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Journal articles on the topic 'Spinal accessory nerve'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Benninger, Brion, and Jonathan McNeil. "Transitional Nerve: A New and Original Classification of a Peripheral Nerve Supported by the Nature of the Accessory Nerve (CN XI)." Neurology Research International 2010 (2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/476018.

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Classically, the accessory nerve is described as having a cranial and a spinal root. Textbooks are inconsistent with regard to the modality of the spinal root of the accessory nerve. Some authors report the spinal root as general somatic efferent (GSE), while others list a special visceral efferent (SVE) modality. We investigated the comparative, anatomical, embryological, and molecular literature to determine which modality of the accessory nerve was accurate and why a discrepancy exists. We traced the origin of the incongruity to the writings of early comparative anatomists who believed the

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2

Haque, Raqeeb M., Hani R. Malone, Martin W. Bauknight, et al. "Spinal cord bypass surgery with intercostal and spinal accessory nerves: an anatomical feasibility study in human cadavers." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 16, no. 2 (2012): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.9.spine10378.

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Object Despite extensive study, no meaningful progress has been made in encouraging healing and recovery across the site of spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans. Spinal cord bypass surgery is an unconventional strategy in which intact peripheral nerves rostral to the level of injury are transferred into the spinal cord below the injury. This report details the feasibility of using spinal accessory nerves to bypass cervical SCI and intercostal nerves to bypass thoracolumbar SCI in human cadavers. Methods Twenty-three human cadavers underwent cervical and/or lumbar laminectomy and dural opening to

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3

Samardzic, Miroslav, Danica Grujicic, and Vaso Antunovic. "Nerve transfer in brachial plexus traction injuries." Journal of Neurosurgery 76, no. 2 (1992): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1992.76.2.0191.

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✓ Brachial plexus palsy due to traction injury, especially spinal nerve-root avulsion, represents a severe handicap for the patient. Despite recent progress in diagnosis and microsurgical repair, the prognosis in such cases remains unfavorable. Nerve transfer is the only possibility for repair in cases of spinal nerve-root avulsion. This technique was analyzed in 37 patients with 64 reinnervation procedures of the musculocutaneous and/or axillary nerve using upper intercostal, spinal accessory, and regional nerves as donors. The most favorable results, with an 83.8% overall rate of useful func

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4

Petersen, Cheryl M. "Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy." Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 4, no. 2 (1996): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jmt.1996.4.2.65.

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5

Oshan, V., and O. R. Dearlove. "Spinal accessory nerve blockade." Anaesthesia 66, no. 11 (2011): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06908_1.x.

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6

Massey, E. "Spinal Accessory Nerve Lesions." Seminars in Neurology 29, no. 01 (2009): 082–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1124026.

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7

Wiater, J. Michael, and Louis U. Bigliani. "Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 368 (November 1999): 5???16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199911000-00003.

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8

Beck, Douglas L., Michael D. Maves, and John A. Stith. "Spinal accessory nerve preservation." Laryngoscope 101, no. 12 (1991): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.5541011223.

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9

Ebersold, Michael J., and Lynn M. Quast. "Long-term results of spinal accessory nerve-facial nerve anastomosis." Journal of Neurosurgery 77, no. 1 (1992): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1992.77.1.0051.

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✓ A number of methods have been developed to reduce the cosmetic and functional disability resulting from facial nerve loss. It has often been suggested that the major trunk of the spinal accessory nerve should not be sacrificed for providing dynamic facial function because of shoulder disability and pain. A review of Mayo Clinic records has revealed that, between the years of 1975 and 1983, 25 patients underwent spinal accessory nerve-facial nerve anastomosis using the major division (branch to the trapezius muscle) of the spinal accessory nerve. There were 11 males and 14 females, ranging in

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10

Krishnan, Shyam Sundar, Sivaram Bojja, and Madabhushi Chakravarthy Vasudevan. "Spinal accessory nerve schwannomas masquerading as a fourth ventricular lesion." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 6, no. 01 (2015): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.143217.

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ABSTRACTSchwannomas are benign lesions that arise from the nerve sheath of cranial nerves. The most common schwannomas arise from the 8 th cranial nerve (the vestibulo-cochlear nerve) followed by trigeminal and facial nerves and then from glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory nerves. Schwannomas involving the oculomotor, trochlear, abducens and hypoglossal nerves are very rare. We report a very unusual spinal accessory nerve schwannoma which occupied the fourth ventricle and extended inferiorly to the upper cervical canal. The radiological features have been detailed. The diagnostic di

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11

Laska, Tadeusz, and Kimberly Hannig. "Physical Therapy for Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury Complicated by Adhesive Capsulitis." Physical Therapy 81, no. 3 (2001): 936–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/81.3.936.

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Abstract Background and Purpose. The authors found no literature describing adhesive capsulitis as a consequence of spinal accessory nerve injury and no exercise program or protocol for patients with spinal accessory nerve injury. The purpose of this case report is to describe the management of a patient with adhesive capsulitis and spinal accessory nerve injury following a carotid endarterectomy. Case Description. The patient was a 67-year-old woman referred for physical therapy following manipulation of the left shoulder and a diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis by her orthopedist. Spinal acces

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12

Overland, J., J. C. Hodge, O. Breik, and S. Krishnan. "Surgical anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve: review of the literature and case report of a rare anatomical variant." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 130, no. 10 (2016): 969–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215116008148.

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AbstractObjective:To evaluate the prevalence of variations in the anatomical route of the spinal accessory nerve from the base of the skull to the point where it enters the trapezius muscle. A case report is used to demonstrate an example of a rare but clinically important anatomical variant of this nerve.Methods:An independent review of the literature using Medline, PubMed and Q Read databases was performed using combinations of terms including ‘spinal accessory nerve’, ‘anatomy’, ‘surgical anatomy’, ‘anatomical variant’, ‘cranial nerve XI’ and ‘shoulder syndrome’.Results:Our report demonstra

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13

Asghari, Mohammad, Ghaffar Shokouhi, Seiyed Habibollah Hasani, and Masood Poorisa. "Intracisternal Spinal Accessory Nerve Schwannoma." Neurosurgery Quarterly 16, no. 4 (2006): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wnq.0000214037.92978.89.

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14

Hazzard, Matthew A., Neal B. Patel, Eyas M. Hattab, and Eric M. Horn. "Spinal accessory nerve cavernous malformation." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 17, no. 2 (2010): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2009.04.021.

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15

Donner, Thomas R., and David G. Kline. "Extracranial Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury." Neurosurgery 32, no. 6 (1993): 907–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199306000-00004.

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16

Vandeweyer, E., D. Goldschmidt, and S. de Fontaine. "Traumatic Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 14, no. 04 (1998): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1000178.

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Donner, Thomas R., and David G. Kline. "Extracranial Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury." Neurosurgery 32, no. 6 (1993): 907???911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199306000-00004.

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18

Vabalayte, Kristina, and Anatoly Romanchishen. "Effectiveness of spinal accessory intraoperative nerve monitoring during neck dissections." Problems in oncology 67, no. 1 (2021): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2021-67-1-64-69.

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The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficiency and safety of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) of accessory nerves during lateral lymphodissection (LLD). Materials and Methods. Main group consisted of 63 patients with thyroid cancer (TC) with confirmed metastatic spread into cervical lymph nodes of II-V groups, and which underwent IONM of accessory nerve during LLD. Control group consisted of 60 patients in which no IONM was performed during LLD. Main group consisted of 21 males (33.3%); 42 females (66.7%): mean age 50.7 ± 8,7. Control group consisted of 11 males (18.2%); 49 females (8

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Kantharia, Rajesh A., Monalisa Banerjee, Shehnaz R. Kantharia, and Zahoor Ahmad Teli. "A rare anatomical star shaped branching pattern of spinal accessory nerve: A case report with review of literature." IP Indian Journal of Anatomy and Surgery of Head, Neck and Brain 8, no. 3 (2022): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijashnb.2022.025.

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The spinal accessory nerve provides motor innervation to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle. It is an extremely important structure to be preserved during neck dissection to avoid sequalae related to shoulder dysfunctions. The incidence of shoulder dysfunction and morbidity can be attributed to varied anatomy and branching pattern of the nerve or the contribution by the cervical plexus to the motor innervations of the trapezius muscle. Hence it is important to have knowledge of the varied anatomy and branching pattern of the spinal accessory nerve to avoid the possible shoulder morbi

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Al-Shaharani, Abdullah. "A Rare Anatomical Variation of the Spinal Accessory: Case Report." Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Medical Sciences 7, no. 2 (2021): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54940/ms94389976.

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Anatomical variation in the location of the spinal accessory nerve as it relates to the internal jugular vein has been reported in the literature and anatomy texts. Knowledge of the landmarks of the spinal accessory nerve and its relationship to the internal jugular vein is extremely helpful in its identification during neck surgery for precluding neurovascular complications. The nerve mostly passes laterally (anterior) or medially (posterior) to the internal jugular vein at the level of the medial aspect of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. However, there is a rare anatomical and s

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DAILIANA, Z. H., H. MEHDIAN, and A. GILBERT. "Surgical Anatomy of Spinal Accessory Nerve: Is Trapezius Functional Deficit Inevitable after Division of the Nerve?" Journal of Hand Surgery 26, no. 2 (2001): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jhsb.2000.0487.

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The course of spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle, the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and the contributions from the cervical plexus were studied in 20 cadaveric dissections. The nerve was most vulnerable to iatrogenic injuries after leaving the sternocleidomastoid. Direct innervation of trapezius by cervical plexus branches was noted in five dissections, whereas connections between the cervical plexus and the spinal accessory nerve were observed in 19 dissections. These were usually under the sternocleidomastoid (proximal to the level of division of

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22

Ueno, Hideaki, Satoshi Tsutsumi, Akane Hashizume, Natsuki Sugiyama, and Hisato Ishii. "Atypical meningioma originating from the spinal accessory nerve." Surgical Neurology International 13 (December 30, 2022): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_1085_2022.

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Background: Atypical meningiomas rarely originate from the spinal accessory nerve at the C1–C2 level. Case Description: A 57-year-old female presented with a 1-month history of headache. The cervical MR revealed a well-demarcated intradural/extramedullary tumor compressing the spinal cord at the C1–C2 level that measured 12 mm × 10 mm × 25 mm. She underwent microsurgical tumor resection. Intraoperatively, the tumor was adherent to the spinal accessory nerve, rather than the dura mater. Gross total tumor resection was performed, and the pathology was consistent with an atypical meningioma. Conc

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Rajasekaran, Aravind Kumar, Amey Rajan Savardekar, and Nagaraja Rao Shivashankar. "Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential in Hypoglossal Nerve Schwannoma: A Case Report." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 29, no. 02 (2018): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16012.

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AbstractSchwannoma of the hypoglossal nerve is rare. This case report documents an atypical abnormality of the cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) in a patient with schwannoma of the hypoglossal nerve. The observed abnormality was attributed to the proximity of the hypoglossal nerve to the spinal accessory nerve in the medullary cistern and base of the skull.To report cVEMP abnormality in a patient with hypoglossal nerve schwannoma and provide an anatomical correlation for this abnormality.Case report.A 44-yr-old woman.Pure-tone and speech audiometry, tympanometry, acoustic s

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REZIGALLA, ASSAD A., QURASHI M. ALI, and ELTAHIR O. ALI. "SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE IN SUDANESE SUBJECTS;." Professional Medical Journal 19, no. 06 (2012): 884–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2012.19.06.2468.

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Objective: the aim of this article was to study the spinal accessory nerve in Sudanese subjects. Method: dissection of formalinfixedcadavers' necks. Results: in Sudanese the SAN exits as one trunk from the jugular foramen anterior to IJV then crosses lateral to it.Rarely SAN exits as two branches. Usually the nerve passes beneath SCMM and supply it by direct or side branch. Muscular branches of SANhave connections from the cervical plexus mainly C2, 3. Conclusion: There are some differences in the course, branches and connections ofthe spinal accessory nerve in Sudanese from what is described

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Al-Ajmi, Abdullah M., Rossen T. Rousseff, Todor Shamov, Mohammad J. Ismail, and Faisal T. Sayer. "Isolated spinal accessory neuropathy and intracisternal schwannomas of the spinal accessory nerve." Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery 2, no. 1 (2015): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inat.2015.01.001.

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26

Papagianni, Eleni, Panagiota Kosmidou, Sotiria Fergadaki, Athanasios Pallantzas, Panagiotis Skandalakis, and Dimitrios Filippou. "Spinal Accessory Nerve Duplication: A Case Report and Literature Review." Case Reports in Otolaryngology 2018 (2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1027831.

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Aim of the present study is to expand our knowledge of the anatomy of the 11th cranial nerve and discuss the clinical importance and literature pertaining to accessory nerve duplication. We present one case of duplicated spinal accessory nerve in a patient undergoing neck dissection for oral cavity cancer. The literature review confirms the extremely rare diagnosis of a duplicated accessory nerve. Its clinical implication is of great importance. From this finding, a further extension to our knowledge of the existing anatomy is proposed.

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Bertelli, Jayme Augusto, and Marcos Flávio Ghizoni. "Results of spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in 110 patients with complete palsy of the brachial plexus." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 24, no. 6 (2016): 990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.8.spine15434.

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OBJECTIVE Transfer of the spinal accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve is a common procedure, performed to reestablish shoulder motion in patients with total brachial plexus palsy. However, the results of this procedure remain largely unknown. METHODS Over an 11-year period (2002–2012), 257 patients with total brachial plexus palsy were operated upon in the authors' department by a single surgeon and had the spinal accessory nerve transferred to the suprascapular nerve. Among these, 110 had adequate follow-up and were included in this study. Their average age was 26 years (SD 8.4 years),

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Cambon-Binder, Adeline, Lynda Preure, Heba Dubert-Khalifa, Pierre-Sylvain Marcheix, and Zoubir Belkheyar. "Spinal accessory nerve repair using a direct nerve transfer from the upper trunk: results with 2 years follow-up." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 43, no. 6 (2018): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193418755618.

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Spinal accessory nerve grafting requires identification of both nerve stumps in the scar tissue, which is sometimes difficult. We propose a direct nerve transfer using a fascicle from the posterior division of the upper trunk. We retrospectively reviewed 11 patients with trapezius palsy due to an iatrogenic injury of the spinal accessory nerve in nine cases. The mean age was 38 years (range 21–59). Preoperatively, patients showed shoulder weakness and limited range of motion. At a mean follow-up of 25 months, active shoulder abduction improvement averaged 57°. Trapezius muscle strength graded

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Kubota, Motoo, Osamu Ushikubo, Akihiro Miyata, and Akira Yamaura. "Schwannoma of the spinal accessory nerve." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 5, no. 4 (1998): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-5868(98)90281-8.

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Camp, S. J., and R. Birch. "Injuries to the spinal accessory nerve." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 93-B, no. 1 (2011): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.93b1.24202.

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Logigian, Eric L., Janice M. McInnes, Alan R. Berger, Neil A. Busis, James R. Lehrich, and Bhagwan T. Shahani. "Stretch-induced spinal accessory nerve palsy." Muscle & Nerve 11, no. 2 (1988): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880110210.

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Morshed, Ramin, Anthony Lee, Young Lee, Cynthia Chin, and Line Jacques. "Schwannomatosis of the Spinal Accessory Nerve: A Case Report." Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury 14, no. 01 (2019): e9-e13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685457.

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AbstractSchwannomatosis is a distinct syndrome characterized by multiple peripheral nerve schwannomas that can be sporadic or familial in nature. Cases affecting the lower cranial nerves are infrequent. Here, the authors present a rare case of schwannomatosis affecting the left spinal accessory nerve. Upon genetic screening, an in-frame insertion at codon p.R177 of the Sox 10 gene was observed. There were no identifiable alterations in NF1, NF2, LZTR1, and SMARCB1. This case demonstrates a rare clinical presentation of schwannomatosis in addition to a genetic aberration that has not been previ

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McGarvey, A. C., G. R. Hoffman, P. G. Osmotherly, and P. E. Chiarelli. "Intra-operative monitoring of the spinal accessory nerve: a systematic review." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 9 (2014): 746–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215113002934.

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AbstractObjective:To investigate evidence that intra-operative nerve monitoring of the spinal accessory nerve affects the prevalence of post-operative shoulder morbidity and predicts functional outcome.Methods:A search of the Medline, Scopus and Cochrane databases from 1995 to October 2012 was undertaken, using the search terms ‘monitoring, intra-operative’ and ‘accessory nerve’. Articles were included if they pertained to intra-operative accessory nerve monitoring undertaken during neck dissection surgery and included a functional shoulder outcome measure. Further relevant articles were obtai

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Tubbs, R. Shane, Mohammadali M. Shoja, Marios Loukas, et al. "Study of the cervical plexus innervation of the trapezius muscle." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 14, no. 5 (2011): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.1.spine10717.

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Object There is conflicting and often anecdotal evidence regarding the potential motor innervation of the trapezius muscle by cervical nerves, with most authors attributing such fibers to proprioception. As knowledge of such potential motor innervations may prove useful to the neurosurgeon, the present study aimed to elucidate this anatomy further. Methods Fifteen adult cadavers (30 sides) underwent dissection of the posterior triangle of the neck and harvesting of cervical nerve fibers found to enter the trapezius muscle. Random fibers were evaluated histologically to determine fiber type (th

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Brock, Roger Schmidt, Marcelo Viana da Silva Barroso, Iuri Santana Neville, et al. "XI cranial nerve cervical schwannoma – Case report." Arquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia: Brazilian Neurosurgery 33, no. 02 (2014): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1626267.

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Cisternal spinal accessory schwannoma are still a rare condition without neurofibromatosis with only 32 cases reported so far. We describe a cisternal accessory schwannoma presented in a 36-year-old woman with posterior cervical pain and cervical mieolopaty, defined by grade IV tetraparesia. A suboccipital craniectomy with C1 posterior arch resection was performed. During microsurgical dissection together with electrophysiological monitoring and nerve stimulation tumor was identified as having the spinal accessory root as its origins. Carefully intraneural dissection was then performed with co

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Foo, Eng Chuan, Ali Al-Samak, Khine Khine Lwin, Myat Thura, and Shwe Zin Tun. "193 Unusual presentation of hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP)." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 93, no. 9 (2022): e2.154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-abn2.237.

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IntroductionHNPP is an autosomal dominant disorder with estimated prevalence between 0.84- 16/100,000, commonly presenting as mononeuropathies involving pressure-prone areas. Presentation as both a brachial plexopathy and spinal accessory neuropathy is rare, and previously unreported.Case ReportA 30-year old female with no known medical co-morbidities presented with a 3-month history of right shoulder pain and weakness, and intermittent numbness of the elbow and hand. Examina- tion showed wasting of right trapezius and spinati muscles, shoulder droop, and weakness involving the right sternocle

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Dellon, A. Lee, James N. Campbell, and David Cornblath. "Stretch palsy of the spinal accessory nerve." Journal of Neurosurgery 72, no. 3 (1990): 500–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.72.3.0500.

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✓ Although sharp and blunt injury to the spinal accessory nerve has been well-documented, stretch or traction-type injury has not been reported previously. Such a case, treated successfully with nerve grafting, is described.

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Yanagishita, Shiori, Naoya Otani, Shien Seike, Koichi Tomita, and Tateki Kubo. "Reconstruction of a Spinal Accessory Nerve Defect Using Vascularized Vastus Lateralis Motor Nerve Graft." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 11, no. 8 (2023): e5174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000005174.

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Summary: Massive resection of a malignant tumor of the head and neck region often requires loss of critical nerves, including the spinal accessory nerve. Recently, vascularized nerve grafts (VNGs) have been used to repair facial and other nerve defects with successful outcomes, even in cases involving factors that can inhibit nerve regeneration, such as radiotherapy. However, the effectiveness of these nerve grafts against postoperative radiotherapy has yet to be explored. We report the first successful case in reconstructing a spinal accessory nerve defect after total left parotidectomy with

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Midwinter, Katie, and David Willatt. "Accessory nerve monitoring and stimulation during neck surgery." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 116, no. 4 (2002): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215021910735.

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Iatrogenic injury to the spinal accessory nerve following surgical procedures in the neck is well recognized in causing significant morbidity to patients, with shoulder pain and loss of function being particularly problematic. We have used a Magstim Neurosign 100 peripheral nerve monitor, that is most often used in our practice to monitor the facial nerve during middle ear and parotid surgery, to monitor the accessory nerve during neck surgery. Ten patients undergoing accessory nerve-sparing neck dissection, or excision biopsy of neck mass had their accessory nerve monitored during the procedu

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Brown, Henry. "Anatomy of the Spinal Accessory Nerve Plexus: Relevance to Head and Neck Cancer and Atherosclerosis1." Experimental Biology and Medicine 227, no. 8 (2002): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153537020222700804.

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The term spinal accessory nerve plexus may be defined as the spinal accessory nerve with all its intra- and extracranial connections to other nerves, principally cranial, cervical, and sympathetic. The term is not new. This review examines its applied anatomy in head and neck cancer and atherosclerosis. Over the centuries, general studies of neural and vascular anatomy and embryology formed a basis for the understanding upon which the plexus is described. During the past century, its anatomy and blood supply have come to be better understood. The importance of almost all of the plexus to head,

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Maldonado, Andrés A., and Robert J. Spinner. "Lateral pectoral nerve transfer for spinal accessory nerve injury." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 26, no. 1 (2017): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.5.spine151458.

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Spinal accessory nerve (SAN) injury results in loss of motor function of the trapezius muscle and leads to severe shoulder problems. Primary end-to-end or graft repair is usually the standard treatment. The authors present 2 patients who presented late (8 and 10 months) after their SAN injuries, in whom a lateral pectoral nerve transfer to the SAN was performed successfully using a supraclavicular approach.

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KAWAGUCHI, Shoichiro, Hideyuki OHNISHI, Takashi YUASA, and Hiroyuki HASHIMOTO. "Spinal Accessory Nerve Neurinoma in the C2 Spinal Canal." Neurologia medico-chirurgica 27, no. 12 (1987): 1190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2176/nmc.27.1190.

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Hu, S., B. Chu, J. Song, and L. Chen. "Anatomic study of the intercostal nerve transfer to the suprascapular nerve and a case report." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 39, no. 2 (2013): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193413475963.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the anatomical basis of intercostal nerve transfer to the suprascapular nerve and provide a case report. Thoracic walls of 30 embalmed human cadavers were used to investigate the anatomical feasibility for neurotization of the suprascapular nerve with intercostal nerves in brachial plexus root avulsions. We found that the 3rd and 4th intercostal nerves could be transferred to the suprascapular nerve without a nerve graft. Based on the anatomical study, the 3rd and 4th intercostal nerves were transferred to the suprascapular nerve via the deltopector

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Alanazi, Sulaiman, Areej M. Alawfi, Bander S. Alrashedan, Reem A. Almohaini, Majed M. Shogair, and Talal A. Alshehri. "Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury following Spinal Adjustment: Case Report and Literature Review of the Outcome of Accessory Nerve Pathology as Result of Blunt Trauma (Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy after Spinal Adjustment)." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2024 (February 29, 2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/7440745.

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Spinal accessory nerve palsy (SANP) is rare and is commonly presented following iatrogenic injury. Their diagnosis is often missed on initial presentation. Injury following blunt trauma is rare, with few cases reported in literature describing blunt-associated SANP and their treatment and recovery. We present and discuss a case of SANP following an aggressive soft tissue adjustment by an uncertified individual that has been responsive to nonsurgical measures over 18 months. We also reviewed the related literature on similar cases that were presented as result of direct pressure on the nerve fr

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Duggal, Prahlad, Amit Dhawan, and Sumeet Sandhu. "A Rare Anatomical Relationship of Spinal Accessory Nerve to Internal Jugular Vein." International Journal of Head and Neck Surgery 3, no. 1 (2012): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10001-1090.

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ABSTRACT A patient with squamous cell carcinoma of right retromolar area of the mandible and undergoing a staging neck dissection was noted to have a unique relationship of the internal jugular vein and spinal accessory nerve. At the upper end of the dissection (level II, Memorial Sloan-Kettering classification), the spinal accessory nerve was observed to pass directly through the internal jugular vein. Although previously described only once in the literature, this finding may be encountered by other surgeons who operate in this area and it is important that these anatomical variations are bo

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Rasulic, Lukas, Miroslav Samardzic, Danica Grujicic, and Vladimir Bascarevic. "Nerve transfer in brachial plexus injuries: Comparative analysis of surgical procedures." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 50, no. 1 (2003): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0301033r.

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Nerve transfer is the only possibility for nerve repair in cases of the brachial plexus traction injuries with spinal roots avulsion. From 1980. until 2000. in Institute of Neurosurgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, nerve transfer has been performed in 127(79%) of 159 patients with traction injuries of brachial plexus, i.e., 204 reinnervation procedures has been performed using different donor nerves. We achieved good or satisfactory arm abduction and full range or satisfactory elbow flexion through reinnervation of the axillary and musculocutaneous nerve using different donor nerves in 143 of 2

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Lehn, Carlos Neutzling, Luciana Pereira Lima, and Ali Amar. "Spinal Accessory Nerve Neuropathies Followng Neck Dissection." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (2008): P45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.147.

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Objective To evaluate through electromyography (EMG) the injury to the 11th cranial nerve following neck dissection. Methods Prospective study with 60 patients submitted to neck dissection as part of treatment of head and neck tumors. All the cases underwent physiotherapic evaluation of shoulder dysfunction. Nerve integrity was evaluated pre- and postoperatively through surface EMG registering the electric activity of descendent fibers of trapezius muscle during maximal isometric voluntary contraction. The patients were grouped according the type of neck dissection, presence of shoulder pain,

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Orhan, K. S., T. Demirel, B. Baslo, et al. "Spinal accessory nerve function after neck dissections." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 121, no. 1 (2006): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215106002052.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate spinal accessory nerve function after functional neck dissection (FND) and radical neck dissection (RND) by monitoring the nerve with electromyographic (EMG) examinations. A prospective, double-blind, clinical study was undertaken in 21 patients (42 neck side dissections) operated on for head and neck malignant diseases, separated into two groups: 10 neck sides in the RND group and 32 neck sides in the FND group. Electromyographic examinations were performed pre-operatively and post-operatively in the third week and third and ninth months. Additionally, a

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Kim, Daniel H., Yong-Jun Cho, Robert L. Tiel, and David G. Kline. "Surgical Outcomes of 111 Spinal Accessory Nerve Injuries." Neurosurgery 53, no. 5 (2003): 1106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000089058.82201.3d.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE Iatrogenic injury to the spinal accessory nerve is not uncommon during neck surgery involving the posterior cervical triangle, because its superficial course here makes it susceptible. We review injury mechanisms, operative techniques, and surgical outcomes of 111 surgical repairs of the spinal accessory nerve. METHODS This retrospective study examines clinical and surgical experience with spinal accessory nerve injuries at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center during a period of 23 years (1978–2000). Surgery was performed on the basis of anatomic and electro

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Lima, Luciana Pereira de, Ali Amar, and Carlos Neutzling Lehn. "Spinal accessory nerve neuropathy following neck dissection." Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 77, no. 2 (2011): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-86942011000200017.

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