sergej Valer’evich Tishkov, Viktor Konstantinovich Alekseev, and Konstantin Viktorovich Alekseev. "General aspects of extrusion-spheronisation as a pellet production technique." Farmacevticheskoe delo i tehnologija lekarstv (Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology), no. 3 (June 15, 2022): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-13-2206-01.

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Various aspects of the extrusion-spheronisation technique as one of the most popular pellets production methods was considered in this review. The advantages of extrusion-spheronization in comparison with other methods are the ability to include high-dose pharmaceutical substances, combine two or more substances, as well as change the physical characteristics of initial material. In addition, the method allows to obtain particles with excellent flowability, low hygroscopicity, high sphericity, narrow particle size distribution and smooth surface The main advantages and disadvantages of the equipment used are shown, and the process initial parameters influence on the obtained material final properties is noted. Particular attention is paid to such stages of extrusion-spheronization as obtaining a wet mass and it’s following extrusion-spheronization, varying parameters of which is possible to change the pellets morphological and technological properties.

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7

Uličná, Miriam, Roman Fekete, Martin Juriga, Juraj Kabát, Peter Peciar, and Marian Peciar. "Influence of Die Length on Extrusion Pressure and Extrudate Surface Quality." Strojnícky časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 73, no. 1 (2023): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2023-0015.

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Abstract The extrusion process is very popular in industry. Nowadays, extrusion is also closely associated with the 3D printing process, but this article is focused on extrusion, as a process that is mainly associated with spheronization. The extrusion product is shaped in such a way that it is suitable for the ongoing spheronization process. With this two-step extrusion-spheronization (E–S) process, it is possible to create pellets with controlled high sphericity, which are desired in tablet and capsule production due to their easily characterized (and controlled) dosage profile and good flow properties. During extrusion, it is important to monitor several parameters. This post is dedicated to one of them and that is the length of the die and its effect on the extrusion pressure as well as the effect on the extrudate surface quality.

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8

Reitz, Claudia, and Peter Kleinebudde. "Spheronization of solid lipid extrudates." Powder Technology 189, no. 2 (2009): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2008.04.009.

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9

Kuvshynov, Oleksii, and Nataliia Kuvshynova. "SPHERONIZER WITH THE STUDY OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANULES." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 54, no. 5 (2022): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/5421.

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The article contains a description of the technological process in which the spheronizer is located on the basis of the extruder-spheronizer, its purpose and place in the technological scheme are considered. The study presents technical characteristics, considered the design and principle of action of the unit for spheronization, performed certain calculations that confirm the efficiency and reliability of the machine. The purpose of this article is to consider the spheronizer with the study of the dynamic characteristics of the granules. The spheronizer extruder, or spheronizer, is widely used in the granulation of spherical parts and granules. The working material for the spheronizer is non-spheroidal solid particles that turn into spheroids during the spheronization process. To optimize the production of spherical particles in a spheronizer, it is necessary to know all the intricacies of this process, therefore, in this work, the stress-strained state of extrudates, which undergo certain changes during the spheronization process, is investigated using the "finite element" method. The research is based on actual data obtained by different scientists, and on the results of the authors' own observations.

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10

M. P., Gowrav, Umme Hani, Hosakote G. Shivakumar, Riyaz Ali M. Osmani, and Atul Srivastava. "Polyacrylamide grafted guar gum based glimepiride loaded pH sensitive pellets for colon specific drug delivery: fabrication and characterization." RSC Advances 5, no. 97 (2015): 80005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra17257h.

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11

Sinha, Vivek Ranjan, M. K. Agrawal, A. Agarwal, Gurpreet Singh, and D. Ghai. "Extrusion-Spheronization: Process Variables and Characterization." Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 26, no. 3 (2009): 275–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v26.i3.20.

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12

GOSKONDA, S., G. HILEMAN, and S. UPADRASHTA. "Controlled release pellets by extrusion-spheronization." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 111, no. 1 (1994): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(94)90405-7.

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13

Tomer, G., F. Podczeck, and J. M. Newton. "The influence of model drugs on the preparation of pellets by extrusion/spheronization: II spheronization parameters." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 231, no. 1 (2002): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00876-6.

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14

Kanwar, Navjot, Rakesh Kumar, and V. R. Sinha. "Preparation and Evaluation of Multi-Particulate System (Pellets) of Prasugrel Hydrochloride." Open Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal 2, no. 1 (2015): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874844901502010074.

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Multiparticulate systems (pellets) of prasugrel hydrochloride were prepared by extrusion spheronization method using MCC (micro crystalline cellulose). Optimum spheronization time and method of drying were selected as the process parameters for the preparation of final batches. Various pellet properties were evaluated like size & shape analysis, flow properties, bulk & tapped density, friability, moisture content, drug content, in vitro release rate and in vivo pharmacodynamic studies. All pellet batches showed a narrow particle size distribution, good sphericity and excellent flow properties. Drug content and moisture content of different pellet batches were found in specified limits. The release kinetics of drug loaded MCC pellets followed Peppas model with Fickian diffusion of prasugrel from the pellets. In vivo pharmacodynamic studies exhibited improved bleeding time in pellet group when compared with the marketed tablet formulation.

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15

Dhari Jawad, Alaa, Ibrahim Richeh, and Ahmed Saleh. "DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS IN THE GRANULATION OF GAMMA ALUMINA CATALYST SUPPORT." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 11, no. 4 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2010.4.1.

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Granulation Technique for Gamma Alumina Catalyst Support was employed in inclined disk granulator (IDG), rotary drum granulator (RD) and extrusion – spheronization equipments .Product with wide size range can be produced with only few parameters like rpm of equipment, ratio of binder and angle of inclination. The investigation was conducted for determination the optimum operating conditions in the three above different granulation equipments.Results reveal that the optimum operating conditions to get maximum granulation occurred at ( speed: 31rpm , Inclination:420 , binder ratio:225,300% ) for the IDG,( speed: 68rpm , Inclination: 12.50 , binder ratio: 300% ) for the RD and ( speed:1200rpm , time of rotation: 1-2min )for the Caleva spheronizer used in the extrusion spheronization method. These results are compatible with similar works on granulation of different materials [1, 2, and 3].

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16

Manda, Arthur, Roderick Walker, and Sandile Khamanga. "An Artificial Neural Network Approach to Predict the Effects of Formulation and Process Variables on Prednisone Release from a Multipartite System." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 3 (2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030109.

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The impact of formulation and process variables on the in-vitro release of prednisone from a multiple-unit pellet system was investigated. Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to generate multivariate experiments. The extrusion-spheronization method was used to produce pellets and dissolution studies were performed using United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) Apparatus 2 as described in USP XXIV. Analysis of dissolution test samples was performed using a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. Four formulation and process variables viz., microcrystalline cellulose concentration, sodium starch glycolate concentration, spheronization time and extrusion speed were investigated and drug release, aspect ratio and yield were monitored for the trained artificial neural networks (ANN). To achieve accurate prediction, data generated from experimentation were used to train a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) using back propagation (BP) and the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) 57 training algorithm until a satisfactory value of root mean square error (RMSE) was observed. The study revealed that the in-vitro release profile of prednisone was significantly impacted by microcrystalline cellulose concentration and sodium starch glycolate concentration. Increasing microcrystalline cellulose concentration retarded dissolution rate whereas increasing sodium starch glycolate concentration improved dissolution rate. Spheronization time and extrusion speed had minimal impact on prednisone release but had a significant impact on extrudate and pellet quality. This work demonstrated that RSM can be successfully used concurrently with ANN for dosage form manufacture to permit the exploration of experimental regions that are omitted when using RSM alone.

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17

Steckel, H., and F. Mindermann-Nogly. "Production of chitosan pellets by extrusion/spheronization." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 57, no. 1 (2004): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0939-6411(03)00156-5.

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18

Wan, Lucy S. C., Paul W. S. Heng, and Celine V. Liew. "Spheronization conditions on spheroid shape and size." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 96, no. 1-3 (1993): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(93)90212-x.

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19

Heng, P. W. S., L. S. C. Wan, and B. L. Ling. "Assessment of powder cohesiveness in spheronization studies." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 116, no. 1 (1995): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(94)00276-b.

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20

Yoo, Angelina, та Peter Kleinebudde. "Spheronization of Small Extrudates Containing κ-Carrageenan". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 98, № 10 (2009): 3776–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.21665.

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21

M. Mahrous, Gamal. "KETOROLAC ENTERIC MATRIX PELLETS PRODUCED BY EXTRUSION / SPHERONIZATION." Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Assiut 33, no. 1 (2010): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfsa.2010.147023.

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22

Barkate, Akshay R., Sunil B. Bothara, Paresh R. Mahaparale, Priyanka S. Lohar, and Somnath B. Tambade. "Methods of Pelletization Using Extrusion – Spheronization: A Review." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research 18, no. 1 (2020): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25166/ijppr.2020.v18i01.029.

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23

Jadhav, Namdeo, Preeti Irny, Ashwini Mokashi, Pravin Souche, and Anant Paradkar. "Pelletization by Extrusion Spheronization Technique: An Excipient Review." Drug Delivery Letterse 2, no. 2 (2012): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210303111202020132.

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24

Jadhav, Namdeo, Preeti Irny, Ashwini Mokashi, Pravin Souche, and Anant Paradkar. "Pelletization by Extrusion Spheronization Technique: An Excipient Review." Drug Delivery Letters 2, no. 2 (2012): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210304x11202020132.

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25

O'connor, R. E., and J. B. Schwartz. "Spheronization II: Drug Release from Drug-Diluent Mixtures." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 11, no. 9-10 (1985): 1837–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639048509057702.

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26

Mahrous, G. M., M. A. Ibarhim, M. El-Badry, and F. K. Al-Anazi. "Indomethacin sustained release pellets prepared by extrusion-spheronization." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (2010): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50016-9.

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27

Koester, Martin, Emilie Willemsen, Cornelia Krueger, and Markus Thommes. "Systematic evaluations regarding interparticular mass transfer in spheronization." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 431, no. 1-2 (2012): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.045.

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28

Montoussé, C., M. Pruvost, F. Rodriguez, and C. Brossard. "Extrusion–Spheronization Manufacture of Gelucire® Matrix Beads." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 25, no. 1 (1999): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ddc-100102144.

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29

Dudhamal, S. S., P. S. Kawtikwar, and S. N. Nagoba. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF DISPERSIBLE PELLETS OF LAGENARIA SICERARIA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 6, no. 4 (2018): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v6i4.400.

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Lagenaria siceraria (Bottle gourd) is a common name in every household. Its medicinal values were identified many years ago, and still people use this plant for many disorders. Extrusion spheronization technique was employed for preparation of the pellets, to study the effect of crosscarmellose sodium, on it. The pellets were prepared by use of combination of Avicel PH 101 and lactose that indicated good flow properties. The superdisintegrant used was crosscarmellose sodium between concentration 2 to 8%, to study the effect of it on the pellets. The superdisintegrant showed low disintegration time at low concentration, while as the concentration of it increased, it extended the disintegration time. Thus, optimum concentration needs to be designed for successful formulation. Batch D3 of 6% crosscarmellose sodium concentration showed the requisite characteristic in terms of all the evaluation parameters, with DT up to 50 to 55 seconds. Thus, use of this superdisintegrant alone, but in low concentration, can be helpful, or else combination of this with other superdisintegrants can be approached, or else new superdisintegrants can be tried. Thus, the study indicated the effect of superdisintegrant for formulation of dispersible pellets. Keywords: Extrusion-Spheronization, Crosscarmellose sodium, Lagenaria siceraria, Pellets

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30

Dong, Huazhong, Yangshuai Qiu, Yigan Mai, Jilin Liu, Dahai You, and Kangkang Sun. "Quantifying the Impurity Distribution in Spherical Graphite: The Limitation of Flotation for Graphite Purification Explained." Minerals 14, no. 12 (2024): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14121187.

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Spherical graphite (SG) is a crucial raw material for the preparation of lithium-ion battery anodes. The rapid advancement of Li-ion battery materials has imposed rigorous demands on the production of ultrapure SG materials. However, SG derived from natural flake graphite (FG) via spheronization often fails to meet these quality requirements. This study investigates the physical and chemical properties of SG and the natural FG used in its production, employing techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, and various microscopy techniques. Results reveal that FG purified via flotation retains significant impurities, and the spheronization process yields only marginal improvements in SG quality. Most impurities are distributed in the intercalation of the graphite flakes, while a smaller fraction is contributed by flotation entrainment. These distributions were visualized using FIB-SEM-EDS analysis and quantified through additional flotation tests in highly dilute solutions. This study offers a promising strategy for determining the distribution of impurities in graphite minerals and explains the limitations of flotation in upgrading graphite materials from a more microscopic perspective. Furthermore, it provides practical guidance for further SG purification using hydrometallurgical leaching techniques.

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31

WAGHMARE, SHUBHAM M., NAMRATA N. MORE, SURAJ R. JAGTAP, TRUSHALI A. MANDHARE, GAURAV K. SONI, and AJAY Y. KALE. "TECHNIQUES AND EVALUATION TESTS FOR COLON CANCER TREATMENT USING PELLETS: A REVIEW." Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 4 (2024): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24092/crps.2023.130401.

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This review outlines the manufacturing process for globular pellets. The production method includes the following steps: drug stacking, displacement-merumerization, cryopelletization, shrink, balling, hot-soften extrusion generation, freeze pelletization, spray-drying, and spray-congealing. The benefits and risks of several pelletization methods were discussed. The current study's objective is to examine the efficacy of anticancer drugs and metal chelators in treating colorectal cancer (CRC). Phytic acid, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) PH 100 and 1 compile in the pellets, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and barium sulphate were processed utilizing the extrusion spheronization technology. To achieve colon-specific medication delivery, Eudragit S100 was layered over the ability pellets. Pellets have been praised for a variety of micromeritic and medicinal qualities. In the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-driven patient-derived zenograft (PDX) paradigm, the in vivo treatment potency separates the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic bounds. By chelating manganese, phytic acid, and five-FU combinations, they appear to provide more cytotoxic interest through a better reactive oxygen species (ROS) stage. Later pharmacokinetic studies showed a maximum 50% drop in Cmax within the finished setup, indicating decreased inherent exposure to the drug component. KEYWORDS: Pelletization, Merumerization, Drying, cancer, Spheronization, colorectal cancer.

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32

KOESTER. "New Insights into the Pelletization Mechanism by Extrusion/Spheronization." Scientia Pharmaceutica 78, no. 3 (2010): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.cespt.8.pms13.

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33

Bajaj, Poonam R., Shrikant A. Survase, Mahesh V. Bule, and Rekha S. Singhal. "Studies on Viability ofLactobacillus fermentumby Microencapsulation Using Extrusion Spheronization." Food Biotechnology 24, no. 2 (2010): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905436.2010.482010.

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34

Koester, Martin, and Markus Thommes. "New Insights into the Pelletization Mechanism by Extrusion/Spheronization." AAPS PharmSciTech 11, no. 4 (2010): 1549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12249-010-9532-7.

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35

Goskonda, Sanjay R., and Sathyanarayana M. Upadrashta. "Avicel RC-591/Chitosan Beads by Extrusion-Spheronization Technology." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 19, no. 8 (1993): 915–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639049309062991.

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36

Sandler, Niklas, Jukka Rantanen, Jyrki Heinämäki, Meike Römer, Martti Marola, and Jouko Yliruusi. "Pellet manufacturing by extrusion-spheronization using process analytical technology." AAPS PharmSciTech 6, no. 2 (2005): E174—E183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/pt060226.

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37

Muley, Sagar, Tanaji Nandgude, and Sushilkumar Poddar. "Extrusion–spheronization a promising pelletization technique: In-depth review." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 6 (2016): 684–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2016.08.001.

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38

Law, M. F. L., and P. B. Deasy. "Effect of common classes of excipients on extrusion-spheronization." Journal of Microencapsulation 14, no. 5 (1997): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02652049709006817.

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39

S., Shelar Vishwas, Shirolkar Satish V., and Kale Rupali N. "FORMULATION OPTIMIZATION OF PROMETHAZINE THEOCLATE IMMEDIATE RELEASE PELLETS BY USING EXTRUSION-SPHERONIZATION TECHNIQUE." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 1 (2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018v10i1.20350.

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Objective: Promethazine theoclate is a BCS Class II drug having anti-histaminic property and mainly used for the treatment of motion sickness and postoperative emesis. The main objective of the research work was to formulate and optimize immediate release pellets of promethazine theoclate by using the extrusion-spheronization technique to offer immediate release dosage form suitable for treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness and post-operative conditions.Methods: Immediate release pellets of promethazine theoclate were prepared by using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and corn starch as filler and disintegrant respectively along with other excipients. Pellet formulation was further optimized for bulk density, disintegration time and percent drug release after 10 min. using 32 factorial design. Formulations were also characterized for drug-polymer interactions using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and other physicochemical properties.Results: Optimised pellet formulation contains 2.5:4.5:1 ratio of MCC: Corn Starch: Drug and spheronization time of 60 seconds showing highest percent yield of 78% and immediate drug release of 100.52±0.65% after 10 min.Conclusion: Promethazine theoclate pellets formulated in this study can serve as an alternative to tablet dosage form which can give immediate drug release for treatment of motion sickness and postoperative emesis.

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40

Thio, Daniel Robin, Paul Wan Sia Heng, and Lai Wah Chan. "MUPS Tableting—Comparison between Crospovidone and Microcrystalline Cellulose Core Pellets." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 12 (2022): 2812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122812.

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Multi-unit pellet system (MUPS) tablets were fabricated by compacting drug-loaded pellets of either crospovidone or microcrystalline cellulose core. These pellets were produced by extrusion-spheronization and coated with ethylcellulose (EC) for a sustained drug release function. Coat damage due to the MUPS tableting process could undermine the sustained release function of the EC-coated pellets. Deformability of the pellet core is a factor that can impact the extent of pellet coat damage. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the relative performance of drug-loaded pellets prepared with either microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or crospovidone (XPVP) as a spheronization aid and were comparatively evaluated for their ability to withstand EC pellet coat damage when compacted. These pellets were tableted at various compaction pressures and pellet volume fractions. The extent of pellet coat damage was assessed by the change in drug release after compaction. The findings from this study demonstrated that pellets spheronized with XPVP had slightly less favorable physical properties and experienced comparatively more pellet coat damage than the pellets with MCC. However, MUPS tablets of reasonable quality could successfully be produced from pellets with XPVP, albeit their performance did not match that of vastly mechanically stronger pellets with MCC at higher compaction pressure.

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41

Evers, Maria, Amelie Mattusch, Dominik Weis, Edwin Garcia, Sergiy Antonyuk, and Markus Thommes. "Elucidation of mass transfer mechanisms in pellet formation by spheronization." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 160 (March 2021): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.01.013.

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42

Beringhs, André O., Fagner M. Souza, Angela M. de Campos, Humberto G. Ferraz, and Diva Sonaglio. "Technological development of Cecropia glaziovi extract pellets by extrusion-spheronization." Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 23, no. 1 (2013): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-695x2012005000123.

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43

Rhee, Yun-Seok, Jae-Hwi Lee, Beom-Jin Lee, and Eun-Seok Park. "Controlled-Release Pelletized Dosage Forms Using the Extrusion-Spheronization Process." Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation 40, spc (2010): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4333/kps.2010.40.s.103.

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44

Xia, Yu, Chun-Yang Shi, Jian-Guo Fang, and Wen-Qing Wang. "Approaches to developing fast release pellets via wet extrusion-spheronization." Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 23, no. 5 (2016): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2016.1265556.

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45

Thommes, Markus, and Peter Kleinebudde. "The Behavior of Different Carrageenans in Pelletization by Extrusion/Spheronization." Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 13, no. 1 (2008): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10837450701702537.

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46

Zhang, Guohua, Joseph B. Schwartz, and Roger L. Schnaare. "Effect of Spheronization Technique on Drug Release from Uncoated Beads." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 16, no. 7 (1990): 1171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639049009114935.

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47

Rodriguez-Gómez, A., S. Anguiano-Igea, F. J. Otero-Espinar, and J. Blanco-Méndez. "Effect of bioadhesive polymers on pellets obtained by extrusion/spheronization." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 4 (September 1996): S176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(97)86533-5.

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48

Otero-Espinar, F. J., A. Luzardo-Alvarez, and J. Blanco-Méndez. "Non-MCC materials as extrusion-spheronization aids in pellets production." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 20, no. 4 (2010): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50047-9.

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49

Gomez-Amoza, J. L., and R. Martinez-Pacheco. "Influence of microstructure on drug release from extrusion-spheronization pellets." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 20, no. 4 (2010): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50048-0.

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Petrovick, Gustavo Freire, and Jörg Breitkreutz. "Spheronization of solid lipid extrudates: Elucidation of spheroid formation mechanism." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 125 (April 2018): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.01.017.

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