Journal articles: 'Spindle Design'

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Rudolf, Lukas, Jiri Fries, Oldrich Ucen, Tomas Kubin, and Lukas Kudrna. "Design of Grinding Machine Spindle." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2018-0010.

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Abstract When grinding high demands are usually placed on the geometrical tolerances of the workpiece surface. For this reason, the spindles of the grinding machines are normally designed with requirements for a minimum position change of the grinding disks due to external forces and bending moments. The design theory of these spindles is relatively well elaborated, as it represents the most frequently used solution in practice. However, there are also cases where it is necessary to grind some hard-to-reach areas, using a great ejection of the spindle. In these cases, it is necessary to reassess the required geometrical tolerances with regard to its necessity to comply with the minimal changes in the position of the grinding discs due to the great ejection. Where it is necessary to maintain high geometrical tolerances, it is necessary to ensure a greater rigidity of the spindle. This rigidity is usually improved by increasing its diameter. By doing this we also increase the weight of the spindle that is heavily ejected, and thus its deformation can occur due to gravity forces. That is why it is necessary to analyse the deflection of the spindle depending on its ejection in the course of its design. In the case we increase the diameter of the grinder spindle the possible applicable grinding disc diameter decreases, due to the growing size of its housing. Any grinding of hard-to-reach surfaces is therefore done in particular to improve the quality of the surface with low requirements on the geometrical tolerances. This article deals with the design patterns for a spindle used in axial grinding for inner rotating surfaces. The article contains a spindle design solution and an analysis of its deflections, depending on its ejection, and the size of the passive forces.

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O'Toole, E. T., D. N. Mastronarde, T. H. Giddings, M. Winey, D. J. Burke, and J. R. McIntosh. "Three-dimensional analysis and ultrastructural design of mitotic spindles from the cdc20 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular Biology of the Cell 8, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.8.1.1.

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The three-dimensional organization of mitotic microtubules in a mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied by computer-assisted serial reconstruction. At the nonpermissive temperature, cdc20 cells arrested with a spindle length of approximately 2.5 microns. These spindles contained a mean of 81 microtubules (range, 56-100) compared with 23 in wild-type spindles of comparable length. This increase in spindle microtubule number resulted in a total polymer length up to four times that of wild-type spindles. The spindle pole bodies in the cdc20 cells were approximately 2.3 times the size of wild-type, thereby accommodating the abnormally large number of spindle microtubules. The cdc20 spindles contained a large number of interpolar microtubules organized in a "core bundle." A neighbor density analysis of this bundle at the spindle midzone showed a preferred spacing of approximately 35 nm center-to-center between microtubules of opposite polarity. Although this is evidence of specific interaction between antiparallel microtubules, mutant spindles were less ordered than the spindle of wild-type cells. The number of noncore microtubules was significantly higher than that reported for wild-type, and these microtubules did not display a characteristic metaphase configuration. cdc20 spindles showed significantly more cross-bridges between spindle microtubules than were seen in the wild type. The cross-bridge density was highest between antiparallel microtubules. These data suggest that spindle microtubules are stabilized in cdc20 cells and that the CDC20 gene product may be involved in cell cycle processes that promote spindle microtubule disassembly.

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Orłowski, Kazimierz A., and Przemysław Dudek. "Analysis of the design development of the sliding table saw spindles." Mechanik 90, no. 10 (October 9, 2017): 849–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2017.10.125.

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Producers of sliding table saws constantly strive for improvement in sawing accuracy. One of the method is an upswing in a spindle behavior, since, it affects to a large degree sawing effects. The design development of sliding table saw spindles during the last quarter-century is presented. The spindle system of the modernized spindle of the sawing machine Fx550 is described.

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Gao, Qiang, Siyu Gao, Lihua Lu, Min Zhu, and Feihu Zhang. "A Two-Round Optimization Design Method for Aerostatic Spindles Considering the Fluid–Structure Interaction Effect." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 3017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073017.

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The fluid–structure interaction (FSI) effect has a significant impact on the static and dynamic performance of aerostatic spindles, which should be fully considered when developing a new product. To enhance the overall performance of aerostatic spindles, a two-round optimization design method for aerostatic spindles considering the FSI effect is proposed in this article. An aerostatic spindle is optimized to elaborate the design procedure of the proposed method. In the first-round design, the geometrical parameters of the aerostatic bearing were optimized to improve its stiffness. Then, the key structural dimension of the aerostatic spindle is optimized in the second-round design to improve the natural frequency of the spindle. Finally, optimal design parameters are acquired and experimentally verified. This research guides the optimal design of aerostatic spindles considering the FSI effect.

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Kondo, Ryo, Daisuke Kono, and Atsushi Matsubara. "Evaluation of Machine Tool Spindle Using Carbon Fiber Composite." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0294.

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Spindle is one of the most important component of machine tools because spindle’s performance including thermal property and dynamic property greatly influences the accuracy and productivity in machining process. This study investigates the effect of the application of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) to the spindle shaft on the performance of machine tool spindles. CFRP and steel spindle shafts with the same geometry were developed for fair comparison. Thermal and dynamic properties of the developed shaft and spindle unit were evaluated and compared. The experimental and simulation results showed that the CFRP spindle shaft improved the axial thermal displacement and dynamic stiffness. The axial thermal displacement was decreased to 1/3 of that of the steel spindle. The compliance was also decreased to 1/2. The design of the thermal displacement distribution around the bearing should be an important issue in the CFRP spindle for the thermal stability of the dynamic property.

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Chen, Shao Hsien, Shang Te Chen, and Chien Cheng Hsu. "Study on Axial Oil Chamber Design for High Performance Hydrostatic Spindle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 701-702 (December 2014): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.701-702.869.

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Ultra-precision machining and large-size equipments are themostprimary development trend ofcurrentmachine tooland hydrostatic products arekeytechnologiesof ultra-precision machining equipments. However, these equipmentsmostlyprocess miniature components, thus the adopted tools are relatively small and the spindlesare mainlybuilt-in types of HSK32-HSK25 withover30,000r. Some processing equipments are even equipped with hydrostatic or gas-static spindles. The studyextends theaxialoilchamberto radialonesto expand theaction areaofaxialoil pressureand form a closed oil seal edge by combining theradialclearance. Consequently, theaxialbearing stiffnesscan be enhancedtoenlarge the application scope of hydrostatic spindle. The designmodecan enhanceaxialstiffness ofspindle modulesor strengthenthe stiffness of hydrostatic spindlein a ball screw.

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Wang, Zhan Zhong, Lin Zhang Cheng, Xiao Ke Fan, and Yan Jun Han. "Structural Design and Kinematics Analysis of Oblique Crossing 3DOF NC Spindle." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 1908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.1908.

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Based on the study of 3R oblique non-spherical wrist and the analysis of the NC machine spindle’s function, the concept of a oblique crossing 3DOF NC spindle was offered and the 3D model of this 3DOF NC spindle was made with Solidworks software. At the same time, the kinematics model of this 3DOF NC spindle was setup with D-H parameter method and the kinematics & workspace of this 3DOF NC spindle were analyzed and simulated. Simulation results indicated that this 3DOF NC spindle, with compacted-structure, low inertness and considerable flexibility, could be in any gesture in the 3D space, and could expand the work range of the NC machine.

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Chen, Shao Hsien, Shang Te Chen, and Chien Cheng Hsu. "The Impact of Different Axial Oil Chamber Design on Hydrostatic Spindle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 789-790 (September 2015): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.789-790.296.

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High-precision machining and large-scale tool are the most primary development trend of current machine tool and hydrostatic products are key technologies of high-precision machining equipments. However, these equipments mostly process miniature components, thus the adopted tools are relatively small and the spindles mainly use are mainly built-in types of HSK32 to HSK25 with revolutions speed over 25,000rpm. Some processing equipments are even equipped with hydrostatic or gas-static spindles. The study extends the axial oil chamber to radial ones to expand the action area of axial oil pressure and form a closed oil seal edge by combining the radial clearance. Consequently, the axial bearing stiffness can be enhanced to enlarge the application scope of hydrostatic spindle. The design mode can enhance axial stiffness of spindle modules or strengthen the stiffness of hydrostatic spindle in a ball screw.

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Li, Chao, and Ying Xue Yao. "Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of High-Speed Milling Motorized Spindle Based on ANSYS Workbench." Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.530.

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The DGZX - 1425 high-speed milling motorized spindle which is made and designed independently by Hao Zhi electrical and mechanical company in Guangzhou China is made as the research object, the method of establishing numerical simulation model for the spindle units dynamic performances is established, and the design of the spindles structure has been verified reasonable. Modal analysis of the spindle has been completed in ANSYS Workbench to get the first six natural frequencies and mode shapes. Harmonic analysis of the spindle is also completed to obtain the dynamic stiffness at the highest speed. Modal test and vibration test of the assembled spindle are also processed, which have verified the accuracy of the finite element method. The paper has provided a theoretical basis for the motorized spindles design, structural optimization and the improvement of the dynamic performances.

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Oh, Dong Ho, Nam Hoon Lee, Ja Choon Koo, Hyeon Ki Choi, and Yeon Sun Choi. "Nonsymmetric Groove Pattern Design for Precise Micro-Spindles." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1595.

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As the fluid dynamic bearing spindles are to be actively adopted to various small form factor mobile applications, mechanical specifications for the motors have been aggressively changed to pursue the fierce information technology sector market trend. One of the major technological challenges for the spindles to be successfully employed in the applications is the reduction of power consumption since the most of the mobile applications operate with a limited power source at relatively lower voltage. Recognizing implication of the power consumption that of course affects stiffness of the spindle, few of options for mechanical designers are available but either lowering rotational speed or adopting thinner lubricant. In the present work, a novel design solution for alleviating side effect of the lower stiffness spindle is introduced and verified.

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Fedorynenko, Dmytro, Serhii Sapon, Sergiy Boyko, and Anastasiia Urlina. "Increasing of Energy Efficiency of Spindles with Fluid Bearings." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ama-2017-0031.

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AbstractPromising ways of energy efficiency gain of spindles with fluid flow bearings are offered. New design of journal hybrid flow bearing which contains spherical bearing pockets and adjustable valves with relay control system is offered to improve energy efficiency of spindle units of machine tools. To reduce power losses of fluid bearings at high speed special lubrication based on water with integrated system of corrosion protection is offered. Results of theoretical research of energy consumption of grinding machine tool with a new design of spindle hybrid bearings are presented. Power losses of the spindle unit with both new design and base design of journal bearings are assessed. Effectiveness of new design of spindle hybrid bearings at high operating speeds is shown.

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Maeda, Osamu, Yuzhong Cao, and Yusuf Altintas. "Expert spindle design system." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 45, no. 4-5 (April 2005): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2004.08.021.

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Liu, Ling. "The Mechanical Properties Analysis of Machine Tool Spindle After Remanufacturing Based on Uncertain Constraints." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (February 27, 2015): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01509010150.

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In this paper, the CNC machine spindle after remanufacturing is researched as an object on uncertain constraints. At first, the equations of the machine spindle motion based on beam theory are established. This article uses Finite Element Analysis (FEA) function to analyze the remanufacturing of machine spindle system in the free mode and while static and the actual working conditions of multi-modal analysis of the spindle’s constraints state. By analysis it is known that the spindle vibrates and deforms at high speeds, and some assumptions are used to improve the unreasonable parameters, so that the spindle’s dynamic performance is more stable and reliable in the conditions of the high speed and heavy load operation. In addition, simplifying the cost and shortening the design cycle are the part of the analysis. The results provides an optimized design and a basis for precision control for the heavy-duty mechanical spindle system or machine spindle system.

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14

Yu, Hechun, Wenchao Li, Jin Wang, Suxiang Zhang, Xiucheng Cao, Renzong Wang, Guoqing Zhang, and Xiaolong Yin. "Research on the Effect of Tip Surface Coatings on High-Speed Spindles’ Noise." Coatings 12, no. 6 (June 6, 2022): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12060783.

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The contact interface between the stator and the rotor tip of the spindle could be destructed when the spindle is rotating continually at high speed, which will cause strong noise and severe vibration. In order to reduce the sound pressure level of the noise generated by the rotating spindle, three different coating materials, that is, Al-Ti-Cr-C, Ti-C and DLC, were applied to the rotor tip surface of the spindle. The effects of the coating materials on the sound pressure levels of the rotating spindles were studied by using the treated spindles and the untreated spindles. Results showed that compared with Coating Al-Ti-Cr-C, the Coating Ti-C containing only the two main elements of Ti and C produces the smallest sound pressure level in the experiment speed range; the surface roughness of Coating DLC is smaller, but the sound pressure level of the entire spindle becomes larger than Coating Ti-C; the sound pressure level of the spindles with surface coating treatment is obviously lower than that of the spindles without coating treatment. The research results can provide basic data for the design and production of noiseless spinning spindles.

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15

Shetty, M., A. Perera, M. Kadar, M. Davey, G. Nixon, L. Walter, and R. Horne. "O069 The effects of sleep disordered breathing on sleep spindle activity in children and the relationship with neurocognition." SLEEP Advances 3, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2022): A29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac029.068.

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Abstract Introduction Conventional sleep macro-architecture measures of sleep disruption have not been associated with the adverse neurocognitive sequelae of sleep disordered breathing (SDB). Sleep spindles protecting the sleeping brain from external sensory stimuli and can serve as markers of sleep integrity. We investigated the relationship between sleep spindles and sleep fragmentation and neurocognition across the spectrum of SDB in children. Methods Children 3-12y referred for clinical assessment of SDB and age matched control children from the community were recruited. Sleep spindles were identified manually during N2 and N3 sleep. Spindle activity was characterised as spindle number, spindle density (number of spindles/ h) and spindle intensity (spindle density x average spindle duration). The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales measured global intellectual ability and the NeuroPSYchological assessment (NEPSY-II) measured language, attention, visuospatial ability and sensorimotor skills. Results Children were grouped into control, Primary Snoring, Mild OSA and Moderate/severe OSA, N=10/ group. All measures of spindle activity were lower in the SDB groups compared to the Control children and this reached statistical significance for Mild OSA (p<0.05 for all). Spindle activity was not correlated with any measure of the Stanford-Binet. Overall, all measures of spindle activity were positively correlated with the Design Copy and the Inhibition Naming combined scale score and negatively correlated with Auditory Attention subscales of the NEPSY-II. Conclusion The reduced spindle activity observed in the children with SDB, particularly Mild OSA, indicates that sleep micro-architecture is disrupted and that this disruption may underpin the negative effects of SDB on attention, learning and memory.

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Li, Denghui, Hongrui Cao, Songtao Xi, Xiaoman Linand, and Xuefeng Chen. "DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF MOTORIZED SPINDLE BEARING LOCATIONS BASED ON DYNAMIC MODEL AND GENETIC ALGORITHM." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 41, no. 5 (December 2017): 787–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2017-512.

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In this paper, an optimization method based on dynamic model and genetic algorithm is proposed for the design of motorized spindle bearing locations. Firstly, the dynamic model of motorized spindles is developed based on the Timoshenko beam model and Jones’ quasi-static bearing model. Then, the developed dynamic model is validated with the hammer response test on a motorized grinding spindle system. Finally, the design optimization method is proposed by combining the dynamic model with genetic algorithm. In order to obtain higher rigidity, the optimal locations of bearings on the spindle are calculated with the genetic algorithm. The results show that the first mode natural frequency (FMNF) of the system increases by 12.38% than the original value after optimization.

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Ma, Da Guo, and Xin Bo Jiang. "Thermal Characters of the Air-Cooled High Speed Motorized Spindle for Wood-Working Machine." Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 568–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.568.

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The structure and composition of the air-cooled high speed motorized spindle for wood-working machine and some features relative to the metal cutting motorized spindle are introduced briefly. Then the main heat sources and heat dissipation mechanism of the air-cooled motorized spindle are thoroughly analyzed, finite element model of the air-cooled motorized spindle is built, the motorized spindles temperature distribution under thermal steady state and the influence of speed are analyzed. The results show that air cooling relative to the water or oil cooling has many advantages and reasonable heat dissipation structure design of air-cooled motorized spindle could meet the requirements of the high-speed motorized spindle for wood-working machine.

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Ravutov, Sh T., A. A. Rizayev, and U. A. Rajapbaev. "On the issue of increasing the efficiency of the spindles of a vertical-spindle cotton picker." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1112, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1112/1/012043.

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Abstract This article is devoted to the issue of increasing the efficiency of vertical-spindle cotton pickers by rational choice of kinematic and geometrical parameters of the main working body – the spindle drum. In particular, in the work, an analysis of the actual operating conditions of the spindles, existing machines, and the results of previous studies in this area indicate the main reasons for the low efficiency of cotton pickers. As a criterion for evaluating the efficiency of the vertical spindles, the “activity” of the spindles and the force that occurs between the cotton boll and the surface of the latter are taken. It is shown that the design features of the existing vertical spindle drums do not allow increasing the active surface of the spindles and their favorable orientation relative to cotton bolls in the collection area. It is substantiated that in order to increase the activity of the spindles in the collection zone, it is necessary to inform them, as they move in this zone, of the variable speed and trajectory of the spindle movement, which improves the conditions for the interaction of the latter with the cotton boll. The obtained results are compared and analyzed with the same results of the existing spindle drums, which showed a significant increase in the activity of the spindles when using elliptical drums as the main working body of the cotton picker.

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Rudolf, Lukas, Jiri Fries, and Oldrich Ucen. "LONG SPINDLE DESIGN FOR GRINDING." MM Science Journal 2020, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 3764–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2020_03_2019120.

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Gagnol, Vincent, Belhassen C. Bouzgarrou, Pascal Ray, and Christian Barra. "Stability-Based Spindle Design Optimization." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 129, no. 2 (November 8, 2006): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2673400.

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Prediction of stable cutting regions is a critical requirement for high-speed milling operations. These predictions are generally made using frequency-response measurements of the tool-holder-spindle set obtained from a nonrotating spindle. However, significant changes in system dynamics occur during high-speed rotation. In this paper, a dynamic high-speed spindle-bearing system model is elaborated on the basis of rotor dynamics prediction and readjusted on the basis of experimental modal identification. The dependency of dynamic behavior on speed range is then investigated and determined with accuracy. Dedicated experiments are carried out in order to confirm model results. They show that dynamic effects due to high rotational speed and elastic deformations, such as gyroscopic coupling and spin softening, have a significant influence on spindle behavior. By integrating the modeled speed-dependent spindle transfer function in the chatter vibration stability approach of Altintas and Budak (1995, CIRPS Ann, 44(1), pp. 357–362), a new dynamic stability lobe diagram is predicted. Significant changes are observed in the stability limits constructed using the proposed approach and allow accurate prediction of cutting conditions to be established. Finally, optimization studies are performed on spindle design parameters in order to obtain a chatter vibration-free cutting operation at the desired speed and depth of cut for a given cutter.

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Yagyu, Shinsuke, Shinji Shimizu, and Noboru Imai. "Mechanism of Thermal Deviation Characteristic in Spindle System of Machine Tools." International Journal of Automation Technology 2, no. 3 (May 5, 2008): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2008.p0191.

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Thermal deviation in machine tools often caused by spindle rotation, feed motion, or environment temperature change has been widely studied but most of these studies have concentrated on improving or compensating for thermal deviation. No study has covered generating mechanism of thermal deviation, however, and guidelines remain to be established for improving their design. We studied thermal deviation in the spindles of machine tools and propose a thermal deviation model in the spindle taking into consideration the generation mechanism, finding that: (1) The thermal time constant that differs between spindle speed-up and slow-down occurs due to a large difference in the heat capacity of each spindle component. (2) The thermal time constant that decreases with increasing spindle speed occurs due the effect of heat capacity or the heat transfer rate of spindle components.

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Zha, Jun, Yaolong Chen, and Penghai Zhang. "Precision design of hydrostatic thrust bearing in rotary table and spindle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 232, no. 11 (December 26, 2016): 2044–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405416682279.

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According to the increasing needs of rotary table and spindle to satisfy high-precision machining requirements, the accuracy of rotary table and spindle becomes an important issue due to the error averaging effect of hydrostatic thrust bearing. The objective of this study is to research a methodology to guide the precision design of hydrostatic thrust bearing in rotary table and spindle. A run-out error model based on error averaging effect is established using the Reynolds equation, pressure boundary conditions, flux continuity equations of pad and dynamic equations of shaft. The axial run-out error and angular error are calculated considering perpendicularity error and flatness error of the components. The simulation results show that the two perpendicularity errors between axis line and thrust bearing bushing surface have same direction, and the axial run-out error could reach to the maximum values. Also, the flatness error of thrust bearing bushing surface has a big influence on axial run-out error. Following the outcomes, the precision design of hydrostatic thrust bearing was conducted. The axial run-out errors of rotary table and spindle with hydrostatic thrust bearing were experimentally studied, and the results have good coherence to the simulation data. The run-out error model is demonstrated to be an effective approach to guide the precision design of hydrostatic thrust bearing in other rotary tables and spindles.

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Carter, S., J. Siong, C. Hoyos, J. Carberry, R. Grunstein, D. Eckert, and A. D’Rozario. "P018 The effects of zopiclone on sleep spindles in obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized placebo-controlled trial." SLEEP Advances 2, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2021): A27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpab014.066.

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Abstract Purpose This study aimed to determine the effects of a standard dose of zopiclone (7.5mg) on sleep spindle activity and to assess if potential changes in sleep spindles correlate with improvements in next-day measures of sleepiness and simulated driving performance in people with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Methods Thirty-one people with OSA completed polysomnography (PSG) at baseline followed by 1-month nightly treatment with 7.5mg zopiclone or placebo according to a double-blind, parallel design (ANZCTRN12613001106729). Participants completed two further PSGs on the first (night1) and final (night30) night of treatment. A 30-min AusEd driving simulator task and a subjective sleepiness questionnaire (Karolinska sleepiness scale, KSS) on each visit were also performed in the morning. Sleep spindle events and spindle frequency activity (SFA, sigma EEG power) were quantified during N2 sleep from all-night EEG recordings. Results Sleep spindle events were consistently higher in both frontal and central EEG sites on night1 and night30 treatment nights in the zopiclone group compared to placebo (e.g. F4 night30 = 346[SEM±28] vs. 239[SEM±27] total # of sleep spindles respectively, p=0.009). Additionally, greater sleep spindle density in the zopiclone group correlated with better next-day simulated driving performance on night1 and night30. No correlations were observed between sleep spindle activity and the KSS. Conclusions Zopiclone is associated with greater sleep spindle activity in OSA compared to placebo, and sleep spindle increases are associated with better driving simulator performance. Thus, hypnotic-induced increases in sleep spindles may help alleviate certain cognitive performance decrements in people with OSA.

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Oriola, David, Frank Jülicher, and Jan Brugués. "Active forces shape the metaphase spindle through a mechanical instability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 28 (June 29, 2020): 16154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002446117.

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The metaphase spindle is a dynamic structure orchestrating chromosome segregation during cell division. Recently, soft matter approaches have shown that the spindle behaves as an active liquid crystal. Still, it remains unclear how active force generation contributes to its characteristic spindle-like shape. Here we combine theory and experiments to show that molecular motor-driven forces shape the structure through a barreling-type instability. We test our physical model by titrating dynein activity inXenopusegg extract spindles and quantifying the shape and microtubule orientation. We conclude that spindles are shaped by the interplay between surface tension, nematic elasticity, and motor-driven active forces. Our study reveals how motor proteins can mold liquid crystalline droplets and has implications for the design of active soft materials.

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Wang, Jun Feng, Xian Feng Du, Qing Ming Hu, and Shi Gang Wang. "System Design of Spindle on High-Precise CNC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 151 (January 2012): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.151.463.

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With the rapid development of science and technology, Lathe will be sure to develop in the direction of high speed, high precision and high stability as the most basic and important production equipment in industry. The spindle is the one of important component in the lathe, of which static and dynamic characteristics is directly related to the machining precision and machining stability, and the performance of spindle system directly affects the overall machine specifications. Through the analysis of the characteristics of spindle, the ways and means of the spindle analysis are studied. For the requirements of static and dynamic characteristics analysis in the process of spindle design on high-precise CNC lathes hydrostatic, direct-drive spindle motor mode is used. Three-supporting structure is adapted in the layout of spindle bearing in order to improve the accuracy and stability of the spindle drive. The rolling bearing is used in auxiliary support, the front and rear radial bearing is used in master hydrostatic bearing. Thrust bearings are located on both sides of the former type of radial bearing to complete the selection of the spindle material and the design of the structural primary dimensions. It is meaningful to improve the specifications of CNC lathes, guide the design, generation and modification of the high precise CNC lathe and enhance static dynamic characteristics of the spindle and improve accuracy and stability of the machine tool processing.

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Shang, Youyun, Kai Cheng, Hui Ding, and Shijin Chen. "Design and Optimization of the Surface Texture at the Hydrostatic Bearing and the Spindle for High Precision Machining." Machines 10, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10090806.

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Hydrostatic bearing spindles are widely applied in high precision grinding and turning machines due to their good dynamic stability and rotational accuracy. However, under the condition of high-speed rotations, the heat generated by the friction of the oil film will cause the shear thinning effect. It not only reduces the rotation accuracy of the spindle but also reduces the service life of the spindle. The surface texture structure and configuration between the planes play the role of homogenizing oil film temperature and preventing the bearing surface wear caused by excessive concentration of temperature, which can change the relative motion from the inside of the oil film and thus improve the performance of the hydrostatic spindle more effectively. In this paper, the influence of the surface texture shape and height on the thrust bearing performance of the hydrostatic spindle is systematically investigated by comparative analysis. The CFD simulations are developed to analyze the computational results based on the theory of viscosity-temperature characteristics. The results show that when the height of the surface structure is 1 ~ 2 times the oil film thickness, the spindle bearing performance is the best. The average temperature in the bearing region is the lowest and the accuracy of the simulations was verified by experimental results.

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Li, Qiao Mei, Yang Cao, Guo Qing Wu, Xing Hua Chen, and Yan Hua Cao. "10 kw Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Spindle Design and Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 487 (January 2014): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.487.429.

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The spindle of a 10 kw vertical axis wind turbine is designed in this paper, and the relevant geometric parameters is given, and build the geometry of the finite element model. Calculation of the spindle under wind load and dead weight , and analyse the spindle Von Mess stress, deformation nephogram, and give the former six order vibration mode of the spindle. Through the analysis, Then the design parameters of the spindle are optimized. and the optimized structure of spindle has been got. optimized spindle is in lower quality, more satisfy the requirement of wind turbine running under high load at the same time .

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Inna, Vishtak. "INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS BEARINGS ON THE DURABILITY OF HIGH-SPEED SPINDLE ASSEMBLIES." Vibrations in engineering and technology, no. 4(107) (December 23, 2022): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2306-8744-2022-4-10.

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The processing accuracy and productivity of metal-cutting machines are largely determined by the initial characteristics of the spindle assembly, since it is the last link in the kinematic chain of the main drive. Therefore, high demands are placed on spindle assemblies to ensure high rotational accuracy, high speed, parametric reliability, etc. Since the movement of shaping is carried out by the spindle and spindle bearings, they make a decisive contribution to the initial characteristics of the spindle units. The installation of spindles on gas bearings makes it possible to significantly increase the accuracy of rotation and speed of the spindle, almost completely eliminate its vibration, simplify the design and significantly increase the parametric reliability of the spindle assembly. The parameters of the gas lubricating layer in the conical bearings of the spindle are investigated and the equation of gas pressure in the gaps of the gas conical bearing with grooves of different profiles applied to the bearing shaft of the spindle is derived. The optimal geometric parameters of the profile of longitudinal blind grooves applied to the working surfaces of the spindle shaft are determined. Investigations were carried out using numerical methods using modern software.

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Shaik, Jakeer Hussain, and K. Ramakotaiah. "Designing of milling tool spindle." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 53, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v53i3.38265.

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Analysis of chatter stability in an end milling process is quite cumbersome because of the inaccurate knowledge in the spindle’s geometrical design, position of the bearings and several issues related to the spindle structure. The effective position of bearings of the spindle plays a key role in investigating the self-excited chatter vibrations, which requires an accurate transfer function at the most flexibility region of the spindle tool structure. The present work focuses on the development of a novel method of measuring the spindle vibration responses experimentally using sine sweep tests for a CNC end milling machine tool. Using these model data, an analytical model of the spindle is estimated by considering the bearing span as a design variable. Trial runs are conducted until the convergence between the identified transfer function from the model and that from experiment is achieved. The final model of the spindle system is then applied with time-varying cutting forces so as to obtain the process stability.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(3), 191-198, 2018

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30

Sun, Hai Ming, Jing Jin, and Bai Lin Ren. "Precision Lifetime Analysis and Grey Prediction Based on Observation Data for Motorized Spindle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 421 (September 2013): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.421.81.

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The stoppage and lifetime of high speed motorized spindle was related to many influence. A total of 31 statistical lifetime data of imported motorized spindles in cylinder head production line were presented, according to these data, and the average cut operation lifetime could reach 8277 hours, and the 8000 hours of average design precision lifetime was validated. It was found that the main influencing factors of motorized spindle lifetime in initial stage were the original manufacturing defects, also in precision lifetime stage and fatigue lifetime stage, the main influencing factors were the service conditions which exceeded design allowable conditions and own unique structural characteristics of motorized spindle respectively. according to 7 data and GM(1,1) grey theory, the precision lifetime prediction model of motorized spindle was built and the. model error was tested. The reliability of prediction model is validated by 2 inchoate reality observation data which relative differences were 0.57% and 2.03% respectively.

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31

Zhang, Yuan, Lifeng Wang, Yaodong Zhang, and Yongde Zhang. "Design and thermal characteristic analysis of motorized spindle cooling system." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 5 (May 2021): 168781402110208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211020878.

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The thermal deformation of high-speed motorized spindle will affect its reliability, so fully considering its thermal characteristics is the premise of optimal design. In order to study the thermal characteristics of high-speed motorized spindles, a coupled model of thermal-flow-structure was established. Through experiment and simulation, the thermal characteristics of spiral cooling motorized spindle are studied, and the U-shaped cooled motorized spindle is designed and optimized. The simulation results show that when the diameter of the cooling channel is 7 mm, the temperature of the spiral cooling system is lower than that of the U-shaped cooling system, but the radial thermal deformation is greater than that of the U-shaped cooling system. As the increase of the channel diameter of U-shaped cooling system, the temperature and radial thermal deformation decrease. When the diameter is 10 mm, the temperature and radial thermal deformation are lower than the spiral cooling system. And as the flow rate increases, the temperature and radial thermal deformation gradually decrease, which provides a basis for a reasonable choice of water flow rate. The maximum error between experiment and simulation is 2°C, and the error is small, which verifies the accuracy and lays the foundation for future research.

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32

Reddy, V. R., and A. M. Sharan. "Design of Machine Tool Spindles Based on Transient Analysis." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 107, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260720.

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This investigation is concerned with the design of machine tool spindles based on transient analysis. The dynamic equation of motion of a lathe spindle has been obtained using finite element analysis along with modal analysis. These equations are solved to obtain the displacement distribution along the spindle-workpiece system and thus the maximum dynamic displacement response. The system design parameters should be chosen in such a way that a combination of these would minimize the maximum dynamic displacement response. The global system matrices are replaced by condensed matrices of lower order, which preserve the lower modes with reasonable accuracy. This is done to economize on the computer memory storage and computation time. The system design parameters used are: (a) bearing spacing, (b) bearing stiffness, (c) location of an external damper, and (d) the workpiece diameter. The optimum design variables are selected based on single-parameter variation. The objective of this investigation is the minimization of the maximum dynamic response by a suitable choice of design variables.

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Dong, Fang, Jian Cheng Yang, Tian Zhu Gao, Yu Xie, Lei Guo, Hai Yang Zhang, Shi Ming Hu, and Guo Qing Zhou. "The Research and Design of Virtual Spindle Vibration Test System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 2903–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.2903.

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In order to facilitate dynamic analysis of spindle, improve the vibration characteristics of the spindle and achieve the goal of control of spindle motion stability. A spindle vibration testing system is developed with necessary sensor, signal conditioner and data acquisition card based on Labview software in this paper. The spindle vibration testing and analysis system is formed based on virtual instrument graphical programming language Labview. The hardware is reduced in testing process. At the same time, acquisition, processing and analysis for vibration signal are realized, and the costs of hardware are greatly reduced. The testing work is made more convenient and quick by this system, and test is made more intuitive by its real-time display function. It will provide a scientific basis for searching for measures to reduce the spindle vibration and developing a new generation of mechanical structure of the spindle.

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34

Rakhmanov, S. R. "Elaboration of a lubrication system for universal spindle hinges of rolling mills." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 1047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-9-1047-1053.

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The experience of running drives of most of heavy-duty rolling mills shows that the designs of universal spindles with blade hinges under conditions of increased alternating loads are most acceptable comparing with other spindles types. Open friction surfaces are the drawbacks of these types of spindles, which complicate the matter of continuous supply of lubrication. Perfected effective system of forced lubrication of rolling mill spindles hinges proposed. The facility for their lubrication has a bearing support of balancing design, spindle, in radial holes of which spring-loaded plungers are installed in a diametrically opposite order. Besides, the facility has suction valves and force valves installed in the spindle axial holes, connecting with the radial ones. A methodology proposed to select the eccentricity of the internal cylindrical surface of the bearing support of the spindle hinge, the axis of which is located eccentrically relative the spindle rotation axis. A calculating scheme and a mathematical model of the process of lubrication supply into joints of rolling mill spindle hinge elaborated. A differential equation of lubrication motion in the conical slot of the hinge between a blade and insertions drawn up. Parameters of hydrodynamic motion of lubrication in the conical slot established. Modes of the lubrication motion in the conical slot between roller blade and hinge insertion determined. Based on experience of operation of friction couple bronze-steel, a lubrication for rolling mills universal spindles proposed. To improve the operation characteristics of hinges based on the friction couple bronze-steel, a thick lubrication having antifriction properties namely based on oils with additives ИП-10, КП-10 and ДФ-11 proposed. Dependence of pressure distribution along the length of the hinge conical slot presented for various lubrications of low viscosity (ИП-10 + ДФ-11) and high viscosity (КП-10 + ДФ-11). The quality effect of the speed of roller blade movable wall on distribution of speeds of lubrication layer motion over the height of the hinge conical slot for comparatively low and comparatively high boundary speeds demonstrated.

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Vahdati, Mehrdad, E. Azimi, and Ali Shokuhfar. "Air Characteristics in Air Turbine Spindle of Ultra Precision Machines." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.396.

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Air Spindles have been used in ultra precision machines for several years due to their advantages such as high speed rotation, low friction, and low vibration, [1]. Air spindles are widely used in these machines for producing precise work pieces. Although, spindles function on a very complicated theoretical basis, [2, 3], their structure is very simple and consists of mainly a rotor and a stator. The rotor/stator could be made of different shapes. A cylindrical shape is the one commonly in use. The spindle designed in this work has a spherical configuration. It has been designed so that it could be moved without application of electric motor and only by a wind turbine system, [4]. The spindle studied in this research uses compressed air for rotor suspension, and has an air turbine for rotating its shaft. A thin air film acts as bearing layer between rotor and stator. In design procedure, operation parameters such as air inlet pressure for turbine, air inlet pressure for bearing, diameter of turbine nuzzles, diameter of bearing nuzzles, clearance between rotor and stator and etc. have been considered, [5]. A prototype spindle has been manufactured using design criteria. The influence of above mentioned parameters have been recognized through experiments.

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36

Lu, Xiao Hong, Zhen Yuan Jia, Zhi Cong Zhang, and Xv Jia. "Design of Special Fixture for Micro High Speed Motorized Spindle." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.66.

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The fixture of motorized spindle significantly affect the vibration of micro high speed CNC milling machine, its performance can directly affect the machining accuracy of the entire micro milling machine. A special fixture of high-speed motorized spindle is designed in the paper and its static characteristics are checked by utilizing ANSYS finite element analysis software. To guarantee the sufficient strength of bolts and the safety of motorized spindle when the motorized spindle runs at high speed, theory analysis method and ANSYS finite element analysis method are used to make the strength check of the fixture. The designed special fixture for high speed motorized spindle plays an important part in the design of high-speed motorized spindle.

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37

Wang, Lin, and Hua Xu. "Experimental Study on the Dynamic Performance of a New High-Speed Spindle Supported by Water-Lubricated Hybrid Bearings." Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8297834.

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The dynamic performance of a new high-speed spindle supported by water-lubricated hybrid bearings is experimentally studied on a test rig. The present design allows the speed of the spindle up to 30,000 rpm, with a bearing internal diameter of 40 mm, which makes it possible to simulate many actual machining processes. Some experiments have been presented to study the mechanical and thermal behaviors of the spindle and its supporting hybrid bearings. The maximum temperature rise is less than 15°C with a speed of 30,000 rpm and a water supply pressure of 2.5 MPa. The spindle radial run-out of the rotational frequency is about 1 µm. Stability of the spindle system has been improved. The experimental results indicate that water-lubricated hybrid bearings are valuable choices to replace ceramic bearings and air bearings as support for spindles under high-speed, high-precision, and heavy-load machining conditions.

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38

Qin, Jun Jun, Yang Yin, and Cui Yun Dong. "Research on Virtual Design System for Spindle of High-Speed Machining Center." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 2506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.2506.

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Aiming at the question of high-speed spindle’s long development cycle, take the structural design and the performance analysis of cnc machining center’s high-speed spindle system as key points, use the cad technology, fea technology,dynamic simulation technology and virtual design theory, and integrate them into an integration technology, the virtual design and analysis software system devoted to the cnc machining center’s high-speed spindle was developed too, and gave parts of the operating instance. Through the practical application in one large-scale enterprise of machine tool, the fea sibility and practicability of proposed system principle and implementation techniques were verified, and the better design quality and higher efficiency were shown too.

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Chang, De Gong, and Xiao Fan Wang. "Optimum Design of Spindle Used in Tire Building Machine." Advanced Materials Research 87-88 (December 2009): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.87-88.172.

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Based on the working principle and working process of the tire building machine, the spindle model of the tire building machine was established by analyzing the load of the spindle. Utilizing COSMOS to do the FEM analysis, the structural optimization was carried out. The deflection of the spindle determining the precision of the tire should be minimized. Meanwhile, in order to reduce the cost of the spindle, the volume of the spindle should be minimized. In this paper, the weighted coefficient method was applied to solving this multi-objective optimization problem. As no ready-made formula was found for the deflection of the spindle, the following method was adopted. Firstly, the calculation in COSMOS with different values was conducted, and then the curve fitting was finished in MATLAB to get the formula between defection and diameter of bore, and finally the optimization of the volume and defection was achieved.

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40

NAKAO, Yohichi, and Tomohiro MIZOI. "1416 Design of Air Drive Spindle." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2006.4 (2006): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2006.4.0_49.

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41

Bhatia, Anmol, Deepa Manani, Anubhav Grover, and Jatin Kumar. "Design of Multi Spindle Drilling Machine." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 4, no. 2 (2016): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.421618.

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In today’s world, the growth of Indian manufacturing sector is highly dependent on how productivity and quality. Productivity can be increased by improving the efficiency of the operations carried out in the organization. This can be done by reducing the machining time, combining the operations etc. Thus special purpose machines needs to be used and one such machine is multi spindle drilling machine which performs multiple drilling operations more accurately and conveniently. This paper presents the design and development of a multi spindle drilling machine which would have a higher productivity as compared to conventional drilling machines. The proper sequence wise design analysis of the components of multi spindle machine is discussed.

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42

Li, Hui, Hao Li, Rongfeng Zhang, Yi Liu, Shemiao Qi, and Heng Liu. "Structural design of high-speed rolling bearing test rig spindle with cantilever." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 73, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2020-0266.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce the structure design process of the cantilever spindle with limited installation space and wishing to increase its critical speed. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the finite element method was used to analyze the influence of the supporting stiffness and the structure of the spindle on the critical speed, and then the structure of the spindle was designed; moreover, the experiment was accomplished and the experiment results show that the spindle can work stably. Findings Through analyzing the influence of the supporting stiffness and the structure of the spindle on the critical speed, the following conclusions could be obtained: the shape of the first-mode is the bend vibration of the cantilever of the spindle; the first-order critical speed of the spindle gradually decreases with the diameter and length of the cantilever increasing; the first-order critical speed of the spindle increases with the depth and diameter of the blind hole increasing; and the experiment was accomplished and the experiment results show that the spindle can work stably. Originality/value In this paper, the finite element method was used to design the spindle of the testing machine, and satisfactory results were obtained. It can provide a theoretical reference for the design of a similar spindle.

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43

Meng, Fanming, Yuanpei Chen, Yang Yang, and Zhiwei Chen. "Friction and wear behavior of electroless nick coating used for spindle of cotton picker." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-06-2015-0070.

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Purpose – The severe friction and wear of the spindle in a cotton picker often occur in a picking cotton, which affects the spindle lifetime and its efficiency of picking cottons. This paper aims to investigate the effect of an electroless nick coating on the spindle performances to avoid its abnormal phenomena. Design/methodology/approach – First, it is coated on the surface of the test specimen with the material same as that of the spindle. Then, the friction coefficient and wear for the coating are measured under oil lubrication to evaluate its effect in improving the tribological performances for the spindle. Findings – The stabilized friction coefficient of the electroless nick coating decreases with increasing reciprocating frequency of specimen and increasing applied load. There exists a critical coating thickness yielding the smallest friction coefficient. Moreover, this coating has a property of the smaller friction coefficient in comparison with a hard chromium coating. Originality/value – The research about the electroless nick effect on the spindle’s tribological performances is not found yet to date. To avoid severe friction and wear of the spindle, this paper investigated how the reciprocating frequency of specimen, applied load and coating thickness affect the spindle’s tribological performances. The associated conclusions can provide a reference to enhance the spindle lifetime and its transmission efficiency.

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Jia, Xian Zhao, Yong Jian Yu, and Hong Bin Liu. "Optimized Design of the Structure of High-Speed Railway Bearing Test Rig." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 1442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.1442.

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This paper establishes the finite element model of main spindle in the test rig for high-speed railway bearing. Utilizing the finite element analysis software ANSYS, the modal analysis for spindle is carried on. Preliminary determination is that spindle resonance occurs. Structural optimization is carried out by increasing first natural frequency and reducing weight of main spindle in order to avoid resonance. The results showed that the position of support bearings is determined. The first natural frequency is increased by reducing spindle weight. The dynamic performance of the spindle is improved, avoiding the resonance region effectively.

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Orlowski, Kazimierz A., Przemyslaw Dudek, Daniel Chuchala, Wojciech Blacharski, and Tomasz Przybylinski. "The Design Development of the Sliding Table Saw Towards Improving Its Dynamic Properties." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 7386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207386.

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Cutting wood with circular saws is a popular machining operation in the woodworking and furniture industries. In the latter sliding table saws (panel saws) are commonly used for cutting of medium density fiberboards (MDF), high density fiberboards (HDF), laminate veneer lumber (LVL), plywood and chipboards of different structures. The most demanded requirements for machine tools are accuracy and precision, which mainly depend on the static deformation and dynamic behavior of the machine tool under variable cutting forces. The aim of this study is to present a new holistic approach in the process of changing the sliding table saw design solutions in order to obtain a better machine tool that can compete in the contemporary machine tool market. This study presents design variants of saw spindles, the changes that increase the critical speeds of spindles, the measurement results of the dynamic properties of the main drive system, as well as the development of the machine body structure. It was proved that the use of only rational imitation in the spindle design on the basis of the other sliding table saws produced does not lead to the expected effect in the form of correct spindle operation.

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Zhang, Guo Tai, and Zhi Hong Yin. "The Lightweight Design of CNC Lathe Spindle Box Based on Topology Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.464.

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In this paper,the mechanical properties of a certain type of CNC lathe spindle box are analyzed by the finite element software HyperWorks. On this basis, the topology optimization of the CNC lathe spindle box is done by the variable density method. where the spindle box relative density is taken as the design variable and the minimum volume of the spindle box as the objective function, its static deformation and the low modes as constraints．That is to find the optimal layout of the structure,and then the size optimization of the spindle box is done to make further amendments of the topology optimization results. This design method achieves the lightweight design of the spindle box, reduces manufacturing costs,and provides a theoretical basis for enterprises to improve the structure of CNC lathe spindle box.

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Guo, Jiayu, Haitang Cen, Hao Tang, Zihan Shuang, and Risu Na. "Research on Design of the D-knotter Split Spindle." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2218, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2218/1/012077.

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Abstract The knotter is the core component of the square baler. The structure of the knotter is complex, the working load is large and the working environment is bad, which makes the knotter easily damaged. The imported D-knotter is widely used at present, once the parts are damaged, they often need to be disassembled and assembled as a whole, which takes a long time and seriously affects the efficiency of field operation. Aiming at the problem that the D-knotter assembly and its parts are inconvenient to replace after damage, this paper designs the split spindle of the knotter, and ensures the strength requirements of the spindle when working through an integral key connection. When replacing the knotter parts, the spindle is separated from the middle, and the knotter assembly is directly removed without removing other parts on the spindle, which obviously saves the replacement time of the damaged parts of the knotter. The statics and modal analysis show that the split spindle of the knotter can meet the strength requirements, and the spindle does not produce resonance.

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Zhou, Li Bo, Wei Zheng, and Su Hua Liu. "Durability Test Station Structure Design and Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 552 (June 2014): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.552.43.

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The structure of the sensor endurance test station is designed. Satisfied with the request of the performance, structural parameters of the spindle and bearing are calculated to minimize the spindle mass using optimization theory. By the static analysis, fatigue analysis and frequency analysis of spindle and bearing using the FEM, the simulation results indicate that the optimized structures can meet the demands for the strength and dynamics of the flywheel system, which leads to safe and stable work, improve design efficiency effectively, shorten design cycles, and reduce production costs. In order to reduce the eccentric force of inertia and intensity of the vibration source, the need for computing unbalance spindle, and a mechanism for balancing, allowed reaching equilibrium precision. After commissioning test station, running at high speed working in good condition, system run more smoothly, to meet the requirements.

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Zhang, Lei, Qing Jian Liu, Tai Yong Wang, Hong Bin Li, and Wei Tian. "Structural Design and Improvement of Spindle in Five-Axis Wood Engraving Machine." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.200.

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In the wood engraving industry, the double swing motor spindle or the double rotation motor spindle is often used as the spindle of five-axis wood engraving machine to achieve three-dimensional sculpture. However, the rough and motor spindle may interfere with each other during machining. Hence, many small regions of rough cannot be machined. To solve this problem, an anthropomorphic double-swing-head mechanism is designed. Instead of motor spindle, the designed mechanism is used as spindle of five-axis wood engraving machine. The level of automation and machining scope of the machine are improved. The workload of subsequent artificial modification is reduced. Then, the machining efficiency and quality of wood products are enhanced, and their production costs are reduced.

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Han, Jian, Li Ping Wang, and Lian Qing Yu. "Modeling and Estimating Thermal Error in Precision Machine Spindles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.507.

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Thermal induced errors are significant factors that affect machine tool accuracy. The deformation of spindle is the main contributor to thermal error. In this paper, the thermal characteristics of the spindle system are investigated. Taking into account the coupling of elastic deformation and temperature, the heat conduction of the spindle system is modeled. The heat of bearings and heat transfer coefficient, and boundary conditions of the spindle are determined. Based on the numerical results, an iterative model of spindle's temperature and thermal deformation are acquired under the actions of thermal loads using the finite element method. Taking the spindle of precision boring machine with some reasonable assumptions and simplicities as an example, the finite element analysis model of spindle thermal characteristics is analyzed with virtual prototyping, and the static/transient temperature field and thermal-structure field are calculated using ABAQUS software. The characteristics of heat flow and thermal deformation within the spindle are analyzed according to the simulation results. The research results provide a theoretical foundation for reasonable arrangement and optimal design to reduce radial and axial deformation of the spindle head, temperature controlling, and the error compensation to the precision machining tool.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Spindle Design'

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