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Journal articles on the topic 'Spin 3/2 particle'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Aravind, P. "Optimal quantum measurements for spin-1 and spin-3/2 particles." Quantum Information and Computation 1, no. 3 (2001): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic1.3-4.

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Positive operator valued measures (POVMs) are presented that allow an unknown pure state of a spin-1 particle to be determined with optimal fidelity when 2 to 5 copies of that state are available. Optimal POVMs are also presented for a spin-3/2 particle when 2 or 3 copies of the unknown state are available. Although these POVMs are optimal they are not always minimal, indicating that there is room for improvement.

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2

Ivashkevich, A. V., O. A. Vasiluyk, E. M. Ovsiyuk, V. V. Kisel, and V. M. Red’kov. "Spin 3/2 particle: Fradkin theory, nonrelativistic approximation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physics and Mathematics Series 57, no. 3 (2021): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-2430-2021-57-3-353-373.

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3

Simulik, V. M. "Relativistic Equations for Arbitrary Spin, Especially for the Spin s = 2." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 64, no. 11 (2019): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe64.11.1064.

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The further approbation of the equation for the particles of arbitrary spin introduced recently in our papers is under consideration. The comparison with the known equations suggested by Bhabha, Pauli–Fierz, Bargmann–Wigner, Rarita–Schwinger (for spin s =3/2) and other authors is discussed. The advantages of the new equations are considered briefly. The advantage of the new equation is the absence of redundant components. The important partial case of spin s =2 is considered in details. The 10-component Dirac-like wave equation for the spin s =(2,2) particle-antiparticle doublet is suggested.

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4

TORRES-GOMEZ, ALEXANDER, and KIRILL KRASNOV. "FERMIONS VIA SPINOR-VALUED ONE-FORMS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, no. 24 (2013): 1350113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13501133.

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Spinor-valued one-forms (Rarita–Schwinger fields) are normally used in the context of supergravity, where they describe spin 3/2 particles (gravitinos). Indeed, when decomposed into irreducible representations of the Lorentz group such a field contains both a spin 1/2 and a spin 3/2 component, and the Rarita–Schwinger Lagrangian is designed to make only the spin 3/2 propagate. The opposite construction is also known to be possible. We propose and study a new simple spinor-valued one-form field Lagrangian that describes a propagating spin 1/2 particle.

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5

Sargın, Ozan. "Fine-Tuned Spin-3/2 and the Hierarchy Problem." Advances in High Energy Physics 2020 (January 9, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7589025.

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In the past, Kundu et al. and Chakraborty et al. used extra scalar fields to cancel the quadratic divergences in the Higgs mass squared and they determined the mass of the required scalar field. In this work, a spin-3/2 particle has been used in the same manner to nullify the power-law divergences, and it is determined that the mass of the spin-3/2 particle resides in the ball park of the GUT scale.

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6

Delgado Acosta, E. G., V. M. Banda Guzmán та M. Kirchbach. "Gyromagnetic gs factors of the spin-1/2 particles in the (1/2+-1/2--3/2-) triad of the four-vector spinor, ψμ, irreducibility and linearity". International Journal of Modern Physics E 24, № 07 (2015): 1550060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301315500603.

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The gauged Klein–Gordon equation, extended by a gsσμνFμν/4 interaction, the contraction of the electromagnetic field strength tensor, Fμν, with the generators, σμν/2, of the Lorentz group in (1/2, 0) ⊕ (0, 1/2), and gs being the gyromagnetic factor, is examined with the aim to find out as to what extent it qualifies as a wave equation for general relativistic spin-1/2 particles transforming as (1/2, 0) ⊕ (0, 1/2) and possibly distinct from the Dirac fermions. This equation can be viewed as the generalization of the gs = 2 case, known under the name of the Feynman–Gell-Mann equation, the only o

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7

POLYAKOV, DIMITRI. "GRAVITATIONAL COUPLINGS OF HIGHER SPINS FROM STRING THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, no. 24 (2010): 4623–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1005041x.

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We calculate the interaction 3-vertex of two massless spin-3 particles with a graviton using vertex operators for spin-3 fields in open string theory, constructed in our previous work. The massless spin-3 fields are shown to interact with the graviton through the linearized Weyl tensor, reproducing the result by Boulanger, Leclercq and Sundell. This is consistent with the general structure of the non-Abelian 2-s-s couplings, implying that the minimal number of space–time derivatives in the interaction vertices of two spin-s and one spin-2 particle is equal to 2s-2.

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8

Chandra, N., and R. Ghosh. "Generation of entanglement between spin of an electron and polarization of a photon." Quantum Information and Computation 9, no. 1&2 (2009): 36–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic9.1-2-3.

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This paper shows an electron and a photon, emitted in two consecutive steps from an atom following the absorption of a single photon, may be entangled in the presence of the spin-orbit interaction only. This entanglement strongly depends upon the polarization of the absorbed and of the radiated photons, kinematics of two emitted particles, and dynamics of photoionization; however, the photoemission dynamics plays no role in this entanglement. This hybrid entanglement can be used in teleporting a quantum state encoded in a flying/stationary material particle onto a light pulse, or vice versa. S

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9

Margolin, Lia Leon. "Antisymmetrization of the wave functions consisting of spin-isospin and hyperspherical parts." EPJ Web of Conferences 303 (2024): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202430304003.

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In order to investigate few-particle hypernuclei within the framework of the Hyperspherical Function Method, it is necessary to obtain full wave functions that are anti-symmetric under particle interchange. These wave functions must include not only hyperspherical, but also spin-isospin parts. According to the Parentage Scheme of Symmetrization, N-particle hyperspherical functions (N=3,4,5,6…) symmetrized with respect to (N-1)-particles, can be obtained from the N-particle hyperspherical functions with arbitrary quantum numbers by the use of the transformation coefficients related with the per

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10

Ivashkevich, A. V., Ya A. Voynova, E. M. Оvsiyuk, V. V. Kisel, and V. M. Red’kov. "Spin 3/2 particle: Puali – Fierz theory, non-relativistic approximation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physics and Mathematics Series 56, no. 3 (2020): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-2430-2020-56-3-335-349.

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The relativistic wave equation is well-known for a spin 3/2 particle proposed by W. E. Pauli and M. E. Fierz and based on the 16-component wave function with the transformation properties of the vector-bispinor. In this paper, we investigated the nonrelativistic approximation in this theory. Starting with the first-order equation formalism and representation of Pauli – Fierz equation in the Petras basis, also applying the method of generalized Kronecker symbols and elements of the complete matrix algebras, and decomposing the wave function into large and small nonrelativistic constituents with

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11

de Paoli, M. G., and D. P. Menezes. "Particle Yields in Heavy Ion Collisions and the Influence of Strong Magnetic Fields." Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/479401.

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It is expected that the magnetic fields in heavy ion collisions are very high. In this work, we investigate the effects of a strong magnetic field on particle ratios within a thermal model of particle production. We model matter as a free gas of baryons and mesons under the influence of an external magnetic field varying from zero to30mπ2through an χ2fitting to some data sets of the STAR experiment. For this purpose, we use the Dirac, Rarita-Schwinger, Klein-Gordon, and Proca equations subject to magnetic fields in order to obtain the energy expressions and the degeneracy for spin 1/2, spin 3/

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12

Amooshahi, M. "Spin − 1 2 $-\frac {1}{2}$ Particle in an Absorbing Environment." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 54, no. 10 (2015): 3691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-015-2605-3.

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13

Itoi, Miho, Isabelle Maurin, Kamel Boukheddaden, et al. "Sub-micrometer particle size effects on metastable phases for a photoswitchable Co–Fe Prussian blue analog." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 8 (2022): 085110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0074165.

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Metastable phases of the photoswitchable molecular magnet K0.3Co[Fe(CN)6]0.77 ⋅ nH2O in sub-micrometer particles have been structurally investigated by synchrotron powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements. The K0.3Co[Fe(CN)6]0.77 ⋅ nH2O bulk compound (studied here with a sample having average particle size of 500 nm) undergoes a charge transfer coupled spin transition (CTCST), where spin configurations change between a paramagnetic CoII ( S = 3/2) –FeIII ( S = 1/2) high-temperature (HT) state and a diamagnetic CoIII ( S = 0) –FeII ( S = 0) low-temperature (LT) state. The bulk compound exhi

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14

PILOT, CHRISTOPHER, and SUBHASH RAJPOOT. "SUPERSYMMETRY WITH VECTOR-SPINOR GENERATORS." Modern Physics Letters A 04, no. 03 (1989): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773238900037x.

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15

Loide, R. K. R. "Theory of spin-3/2 particles." Soviet Physics Journal 30, no. 11 (1987): 982–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00898524.

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16

Kantar, Ersin. "Dynamic calculations of the core/shell structured Ising-type endohedral fullerenes: The effect of core and core/shell interaction." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 33 (2017): 1750307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917503079.

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In this study, we examine by comparing the dynamic magnetic and hysteretic properties of Ising-type endohedral fullerene (EF) with various dopant magnetic particles confined within a spherical cage. The model of EF X@C[Formula: see text] with X = spin-1/2, spin-1 and spin-3/2 is proposed to study the effect of the nature of core particle on the magnetic properties. The results were obtained by mean-field theory as well as Glauber-type stochastic dynamics, and focused on the response of thermal and hysteretic behaviors of systems. The system exhibits second- and first-order phase transitions. I

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17

Jaus, W., and W. S. Woolcock. "What is the correct propagator for a spin-3/2 particle?" Il Nuovo Cimento A 97, no. 1 (1987): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02733841.

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18

OLPAK, MEHMET ALI. "DIRAC EQUATION ON A CURVED (2+1)-DIMENSIONAL HYPERSURFACE." Modern Physics Letters A 27, no. 03 (2012): 1250016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732312500162.

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Interest on (2+1)-dimensional electron systems has increased considerably after the realization of novel properties of graphene sheets, in which the behavior of electrons is effectively described by relativistic equations. Having this fact in mind, the following problem is studied in this work: when a spin-1/2 particle is constrained to move on a curved surface, is it possible to describe this particle without giving reference to the dimensions external to the surface? As a special case of this, a relativistic spin-1/2 particle which is constrained to move on a (2+1)-dimensional hypersurface o

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19

Ivashkevich, A. V., E. M. Ovsiyuk, V. V. Kisel, and V. M. Red'kov. "Fradkin Equation for a Spin 3/2 Particle in an External Magnetic Field." Interdisciplinary Journal Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex System 27, no. 4 (2024): 341–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14512040.

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The first investigations of a spin 3/2 field were performed by Pauli and Fierz. Later, within the general approach of Gelfand and Yaglom to the theory of relativistic wave equations, a more general equation for spin 3/2 particle was proposed by Fradkin. This equation contains one additional parameter to present time, its physical interpretation is not understood, also no solutions for this equation are not known as well. In the present paper, the Fradkin equation has been solved in the presence of the uniform magnetic field.We apply the covariant tetrad formalism and use the system of cylindri

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20

Ivashkevich, A. V., E. M. Ovsiyuk, V. V. Kisel, and V. M. Red’kov. "Spherical solutions of the wave equation for a spin 3/2 particle." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 63, no. 3 (2019): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2019-63-3-282-290.

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The wave equation for a spin 3/2 particle, described by 16-component vector-bispinor, is investigated in spherical coordinates. In the frame of the Pauli–Fierz approach, the complete equation is split into the main equation and two additional constraints, algebraic and differential. The solutions are constructed, on which 4 operators are diagonalized: energy, square and third projection of the total angular momentum, and spatial reflection, these correspond to quantum numbers {ε, j, m, P}. After separating the variables, we have derived the radial system of 8 first-order equations and 4 additi

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21

Kisel, V. V., E. M. Ovsiyuk, A. V. Ivashkevich, and V. M. Red’kov. "Fradkin Equation for a Spin-3/2 Particle in the Presence of External Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 64, no. 12 (2019): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe64.12.1112.

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Fradkin’s model for a spin-3/2 particle in the presence of external fields is investigated. Applying the general Gel’fand–Yaglom formalism, we develop this model on the base of a set of six irreducible representations of the proper Lorentz group, making up a 20-component wave function. Applying the standard requirements such as the relativistic invariance, single nonzero mass, spin S =3/2, P-symmetry, and existence of a Lagrangian for the model, we derive a set of spinor equations, firstly in the absence of external fields. The 20-component wave function consists of a bispinor and a vector-bis

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22

FEHER, L. GY, and P. A. HORVATHY. "NON-RELATIVISTIC SCATTERING OF A SPIN-1/2 PARTICLE OFF A SELF-DUAL MONOPOLE." Modern Physics Letters A 03, no. 15 (1988): 1451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732388001744.

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The non-relativistic scattering of a spin-1/2 particle off a self-dual monopole reduces, for large distances, to the dyon problem studied previously by D’Hoker and Vinet. The S-matrix (calculated by Zwanziger’s algebraic method based on the O (3, 1) ⊕ O (3) dynamical symmetry discovered by D’Hoker and Vinet) is shown to factorize into the product of the spinless S-matrix S0 with a spin-dependent factor. The total cross-section is identical to the one found in the spinless case.

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23

Markov, Yu A., M. A. Markova, and A. I. Bondarenko. "Fourth-order wave equation in Bhabha–Madhavarao spin-3 2 theory." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 25 (2017): 1750144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17501445.

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Within the framework of the Bhabha–Madhavarao formalism, a consistent approach to the derivation of a system of the fourth-order wave equations for the description of a spin-[Formula: see text] particle is suggested. For this purpose an additional algebraic object, the so-called [Formula: see text]-commutator ([Formula: see text] is a primitive fourth root of unity) and a new set of matrices [Formula: see text], instead of the original matrices [Formula: see text] of the Bhabha–Madhavarao algebra, are introduced. It is shown that in terms of the [Formula: see text] matrices we have succeeded i

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24

Ivashkevich, Alina, Viktor Red’kov, and Artur Ishkhanyan. "Spin-2 Particle in Coulomb Field: Non-Relativistic Approximation." Symmetry 17, no. 7 (2025): 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071075.

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The primary objective of this paper is to derive a non-relativistic system of equations for a spin-2 particle in the presence of an external Coulomb field, solve these equations, and determine the corresponding energy spectra. We begin with the known radial system of 39 equations formulated for a free spin-2 particle and modify it to incorporate the effects of the Coulomb field. By eliminating the 28 components associated with vector and rank-3 tensor fields, we reduce the system to a set of 11 second-order equations related to scalar and symmetric tensor components. In accordance with parity

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25

AHLUWALIA, D. V., and D. J. ERNST. "(j, 0) ⊕ (0, j) COVARIANT SPINORS AND CAUSAL PROPAGATORS BASED ON WEINBERG FORMALISM." International Journal of Modern Physics E 02, no. 02 (1993): 397–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301393000145.

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A pragmatic approach to constructing a covariant phenomenology of the interactions of composite high-spin hadrons is proposed. Because there are no known wave equations without significant problems, we propose to construct the phenomenology without explicit reference to a wave equation. This is done by constructing the individual pieces of a perturbation theory and then utilizing the perturbation theory as the definition of the phenomenology. The covariant spinors for a particle of spin j are constructed directly from Lorentz invariance and the basic precepts of quantum mechanics following the

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26

Ozansoy, A., V. Arı, and V. Çetinkaya. "Search for Excited Spin-3/2 Neutrinos at LHeC." Advances in High Energy Physics 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1739027.

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We study the potential of the nextepcollider, namely, LHeC, with two optionss=1.3 TeV ands=1.98 TeV, to search for excited spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 neutrinos. We calculate the single production cross-section of excited spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 neutrinos according to their effective currents describing their interactions between gauge bosons and SM leptons. We choose theν⋆→eWdecay mode of excited neutrinos andW→jjdecay mode ofW-boson for the analysis. We put some kinematical cuts for the final state detectable particles and plot the invariant mass distributions for signal and the corresponding backgr

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27

Ivashkevich, A. V., Ya A. Voynova, E. M. Оvsiyuk, V. V. Kisel, and V. M. Red’kov. "Spin 3/2 particle: Puali – Fierz and Fradkin models, interaction with external fields." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physics and Mathematics Series 56, no. 3 (2020): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-2430-2020-56-3-350-360.

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28

Li, Ning, та Ya-Jie Wu. "On the determination of Ω − Ω scattering amplitudes from finite volume spectra". International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, № 35 (2016): 1650184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16501840.

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The elastic scattering phase shifts to the two-particle energy levels in a finite cubic box is related by the Lüscher’s formula. In this paper, based on the nonrelativistic quantum mechanics model which is usually assumed to be the low energy scattering case in lattice simulations, we confirmed the generalized Lüscher’s formula for the case of two-particle scattering with arbitrary spin in Ref. 1. In particular, Lüscher’s formula is synthesized for two-spin-3/2-particle scattering, i.e. [Formula: see text] scattering on lattice that may help us study the promising dibaryon states.

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29

ROY, ASHIM KUMAR. "GAUGE AND SHAPE INDEPENDENCE OF FRACTIONAL SPIN OF DEFORMED SOLITONS IN THE (2+1)-DIMENSIONAL O(3) σ MODEL". International Journal of Modern Physics A 11, № 04 (1996): 759–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x96000353.

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The O(3) nonlinear σ model with the Hopf term and with a Chern–Simons gauge coupling in 2+1 dimensions is considered for an understanding of the soliton shape and gauge dependence of the fractional spin and statistics exhibited by the particle-like solutions. Some explicit forms of the shape-defining (for the deformed solitons of these models) functions and the adiabatic time-dependent function are used to assess the fractional spin. In two different gauges, a proper and explicit analysis shows that the fractional spin is a truly gauge- as well as shape-independent entity. This demonstrates th

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30

Papadopoulos, C. T., and Et al. "High spin levels in 119Te." HNPS Proceedings 6 (February 19, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2921.

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High spin levels in 119Te have been populated following the 96Zr(30Si,α3n)119Te reaction at a beam energy of 135 MeV. The subsequent deexcitation was studied using γ-ray spectroscopic methods. New levels and several spin and parity assignments up to Jπ=55/2- were established. The decay scheme is characterized by single particle excitations. For the 39/2- level the fully aligned v(h11/2)^3 π(g7/2)^2 configuration is proposed, while the 55/2- level could be associated with the π(d5/2)^2 ν(h11/2)^5(g7/2)^-2 configuration.

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31

RINDANI, SAURABH D. "QUANTUM CONSISTENCY OF A GAUGE-INVARIANT THEORY OF A MASSIVE SPIN-3/2 PARTICLE INTERACTING WITH EXTERNAL FIELDS." Modern Physics Letters A 04, no. 13 (1989): 1237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773238900143x.

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A gauge-invariant theory of a massive spin-3/2 particle interacting with external electromagnetic and gravitational fields, obtained earlier by Kaluza-Klein reduction of a massless Rarita-Schwinger theory, is quantized using Dirac’s procedure. The field anticommutators are found to be positive definite. The theory, which was earlier shown to be free from the classical Velo-Zwanziger problem of noncausal propagation modes, is thus also free from the problem of negative-norm states, a longstanding problem associated with massive spin-3/2 theories with external interaction.

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32

KRUGLOV, S. I. ""SQUARE ROOT" OF THE PROCA EQUATION: SPIN-3/2 FIELD EQUATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 05 (2006): 1143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06024980.

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New equations describing particles with spin-3/2 are derived. The nonlocal equation with the unique mass can be considered as "square root" of the Proca equation in the same sense as the Dirac equation is related to the Klein–Gordon–Fock equation. The local equation describes spin-3/2 particles with three mass states. The equations considered involve fields with spin-3/2 and spin-1/2, i.e. multispin 1/2, 3/2. The projection operators extracting states with definite energy, spin, and spin projections are obtained. All independent solutions of the local equation are expressed through projection

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33

Bruce, S. A. "The Schrödinger Equation and Negative Energies." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 73, no. 12 (2018): 1129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2018-0321.

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AbstractIt is known that there is no room for anti-particles within the Schrödinger regime in quantum mechanics. In this article, we derive a (non-relativistic) Schrödinger-like wave equation for a spin-$1/2$ free particle in 3 + 1 space-time dimensions, which includes both positive- and negative-energy eigenstates. We show that, under minimal interactions, this equation is invariant under $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$ and 𝒞 discrete symmetries. An immediate consequence of this is that the particle exhibits Zitterbewegung (‘trembling motion’), which arises from the interference of positive- and neg

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KUZENKO, S. M., S. L. LYAKHOVICH, A. YU SEGAL, and A. A. SHARAPOV. "MASSIVE SPINNING PARTICLE ON ANTI-DE SITTER SPACE." International Journal of Modern Physics A 11, no. 18 (1996): 3307–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x96001589.

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To describe a massive particle with fixed, but arbitrary, spin on d=4 anti-de Sitter space M4, we propose the point particle model with configuration space ℳ6=M4×S2, where the sphere S2 corresponds to the spin degrees of freedom. The model possesses two gauge symmetries expressing strong conservation of the phase space counterparts of the second and fourth order Casimir operators for so (3, 2). We prove that the requirement of energy to have a global positive minimum Eo over the configuration space is equivalent to the relation Eo>s, s being the particle’s spin, which presents the classical

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35

Pardy, Miroslav. "Electromagnetic gravity with spin 3." Intellectual Archive 14, no. 1 (2025): 18–35. https://doi.org/10.32370/ia_2025_01_2.

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We consider here the simple derivation of the Einstein equations by Fock. Then, we approach the way from the spin 1 fields to the spin 2 fields for massive and massless particles and we derive the gravity equations from this base. Then, we approach the spin 3 gravity called by us electromagnetic gravity.

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HAYASHI, MITSUO J. "SPIN-3/2 FERMIONS IN TWISTOR FORMALISM." Modern Physics Letters A 16, no. 32 (2001): 2103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732301005412.

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Consistency conditions for the local existence of massless spin-3/2 fields have been explored to find the facts that the field equations for massless helicity-3/2 particles are consistent if the space–time is Ricci-flat, and that in Minkowski space–time the space of conserved charges for the fields is its twistor space itself. After considering the twistorial methods to study such massless helicity-3/2 fields, we show in flat space–time that the charges of spin-3/2 fields, defined topologically by the first Chern number of their spin-lowered self-dual Maxwell fields, are given by their twistor

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37

Jeudy, Charlie, and Michel Rouleux. "Generalized exchange operators for a system of spin-1 particles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2912, no. 1 (2024): 012043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2912/1/012043.

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Abstract The irreps ( S U ( 2 ) , H , U ) of SU(2) of dimension (2S + 1)N, i.e. operators acting on the space H = H N = C ( 2 S + 1 ) N of N identical particles with spin S, are described by Clebsch-Gordan decomposition into inequivalent irreps. In the special case S = 1/2, Dirac [1] discovered that there is another rep given by ( S ( N ) , H , V ) where S ( N ) is the permutation group, Thus, the standard “linear” Hamiltonian, or Heisenberg interaction Hamiltonian H 0 = ∑ 1 ≤ i ≤ N S → i ⋅ S → j , where σ → i = 2 S → i is the vector of Pauli matrices, can be interpreted as the sum of the “Exc

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Ding, Ran, Yi Liao, Ji-Yuan Liu, and Kai Wang. "Comprehensive constraints on a spin-3/2 singlet particle as a dark matter candidate." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2013, no. 05 (2013): 028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2013/05/028.

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Lapresta-Fernández, Alejandro, Manuel Pegalajar Cuéllar, Juan Manuel Herrera, et al. "Particle tuning and modulation of the magnetic/colour synergy in Fe(ii) spin crossover-polymer nanocomposites in a thermochromic sensor array." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 35 (2014): 7292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00969j.

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A particle size control of the [Fe(NH<sub>2</sub>Trz)<sub>3</sub>](BF<sub>4</sub>) spin crossover material is reached, with its associated thermochromism determined with a photographic digital camera.

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Pletyukhov, V. A., and V. I. Strazhev. "Toward a theory of particles with 3/2 spin." Soviet Physics Journal 28, no. 1 (1985): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00896059.

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Dudko, I. G., V. M. Red'kov, O. A. Semenyuk, and V. V. Kisel. "Spin 2 Particle with Anomalous Magnetic Moment in Riemann Space−Time: A Massless Case with the Gauge Symmetry." Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems 25, no. 3 (2022): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/1561-4085-2022-25-3-286-296.

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The most of studies in the theory of spin 2 field were performed with the use of the 2-nd order equations. The spin 2 particle theory proposed by F.I. Fedorov is based on the first order equations requires a 30-component set of tensors. Besides, by him and coauthors was elaborated a more general theory, which is based on 50-component set of tensors. In the present paper, we consider this more general theory in presence of arbitrary electromagnetic fields and Riemannian space-time backgrounds. First we study the 50-component theory for a massive particle. In this case, there arises the non-mini

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SHRIVASTAVA, KESHAV N. "THEORY OF QUANTUM HALL EFFECT AND HIGH LANDAU LEVELS." Modern Physics Letters B 14, no. 29 (2000): 1009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984900001294.

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The angular momentum model which couples the spin and charge is discussed as a possible theory of the quantum Hall effect. The high Landau level filling fractions 5/2, 7/3 and 8/3 are understood by this model. It is found that 7/3 and 8/3 are the particle–hole conjugates and 5/2 arises due to a limiting level at 1/2 with Landau level number n=5 which makes the fraction as 5/2.

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Huang, Hailiang, Guobin Yi, Xihong Zu, et al. "Tunable Electromagnetic Enhancement of Gold Nanoparticle Arrays." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 8 (2017): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch17056.

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In this paper, triblock copolymer polyisoprene-block-polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PI-b-PS-b-P2VP) micelles containing HAuCl4 were spin-coated on silicon wafers followed by calcination to form gold nanoparticle arrays. Subsequently the surface optical performances of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-coated Au nanoparticle arrays were investigated. The particle size and the interparticle distance of the gold nanoparticle arrays could be controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of HAuCl4 precursor to vinyl pyridine units in PI-b-PS-b-P2VP and the spin speed during spin-coating. The result

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Ivashkevich, A. V. "The structure of the plane waves for a spin 3/2 particle, massless case, gauge symmetry." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences 6 (2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2021-6-59-65.

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The structure of plane wave solutions for a relativistic spin 3/2 particle described by a 16-component vector-bispinor is studied. In the massless case, two representations of the equation are used: in the Rarita–Schwinger basis and in a special second basis in which the wave equation contains the Levi–Civita tensor. In this second basis, the existenceof trivial solutions in the form of a gradient on arbitrary bispinor becomes obvious. It is shown that he general solution of the massless equation consists of 6 linearly independent solutions. It is explicitly proved that four of them can be ide

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PILLING, TERRY. "NEW SYMMETRY CURRENT FOR MASSIVE SPIN-3/2 FIELDS." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 23 (2004): 1781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304014975.

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We present several new results which will be of value to theorists working with massive spin-3/2 vector-spinor fields as found, for example, in low and intermediate energy hadron physics and also linearized supergravity. The most general Lagrangian and propagator for a vector-spinor field in d dimensions is given. It is shown that the observables of the theory are invariant under a novel continuous symmetry group which is also extended to an algebra. A new technique is developed for exploring the consequences of the symmetry and a previously unknown conserved vector current and charge are foun

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Benakli, Karim. "High frequency gravitational waves from spin-3/2 fields." International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, no. 36 (2020): 2044029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20440297.

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We point out the peculiar form of the gravitational wave signal expected from a gas of particles carry spin-3/2 produced during preheating. Given the very few ways that gravitinos can manifest themselves in an experimentally observable way, we stress the importance of improving the sensitivity of ultrahigh frequency detectors in the future. This review is based on work that appeared in Ref. 1.

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Ovsiyuk, E. M., Ya A. Voynova, and V. M. Red’kov. "FROBENIUS’ SOLUTIONS AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE TUNNELING EFFECT FOR SPIN 1/2 PARTICLE THROUGH THE SCHWARZSCHILD BARRIER." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 62, no. 3 (2018): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2018-62-3-274-280.

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For a Dirac particle, the general mathematical study of the particle tunneling process through an effective potential barrier generated by the Schwarzschild black hole background is done. The study is based on the use of 8 Frobenius’ solutions of the related second-order differential equation with 3 regular and 2 irregular singularities of the rank 2. Solutions of the radial equations are constructed in explicit form, and the convergence of the involved power series is proved in the physical range f the variable (1, ). r∈ +∞ Results for the tunneling effect are significantly different for two

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Pachos, J., and E. Solano. "Generation and degree of entanglement in a relativistic formulation." Quantum Information and Computation 3, no. 2 (2003): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic3.2-3.

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The generation of entangled states and their degree of entanglement are studied in a relativistic formulation for the case of two interacting spin-1/2 charged particles. In the realm of quantum electrodynamics, we revisit the interaction that produces entanglement between the spin components of covariant Dirac spinors describing the two particles. In this way, we derive the relativistic version of the spin-spin interaction, widely used in the nonrelativistic regime. Following this consistent approach, the relativistic invariance of the generated entanglement is discussed.

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Scheuber, Hermann Josef. "From the 3D Constructions of Gell-Mann’s 1960 to the Higgs Field Constructions with Data of all Elementary Particles." European Journal of Applied Physics 3, no. 4 (2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2021.3.4.92.

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In 1960 Gell-Mann completed the “Particle Zoo” with pseudo 3D constructions: a Spin-Strangeness plane and an oblique incident charge. In this way he investigated with the crossing Kaon connections (1/2 Spin, -1, 0, 1 Strangeness, -1, 0, 1 Charge) 3 quark-points with simple proper fractions. With the new media the construction can be better detected with a perpendicular charge axis as could be done with the GeoGebra 5 program. But 1960 the Quantum Mechanics didn’t want the Strangeness and prevented a construction for everyman. Only experts were mathematically according to Lagrange allowed to ge

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Lombardo, Ivano, Daniele Dell’Aquila, Mariano Vigilante, et al. "Study of highly excited states in ¹⁶O with ³He+¹³C reactions at low energies." EPJ Web of Conferences 292 (2024): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429207001.

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We report some preliminary experimental results on 13C(3He,α)12C reactions at low bombarding energies, in the range 1.4 – 2.2 MeV. The reconstruction of kinematic quantities in the final channel was performed by using a high-performance, low-threshold hodoscope, allowing for the particle identification even for low energy ejectiles. We succeeded in measuring detailed angular distributions, in absolute values, even for the transition leading to the emission of 12C in the Hoyle state, then resulting into 4 α particles in the final channel. The analysis of angular distributions as a function of e

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