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Journal articles on the topic 'Spinal cord development'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Alaynick, William A., Thomas M. Jessell, and Samuel L. Pfaff. "SnapShot: Spinal Cord Development." Cell 146, no. 1 (2011): 178–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.06.038.

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2

Climent Peris, S. "Development of the spinal cord." Neurocirugía 2, no. 3 (1991): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1130-1473(91)71138-x.

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3

Maden, Malcolm. "Retinoids and spinal cord development." Journal of Neurobiology 66, no. 7 (2006): 726–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.20248.

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4

Levy, Elad I., John D. Heiss, Michael S. Kent, Charles J. Riedel, and Edward H. Oldfield. "Spinal cord swelling preceding syrinx development." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 92, no. 1 (2000): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2000.92.1.0093.

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U The pathophysiology of syrinx development is controversial. The authors report on a patient with progressive cervical myelopathy and a Chiari I malformation in whom spinal cord swelling preceded, by a few months, the development of a syrinx in the same location. The patient underwent a craniocervical decompressive procedure and duraplasty, and complete resolution of cord swelling and syringomyelia was achieved. This report is consistent with the theory that patients with Chiari I malformation have increased transmural flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which causes spinal cord swelling that later

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5

Wada, T. "Dorsal spinal cord inhibits oligodendrocyte development." Neuroscience Research 38 (2000): S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(00)81483-2.

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6

Eyre, J. A. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN SPINAL CORD." Brain 125, no. 9 (2002): 2134—a—2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf197.

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7

Wada, Tamaki, Tetsushi Kagawa, Anna Ivanova, et al. "Dorsal Spinal Cord Inhibits Oligodendrocyte Development." Developmental Biology 227, no. 1 (2000): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.2000.9869.

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8

Pearce, J. M. S. "The Development of Spinal Cord Anatomy." European Neurology 59, no. 6 (2008): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000121417.

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9

Krakauer, John W. "Development of the Human Spinal Cord." Neurologist 9, no. 3 (2003): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nrl.0000031009.85777.b5.

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10

Zalel, Yaron, Ofer Lehavi, Orna Aizenstein, and Reuwen Achiron. "Development of the Fetal Spinal Cord." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 25, no. 11 (2006): 1397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.2006.25.11.1397.

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11

White, Robert J. "Historical development of spinal cord cooling." Surgical Neurology 25, no. 3 (1986): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(86)90243-0.

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12

Hao, Hailing, and David I. Shreiber. "Axon Kinematics Change During Growth and Development." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 129, no. 4 (2007): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2746372.

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The microkinematic response of axons to mechanical stretch was examined in the developing chick embryo spinal cord during a period of rapid growth and myelination. Spinal cords were isolated at different days of embryonic (E) development post-fertilization (E12, E14, E16, and E18) and stretched 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. During this period, the spinal cord grew ∼55% in length, and white matter tracts were myelinated significantly. The spinal cords were fixed with paraformaldehyde at the stretched length, sectioned, stained immunohistochemically for neurofilament proteins, and ima

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13

Zhu, Ping, Jia-xin Li, Masayuki Fujino, Jian Zhuang, and Xiao-Kang Li. "Development and Treatments of Inflammatory Cells and Cytokines in Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury." Mediators of Inflammation 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/701970.

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During aortic surgery, interruption of spinal cord blood flow might cause spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). The incidence of spinal cord IRI after aortic surgery is up to 28%, and patients with spinal cord IRI might suffer from postoperative paraplegia or paraparesis. Spinal cord IRI includes two phases. The immediate spinal cord injury is related to acute ischemia. And the delayed spinal cord injury involves both ischemic cellular death and reperfusion injury. Inflammation is a subsequent event of spinal cord ischemia and possibly a major contributor to spinal cord IRI. However,

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14

Gabriel, Eric M., and Blaine S. Nashold. "History of spinal cord stereotaxy." Journal of Neurosurgery 85, no. 4 (1996): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1996.85.4.0725.

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✓ Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery has experienced a remarkable degree of development during the last 50 years, from the plaster of Paris frame of Spiegel and Wycis to the technology of frameless stereotaxis. Although predominantly used for intracranial procedures, stereotaxy has its roots in experimental studies of the spinal cord. The field of spinal cord stereotaxy has not received the same amount of attention as supratentorial surgery, but there have been significant contributions to the field that have helped to further our understanding of spinal cord anatomy and physiology. Now

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15

Nait-Oumesmar, Brahim, Barbara Stecca, Girish Fatterpekar, Thomas Naidich, Joshua Corbin, and Robert A. Lazzarini. "Ectopic expression ofGcm1induces congenital spinal cord abnormalities." Development 129, no. 16 (2002): 3957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.16.3957.

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Brief ectopic expression of Gcm1 in mouse embryonic tail bud profoundly affects the development of the nervous system. All mice from 5 independently derived transgenic lines exhibited either one or both of two types of congenital spinal cord pathologies: failure of the neural tube to close (spina bifida) and multiple neural tubes (diastematomyelia). Because the transgene is expressed only in a restricted caudal region and only for a brief interval (E8.5 to E13.5), there was no evidence of embryonic lethality. The dysraphisms develop during the period and within the zone of transgene expression

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16

Goto, Noboru, and Naruhito Otsuka. "Development and anatomy of the spinal cord." Neuropathology 17, no. 1 (1997): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1789.1997.tb00007.x.

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17

Lara-Ramírez, Ricardo, Elisabeth Zieger, and Michael Schubert. "Retinoic acid signaling in spinal cord development." International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 45, no. 7 (2013): 1302–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.002.

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18

Xie, Zhihui, Nengyin Sheng, and Naihe Jing. "BMP signaling pathway and spinal cord development." Frontiers in Biology 7, no. 1 (2012): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11515-011-1178-7.

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19

Patnaik, Surendra, Joseph Turner, Praveen Inaparthy, and Will KM Kieffer. "Metastatic spinal cord compression." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 81, no. 4 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2019.0399.

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Metastatic spinal cord compression is compression of the spinal cord or cauda equina as a result of metastatic deposits in the spinal column. It affects approximately 4000 cases per year in England and Wales. Prompt identification and treatment of metastatic spinal cord compression is necessary to prevent irreversible neurological injury, treat pain and maintain patients' mobility, function and independence. Survival of patients with common malignancies has improved significantly with the ongoing development of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, as well as improved surgical treatment of resectable

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20

Geertsen, Svend Sparre, Maria Willerslev-Olsen, Jakob Lorentzen, and Jens Bo Nielsen. "Development and aging of human spinal cord circuitries." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 2 (2017): 1133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00103.2017.

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The neural motor circuitries in the spinal cord receive information from our senses and the rest of the nervous system and translate it into purposeful movements, which allow us to interact with the rest of the world. In this review, we discuss how these circuitries are established during early development and the extent to which they are shaped according to the demands of the body that they control and the environment with which the body has to interact. We also discuss how aging processes and physiological changes in our body are reflected in adaptations of activity in the spinal cord motor

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21

Ono, K., R. Bansal, J. Payne, U. Rutishauser, and R. H. Miller. "Early development and dispersal of oligodendrocyte precursors in the embryonic chick spinal cord." Development 121, no. 6 (1995): 1743–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.6.1743.

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Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the vertebrate CNS, originally develop from cells of the neuroepithelium. Recent studies suggest that spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursors are initially localized in the region of the ventral ventricular zone and subsequently disperse throughout the spinal cord. The characteristics of these early oligodendrocyte precursors and their subsequent migration has been difficult to assay directly in the rodent spinal cord due to a lack of appropriate reagents. In the developing chick spinal cord, we show that oligodendrocyte precursors can be specifically

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22

Shinozuka, Takuma, and Shinji Takada. "Morphological and Functional Changes of Roof Plate Cells in Spinal Cord Development." Journal of Developmental Biology 9, no. 3 (2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb9030030.

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The most dorsal region, or roof plate, is the dorsal organizing center of developing spinal cord. This region is also involved in development of neural crest cells, which are the source of migratory neural crest cells. During early development of the spinal cord, roof plate cells secrete signaling molecules, such as Wnt and BMP family proteins, which regulate development of neural crest cells and dorsal spinal cord. After the dorso-ventral pattern is established, spinal cord dynamically changes its morphology. With this morphological transformation, the lumen of the spinal cord gradually shrin

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23

Nakashima, Hiroaki, Yasutsugu Yukawa, Kota Suda, Masatsune Yamagata, Takayoshi Ueta, and Fumihiko Kato. "Relatively Large Cervical Spinal Cord for Spinal Canal is a Risk factor for Development of Cervical Spinal Cord Compression." SPINE 41, no. 6 (2016): E342—E348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0000000000001255.

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24

Sholomenko, G. N., and M. J. O'Donovan. "Development and characterization of pathways descending to the spinal cord in the embryonic chick." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 3 (1995): 1223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.3.1223.

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1. We used an isolated preparation of the embryonic chick brain stem and spinal cord to examine the origin, trajectory, and effects of descending supraspinal pathways on lumbosacral motor activity. The in vitro preparation remained viable for < or 24 h and was sufficiently stable for electrophysiological, pharmacological, and neuroanatomic examination. In this preparation, as in the isolated spinal cord, spontaneous episodes of both forelimb and hindlimb motor activity occur in the absence of phasic afferent input. Motor activity can also be evoked by brain stem electrical stimulation or mo

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25

Hong, Michael K. Y., Matthew K. H. Hong, Wei-Ren Pan, David Wallace, Mark W. Ashton, and G. Ian Taylor. "The angiosome territories of the spinal cord: exploring the issue of preoperative spinal angiography." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 8, no. 4 (2008): 352–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi/2008/8/4/352.

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Object The angiosome concept has been the subject of extensive research by the senior author (G.I.T.), but its specific applicability to the spinal cord was hitherto unknown. The aim of this study was to see if the spinal cord vasculature followed the angiosome concept and to review the usefulness of preoperative spinal angiography in surgery for spinal disorders. Spinal cord infarction and permanent paraplegia may result from inadvertent interruption of the artery of Adamkiewicz. Spinal angiography, which may enable avoidance of this catastrophic complication, is still not commonly used. Meth

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26

Slynko, E. I., O. S. Nekhlopochyn, and V. V. Verbov. "Development and validation of the method for assessing ventral spinal cord compression in spinal cord injury." TRAUMA 20, no. 6 (2019): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/1608-1706.6.20.2019.186032.

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27

Solstrand Dahlberg, Linda, Olivia Viessmann, and Clas Linnman. "Heritability of cervical spinal cord structure." Neurology Genetics 6, no. 2 (2020): e401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxg.0000000000000401.

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ObjectiveMeasures of spinal cord structure can be a useful phenotype to track disease severity and development; this observational study measures the hereditability of cervical spinal cord anatomy and its correlates in healthy human beings.MethodsTwin data from the Human Connectome Project were analyzed with semiautomated spinal cord segmentation, evaluating test-retest reliability and broad-sense heritability with an AE model. Relationships between spinal cord metrics, general physical measures, regional brain structural measures, and motor function were assessed.ResultsWe found that the spin

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28

Diez del Corral, Ruth, and Aixa Morales. "Retinoic Acid Signaling during Early Spinal Cord Development." Journal of Developmental Biology 2, no. 3 (2014): 174–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb2030174.

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29

Liu, Jeh-Ping, Ying Tang Shi, Mindy Barnette, and Se-Jin Lee. "Multiple functions of Gdf11 in spinal cord development." Developmental Biology 306, no. 1 (2007): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.162.

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30

Kim, Ho, Suhyun Kim, Ah-Young Chung, et al. "Notch-regulated perineurium development from zebrafish spinal cord." Neuroscience Letters 448, no. 3 (2008): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.072.

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31

Sedwick, Caitlin. "Development of Spinal Cord Neurons in Delicate Balance." PLoS Biology 12, no. 8 (2014): e1001938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001938.

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32

Carpenter, Ellen M. "Hox Genes and Spinal Cord Development." Developmental Neuroscience 24, no. 1 (2002): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000064943.

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33

Segatore, Milena, and Michael Villenueve. "Spinal Cord Testing: Development Of A Screening Tool." Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 20, no. 1 (1988): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01376517-198802000-00005.

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34

Lai, Helen C., Rebecca P. Seal, and Jane E. Johnson. "Making sense out of spinal cord somatosensory development." Development 143, no. 19 (2016): 3434–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.139592.

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35

Kalb, Robert G., and Susan Hockfield. "Activity-dependent development of spinal cord motor neurons." Brain Research Reviews 17, no. 3 (1992): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(92)90020-m.

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36

Malone, Ian G., Rachel L. Nosacka, Marissa A. Nash, Kevin J. Otto, and Erica A. Dale. "Electrical epidural stimulation of the cervical spinal cord: implications for spinal respiratory neuroplasticity after spinal cord injury." Journal of Neurophysiology 126, no. 2 (2021): 607–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00625.2020.

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Traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can lead to damage of bulbospinal pathways to the respiratory motor nuclei and consequent life-threatening respiratory insufficiency due to respiratory muscle paralysis/paresis. Reports of electrical epidural stimulation (EES) of the lumbosacral spinal cord to enable locomotor function after SCI are encouraging, with some evidence of facilitating neural plasticity. Here, we detail the development and success of EES in recovering locomotor function, with consideration of stimulation parameters and safety measures to develop effective EES protocols. E

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Xing, Liujing, Teni Anbarchian, Jonathan M. Tsai, Giles W. Plant та Roeland Nusse. "Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates ependymal cell development and adult homeostasis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, № 26 (2018): E5954—E5962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803297115.

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In the adult mouse spinal cord, the ependymal cell population that surrounds the central canal is thought to be a promising source of quiescent stem cells to treat spinal cord injury. Relatively little is known about the cellular origin of ependymal cells during spinal cord development, or the molecular mechanisms that regulate ependymal cells during adult homeostasis. Using genetic lineage tracing based on the Wnt target geneAxin2, we have characterized Wnt-responsive cells during spinal cord development. Our results revealed that Wnt-responsive progenitor cells are restricted to the dorsal m

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38

Ban, Jelena, and Miranda Mladinic. "Spinal cord neural stem cells heterogeneity in postnatal development." STEMedicine 1, no. 1 (2020): e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37175/stemedicine.v1i1.19.

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Neural stem cells are capable of generating new neurons during development as well as in the adulthood and represent one of the most promising tools to replace lost or damaged neurons after injury or neurodegenerative disease. Unlike the brain, neurogenesis in the adult spinal cord is poorly explored and the comprehensive characterization of the cells that constitute stem cell neurogenic niche is still missing. Moreover, the terminology used to specify developmental and/or anatomical CNS regions, where neurogenesis in the spinal cord occurs, is not consensual and the analogy with the brain is

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39

Miao, Mingming, Xiangtao Lin, Zhonghe Zhang, and Hui Zhao. "Normal development of the fetal spinal canal and spinal cord at T12 on 3.0-T MRI." Acta Radiologica 60, no. 5 (2018): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185118791197.

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Background The studies that described the dimensions of the normal fetal thoracic spinal canal and spinal cord on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are scarce. Purpose To determine the normal appearance of the fetal spinal canal and spinal cord at T12 across different gestational ages using 3.0-T MRI. Material and Methods The spines of 43 normal human fetuses, aged 15–40 weeks, were scanned by 3.0-T MRI. All specimens were scanned using a GE 3.0-T MRI scanner. Imaging of the T12 vertebrae was performed in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes. The anterior-posterior (AP) diameter, width, and

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Ferreira, Amanda O., Bruno G. Vasconcelos, Phelipe O. Favaron, et al. "Bovine central nervous system development." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 1 (2018): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5020.

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ABSTRACT: Central nervous system (CNS) development researches are extremely important to the most common congenital disorders and organogenesis comprehension. However, few studies show the entire developmental process during the critical period. Present research can provide data to new researches related to normal development and abnormalities and changes that occur along the CNS organogenesis, especially nowadays with the need for preliminary studies in animal models, which could be used for experimental research on the influence of viruses, such as the influence of Zika virus on the developm

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41

MANZONE, PATRICIO, JUAN ARMANDO GUIDOBONO, and DANIEL FORLINO. "LONGITUDINAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD IN HUMAN FETUSES." Coluna/Columna 19, no. 1 (2020): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-185120201901221678.

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ABSTRACT Objective The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the sacrum in the human fetus at the beginning of the 2nd quarter. However, the medullary cone is located at or above the level of the second lumbar vertebra at birth. The objective is to determine the difference between the rates of longitudinal growth of the spinal cord and the spine in human fetuses from the 13th to the 22nd week of gestation (WoG) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Descriptive observational cross-sectional study of 24 stillbirths (13 ♂, 11 ♀), between the 13th and 22nd WoG, using spinal MRI.

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42

Li, Xiaofei, Elisa M. Floriddia, Konstantinos Toskas, et al. "FoxJ1 regulates spinal cord development and is required for the maintenance of spinal cord stem cell potential." Experimental Cell Research 368, no. 1 (2018): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.04.017.

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43

Bregman, Barbara S. "Development of serotonin immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord and its plasticity after neonatal spinal cord lesions." Developmental Brain Research 34, no. 2 (1987): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(87)90213-6.

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44

Guizar-Sahagun, Gabriel, Israel Grijalva, Ignacio Madrazo, et al. "Development of post-traumatic cysts in the spinal cord of rats subjected to severe spinal cord contusion." Surgical Neurology 41, no. 3 (1994): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(94)90131-7.

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45

Ziskind-Conhaim, L., B. S. Seebach, and B. X. Gao. "Changes in serotonin-induced potentials during spinal cord development." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 4 (1993): 1338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.4.1338.

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1. Motoneuron responses to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and the growth pattern of 5-HT projections into the ventral horn were studied in the isolated spinal cord of embryonic and neonatal rats. 2. 5-HT projections first appeared in lumbar spinal cord at days 16-17 of gestation (E16-E17) and were localized in the lateral and ventral funiculi. By E18, the projections had grown into the ventral horn, and at 1-2 days after birth they were in close apposition to motoneuron somata. 3. At E16-E17, slow-rising depolarizing potentials of 1-4 mV were recorded intracellularly in lumbar motoneur

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46

Biancotti, Juan C., Kendal A. Walker, Guihua Jiang, Julie Di Bernardo, Lonnie D. Shea, and Shaun M. Kunisaki. "Hydrogel and neural progenitor cell delivery supports organotypic fetal spinal cord development in an ex vivo model of prenatal spina bifida repair." Journal of Tissue Engineering 11 (January 2020): 204173142094383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731420943833.

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Studying how the fetal spinal cord regenerates in an ex vivo model of spina bifida repair may provide insights into the development of new tissue engineering treatment strategies to better optimize neurologic function in affected patients. Here, we developed hydrogel surgical patches designed for prenatal repair of myelomeningocele defects and demonstrated viability of both human and rat neural progenitor donor cells within this three-dimensional scaffold microenvironment. We then established an organotypic slice culture model using transverse lumbar spinal cord slices harvested from retinoic

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Ellis, Jason A., Michael Castelli, Jeffrey N. Bruce, Peter Canoll, and Alfred T. Ogden. "Retroviral Delivery of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor to Spinal Cord Progenitor Cells Drives the Formation of Intramedullary Gliomas." Neurosurgery 70, no. 1 (2011): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e31822ce963.

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Abstract BACKGROUND High-grade gliomas of the spinal cord are poorly understood tumors that are very commonly associated with bad outcomes. The transforming effects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on spinal cord glial progenitor cells may play an important role in the development of these tumors. OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible tumor-initiating effects of PDGF overexpression in the spinal cord, we delivered a PDGF retrovirus directly into the substance of the spinal cord. METHODS The spinal cords of wild-type adult rats were surgically exposed and injected with 106 colony-formin

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48

Safavi-Abbasi, Sam, Timothy B. Mapstone, Jacob B. Archer, et al. "History of the current understanding and management of tethered spinal cord." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 25, no. 1 (2016): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.11.spine15406.

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An understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of tethered cord syndrome (TCS) and modern management strategies have only developed within the past few decades. Current understanding of this entity first began with the understanding and management of spina bifida; this later led to the gradual recognition of spina bifida occulta and the symptoms associated with tethering of the filum terminale. In the 17th century, Dutch anatomists provided the first descriptions and initiated surgical management efforts for spina bifida. In the 19th century, the term “spina bifida occulta” was coined and

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49

Buckley, Desirè M., Jessica Burroughs-Garcia, Sonja Kriks, Mark Lewandoski, and Samuel T. Waters. "Gbx1 and Gbx2 Are Essential for Normal Patterning and Development of Interneurons and Motor Neurons in the Embryonic Spinal Cord." Journal of Developmental Biology 8, no. 2 (2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb8020009.

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The molecular mechanisms regulating neurogenesis involve the control of gene expression by transcription factors. Gbx1 and Gbx2, two members of the Gbx family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors, are known for their essential roles in central nervous system development. The expression domains of mouse Gbx1 and Gbx2 include regions of the forebrain, anterior hindbrain, and spinal cord. In the spinal cord, Gbx1 and Gbx2 are expressed in PAX2+ interneurons of the dorsal horn and ventral motor neuron progenitors. Based on their shared domains of expression and instances of overlap, we

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Isu, Toyohiko, Takashi Iizuka, Yoshinobu Iwasaki, Masafumi Nagashima, Minoru Akino, and Hiroshi Abe. "Spinal Cord Herniation Associated with an Intradural Spinal Arachnoid Cyst Diagnosed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Neurosurgery 29, no. 1 (1991): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199107000-00027.

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Abstract Two rare cases of spinal cord herniation associated with intradural spinal arachnoid cyst are reported. A preoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan demonstrated the presence of spinal cord herniation, identified as a protrusion continuous with the spinal cord. Surgery upon the intradural spinal arachnoid cyst improved progressive neurological dysfunction. The authors postulate that spinal cord herniation occurred for the following reason: The pressure of the intradural arachnoid cyst on the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord caused thinning of the dura, leading to a tear and, thus, t

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