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Journal articles on the topic 'Spindle tension'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Luo, Jianjun, Xinjing Xu, Hana Hall, et al. "Histone H3 Exerts a Key Function in Mitotic Checkpoint Control." Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, no. 2 (2009): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00980-09.

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ABSTRACT It has been firmly established that many interphase nuclear functions, including transcriptional regulation, are regulated by chromatin and histones. How mitotic progression and quality control might be influenced by histones is less well characterized. We show that histone H3 plays a crucial role in activating the spindle assembly checkpoint in response to a defect in mitosis. Prior to anaphase, all chromosomes must attach to spindles emanating from the opposite spindle pole bodies. The tension between sister chromatids generated by the poleward pulling force is an integral part of c

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2

Short, Ben. "Spindle microtubules sustain the tension." Journal of Cell Biology 205, no. 3 (2014): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.2053iti1.

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3

Matos, Irina, António J. Pereira, Mariana Lince-Faria, Lisa A. Cameron, Edward D. Salmon, and Helder Maiato. "Synchronizing chromosome segregation by flux-dependent force equalization at kinetochores." Journal of Cell Biology 186, no. 1 (2009): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200904153.

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The synchronous movement of chromosomes during anaphase ensures their correct inheritance in every cell division. This reflects the uniformity of spindle forces acting on chromosomes and their simultaneous entry into anaphase. Although anaphase onset is controlled by the spindle assembly checkpoint, it remains unknown how spindle forces are uniformly distributed among different chromosomes. In this paper, we show that tension uniformity at metaphase kinetochores and subsequent anaphase synchrony in Drosophila S2 cells are promoted by spindle microtubule flux. These results can be explained by

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4

O’Toole, Eileen, Mary Morphew, and J. Richard McIntosh. "Electron tomography reveals aspects of spindle structure important for mechanical stability at metaphase." Molecular Biology of the Cell 31, no. 3 (2020): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e19-07-0405.

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Electron tomography of mitotic spindles reveals connections that link kinetochore-associated microtubules with other microtubules that cross the spindle midplane, providing support for the tension that acts on metaphase chromosomes.

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5

Meng, Zhuo, Jing Jing Sun, Zhi Jun Sun, and L. Zeng. "The Design of Self-Adjusting Delivering Warp Mechanism in Knitted Carpet Weaving Equipment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 10-12 (December 2007): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.10-12.271.

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The tension of warp and weft run through the whole weaving process in knitted carpet weaving equipment. The performance of delivering warp mechanism and guiding weft mechanism in this kind of equipment influences the quality of carpet directly. A self-adjusting delivering warp mechanism is designed in this thesis, which is used in knitted carpet weaving equipment or other textile equipment that delivers warp by warp-spindle and demands even warp tension. The self-adjusting delivering warp mechanism consists of the device for setting and detecting warp tension, the device for driving warp-spind

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6

Pinsky, Benjamin A., and Sue Biggins. "The spindle checkpoint: tension versus attachment." Trends in Cell Biology 15, no. 9 (2005): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2005.07.005.

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7

Aist, J. R., H. Liang, and M. W. Berns. "Astral and spindle forces in PtK2 cells during anaphase B: a laser microbeam study." Journal of Cell Science 104, no. 4 (1993): 1207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.104.4.1207.

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Rat kangaroo kidney epithelium (PtK2) cells develop prominent asters and spindles during anaphase B of mitosis. It has been shown that severing the spindle at early anaphase B in living PtK1 cells results in a dramatic increase in the rate of pole-pole separation. This result suggested that the asters pull on the spindle poles, putting tension on the spindle, while the spindle acts as a governor, limiting the rate of pole separation. To further test these inferences, we used a UV-laser microbeam to damage one of the two asters in living PtK2 cells at early anaphase B and monitored the effects

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8

Oriola, David, Frank Jülicher, and Jan Brugués. "Active forces shape the metaphase spindle through a mechanical instability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 28 (2020): 16154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002446117.

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The metaphase spindle is a dynamic structure orchestrating chromosome segregation during cell division. Recently, soft matter approaches have shown that the spindle behaves as an active liquid crystal. Still, it remains unclear how active force generation contributes to its characteristic spindle-like shape. Here we combine theory and experiments to show that molecular motor-driven forces shape the structure through a barreling-type instability. We test our physical model by titrating dynein activity inXenopusegg extract spindles and quantifying the shape and microtubule orientation. We conclu

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9

Hossain, M., M. Sparing, T. Espenhahn, et al. "In situ measurement of the dynamic yarn path in a turbo ring spinning process based on the superconducting magnetic bearing twisting system." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 7-8 (2019): 951–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519879899.

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The yarn tension and balloon form are the most important physical process parameters to characterize the dynamic yarn path in ring spinning. The present research work focuses on the in situ measurement of yarn tension in different regions of the yarn path in a developed turbo ring spinning tester with a friction-free superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) twisting system and at an angular spindle speed of up to 50,000 rpm. The influence of different parameters, such as angular spindle speeds (15,000–50,000 rpm), yarn counts (15–40 tex) and balloon control ring (one or multiple), were evaluated

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Stephens, Andrew D., Rachel A. Haggerty, Paula A. Vasquez, et al. "Pericentric chromatin loops function as a nonlinear spring in mitotic force balance." Journal of Cell Biology 200, no. 6 (2013): 757–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201208163.

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The mechanisms by which sister chromatids maintain biorientation on the metaphase spindle are critical to the fidelity of chromosome segregation. Active force interplay exists between predominantly extensional microtubule-based spindle forces and restoring forces from chromatin. These forces regulate tension at the kinetochore that silences the spindle assembly checkpoint to ensure faithful chromosome segregation. Depletion of pericentric cohesin or condensin has been shown to increase the mean and variance of spindle length, which have been attributed to a softening of the linear chromatin sp

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11

Warsi, Tariq H., Michelle S. Navarro, and Jeff Bachant. "DNA Topoisomerase II Is a Determinant of the Tensile Properties of Yeast Centromeric Chromatin and the Tension Checkpoint." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 10 (2008): 4421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-05-0547.

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Centromeric (CEN) chromatin is placed under mechanical tension and stretches as kinetochores biorient on the mitotic spindle. This deformation could conceivably provide a readout of biorientation to error correction mechanisms that monitor kinetochore–spindle interactions, but whether CEN chromatin acts in a tensiometer capacity is unresolved. Here, we report observations linking yeast Topoisomerase II (Top2) to both CEN mechanics and assessment of interkinetochore tension. First, in top2-4 and sumoylation-resistant top2-SNM mutants CEN chromatin stretches extensively during biorientation, res

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12

McEwen, Bruce F., and Yimin Dong. "Releasing the spindle assembly checkpoint without tension." Journal of Cell Biology 184, no. 3 (2009): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200812016.

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Eukaryotic cells have evolved a spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that facilitates accurate genomic segregation during mitosis by delaying anaphase onset in response to errors in kinetochore microtubule attachment. In contrast to the well-studied molecular mechanism by which the SAC blocks anaphase onset, the events triggering SAC release are poorly understood. Papers in this issue by Uchida et al. (Uchida, K.S.K., K. Takagaki, K. Kumada, Y. Hirayama, T. Noda, and T. Hirota. 2009. J. Cell Biol. 184:383–390) and Maresca and Salmon (Maresca, T.J., and E.D. Salmon. 2009. J. Cell Biol. 184:373–381

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13

Chan, Ying Wai, Luca L. Fava, Andreas Uldschmid, et al. "Mitotic control of kinetochore-associated dynein and spindle orientation by human Spindly." Journal of Cell Biology 185, no. 5 (2009): 859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200812167.

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Mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation depend critically on kinetochore–microtubule (KT–MT) interactions. A new protein, termed Spindly in Drosophila and SPDL-1 in C. elegans, was recently shown to regulate KT localization of dynein, but depletion phenotypes revealed striking differences, suggesting evolutionarily diverse roles of mitotic dynein. By characterizing the function of Spindly in human cells, we identify specific functions for KT dynein. We show that localization of human Spindly (hSpindly) to KTs is controlled by the Rod/Zw10/Zwilch (RZZ) complex and Aurora B. hSpindl

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14

Chacón, Jeremy M., Soumya Mukherjee, Breanna M. Schuster, Duncan J. Clarke, and Melissa K. Gardner. "Pericentromere tension is self-regulated by spindle structure in metaphase." Journal of Cell Biology 205, no. 3 (2014): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201312024.

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During cell division, a mitotic spindle is built by the cell and acts to align and stretch duplicated sister chromosomes before their ultimate segregation into daughter cells. Stretching of the pericentromeric chromatin during metaphase is thought to generate a tension-based signal that promotes proper chromosome segregation. However, it is not known whether the mitotic spindle actively maintains a set point tension magnitude for properly attached sister chromosomes to facilitate robust mechanochemical checkpoint signaling. By imaging and tracking the thermal movements of pericentromeric fluor

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15

Stephens, Andrew D., Julian Haase, Leandra Vicci, Russell M. Taylor, and Kerry Bloom. "Cohesin, condensin, and the intramolecular centromere loop together generate the mitotic chromatin spring." Journal of Cell Biology 193, no. 7 (2011): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201103138.

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Sister chromatid cohesion provides the mechanistic basis, together with spindle microtubules, for generating tension between bioriented chromosomes in metaphase. Pericentric chromatin forms an intramolecular loop that protrudes bidirectionally from the sister chromatid axis. The centromere lies on the surface of the chromosome at the apex of each loop. The cohesin and condensin structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes are concentrated within the pericentric chromatin, but whether they contribute to tension-generating mechanisms is not known. To understand how pericentric c

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16

Encalada, Sandra E., John Willis, Rebecca Lyczak, and Bruce Bowerman. "A Spindle Checkpoint Functions during Mitosis in the Early Caenorhabditis elegans Embryo." Molecular Biology of the Cell 16, no. 3 (2005): 1056–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-08-0712.

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During mitosis, chromosome segregation is regulated by a spindle checkpoint mechanism. This checkpoint delays anaphase until all kinetochores are captured by microtubules from both spindle poles, chromosomes congress to the metaphase plate, and the tension between kinetochores and their attached microtubules is properly sensed. Although the spindle checkpoint can be activated in many different cell types, the role of this regulatory mechanism in rapidly dividing embryonic animal cells has remained controversial. Here, using time-lapse imaging of live embryonic cells, we show that chemical or m

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17

Verdaasdonk, Jolien S., Ryan Gardner, Andrew D. Stephens, Elaine Yeh, and Kerry Bloom. "Tension-dependent nucleosome remodeling at the pericentromere in yeast." Molecular Biology of the Cell 23, no. 13 (2012): 2560–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e11-07-0651.

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Nucleosome positioning is important for the structural integrity of chromosomes. During metaphase the mitotic spindle exerts physical force on pericentromeric chromatin. The cell must adjust the pericentromeric chromatin to accommodate the changing tension resulting from microtubule dynamics to maintain a stable metaphase spindle. Here we examine the effects of spindle-based tension on nucleosome dynamics by measuring the histone turnover of the chromosome arm and the pericentromere during metaphase in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that both histones H2B and H4 exhibit gr

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18

Connolly, Amy A., Kenji Sugioka, Chien-Hui Chuang, Joshua B. Lowry, and Bruce Bowerman. "KLP-7 acts through the Ndc80 complex to limit pole number in C. elegans oocyte meiotic spindle assembly." Journal of Cell Biology 210, no. 6 (2015): 917–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201412010.

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During oocyte meiotic cell division in many animals, bipolar spindles assemble in the absence of centrosomes, but the mechanisms that restrict pole assembly to a bipolar state are unknown. We show that KLP-7, the single mitotic centromere–associated kinesin (MCAK)/kinesin-13 in Caenorhabditis elegans, is required for bipolar oocyte meiotic spindle assembly. In klp-7(−) mutants, extra microtubules accumulated, extra functional spindle poles assembled, and chromosomes frequently segregated as three distinct masses during meiosis I anaphase. Moreover, reducing KLP-7 function in monopolar klp-18(−

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19

McVey, Shelby L., Jenna K. Cosby, and Natalie J. Nannas. "Aurora B Tension Sensing Mechanisms in the Kinetochore Ensure Accurate Chromosome Segregation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (2021): 8818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168818.

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The accurate segregation of chromosomes is essential for the survival of organisms and cells. Mistakes can lead to aneuploidy, tumorigenesis and congenital birth defects. The spindle assembly checkpoint ensures that chromosomes properly align on the spindle, with sister chromatids attached to microtubules from opposite poles. Here, we review how tension is used to identify and selectively destabilize incorrect attachments, and thus serves as a trigger of the spindle assembly checkpoint to ensure fidelity in chromosome segregation. Tension is generated on properly attached chromosomes as sister

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20

Zhou, J. "Attachment and tension in the spindle assembly checkpoint." Journal of Cell Science 115, no. 18 (2002): 3547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.00029.

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21

Qi, Feifei, Jun Zhou, and Min Liu. "Microtubule‐interfering agents, spindle defects, and interkinetochore tension." Journal of Cellular Physiology 235, no. 1 (2019): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28978.

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22

Nezi, Luigi, and Andrea Musacchio. "Sister chromatid tension and the spindle assembly checkpoint." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 21, no. 6 (2009): 785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2009.09.007.

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23

Donaldson, Mary M., Álvaro A. M. Tavares, Hiroyuki Ohkura, Peter Deak, and David M. Glover. "Metaphase Arrest with Centromere Separation in polo Mutants of Drosophila." Journal of Cell Biology 153, no. 4 (2001): 663–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.153.4.663.

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The Drosophila gene polo encodes a conserved protein kinase known to be required to organize spindle poles and for cytokinesis. Here we report two strongly hypomorphic mutations of polo that arrest cells of the larval brain at a point in metaphase when the majority of sister kinetochores have separated by between 20–50% of the total spindle length in intact cells. In contrast, analysis of sister chromatid separation in squashed preparations of cells indicates that some 83% of sisters remain attached. This suggests the separation seen in intact cells requires the tension produced by a functiona

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24

Maddox, Paul, Aaron Straight, Peg Coughlin, Timothy J. Mitchison, and Edward D. Salmon. "Direct observation of microtubule dynamics at kinetochores in Xenopus extract spindles." Journal of Cell Biology 162, no. 3 (2003): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200301088.

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Microtubule plus ends dynamically attach to kinetochores on mitotic chromosomes. We directly imaged this dynamic interface using high resolution fluorescent speckle microscopy and direct labeling of kinetochores in Xenopus extract spindles. During metaphase, kinetochores were stationary and under tension while plus end polymerization and poleward microtubule flux (flux) occurred at velocities varying from 1.5–2.5 μm/min. Because kinetochore microtubules polymerize at metaphase kinetochores, the primary source of kinetochore tension must be the spindle forces that produce flux and not a kinetoc

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25

Liu, Dan, and Michael A. Lampson. "Regulation of kinetochore–microtubule attachments by Aurora B kinase." Biochemical Society Transactions 37, no. 5 (2009): 976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0370976.

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Accurate segregation of chromosomes in mitosis requires that spindle microtubules attach sister kinetochores to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle (biorientation). To achieve biorientation of all chromosomes, incorrect attachments are selectively destabilized, providing a fresh opportunity to biorient, whereas correct attachments are stabilized. Tension across the centromere may be the signal that distinguishes different attachment states, as spindle microtubules pull bioriented sister kinetochores in the opposite direction. Destabilization of incorrect attachments requires the Ipl1/Aurora

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26

Wong, Jim, and Guowei Fang. "HURP controls spindle dynamics to promote proper interkinetochore tension and efficient kinetochore capture." Journal of Cell Biology 173, no. 6 (2006): 879–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200511132.

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Through a functional genomic screen for mitotic regulators, we identified hepatoma up-regulated protein (HURP) as a protein that is required for chromosome congression and alignment. In HURP-depleted cells, the persistence of unaligned chromosomes and the reduction of tension across sister kinetochores on aligned chromosomes resulted in the activation of the spindle checkpoint. Although these defects transiently delayed mitotic progression, HeLa cells initiated anaphase without resolution of these deficiencies. This bypass of the checkpoint arrest provides a tumor-specific mechanism for chromo

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Lawrimore, Josh, Paula A. Vasquez, Michael R. Falvo, et al. "DNA loops generate intracentromere tension in mitosis." Journal of Cell Biology 210, no. 4 (2015): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201502046.

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The centromere is the DNA locus that dictates kinetochore formation and is visibly apparent as heterochromatin that bridges sister kinetochores in metaphase. Sister centromeres are compacted and held together by cohesin, condensin, and topoisomerase-mediated entanglements until all sister chromosomes bi-orient along the spindle apparatus. The establishment of tension between sister chromatids is essential for quenching a checkpoint kinase signal generated from kinetochores lacking microtubule attachment or tension. How the centromere chromatin spring is organized and functions as a tensiometer

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28

Hart, Kevin C., Jiongyi Tan, Kathleen A. Siemers, et al. "E-cadherin and LGN align epithelial cell divisions with tissue tension independently of cell shape." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 29 (2017): E5845—E5853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701703114.

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Tissue morphogenesis requires the coordinated regulation of cellular behavior, which includes the orientation of cell division that defines the position of daughter cells in the tissue. Cell division orientation is instructed by biochemical and mechanical signals from the local tissue environment, but how those signals control mitotic spindle orientation is not fully understood. Here, we tested how mechanical tension across an epithelial monolayer is sensed to orient cell divisions. Tension across Madin–Darby canine kidney cell monolayers was increased by a low level of uniaxial stretch, which

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29

Lam, Maxine S. Y., Ana Lisica, Nitya Ramkumar, et al. "Isotropic myosin-generated tissue tension is required for the dynamic orientation of the mitotic spindle." Molecular Biology of the Cell 31, no. 13 (2020): 1370–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0545.

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By studying the dynamics of spindle orientation in mechanically distinct regions of an epithelium, this article reveals a role for isotropic tension in aiding accurate alignment of the spindle with the long cell axis.

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Yamaoka, Minoru, Kiyofumi Furusawa, and Toshifumi Kumai. "Muscle Spindle Distribution in the Levator Veli Palatini Muscle in the Rat." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 29, no. 3 (1992): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1992_029_0271_msditl_2.3.co_2.

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We previously reported that the levator veli palatini muscle (LVP) in the rat is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve. The LVP positioned between the mouth and nasopharynx, has important roles in respiration, swallowing, and speech. Muscle spindles, structures scattered through skeletal muscles, appear to function like miniature strain gauges, sensing the degree of tension in the muscle. Muscle spindles were demonstrated in the rat's LVP in our neurophysiology and histologic studies. We think the stretch of LVP modulates the rapid movements of the LVP by the proprioceptive component of the

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31

Magidson, Valentin, Jie He, Jeffrey G. Ault, et al. "Unattached kinetochores rather than intrakinetochore tension arrest mitosis in taxol-treated cells." Journal of Cell Biology 212, no. 3 (2016): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201412139.

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Kinetochores attach chromosomes to the spindle microtubules and signal the spindle assembly checkpoint to delay mitotic exit until all chromosomes are attached. Light microscopy approaches aimed to indirectly determine distances between various proteins within the kinetochore (termed Delta) suggest that kinetochores become stretched by spindle forces and compact elastically when the force is suppressed. Low Delta is believed to arrest mitotic progression in taxol-treated cells. However, the structural basis of Delta remains unknown. By integrating same-kinetochore light microscopy and electron

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32

Xu, Quanbin, Songcheng Zhu, Wei Wang, et al. "Regulation of Kinetochore Recruitment of Two Essential Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint Proteins by Mps1 Phosphorylation." Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, no. 1 (2009): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-03-0324.

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Mps1 is a protein kinase that plays essential roles in spindle checkpoint signaling. Unattached kinetochores or lack of tension triggers recruitment of several key spindle checkpoint proteins to the kinetochore, which delays anaphase onset until proper attachment or tension is reestablished. Mps1 acts upstream in the spindle checkpoint signaling cascade, and kinetochore targeting of Mps1 is required for subsequent recruitment of Mad1 and Mad2 to the kinetochore. The mechanisms that govern recruitment of Mps1 or other checkpoint proteins to the kinetochore upon spindle checkpoint activation are

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Wong, Jim, Robert Lerrigo, Chang-Young Jang, and Guowei Fang. "Aurora A Regulates the Activity of HURP by Controlling the Accessibility of Its Microtubule-binding Domain." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 5 (2008): 2083–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e07-10-1088.

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HURP is a spindle-associated protein that mediates Ran-GTP-dependent assembly of the bipolar spindle and promotes chromosome congression and interkinetochore tension during mitosis. We report here a biochemical mechanism of HURP regulation by Aurora A, a key mitotic kinase that controls the assembly and function of the spindle. We found that HURP binds to microtubules through its N-terminal domain that hyperstabilizes spindle microtubules. Ectopic expression of this domain generates defects in spindle morphology and function that reduce the level of tension across sister kinetochores and activ

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Buster, Daniel W., Dong Zhang, and David J. Sharp. "Poleward Tubulin Flux in Spindles: Regulation and Function in Mitotic Cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 18, no. 8 (2007): 3094–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e06-11-0994.

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The poleward flux of tubulin subunits through spindle microtubules is a striking and conserved phenomenon whose function and molecular components remain poorly understood. To screen for novel components of the flux machinery, we utilized RNA interference to deplete regulators of microtubule dynamics, individually and in various combinations, from S2 cells and examined the resulting impact on flux rate. This led to the identification of two previously unknown flux inhibitors, KLP59C and KLP67A, and a flux promoter, Mini-spindles. Furthermore, we find that flux rate is regulated by functional an

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Loram, Ian D., Martin Lakie, Irene Di Giulio, and Constantinos N. Maganaris. "The Consequences of Short-Range Stiffness and Fluctuating Muscle Activity for Proprioception of Postural Joint Rotations: The Relevance to Human Standing." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 1 (2009): 460–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00007.2009.

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Proprioception comes from muscles and tendons. Tendon compliance, muscle stiffness, and fluctuating activity complicate transduction of joint rotation to a proprioceptive signal. These problems are acute in postural regulation because of tiny joint rotations and substantial short-range muscle stiffness. When studying locomotion or perturbed balance these problems are less applicable. We recently measured short-range stiffness in standing and considered the implications for load stability. Here, using an appropriately simplified model we analyze the conversion of joint rotation to spindle input

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Yamamoto, Ayumu. "Shake It Off: The Elimination of Erroneous Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments and Chromosome Oscillation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (2021): 3174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063174.

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Cell proliferation and sexual reproduction require the faithful segregation of chromosomes. Chromosome segregation is driven by the interaction of chromosomes with the spindle, and the attachment of chromosomes to the proper spindle poles is essential. Initial attachments are frequently erroneous due to the random nature of the attachment process; however, erroneous attachments are selectively eliminated. Proper attachment generates greater tension at the kinetochore than erroneous attachments, and it is thought that attachment selection is dependent on this tension. However, studies of meioti

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Uchida, Kazuhiko S. K., Kentaro Takagaki, Kazuki Kumada, Youko Hirayama, Tetsuo Noda, and Toru Hirota. "Kinetochore stretching inactivates the spindle assembly checkpoint." Journal of Cell Biology 184, no. 3 (2009): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200811028.

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The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors the attachment of microtubules to the kinetochore and inhibits anaphase when microtubule binding is incomplete. The SAC might also respond to tension; however, how cells can sense tension and whether its detection is important to satisfy the SAC remain controversial. We generated a HeLa cell line in which two components of the kinetochore, centromere protein A and Mis12, are labeled with green and red fluorophores, respectively. Live cell imaging of these cells reveals repetitive cycles of kinetochore extension and recoiling after biorientation. U

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Gordon, Michael B., Louisa Howard, and Duane A. Compton. "Chromosome Movement in Mitosis Requires Microtubule Anchorage at Spindle Poles." Journal of Cell Biology 152, no. 3 (2001): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.152.3.425.

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Anchorage of microtubule minus ends at spindle poles has been proposed to bear the load of poleward forces exerted by kinetochore-associated motors so that chromosomes move toward the poles rather than the poles toward the chromosomes. To test this hypothesis, we monitored chromosome movement during mitosis after perturbation of nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA) and the human homologue of the KIN C motor family (HSET), two noncentrosomal proteins involved in spindle pole organization in animal cells. Perturbation of NuMA alone disrupts spindle pole organization and delays anaphase onset

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Assaad, M. C. "Mechanics of the Dynamic Flex Test." Tire Science and Technology 19, no. 4 (1991): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2141717.

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Abstract The dynamic flex test is a comparative test used for screening synthetic cords. The test objective is to subject the cord through accelerated test conditions as observed in an underinflated and deflected tire. This test ultimately determines the percent break strength retained for flexed synthetic tire cords. It consists of a two-layer composite laminate subjected to a constant tensile load while dynamically flexing around a spindle. After flexing for two to six hours (the time depends on the cord material and construction), the break strength is determined for the flexed and for an u

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Yu, Hong-Guo, Michael G. Muszynski, and R. Kelly Dawe. "The Maize Homologue of the Cell Cycle Checkpoint Protein MAD2 Reveals Kinetochore Substructure and Contrasting Mitotic and Meiotic Localization Patterns." Journal of Cell Biology 145, no. 3 (1999): 425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.145.3.425.

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We have identified a maize homologue of yeast MAD2, an essential component in the spindle checkpoint pathway that ensures metaphase is complete before anaphase begins. Combined immunolocalization of MAD2 and a recently cloned maize CENPC homologue indicates that MAD2 localizes to an outer domain of the prometaphase kinetochore. MAD2 staining was primarily observed on mitotic kinetochores that lacked attached microtubules; i.e., at prometaphase or when the microtubules were depolymerized with oryzalin. In contrast, the loss of MAD2 staining in meiosis was not correlated with initial microtubule

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Suzuki, Aussie, Tetsuya Hori, Tatsuya Nishino, et al. "Spindle microtubules generate tension-dependent changes in the distribution of inner kinetochore proteins." Journal of Cell Biology 193, no. 1 (2011): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201012050.

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The kinetochore forms a dynamic interface with microtubules from the mitotic spindle. Live-cell light microscopy–based observations on the dynamic structural changes within the kinetochore suggest that molecular rearrangements within the kinetochore occur upon microtubule interaction. However, the source of these rearrangements is still unclear. In this paper, we analyze vertebrate kinetochore ultrastructure by immunoelectron microscopy (EM) in the presence or absence of tension from spindle microtubules. We found that the inner kinetochore region defined by CENP-A, CENP-C, CENP-R, and the C-t

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Silk, Alain D., Andrew J. Holland, and Don W. Cleveland. "Requirements for NuMA in maintenance and establishment of mammalian spindle poles." Journal of Cell Biology 184, no. 5 (2009): 677–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200810091.

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Microtubules of the mitotic spindle in mammalian somatic cells are focused at spindle poles, a process thought to include direct capture by astral microtubules of kinetochores and/or noncentrosomally nucleated microtubule bundles. By construction and analysis of a conditional loss of mitotic function allele of the nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) protein in mice and cultured primary cells, we demonstrate that NuMA is an essential mitotic component with distinct contributions to the establishment and maintenance of focused spindle poles. When mitotic NuMA function is disrupted, centrosomes prov

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O'Connell, Christopher B., Jadranka Lončarek, Polla Hergert, Antonis Kourtidis, Douglas S. Conklin, and Alexey Khodjakov. "The spindle assembly checkpoint is satisfied in the absence of interkinetochore tension during mitosis with unreplicated genomes." Journal of Cell Biology 183, no. 1 (2008): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200801038.

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The accuracy of chromosome segregation is enhanced by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). The SAC is thought to monitor two distinct events: attachment of kinetochores to microtubules and the stretch of the centromere between the sister kinetochores that arises only when the chromosome becomes properly bioriented. We examined human cells undergoing mitosis with unreplicated genomes (MUG). Kinetochores in these cells are not paired, which implies that the centromere cannot be stretched; however, cells progress through mitosis. A SAC is present during MUG as cells arrest in response to nocoda

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Barnhart, Erin L., Russell K. Dorer, Andrew W. Murray, and Scott C. Schuyler. "Reduced Mad2 expression keeps relaxed kinetochores from arresting budding yeast in mitosis." Molecular Biology of the Cell 22, no. 14 (2011): 2448–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-01-0029.

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Chromosome segregation depends on the spindle checkpoint, which delays anaphase until all chromosomes have bound microtubules and have been placed under tension. The Mad1–Mad2 complex is an essential component of the checkpoint. We studied the consequences of removing one copy of MAD2 in diploid cells of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Compared to MAD2/MAD2 cells, MAD2/mad2Δ heterozygotes show increased chromosome loss and have different responses to two insults that activate the spindle checkpoint: MAD2/mad2Δ cells respond normally to antimicrotubule drugs but cannot respond to c

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Jang, Chang-Young, Jim Wong, Judith A. Coppinger, Akiko Seki, John R. Yates, and Guowei Fang. "DDA3 recruits microtubule depolymerase Kif2a to spindle poles and controls spindle dynamics and mitotic chromosome movement." Journal of Cell Biology 181, no. 2 (2008): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200711032.

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Dynamic turnover of the spindle is a driving force for chromosome congression and segregation in mitosis. Through a functional genomic analysis, we identify DDA3 as a previously unknown regulator of spindle dynamics that is essential for mitotic progression. DDA3 depletion results in a high frequency of unaligned chromosomes, a substantial reduction in tension across sister kinetochores at metaphase, and a decrease in the velocity of chromosome segregation at anaphase. DDA3 associates with the mitotic spindle and controls microtubule (MT) dynamics. Mechanistically, DDA3 interacts with the MT d

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Ditchfield, Claire, Victoria L. Johnson, Anthony Tighe, et al. "Aurora B couples chromosome alignment with anaphase by targeting BubR1, Mad2, and Cenp-E to kinetochores." Journal of Cell Biology 161, no. 2 (2003): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200208091.

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The Aurora/Ipl1 family of protein kinases plays multiple roles in mitosis and cytokinesis. Here, we describe ZM447439, a novel selective Aurora kinase inhibitor. Cells treated with ZM447439 progress through interphase, enter mitosis normally, and assemble bipolar spindles. However, chromosome alignment, segregation, and cytokinesis all fail. Despite the presence of maloriented chromosomes, ZM447439-treated cells exit mitosis with normal kinetics, indicating that the spindle checkpoint is compromised. Indeed, ZM447439 prevents mitotic arrest after exposure to paclitaxel. RNA interference experi

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Pearson, Chad G., Melissa K. Gardner, Leocadia V. Paliulis, E. D. Salmon, David J. Odde, and Kerry Bloom. "Measuring Nanometer Scale Gradients in Spindle Microtubule Dynamics Using Model Convolution Microscopy." Molecular Biology of the Cell 17, no. 9 (2006): 4069–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e06-04-0312.

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A computational model for the budding yeast mitotic spindle predicts a spatial gradient in tubulin turnover that is produced by kinetochore-attached microtubule (kMT) plus-end polymerization and depolymerization dynamics. However, kMTs in yeast are often much shorter than the resolution limit of the light microscope, making visualization of this gradient difficult. To overcome this limitation, we combined digital imaging of fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP) with model convolution methods to compare computer simulations at nanometer scale resolution to microscopic data. We

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Larson, Stephanie M., Hyo J. Lee, Pei-hsuan Hung, Lauren M. Matthews, Douglas N. Robinson, and Janice P. Evans. "Cortical Mechanics and Meiosis II Completion in Mammalian Oocytes Are Mediated by Myosin-II and Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin (ERM) Proteins." Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, no. 18 (2010): 3182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e10-01-0066.

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Cell division is inherently mechanical, with cell mechanics being a critical determinant governing the cell shape changes that accompany progression through the cell cycle. The mechanical properties of symmetrically dividing mitotic cells have been well characterized, whereas the contribution of cellular mechanics to the strikingly asymmetric divisions of female meiosis is very poorly understood. Progression of the mammalian oocyte through meiosis involves remodeling of the cortex and proper orientation of the meiotic spindle, and thus we hypothesized that cortical tension and stiffness would

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Taylor, Stephen S., Deema Hussein, Yunmei Wang, Sarah Elderkin, and Christopher J. Morrow. "Kinetochore localisation and phosphorylation of the mitotic checkpoint components Bub1 and BubR1 are differentially regulated by spindle events in human cells." Journal of Cell Science 114, no. 24 (2001): 4385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114.24.4385.

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BUB1 is a budding yeast gene required to ensure that progression through mitosis is coupled to correct spindle assembly. Two related human protein kinases, Bub1 and BubR1, both localise to kinetochores during mitosis, suggesting that they play a role in delaying anaphase until all chromosomes achieve correct, bipolar attachment to the spindle. However, how the activities of Bub1 and BubR1 are regulated by spindle events and how their activities regulate downstream cell cycle events is not known.To investigate how spindle events regulate Bub1 and BubR1, we characterised their relative localisat

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Kuhn, Jonathan, and Sophie Dumont. "Spindle assembly checkpoint satisfaction occurs via end-on but not lateral attachments under tension." Journal of Cell Biology 216, no. 6 (2017): 1533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201611104.

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To ensure accurate chromosome segregation, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents anaphase until all kinetochores attach to the spindle. What signals the SAC monitors remains unclear. We do not know the contributions of different microtubule attachment features or tension from biorientation to SAC satisfaction nor how these possible cues change during attachment. In this study, we quantify concurrent Mad1 intensity and report on SAC silencing, real-time attachment geometry, occupancy, and tension at individual mammalian kinetochores. We show that Mad1 loss from the kinetochore is switc

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