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Journal articles on the topic '[SPI'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Li, Stephen, and Rodney DeKoter. "Novel role of the E26 transformation-specific transcription factor Spi-C for B cell development and function (IRM8P.703)." Journal of Immunology 192, no. 1_Supplement (2014): 127.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.127.4.

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Abstract Transcription factors of the E26 transformation-specific family are critically important for regulating B cell development and function. Spi-B and Spi-C are highly related E26 transformation-specific transcription factors that can bind to identical DNA sequences in the genome. Spib-/- mice have reduced follicular and increased marginal zone B cell frequencies compared to WT mice. Spib-/- B cells are defective in BCR signaling, and cannot generate T-dependent antibody responses. Spi-C is expressed in developing B cells, but its function in B cell development and function is not clear.

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El Hakim, Lukman, and Pinta Deniyanti Sampoerno. "Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Penalaran Matematis Siswa melalui Model Pembelajaran Treffinger pada Materi SPLDV di Kelas VIII-1 SMPN 3 Tangerang Selatan." JURNAL RISET PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA SEKOLAH 4, no. 1 (2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jrpms.041.05.

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Abstrak Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa melalui model pembelajaran Treffinger di kelas VIII-1 SMPN 3 Tangerang Selatan. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah kelas VIII-1 yang terdiri atas 38 siswa dengan 16 siswa laki-laki dan 22 siswa perempuan. Fokus pengamatan pada dua siswa masing-masing pada kelompok atas, sedang, dan rendah pada materi pembelajaran Sistem Persamaan Linier Dua Variabel (SPLDV). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam 3 siklus. Setiap siklus meliputi tahapan perencanaan, pelaksanaa

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Kondić, Danijela, Đurađ Hajder, Nataša Pajović, Biljana Kukavica, and Zoran Jovović. "Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) Genotypes from the Western Balkan Countries." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 19, no. 3 (2018): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1803185k.

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The yield components participate in the formation of the overall yield and vary within the genotype and environmental factors. The aim of this research was to evaluate yield components of spelt genotypes originating from different Western Balkan countries. Spelt genotypes were examined during two growing seasons 2015/16 and 2016/17 in the agro-ecological conditions of Banja Luka. Nine spelt genotypes were used, i.e. landrace Sitnica from Manjača mountain (the Republic of Srpska, B&H), seven Montenegrin landraces KP34LJ5-1/34 (SP1), KR16LJ5-1/16 (SP2), KR29LJ5-1/29 (SP3), KR12LJ5-1/12 (SP4)

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Cahyadi, Redi, Rossie Wiedya Nusantara, and Muhammad Nuriman. "POPULASI DAN KEANEKARAGAMAN BAKTERI PELARUT FOSFAT PADA BEBERAPA PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI KECAMATAN SEBAWI KABUPATEN SAMBAS." Jurnal Sains Pertanian Equator 13, no. 2 (2024): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jspe.v13i2.75185.

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Identifikasi bakteri pelarut fosfat (BPF) diperlukan untuk mengetahui jumlah, keanekaragaman dan kemampuannya melarutkan fosfat pada suatu lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan populasi dan keanekaragaman bakteri pelarut fosfat pada tiga tipe penggunaan lahan yang berbeda dan mengkaji kemampuan bakteri dalam melarutkan fosfat menggunakan media pikovskaya. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Rantau Panjang Kecamatan Sebawi Kabupaten Sambas. Lokasi penelitian merupakan lahan jeruk siam, lahan padi dan lahan jeruk siam tumpangsari padi.Jumlah titik sampel sebanyak 5 titik dari hasil komposit

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Buschini, MLT, NA Borba, and AD Brescovit. "Patterns of prey selection of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) lactitarse Saussure (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in southern Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 3 (2008): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000300008.

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This study was carried out in the Parque Municipal das Araucárias, in the municipality of Guarapuava, southern Brazil. A total of 449 T. lactitarse nests were collected using trap-nests of different diameters. Fifty three species of spiders belonging to 7 families were captured by T. lactitarse. Araneidae was the most captured family and has been strongly represented by the genus Eustala. Through Bray-Curtis's coefficient and the unweighted pair group method average (UPGMA), the spiders species can be divided into 3 groups: the smaller group includes the most abundant species (Eustala sp1, Eus

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Adnan, Rana Muhammad, Reham R. Mostafa, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam, Alireza Docheshmeh Gorgij, Alban Kuriqi, and Ozgur Kisi. "Improving Drought Modeling Using Hybrid Random Vector Functional Link Methods." Water 13, no. 23 (2021): 3379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13233379.

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Drought modeling is essential in water resources planning and management in mitigating its effects, especially in arid regions. Climate change highly influences the frequency and intensity of droughts. In this study, new hybrid methods, the random vector functional link (RVFL) integrated with particle swarm optimization (PSO), the genetic algorithm (GA), the grey wolf optimization (GWO), the social spider optimization (SSO), the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) and the hunger games search algorithm (HGS) were used to forecast droughts based on the standard precipitation index (SPI). Monthly precipit

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Han, Dong, Chun-Hui Zhang, and Marie-Laure Fauconnier. "Effect of Seasoning Addition on Volatile Composition and Sensory Properties of Stewed Pork." Foods 10, no. 1 (2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010083.

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The study aimed to investigate the influence of seasoning formulations (SP1: water; SP2: water and salt; SP3: water, salt and spices; SP4: water, salt, spices and soy sauce; SP5: water, salt, spices, soy sauce, sugar; SP6: water, salt, spices, soy sauce, sugar and cooking wine) on the volatile profiles and sensory evaluation of stewed pork. Volatile compounds were extracted using solid phase microextraction (SPME), then analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O) and two-dimensional gas chromatographic combined with time-of-fight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). T

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Ta, Zhijie, Kaiyu Li, Yang Yu, and Meilin Yang. "Projections of Future Drought by CMIP5 Multimodel Ensembles in Central Asia." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (2022): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020232.

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Future changes in drought characteristics in Central Asia are projected at the regional scale using 21 climate models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Based on the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), drought characteristics were characterized by drought frequency at 1-, 3-, and 12-month timescales. The drought duration was analyzed based on SPI1 and SPEI1. Drought indices were calculated by the multimodel ensemble (MME) from 21 CMIP5 models. The varimax rotation method was used to identify drou

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Mohammadi, Babak. "Modeling Various Drought Time Scales via a Merged Artificial Neural Network with a Firefly Algorithm." Hydrology 10, no. 3 (2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10030058.

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Drought monitoring and prediction have important roles in various aspects of hydrological studies. In the current research, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) was monitored and predicted in Peru between 1990 and 2015. The current study proposed a hybrid model, called ANN-FA, for SPI prediction in various time scales (SPI3, SPI6, SPI18, and SPI24). A state-of-the-art firefly algorithm (FA) has been documented as a powerful tool to support hydrological modeling issues. The ANN-FA uses an artificial neural network (ANN) which is coupled with FA for Lima SPI prediction via other stations.

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Suanggana, D., C. Qalbi AM, F. Fijatmoko, and GA Duma. "Analysis of the Characteristics of Rice Husk and Pinecone Bio-briquettes with Tapioca Flour Adhesive." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2739, no. 1 (2024): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2739/1/012003.

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Abstract Making bio briquettes is one way to produce environmentally friendly and renewable energy. Biobriquette raw materials can come from rice husk and pinecone waste, often found in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the characteristics of bio briquettes from a mixture of rice husks and pinecones with tapioca flour adhesive, including moisture content and calorific value, and to determine the characteristics of the best mixture based on SNI 01-6235-2000 standards. This study uses an experimental method where rice husks and pinecones are first converted into charcoal by a carbonization

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Pei, Zhifang, Shibo Fang, Lei Wang, and Wunian Yang. "Comparative Analysis of Drought Indicated by the SPI and SPEI at Various Timescales in Inner Mongolia, China." Water 12, no. 7 (2020): 1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071925.

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The global climate is noticeably warming, and drought occurs frequently. Therefore, choosing a suitable index for drought monitoring is particularly important. The standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) are commonly used indicators in drought monitoring. The SPEI takes temperature into account, but the SPI does not. In the context of global warming, what are their differences and applicability in regional drought monitoring? In this study, after calculating the SPI and SPEI at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month timescales at 102 meteorol

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Faye, Cheikh. "Comparative Analysis of Meteorological Drought based on the SPI and SPEI Indices." HighTech and Innovation Journal 3 (March 15, 2022): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/hij-sp2022-03-02.

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The management of water resources in our states has become increasingly difficult in recent times due to the frequency and intensity of droughts. In the context of climate change, extreme weather and climate phenomena such as floods and droughts that are increasingly occurring have adverse consequences on the socio-economic development of the Senegalese territory. Droughts that affect water availability, agricultural production, and livestock operations are generally identified and characterized using drought indices. The objective of this paper is to analyze the hydrological drought trend in

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Xing, Guangliang, Tianran Hui, Jia Liu, and Siran Yang. "Impact of Transglutaminase-Mediated Crosslinking on the Conformational Changes in a Dual-Protein System and IgE Reactivity of Soy Protein." Molecules 29, no. 14 (2024): 3371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143371.

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Transglutaminase (TGase)-catalyzed crosslinking has gained substantial traction as a novel strategy for reducing allergenic risk in food proteins, particularly within the realm of hypoallergenic food production. This study explored the impact of TGase crosslinking on conformational changes in a binary protein system composed of soy protein isolate (SPI) and sodium caseinate (SC) at varying mass ratios (10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7 (w/w)). Specifically, the immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding capacity of soy proteins within this system was examined. Prolonged TGase crosslinking (ranging from 0 h to 15 h) res

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Li, Lingcheng, Dunxian She, Hui Zheng, Peirong Lin, and Zong-Liang Yang. "Elucidating Diverse Drought Characteristics from Two Meteorological Drought Indices (SPI and SPEI) in China." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 7 (2020): 1513–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0290.1.

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AbstractThis study elucidates drought characteristics in China during 1980–2015 using two commonly used meteorological drought indices: standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized precipitation–evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The results show that SPEI characterizes an overall increase in drought severity, area, and frequency during 1998–2015 compared with those during 1980–97, mainly due to the increasing potential evapotranspiration. By contrast, SPI does not reveal this phenomenon since precipitation does not exhibit a significant change overall. We further identify individual

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Ariyanto, Dwi Priyo, Abdul Aziz, Komariah Komariah, Sumani Sumani, and Magarsa Abara. "Comparing the accuracy of estimating soil moisture using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 17, no. 1 (2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v17i1.41396.

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<span>The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) are used to monitor and identify different types of drought, including meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural droughts. This study evaluates the accuracy of estimating soil moisture levels using the two indexes. The analysis correlated the SPI and the SPEI over three years (November 2016–October 2019) using <em>Rstudio</em>, with average monthly soil moisture taken using a Soil Moisture Sensor; 3-, 6- and 12-months SPI and SPEI showed a positive correlat

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Ünal, Ayça. "Drought and Trend Analysis of Rize Station with Standardized Precipitation Index and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index Methods." Journal of Nature, Science & Technology 2, no. 3 (2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/janset.2022.6774.

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Since ancient times, drought has been one of the worst natural disasters that humanity has experienced. Drought, which is likely to occur locally or regionally can be defined as the lack of precipitation in a certain period of time. Objectively determining long-term droughts in advance enables taking measures against drought. Estimation of drought is of great importance in order to reduce the socio-economic, agricultural, and environmental negative effects that drought may cause. One method used in determining drought is the drought indices, which are found with the help of precipitation value

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Zhao, Qingzhi, Xiongwei Ma, Wanqiang Yao, Yang Liu, and Yibin Yao. "A Drought Monitoring Method Based on Precipitable Water Vapor and Precipitation." Journal of Climate 33, no. 24 (2020): 10727–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0971.1.

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AbstractPrecipitable water vapor (PWV) with high precision and high temporal resolution can be obtained based on the global navigation and satellite positioning system (GNSS) technique, which is important for GNSS in disaster prevention and mitigation. However, related studies on drought monitoring using PWV have rarely been performed before, which becomes the focus of this paper. This paper proposes a novel drought monitoring method using GNSS-derived PWV and precipitation, and a multi-time-scale standardized precipitation conversion index (SPCI) is established. This index is different from t

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Santoso, Soekirno, Ananda Naufal, Subyantara Wicaksana Haryas, et al. "Design of drought early warning system based on standard precipitation index prediction using hybrid ARIMA-MLP in Banten Province." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 13, no. 2 (2024): 1878–87. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v13.i2.pp1878-1887.

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Drought early warning system (DEWS) is an effort to disseminate early warning information based on climate and hydrology aspects. The DEWS design uses autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), multi layer perceptron (MLP), and hybrid ARIMA-MLP models to predict drought based on standard precipitation index (SPI) for 1 month (SPI1), 3 months (SPI3), and 6 months (SPI6). Predictions were made using ERA5 monthly rainfall data from 1981-2022 corrected based on observation data on 9 grids of observation rain gauges in Banten Province. The design of the ARIMA model is determined by selecting

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AKTÜRK, Gaye, Utku ZEYBEKOĞLU, and Osman YILDIZ. "Drought Investigation Using SPI and SPEI Methods: A Case Study in Kırıkkale." Uluslararası Muhendislik Arastirma ve Gelistirme Dergisi 14, no. 2 (2022): 762–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29137/umagd.1100886.

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Kuraklık, çeşitli sosyal ve çevresel etkileri olan en önemli doğal afetlerden biridir. Bu nedenle, kuraklığı izlemek için özellikle uygun bir indeks seçmek çok önemlidir. Standartlaştırılmış Yağış İndisi (SPI) ve Standartlaştırılmış Yağış Evapotranspirasyon İndisi (SPEI) kuraklık izlemede yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yarı kurak özelliklere sahip Kırıkkale ilinde kuraklığın gelişimini ve özelliklerini incelemek amacıyla SPI ve SPEI yöntemleri kullanılarak kuraklık analizi yapılmıştır. Kırıkkale meteoroloji istasyonundan 1963-2018 yılları arasında aylık yağış ve sıcaklık veriler

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Liu, Fengping, Xu Wang, Yuhu Chang, et al. "Multivariate Drought Risk Analysis for the Weihe River: Comparison between Parametric and Nonparametric Copula Methods." Water 15, no. 18 (2023): 3283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15183283.

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This study analyzed the multivariate drought risks for the Wei River basin by characterizing the interdependence between the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). Both parametric and nonparametric copulas were adopted to quantify the dependence between the SPI and SPEI. The results indicated that the Gaussian copula demonstrated the best fit in most cases, while the nonparametric copula method showed superiority over the parametric models at only one out of eighteen meteorological stations. The joint return periods (TOR, TAND

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OLASORE, Adeyemi Joshua, Adebayo Ebenezer OLAGBAIYE, Taiwo Adedayo AJAYI, and Peter Oluwatobi ALABI. "Drought Monitoring in Northern Nigeria Using Four (4) Indices." International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 8, no. 1 (2021): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.8.1.3.

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Drought can generally be defined as the extreme persistence of precipitation deficit over a region for a specific period. Eight study locations were picked from the Sudano-Sahelian agro-ecological zones of Nigeria (Bauchi, Bida. Kaduna, Kano, Maiduguri. Sokoto, Nguru, and Katsina) from 1981 to 2015. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Precipitation Evaporation Index- Thornthwaite (SPEI.T), Standardized Precipitation Evaporation Index-Hargreaves (SPEI-H) and Standardized Precipitation Evaporation Index-penman (SPEI-P) were used as the primary indicators of meteorological an

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Ahmadebrahimpour, Edris, Babak Aminnejad, and Keivan Khalili. "Assessing future drought conditions under a changing climate: a case study of the Lake Urmia basin in Iran." Water Supply 19, no. 6 (2019): 1851–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.062.

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Abstract This study was conducted to assess the impacts of climate change on drought over the Lake Urmia basin, Iran. Drought events for 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100 were analyzed based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and were compared with the adopted baseline period (1976–2005). The SPI and SPEI were calculated using the precipitation and temperatures obtained from the second-generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and RCP 8.5 as optimistic and

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Ejaz, Nuaman, and Jarbou Bahrawi. "Assessment of Drought Severity and Their Spatio-Temporal Variations in the Hyper Arid Regions of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Case Study from Al-Lith and Khafji Watersheds." Atmosphere 13, no. 8 (2022): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081264.

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The goal of this study is to calculate meteorological drought using the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for the Al-Lith and Khafji basins of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) from 2001 to 2020. The in situ (rain gauges, RGs) and Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) data are used in the current study. The meteorological drought is monitored across the AL-Lith and Khafji watersheds. The climate of the Khafji watershed is like the climate of Al-Lith to some extent. Still, due to complex terrain, Al-Lith receives relati

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Kingston, Daniel G., and Eleanor J. Treadwell. "Trends in national and regional scale drought in New Zealand." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 383 (September 16, 2020): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-307-2020.

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Abstract. Drought is a critical natural hazard in New Zealand, affecting both agricultural production and hydro-electric generation. However, the detection and characterisation of drought events are complicated by the range of different drought metrics available. Here, time-series variation in drought is investigated for New Zealand using two commonly used indices: the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Both the SPI and SPEI are calculated from WATCH Forcing ERA-Interim data (a bias-corrected version of ERA-Interim). Analy

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Kim, Seok-Woo, Jiyoung Yoo, and Tae-Woong Kim. "Nonlinear Dynamics and Time-Lag Analysis of the Structural Differences between Precipitation-based Drought Indices: Focusing on the Regional Sensitivity Classification." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 25, no. 3 (2025): 23–32. https://doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2025.25.3.23.

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Global climate change is increasing the frequency, intensity, and duration of droughts, thus posing a significant and dynamic threat to both natural and socioeconomic systems. This study applied dynamic system indicators to the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) in order to analyze their structural features, time lags, event responses, and regional sensitivity. Interrelationship analysis of the SPI-SPEI, focusing on dynamic time lags and nonlinear dependencies, revealed complex temperature-influenced drought patterns. The perfo

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Isia, Ismallianto, Tony Hadibarata, Muhammad Noor Hazwan Jusoh, et al. "Drought Analysis Based on Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index and Standardized Precipitation Index in Sarawak, Malaysia." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (2022): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010734.

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Drought analysis via the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is necessary for effective water resource management in Sarawak, Malaysia. Rainfall is the best indicator of a drought, but the temperature is also significant because it controls evaporation and condensation. This study examined drought periods in the state of Sarawak using the SPI and SPEI based on monthly precipitation and temperature data from thirty-three rainfall stations during a forty-year period (1981–2020). This analysis of drought conditions revealed tha

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Lin, Weilun, and Shai Barbut. "Impact of Five Soy Proteins on Lean Chicken Breast Systems with Varying Moisture Contents: Cooking Loss, Texture, Microstructure, and T2 NMR." Foods 14, no. 3 (2025): 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030427.

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With increasing global meat consumption, meat–plant hybrid products have gained interest as a sustainable alternative. Soy proteins have been used in small quantities (2–3%) as meat extenders, yet limited data exist on their use at higher levels. Here, five commercial soy proteins (four isolates: SPI-A to -D; one concentrate: SPC) were used for meat replacement in lean meat batters with 0/40/80% added water. Cooking loss, texture, light micrographs, and T2 relaxation were analyzed. At 33% and 66% meat replacement, soy protein treatments maintained comparable or reduced cooking loss; SPI-D and

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Paulo, A. A., R. D. Rosa, and L. S. Pereira. "Climate trends and behaviour of drought indices based on precipitation and evapotranspiration in Portugal." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 5 (2012): 1481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1481-2012.

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Abstract. Distinction between drought and aridity is crucial to understand water scarcity processes. Drought indices are used for drought identification and drought severity characterisation. The Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) are the most known drought indices. In this study, they are compared with the modified PDSI for Mediterranean conditions (MedPDSI) and the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). MedPDSI results from the soil water balance of an olive crop, thus real evapotranspiration is considered, while SPEI uses

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MERGIA, GEZAHEGN. "Spatiotemporal analysis of meteorological drought in El Niño years over Oromia region, Ethiopia." Journal of Agrometeorology 26, no. 1 (2024): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v26i1.2329.

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Drought is one of the most common natural disasters globally, having major impacts on environmental, economic, and social conditions and Ethiopia is no exception particularly the Oromia region. In order to evaluate and characterize the meteorological droughts associated with El Niño years over the Oromia region, the satellite data CHIRPS was used. The monthly time series data for the period from 1991 to 2020 was used for temporal and spatial analysis of meteorological drought using standardized precipitation index (SPI) across SPI3, SPI6, SPI9 and SPI12 indices using GeoCLIM, GIS, and Python t

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Li, Yi, Chunyan Chen, and Changfeng Sun. "Drought severity and change in Xinjiang, China, over 1961–2013." Hydrology Research 48, no. 5 (2016): 1343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.026.

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Monthly climatic data from 53 sites across Xinjiang, China, were used to compare drought severity from the widely accepted Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) with the recently proposed Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), as well as trends in the data from 1961 to 2013. Monthly Thornthwaite based (ETo.TW) and Penman-Monteith based reference evapotranspiration (ETo.PM) were computed and subsequently used to estimate SPEITW and SPEIPM, respectively. The indices' sensitivity, spatiotemporal distributions and trends were analyzed. The results showed that the TW equation

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Bontogho, Tog-Noma Patricia Emma, Michelline Marie Regina Kansole, Mamounata Kabore, and Moussa Guira. "Comparative analyses of SPI and SPEI as drought characterization tools in Massili watershed, central Burkina Faso." International Journal of Hydrology Research 8, no. 1 (2023): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/ijhr.v8i1.3485.

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Assessment of hydrological drought indices in drought prone areas provides useful information for accurate and sustainable water resources management. However, meteorological drought estimation in ungauged basin remains less studied. The main objective of this study was to compare the ability of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to reproduce historiological drought within Massili basin. To this end, monthly historical rainfall and temperature time series spanning from 1960 to 2021 have been collected from the national agency o

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Messis, Mohamed-Sadek, Katarzyna Kubiak-Wójcicka, Azeddine Mebarki, and Abdelaaziz Merabti. "Spatio-Temporal Meteorological Drought Distribution in the Upper Cheliff Basin (Algeria) Using SPI and SPEI Indices." Climate 13, no. 6 (2025): 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13060123.

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This study investigates the spatio-temporal distribution of meteorological drought in the upper Cheliff basin, Algeria, downstream of the Boughzoul dam, between September 1982 and August 2021. This research use two drought indices—the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardised Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)—to evaluate drought trends, frequency, duration, severity, and number of events across various time scales (1 year, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months). The results identify five major drought periods (1983/84, 1993/94, 1987/88, 1999/200

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Hasan, Nivin Abdelrahim, Yang Dongkai, and Fayha Al-Shibli. "SPI and SPEI Drought Assessment and Prediction Using TBATS and ARIMA Models, Jordan." Water 15, no. 20 (2023): 3598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15203598.

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Drought is a complex threat where its propagation is not yet controllable, causing more environmental, social, and economic damage. This research assesses the effects of incessant warming and decrescent precipitation by calculating SPI and SPEI from 1985 to 2021 in the Amman –Zarqa Basin based on five grid points on time and space scales. The study applied the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) between each one-to-one index at different time scales and the Mann–Kendall test (MKT) to determine trends with different data sources to measure the inferential capturing of historical drought featu

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Kumar, Prem, Syed Feroz Shah, Rahim Bux Khokhar, Mohammad Aslam Uqaili, Laveet Kumar, and Raja Fawad Zafar. "Meteorological drought mitigation for combating climate change: a case study of southern Sindh, Pakistan." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 42, no. 3 (2023): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2303.14.

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A meteorological drought study is performed using monthly time scale data from three separate locations in southern Sindh, Pakistan. Rainfall and temperature have been used to identify the drought. These data were transformed into drought indices known as the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and standardized precipitation index (SPI), which were derived using (the Hargreaves equation). In this study, two indices are compared for three separate meteorological stations Chhor, Mithi, and Badin where most socioeconomic livelihoods depend heavily on water. The SPEI is prod

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Zhang, Qing, Lin Li, Lan Chen, Shuxiang Liu, Qiang Cui, and Wen Qin. "Effects of Sequential Enzymolysis and Glycosylation on the Structural Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Soybean Protein Isolate." Antioxidants 12, no. 2 (2023): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020430.

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The effects of limited hydrolysis following glycosylation with dextran on the structural properties and antioxidant activity of the soybean protein isolate (SPI) were investigated. Three SPI hydrolysate (SPIH) fractions, F30 (>30 kDa), F30-10 (10–30 kDa), and F10 (<10 kDa), were confirmed using gel penetration chromatography. The results demonstrated that the glycosylation of F30 was faster than that of F30-10 or F10. The enzymolysis caused the unfolding of the SPI to expose the internal hydrophobic cores, which was further promoted by the grafting of dextran, making the obtained conjuga

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Uetrecht, Charlotte, Kristina Lorenzen, Matthäus Kitel, et al. "Native mass spectrometry provides sufficient ion flux for XFEL single-particle imaging." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 3 (2019): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519002686.

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The SPB/SFX instrument at the European XFEL provides unique conditions for single-particle imaging (SPI) experiments due to its high brilliance, nano-focus and unique pulse structure. Promising initial results provided by the international LCLS (Linac Coherent Light Source) SPI initiative highlight the potential of SPI. Current available injection methods generally have high sample consumption and do not provide any options for pulsing, selection or orientation of particles, which poses a problem for data evaluation. Aerosol-injector-based sample delivery is the current method of choice for SP

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Bio Sidi D. Bouko, Abdoul-Aziz, Bing Gao, Jabir Abubakar, et al. "Characteristics of Meteorological Droughts Across Different Climatic Zones in Benin." Atmosphere 16, no. 5 (2025): 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050611.

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This study investigates meteorological drought characteristics across three climatic zones in Benin using the SPEI (Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index) and SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index). A comprehensive statistical approach was employed, including the Mann–Kendall trend test, drought duration and intensity analysis, Pearson correlation, cross-wavelet transform, and the Standardized Relative Air Humidity Index (SRHI), to assess drought patterns and trends. The findings indicate increasing consistency between SPI and SPEI trends at longer timescales, though significant

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Wisner, Amanda L. S., Taseen S. Desin, Birgit Koch, et al. "Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type III secretion system: role in intestinal colonization of chickens and systemic spread." Microbiology 156, no. 9 (2010): 2770–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.038018-0.

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Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) has been identified as a significant cause of salmonellosis in humans. Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2) each encode a specialized type III secretion system (T3SS) that enables Salmonella to manipulate host cells at various stages of the invasion/infection process. For the purposes of our studies we used a chicken isolate of S. Enteritidis (Sal18). In one study, we orally co-challenged 35-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with two bacterial strains per group. The control group rece

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Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M., Santiago Beguería, Jorge Lorenzo-Lacruz, et al. "Performance of Drought Indices for Ecological, Agricultural, and Hydrological Applications." Earth Interactions 16, no. 10 (2012): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2012ei000434.1.

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Abstract In this study, the authors provide a global assessment of the performance of different drought indices for monitoring drought impacts on several hydrological, agricultural, and ecological response variables. For this purpose, they compare the performance of several drought indices [the standardized precipitation index (SPI); four versions of the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI); and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI)] to predict changes in streamflow, soil moisture, forest growth, and crop yield. The authors found a superior capability of the SPEI and t

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Wen, Wei, Miao Hu, Yaxin Gao, et al. "Effect of Soy Protein Products on Growth and Metabolism of Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus lactis, and Streptomyces clavuligerus." Foods 13, no. 10 (2024): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13101525.

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Microbial nitrogen sources are promising, and soy protein as a plant-based nitrogen source has absolute advantages in creating microbial culture medium in terms of renewability, eco-friendliness, and greater safety. Soy protein is rich in variety due to different extraction technologies and significantly different in the cell growth and metabolism of microorganisms as nitrogen source. Therefore, different soy proteins (soy meal powder, SMP; soy peptone, SP; soy protein concentrate, SPC; soy protein isolate, SPI; and soy protein hydrolysate, SPH) were used as nitrogen sources to culture Bacillu

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Soekirno, Santoso, Naufal Ananda, Haryas Subyantara Wicaksana, et al. "Design of drought early warning system based on standardized precipitation index prediction using hybrid ARIMA-MLP in Banten province." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 13, no. 2 (2024): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v13.i2.pp1878-1887.

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Drought Early Warning System (DEWS) is an effort to disseminate early warning information based on climate and hydrology aspects. The DEWS design uses ARIMA, MLP, and hybrid ARIMA-MLP models to predict drought based on SPI for 1, 3, and 6 months. Predictions were made using ERA5 monthly rainfall data from 1981-2022 corrected based on observation data on 9 grids of observation rain gauges in Banten Province. The design of the ARIMA model is determined by selecting the combination of p and q parameters with the lowest AIC value, while the MLP architecture is determined by referring to the study

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Coll, J. R., E. Aguilar, M. Prohom, and J. Sigro. "Long-term drought variability and trends in Barcelona (1787-2014)." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 42, no. 1 (2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.2927.

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Long-term drought variability and trends were assessed in Barcelona at annual and seasonal scale for the period 1787-2014 and sub-periods 1851-2014, 1901-2014 and 1951-2014 to identify changes in drought patterns across time. High quality and adjusted monthly temperature and precipitation series were required for this purpose. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), based on precipitation, and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), based on the difference between precipitation and reference evapotranspiration (ET0), were calculated to describe temporal drought fluc

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Ndayiragije, Jean Marie, Fan Li, and Athanase Nkunzimana. "Assessment of Two Drought Indices to Quantify and Characterize Drought Incidents: A Case Study of the Northern Part of Burundi." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (2022): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111882.

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Droughts are natural catastrophes that cost the health and wealth of humans due to their harmful effects on the natural environment, ecology, hydrology, and agriculture in particular. Droughts are recurring incidents that last for prolonged periods of time in the northern part of Burundi. Despite the region being prone to drought and often suffering from dry conditions, drought has not been widely investigated. For the quantification and characterization of dryness conditions, this research utilized two drought indices, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Sta

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Cahya, Calvin, Ahmad, and Wilson Kosasih. "ANALISIS PEMILIHAN SUPPLIER KAIN PADA DISTRIBUTION CENTER DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE FUZZY ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (FAHP) DAN TOPSIS." Jurnal Mitra Teknik Industri 1, no. 3 (2022): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmti.v1i3.23499.

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   Permasalahan yang kini dihadapi oleh perusahaan ini yaitu adanya perbedaan dari berbagai aspek dari supplier yang ada perbedaan tersebut terkadang membuat perusahaan mengalami kesulitan dalam pengadaan barang dan dapat memberikan kerugian yang cukup besar bagi perusahaan ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan lima kriteria dalam menentukan supplier yang tepat yaitu, kriteria harga, kriteria pengiriman, kriteria kualitas, kriteria fleksibilitas, dan kriteria service. Perhitungan metode AHP, harga dengan bobot 0,484 yang diikuti oleh pengiriman, service, kualitas dan fleksibilitas

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Pandey, Varsha, Prashant K. Srivastava, Sudhir K. Singh, George P. Petropoulos, and Rajesh Kumar Mall. "Drought Identification and Trend Analysis Using Long-Term CHIRPS Satellite Precipitation Product in Bundelkhand, India." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (2021): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031042.

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Drought hazard mapping and its trend analysis has become indispensable due to the aggravated impact of drought in the era of climate change. Sparse observational networks with minimal maintenance limit the spatio-temporal coverage of precipitation data, which has been a major constraint in the effective drought monitoring. In this study, high-resolution satellite-derived Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) data has been used for computation of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The study was carried out in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India, known fo

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González-Gómez, Lorena, Sonia Morante-Zarcero, Damián Pérez-Quintanilla, et al. "Development and Characterization of SBA-15 Imprinted Polymers for Spiramycin Analysis." Separations 11, no. 8 (2024): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations11080247.

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This work focuses on the development of a hybrid material based on SBA-15 silica with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), using spiramycin (SPI) as a template, for use as sorbent in solid-phase extraction (SPE). Characterization techniques such as nitrogen gas adsorption–desorption isotherms, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the structure and properties of the SBA-15@MIP-SPI material. SPE conditions using SBA-15@MIP-SPI as sorbent were optimized, which allowed us to demonstrate the high selectivity and adsorption capacity of SPI on the synthesized material. T

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Yu, Xiaotong, Eunyoung Oh, and Yookyung Kim. "A comparative study on the functional properties of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae and soybean protein isolates and hydrolysates." International Food Research Journal 28, no. 4 (2021): 816–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.28.4.18.

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The present work aimed to compare the functional and antioxidant properties of mealworm larvae and soybean proteins at different processing steps. The mealworm larvae protein isolate (MPI) was hydrolysed with 2% alcalase at pH 8 and 60°C for 3 h to produce mealworm protein hydrolysate (MPH). The content of amino acids were higher in MPI than in soybean protein isolates (SPI), except for those of threonine, arginine, glutamic acid, and serine. MPI contained a higher amount of hydrophobic amino acids (941.4 µmol/L) than hydrophilic amino acids (697.1 µmol/L). The emulsifying activity, stability,

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Buschini, MLT, NA Borba, and AD Brescovit. "Prey selection in the trap-nesting wasp Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) opacum Brèthes (Hymenprtera; Crabronidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 70, no. 3 (2010): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842010000300009.

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The purpose of our research was to document and discuss the temporal patterns of prey use shown by the trap-nesting wasp Trypoxylon opacum in two different habitats in Southern Brazil. It was carried out from December 2001 to December 2004. Twenty nine species belonging to five families of spiders were captured by T. opacum. Araneidae was the most captured family and has been strongly represented by the genus Eustala. Through Bray-Curtis´s coefficient and the unweighted pair group method average (UPGMA), the spiders can be divided into three groups: the smaller group includes the most abundant

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TIWARI, MUKESH, and Manthankumar P. Brahmbhatt. "Forecasting Drought Indices using Artificial Neural Network and M5 Model Tree Techniques in Middle Gujarat Region of India." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 61, no. 3 (2024): 413–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2024613.1856.

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Developing accurate drought prediction models for drought risk assessment and management, and comprehending their effectiveness is a challenging task. This study employed artificial neural network (ANN) and M5 model tree models to forecast two drought indices, i.e., one month timescale standardized precipitation index (SPI-1) and one month timescale standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI-1) with one-month lead time for the middle Gujarat, India using 30-year (1986-2015) gridded dataset of rainfall and temperature. The models were developed considering one to twenty hidden ne

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Lotfirad, Morteza, Hassan Esmaeili-Gisavandani, and Arash Adib. "Drought monitoring and prediction using SPI, SPEI, and random forest model in various climates of Iran." Journal of Water and Climate Change 13, no. 2 (2021): 383–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.287.

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Abstract The aim of this study is to select the best model (combination of different lag times) for predicting the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index (SPEI) in next time. Monthly precipitation and temperature data from 1960 to 2019 were used. In temperate climates, such as the north of Iran, the correlation coefficients of SPI and SPEI were 0.94, 0.95, and 0.81 at the time scales of 3, 12, and 48 months, respectively. Besides, this correlation coefficient was 0.47, 0.35, and 0.44 in arid and hot climates, such as the southwest

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