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Books on the topic 'Spindle extension'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Gala, Raj J., and James Yue. Lumbar Neurogenic Claudication. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190626761.003.0010.

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Lumbar neurogenic claudication, sometimes referred to as pseudoclaudication, is the clinical syndrome of back pain radiating down one or both legs during ambulation. Classically, the symptoms abate with forward flexion of the lumbar spine and worsen with extension. The condition arises from lumbar spinal stenosis, which is common in the elderly population. Many asymptomatic individuals have lumbar spinal stenosis seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), so this syndrome is a clinical diagnosis. The majority of patients have favorable responses with conservative treatment, which includes physi

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2

Aans Publications Committee. Surgical Exposure of the Spine: An Extensile Approach. American Association of Neurological Surgeons, 1995.

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3

West, Tyler R., and Kelly J. Baldwin. Spinal and Intracranial Epidural Abscess, and Subdural Empyema. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0151.

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A spinal epidural abscess is an infection that resides in the epidural space of the spinal canal, and most commonly occurs from hematogenous seeding or direct extension from adjacent structures. Normal skin flora such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp are the most common organisms to cause an epidural abscess, typically when host immunity is compromised or due to barrier disruption. The clinical presentation is heterogeneous, but often will progress over time to spinal cord compression. Intracranial epidural abscess and subdural empyema occur within the skull and are frequently spread vi

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4

Baraliakos, Xenofon, and Kay-Geert A. Hermann. Imaging: spine. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0014.

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Although axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) starts in the sacroiliac joints in the vast majority of cases, the spine can be clinically affected with similar severity and frequency, especially in long-standing disease. In addition, not only the inflammatory but also structural changes seen in the sacroiliac joints can be visualized in the same way in the spine when using the appropriate imaging techniques. For the interpretation of imaging findings in axSpA, typical and frequent differential diagnoses need to be taken into account, such as degenerative changes, bacterial inflammation, and fracture

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5

Burke, David. Motor control: spinal and cortical mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0003.

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There is extensive machinery at cerebral and spinal levels to support voluntary movement, but spinal mechanisms are often ignored by clinicians and researchers. For movements of the upper and lower limbs, what the brain commands can be modified or even suppressed completely at spinal level. The corticospinal system is the executive pathway for movement arising largely from primary motor cortex, but movement is not initiated there, and other pathways normally contribute to movement. Greater use of these pathways can allow movement to be restored when the corticospinal system is damaged by, e.g.

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6

Hafez, Daniel, Adam Bevan, and Wilson Z. Ray. Nerve Transfers for Spinal Cord Injury. Edited by Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara, and Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0029.

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In spinal cord injury, nerve transfers represent a potential adjunct in the comprehensive clinical management of patients. Unlike tendon transfers, nerve transfers preserve the native muscle biomechanics and provide greater than a 1:1 functional exchange. Nerve transfers can provide improved upper extremity function by capitalizing on the preserved upper motor neurons below the zone of spinal cord injury. One goal in reconstruction is to restore movement. Major movements that have been targeted for restoration include elbow extension (to allow the patient to assist in transfers) and pinch, gra

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7

Pham, Martin H., and Patrick C. Hsieh. Primary Tumors of the Spine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0022.

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Primary tumors of the spinal column are rare. Computed tomography–guided biopsy is typically performed to make the diagnosis and plan the next steps in treatment. For some primary spinal column tumors, such as osteosarcoma, en bloc resection based on the Enneking classification and extensive spinal reconstruction may be indicated. Significant surgical complications are possible with en bloc resection, and extensive preoperative counseling is required. Patients with pre-existing metastatic disease will likely not benefit from en bloc resection and instead may undergo debulking surgery based on

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8

Elnaggar, Ibrahim Magdy. THE EFFECTS OF SPINAL FLEXION AND EXTENSION EXERCISES ON LOW BACK PAIN SEVERITY AND SPINAL MOBILITY IN CHRONIC MECHANICAL LOW BACK PAIN. 1988.

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9

Chapman, Jens R., and Richard J. Bransford. Emergency management of the traumatized cervical spine. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.012038.

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♦ Unconscious patients should have CT scan of neck♦ Emergency MRI if possible in spinal cord injury♦ Avoid flexion/extension views if possible♦ In spinal shock avoid over transfusion and consider epinephrine; high dose steroids probably not indicated♦ Reduce dislocation acutely (MRI before in intact patients if possible)♦ Do not put distraction injury into traction♦ Urgent surgery for traumatic disc hernaition, expanding epidural haematoma, depressed lamina fracture or complex facet fractures with dislocation.

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10

Speed, Cathy. Badminton injuries. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0054.

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The sport of badminton originated in Gloucestershire, England, in the 1860s and has evolved to become a game played by millions across the world. Badminton is the world’s fastest racket sport with shuttles reaching 200 mph in top international competitions. When played at high level, this fast and powerful game demands high levels of strength, agility, endurance, and tactical awareness. Most of the injuries seen are related to microtraumatic overuse, and are associated with high impact, lunging, rotating, and spinal extension. The mechanics of the sport present a good example of the influence

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11

Thakore, Nimish J., and Erik P. Pioro. Clinical Presentations, Diagnostic Criteria, and Lab Testing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0023.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the protypical motor neuron disease, which is characterized by the simultaneous presence of upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) signs in the same extremity or in the cranial-bulbar region. UMN signs at spinal levels include spasticity, slowness of motor activation, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes and extensor plantar responses, whereas UMN signs at the cranial level include spastic dysarthia (slow, labored, nasal); slowness of tongue movements, and hyperactive jaw, gag, and facial reflexes. LMN signs at the spinal level include muscle a

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12

Farquhar-Smith, Paul. The additive analgesia of adrenaline in epidural blockade. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0058.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery’, published by Niemi and Breivik in 1998. The analgesic potential of neuraxial blockade has long been recognized. The extensive opioid receptor expression in areas germane to pain pathways gave credence to the effective clinical application of lower doses of neuraxial opioids compared with systemic administration. Preclinical data also proposed a potential spinal action of α‎2 agonists in achieving

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13

Gilbert, Mark R., and Roberta Rudà. Ependymal tumours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0005.

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Ependymomas are uncommon central nervous system cancers that can arise in the supratentorial, infratentorial, or spinal cord region. Recently, there have been several seminal findings regarding the molecular profiles of ependymomas that have led to marked changes in the classification of this disease. In addition to the World Health Organization grading system that designates ependymomas based on histological appearance into grade I, II, or III, a new molecular classification with distinct entities within the three anatomical regions provides additional subtyping that has prognostic significan

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14

Price, Chane, Zahid Huq, Eellan Sivanesan, and Constantine Sarantopoulos. Pain Pathways and Pain Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0001.

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Pain is a multidimensional sensory experience that is mediated by complex peripheral and central neuroanatomical pathways and mechanisms. Typically, noxious stimuli activate specific peripheral nerve terminals onto Aδ‎ and C nerve fibers that convey pain and generate signals that are relayed and processed in the spinal cord and then conveyed via the spinothalamic tracts to the contralateral thalamus and from there to the brain. Acute pain is self-limited and resolves with the healing process, but conditions of extensive injury or inflammation sensitize the pain pathways and generate aberrant,

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15

Samandouras, George, ed. The Neurosurgeon's Handbook. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570677.001.0001.

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The Neurosurgeon's Handbook concisely covers all aspects of adult and paediatric neurosurgery. It is systematically, meticulously and clearly broken down into easy-to-follow sections that contain all critical neurosurgical information, which is systematically presented to include clear definitions; epidemiology, pathophysiology and mechanisms of disease; neuroradiological and neuropathological features; critical care and neuroanaesthesia; clinical presentation and differential diagnosis; treatment; critical surgical anatomy and step-by-step key operative techniques of the brain, skull base and

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16

Guillery, Ray. Thalamic higher-order driver inputs as sensorimotor links. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0009.

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This chapter provides a closer look at the branching patterns of driver inputs to higher-order thalamic nuclei, and introduces their functional significance for discussion in later chapters. Their thalamic branches bring information for relay to higher cortical levels, including a copy of the information carried in the motor branches about anticipated cortical contributions to the control of actions and consequent changes in perceptions. In this way, the cortex can add to the control of an action when there is a mismatch between action and perception. Most of these branched axons that have so

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17

Levi, Allan D., ed. Goodman's Neurosurgery Oral Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190055189.001.0001.

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This book will educate and prepare neurosurgery candidates who are preparing for the Neurosurgery Oral Board exam. The book begins by initially describing the format of the new oral board exam in the United States. It will then examine some of the concepts and techniques in the question–answer process that forms the major premise of the oral board exam. The book chapters to follow are then divided into the neurosurgery subspecialty areas including spine, peripheral nerve, brain tumors, cerebral vascular and endovascular, functional/pain, pediatrics, etc. Each chapter contains 3 to 7 case prese

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18

Levi, Allan D., ed. Goodman's Neurosurgery Oral Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190636937.001.0001.

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The purpose of this book is to educate and prepare neurosurgery candidates for the American Board of Neurological Surgery Oral Board Examination. The book begins by describing the format of the Oral Board Examination in the United States in its current format. It then examines some of the concepts and techniques in the question-and-answer process that forms the major premise of the Oral Board Examination. The book chapters that follow are divided into the neurosurgery subspecialty areas, including brain tumors, vascular, endovascular, cranial trauma, pain, epilepsy and functional, spine, perip

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19

Boules, Adel N. Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868781.001.0001.

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Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis is a beginning graduate textbook on real and functional analysis, with a substantial component on topology. The three leading chapters furnish background information on the real and complex number fields, a concise introduction to set theory, and a rigorous treatment of vector spaces. Instructors can choose material from this part as their students’ background warrants. Chapter 4 is the spine of the book and is essential for an effective reading of the rest of the book. It is an extensive study of metric spaces, including the core topics of completeness, c

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