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Academic literature on the topic 'Spine - Anatomy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Spine - Anatomy"

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Shanechi, Amirali Modir, Matthew Kiczek, Majid Khan, and Gaurav Jindal. "Spine Anatomy Imaging." Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 29, no. 4 (November 2019): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2019.08.001.

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Phillips, S., S. Mercer, and N. Bogduk. "Anatomy and biomechanics of quadratus lumborum." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 222, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119jeim266.

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Various actions on the lumbar spine have been attributed to quadratus lumborum, but they have not been substantiated by quantitative data. The present study was undertaken to determine the magnitude of forces and moments that quadratus lumborum could exert on the lumbar spine. The fascicular anatomy of quadratus lumborum was studied in six embalmed cadavers. For each fascicle, the sites of attachment, orientation, and physiological cross-sectional area were determined. The fascicular anatomy varied considerably, between sides and between specimens, with respect to the number of fascicles, their prevalence, and their sizes. Approximately half of the fascicles act on the twelfth rib, and the rest act on the lumbar spine. The more consistently present fascicles were incorporated, as force-equivalents, into a model of quadratus lumborum in order to determine its possible actions. The magnitudes of the compression forces exerted by quadratus lumborum on the lumbar spine, the extensor moment, and the lateral bending moment, were each no greater than 10 per cent of those exerted by erector spinae and multifidus. These data indicate that quadratus lumborum has no more than a modest action on the lumbar spine, in quantitative terms. Its actual role in spinal biomechanics has still to be determined.

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Kumaresan, Srirangam, Narayan Yoganandan, Frank A. Pintar, Dennis J. Maiman, and Shashi Kuppa. "Biomechanical Study of Pediatric Human Cervical Spine: A Finite Element Approach." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 122, no. 1 (August 22, 1999): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.429628.

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Although considerable effort has been made to understand the biomechanical behavior of the adult cervical spine, relatively little information is available on the response of the pediatric cervical spine to external forces. Since significant anatomical differences exist between the adult and pediatric cervical spines, distinct biomechanical responses are expected. The present study quantified the biomechanical responses of human pediatric spines by incorporating their unique developmental anatomical features. One-, three-, and six-year-old cervical spines were simulated using the finite element modeling technique, and their responses computed and compared with the adult spine response. The effects of pure overall structural scaling of the adult spine, local component developmental anatomy variations that occur to the actual pediatric spines, and structural scaling combined with local component anatomy variations on the responses of the pediatric spines were studied. Age- and component-related developmental anatomical features included variations in the ossification centers, cartilages, growth plates, vertebral centrum, facet joints, and annular fibers and nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs. The flexibility responses of the models were determined under pure compression, pure flexion, pure extension, and varying degrees of combined compression–flexion and compression–extension. The pediatric spine responses obtained with the pure overall (only geometric) scaling of the adult spine indicated that the flexibilities consistently increase in a uniform manner from six- to one-year-old spines under all loading cases. In contrast, incorporation of local anatomic changes specific to the pediatric spines of the three age groups (maintaining the same adult size) not only resulted in considerable increases in flexibilities, but the responses also varied as a function of the age of the pediatric spine and type of external loading. When the geometric scaling effects were added to these spines, the increases in flexibilities were slightly higher; however, the pattern of the responses remained the same as found in the previous approach. These results indicate that inclusion of developmental anatomical changes characteristic of the pediatric spines has more of a predominant effect on biomechanical responses than extrapolating responses of the adult spine based on pure overall geometric scaling. [S0148-0731(00)00501-X]

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Pait, T. Glenn, Alexandre J. R. Elias, and Ron Tribell. "Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral Spine Anatomy for Endoscopic Surgery." Neurosurgery 51, suppl_2 (November 1, 2002): S2–67—S2–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200211002-00010.

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Abstract WE DISCUSS THE anatomy of the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral levels of the spinal cord. Given the nature of endoscopic surgery, it is recommended that the surgeon have thorough knowledge not only of the bony architecture but also of important visceral and other soft tissue structures. It is essential to understand the normal anatomy to recognize the abnormal and anatomic variations. We present the so-called normal anatomic configurations and illustrate how these structures vary at the different levels of the spinal column.

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Crock, Henry V. "Applied anatomy of the spine." Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 64, sup251 (January 1993): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17453679309160118.

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Wells-Roth, David, and Martin Zonenshayn. "Vascular anatomy of the spine." Operative Techniques in Neurosurgery 6, no. 3 (September 2003): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/s1092-440x(03)00037-9.

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Grieve, Gregory P. "Functional Anatomy of the Spine." Physiotherapy 79, no. 10 (October 1993): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)60049-1.

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Klitsch, Matthew Brady. "Fox Spine, and: Otter Anatomy." Colorado Review 41, no. 3 (2014): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/col.2014.0084.

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Shedid, Daniel, and Edward C. Benzel. "CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS ANATOMY." Neurosurgery 60, suppl_1 (January 1, 2007): S1–7—S1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000215430.86569.c4.

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Abstract CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS IS the most common progressive disorder in the aging cervical spine. It results from the process of degeneration of the intervertebral discs and facet joints of the cervical spine. Biomechanically, the disc and the facets are the connecting structures between the vertebrae for the transmission of external forces. They also facilitate cervical spine mobility. Symptoms related to myelopathy and radiculopathy are caused by the formation of osteophytes, which compromise the diameter of the spinal canal. This compromise may also be partially developmental. The developmental process, together with the degenerative process, may cause mechanical pressure on the spinal cord at one or multiple levels. This pressure may produce direct neurological damage or ischemic changes and, thus, lead to spinal cord disturbances. A thorough understanding of the biomechanics, the pathology, the clinical presentation, the radiological evaluation, as well as the surgical indications of cervical spondylosis, is essential for the management of patients with cervical spondylosis.

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Hanke, Gavin F. "Paucicanthus vanelsti gen. et sp. nov., an Early Devonian (Lochkovian) acanthodian that lacks paired fin-spines." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1071–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-023.

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The acanthodian Paucicanthus vanelsti gen. et sp. nov. is described from six body fossils from Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) rocks of the southern Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada. This new species is unique among acanthodians in that it lacks both pectoral and pelvic fin-spines. In the absence of fin-spines, the leading edges of the pectoral and pelvic fins are reinforced by enlarged scales. The anatomy of the acanthodiform Traquairichthys pygmaeus is similar to P. vanelsti in that both lack pelvic fin-spines, although T. pygmaeus also lacks pelvic fins. Similarly, the acanthodian Yealepis douglasi lacks both paired and median fin-spines, and its anatomy resembles that of P. vanelsti based only on the loss of paired fin-spines. The lack of paired and (or) median fin-spines in these three taxa contrasts with the widely held view that acanthodian fins all were preceded by spines. The anatomy of P. vanelsti also is similar to that of the acanthodian Brochoadmones milesi in that both have a completely unossified endoskeleton, slightly elevated pectoral fins, and deep, compressed bodies. The median fin-spines of P. vanelsti have an anterior leading edge rib followed by a field of fine striations. This striated ornamentation coupled with few leading edge ribs also is seen on fin-spines of Cassidiceps vermiculatus and primitive acanthodiform acanthodians (e.g., Mesacanthus and Lodeacanthus species). I tentatively suggest that this fin-spine ornament indicates relationship between P. vanelsti, acanthodiform acanthodians, and C. vermiculatus. However, a cladistic analysis is required to test whether or not the characteristics such as fin-spine loss, unossified endoskeleton, elevated pectoral fins, deep compressed bodies, and (or) median fin-spine ornamentation are synapomorphies within the Acanthodii or evolved convergently within the class.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spine - Anatomy"

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Reimbold, Micheline. "Stability analysis of the spine pertaining to idiopathic scoliosis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ44102.pdf.

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Oppong, Francis. "Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Reduces Dendritic Spine Density across Sensory Cortices." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2482.

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Dendritic spines are the major site of excitatory synapses in cortex, and factors that reduce dendritic spine numbers will produce serious cortical processing deficits, such as has been demonstrated for mental retardation and other psychiatric disorders. Prenatal alcohol exposure also has detrimental effects on brain development that lead to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), which results in reduction of dendritic spine numbers in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and somatosensory cortex. FASD also is associated with temporal processing disorders involving sequential auditory stimuli that would be processed in auditory cortical areas. However, it is unknown if the reduction of spine density following prenatal alcohol exposure occurs at auditory cortex, or is generally reduced across the different sensory cortices. This present study examined that question. Young adult ferrets (176 days old, 1 male, 1 female), that were exposed to alcohol during the equivalent of third-trimester development, were used to prepare Golgi-Cox stained sections through primary auditory cortex (A1). Other cortical regions examined included primary somatosensory (S1), and higher-level multisensory cortices of lateral rostral suprasylvian (LRSS) and rostral posterior parietal (PPr) areas. Control values from normal animals (n=3) were derived from a previous study. The results of this present study demonstrated that, dendritic spine density was significantly (Student's t-test, P < 0.05) lower in the alcohol treated group than in normal controls in all the cortical regions examined. These data indicate that although reduced spine density in auditory cortex may underlie temporal processing disorders in FASD, pre-natal alcohol exposure has widespread consequences for sensory cortical processing in general.

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Steffen, Thomas 1958. "Three-dimensional spine biomechanics : a combined in-vivo and ex-vivo approach." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35502.

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Bajwa, Moazzum. "Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory and Multisensory Cortical Regions." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/87.

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In the brain, the dendritic spine is a point of information exchange that extends the neuronal surface on which synapses occur, as well as facilitates and stabilizes those contacts. Furthermore, dendritic spines dynamically change in shape and number in response to a variety of factors. Dendritic spine numbers are reduced in mental retardation, enhanced during development, sensory enrichment or physical exercise, or fluctuate during the reproductive cycle. Thus, for a given neuron type, it might be expected that dendritic spine number might achieve a dynamic optimum. Indeed, many studies of spine density of pyramidal neurons in sensory cortex indicate that an average of ~1.4 spines/micron occurs is present (Briner et al., 2010). Most such studies examined dendritic spines from primary sensory areas which are dominated by inputs from a single sensory modality. However, there are a large number of neural regions that receive inputs from more than one sensory modality and it is hypothesized that spine density should increase to accommodate these additional inputs. To test this hypothesis, the present experiments used Golgi-Cox stained layer 2-3 pyramidal neurons from ferret primary somatosensory (S1) and auditory (A1) cortical regions, as well as from the higher-level rostral posterior parietal (PPr) and lateral rostral suprasylvian (LRSS) multisensory areas. Spine densities in S1 (avg 1.309 ± 0.247 spines/micron) and A1 (avg 1.343 ± 0.273 spines/micron) were measured to be significantly greater (p<0.05, t-test) than those observed in multisensory regions PPr (avg 1.242 ± 0.205 spines/micron) or LRSS (avg 1.099 ± 0.217 spines/micron). These results also indicate that spine densities are greater in primary (S1, A1) than in higher-level (PPr, LRSS) sensory areas. The functional consequences of such unexpected findings are discussed in light of potential biophysical differences between unisensory and multisensory neurons.

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Alves, Lidiane da Silva. "Descrição anatômica das estruturas osteoarticulares do esqueleto axial do tatu-galinha (Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758) por meio da radiografia e tomografia computadorizada." Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134341.

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Orientador: Luiz Carlos Vulcano
Resumo: O tatu-galinha é um dos animais mais populosos da ordem Xenarthra com distribuição do sul dos Estados Unidos até a América do Sul. São animais frequentemente caçados e, em muitos casos, são vítimas de atropelamentos rodoviários. Existem diversos estudos descritivos sobre a fisiologia, a genética e o comportamento, porém a anatomia óssea e articular destes animais ainda é restrita. Este estudo tem por objetivo, descrever a anatomia das estruturas osteoarticulares do esqueleto axial em 20 tatus-galinhas, vivos e carcaças, por meio da radiografia digital e da tomografia computadorizada propiciando informações mais detalhadas da anatomia esquelética desta espécie. Os resultados obtidos são descritivos e detalhados de cada estrutura; sendo observado processos complementares xenartros nas vértebras torácicas caudais até a última vértebra lombar, com proeminentes processos mamilares no segmento toracolombar, vértebras cervicais fusionadas da segunda à quarta vértebras e a presença de sinsacro correspondendo as vértebras sacrais e caudais fusionadas à pelve. A fórmula vertebral obtida nessa amostra de espécimes foi de sete cervicais, dez torácicas, cinco lombares, nove vértebras representando o sinsacro e de 20 a 27 vértebras caudais livres. São animais homodontes apresentando somente dentes molariformes com oito em cada lado do ramo mandibular/maxilar, totalizando 32 dentes. Tais características peculiares do tatu-galinha em relação à coluna vertebral e à dentição foram acreditadas ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Nine-banded armadillo is the most populous of the Xenarthra order with its distribution from southern United States to the South America. The main causes of death for the nine-banded armadillo are hunting and being run over by vehicles. There are several descriptive studies with its physiology, genetic and behavior, but about osseous and joint anatomy of these animals still limited. The aim of this study is to describe the osteoarticular structures anatomy of the axial skeleton in 20 nine-banded armadillos in vivo and carcasses by means of digital radiography and computed tomography providing more detailed information of the skeletal anatomy of this species. Results are descriptive and detailed for each structure, observing xenarthrous complementary processes in the caudal thoracic vertebra to the last lumbar vertebra, with prominent mamillary processes in the thoracolumbar segment, fused cervical vertebra from the second to fourth vertebra, and the presence of synsacrum related to sacral and caudal vertebra fused to the pelvis. Vertebral formula obtained in this sample specimens was 7 cervical, 10 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 9 vertebrae related to the synsacrum, and 20-27 free caudal vertebrae. They are homodont animals presenting only molariform teeth with formula of 8/8, totaling 32 teeth. Such peculiar features of the nine-banded armadillo regarding to the vertebral column and teeth were wondering to be habits adaptations to digging and rolling, and the omnivorous diet, respectiv... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Bauer, Rachel J. "THE EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM DEAFNESS ON DENSITY AND DIAMETER OF DENDRITIC SPINES ON PYRAMIDAL NEURONS IN THE DORSAL ZONE OF THE FELINE AUDITORY CORTEX." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6028.

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Neuroplasticity has been researched in many different ways, from the growing neonatal brain to neural responses to trauma and injury. According to recent research, neuroplasticity is also prevalent in the ability of the brain to repurpose areas that are not of use, like in the case of a loss of a sense. Specifically, behavioral studies have shown that deaf humans (Bavalier and Neville, 2002) and cats have increased visual ability, and that different areas of the auditory cortex enhance specific kinds of sight. One such behavioral test demonstrated that the dorsal zone (DZ) of the auditory cortex enhances sensitivity to visual motion through cross-modal plasticity (Lomber et. al., 2010). Current research seeks to examine the anatomical structures responsible for these changes through analysis of excitatory neuron dendritic spine density and spine head diameter. This present study focuses on the examination of DZ neuron spine density, distribution, and size in deaf and hearing cats to corroborate the visual changes seen in behavioral studies. Using Golgi-stained tissue and light microscopy, our results showed a decrease in overall spine density but slight increase in spine head diameter in deaf cats compared to hearing cats. These results, along with several other studies, support multiple theories on how cross-modal reorganization of the auditory cortex occurs after deafening

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Nascimento, Anderson Luis do. "Estudo morfométrico do pedículo cervical." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17142/tde-07062017-134424/.

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A inserção do parafuso pedicular cervical é um procedimento cirúrgico tecnicamente desafiador. Assim, o amplo conhecimento da morfologia das vértebras cervicais, particularmente do pedículo, é essencial para minimizar o risco de ferimentos graves a estruturas neurovasculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi conduzir uma avaliação detalhada de exames de tomografia computadorizada (TC) na população brasileira do ponto de entrada, trajetória, e dimensões dos pedículos da coluna cervical. Duzentos pacientes consecutivos foram retrospectivamente avaliados utilizando a TC da coluna cervical, com a reconstrução da imagem de cada vértebra no plano axial com 2 mm, e no plano sagital com 3 mm. Os parâmetros no plano axial incluíram a espessura pedicular (EP), o comprimento pedicular axial (CPA), o ângulo pedicular transverso (APT) e a distância do ponto de entrada ao ângulo entre a lâmina e o processo espinhoso (DPE). As medidas no plano sagital envolveram a altura pedicular (AP) e o ângulo pedicular sagital (APS). A EP e AP média são menores nos pacientes do sexo feminino do que nos pacientes do sexo masculino em todas as vertebras cervicais, porém não houve diferença significativa do APT entre os sexos. O APS variou de 15,2° a 23,7°. Os valores médios do CPA e DPE apresentaram uma tendência a diminuir de proximal para distal na coluna cervical. A EP encontrada foi menor que 4 mm em 7,5% dos pacientes do sexo masculino (C3) e em 25% dos pacientes do sexo feminino (C3), e menores que 4,5 mm em 20% dos pacientes do sexo masculino (C3) e em 66% dos pacientes do sexo feminino (C3). A confiabilidade intra e interobservador foram muito boas para a medida tomográfica da EP, e boa para a AP. Para o CPA, a confiabilidade intraobservador foi boa, porém a confiabilidade interobservador variou de moderada a boa. Considerando o APT e APS, a confiabilidade intraobservador foi boa, mas a confiabilidade interobservador moderada para o APT e fraca para o APS. As medidas do DPE evidenciaram fraca confiabilidade intraobservador e fraca ou moderada confiabilidade interobservador. Nossos resultados apresentaram tendência similar aos de estudos prévios, no entanto a frequência de pacientes com a EP < 4,5 mm em nossa população é maior, sugerindo um risco aumentado durante a tentativa de realizar a técnica transpedicular
Pedicular screw insertion is a technically challenged surgical procedure. Thus, extensive knowledge of the morphology of the cervical vertebra, primarily the pedicle, is crucial to reduce severe damage to neurovascular structures. The goal of this study was to conduct a detailed computed tomography (CT) assessment in the Brazilian population of the screw starting point, trajectory, and dimensions of pedicle in the cervical spine. Two hundred consecutive patients were retrospectively evaluated using cervical spine CT, with imaging reconstruction of each cervical vertebra in the axial plane with 2mm, and in sagittal reconstructions with 3mm. Parameters in axial plane included the pedicle width (PW), pedicle axis length (PAL), pedicle transverse angle (PTA), and the distance from the entry point to the point between the lamina and spinous process (DEP). Measurements in the sagittal plane involved the pedicle height (PH) and the pedicle sagittal angle (PSA). The mean PW and PH were smaller in females than in males in all cervical vertebrae, but there were no significant differences of PTA among genders. PSA ranged from 15.2° to 23.7°. Mean values of PAL and DEP had a tendency to decrease from the proximal to distal cervical vertebrae. PW was <4 mm in 7.5% of men (C3) and 25% of women (C3), and <4.5 mm in 20% (C3 male) and 66% (C3 female). The intra- and inter-observer reliability were very good for the tomographic measurement of PW, and good for PH. For PAL, the intraobserver reliability was good, but the interobserver reliability varied from moderate to good. Considering PTA and PSA, the intraobserver reliability was good, but the interobserver reliability moderate for PTA and poor or fair for PSA. DEP measurements showed poor intraobserver reliability, and poor or moderate interobserver reliability. Our results presented similar trend of previous studies, but the frequency of patients with PW <4.5 mm in our population is higher, suggesting an increased risk during the attempting of transpedicular screw technique

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Alves, Lidiane da Silva [UNESP]. "Descrição anatômica das estruturas osteoarticulares do esqueleto axial do tatu-galinha (Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758) por meio da radiografia e tomografia computadorizada." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134341.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O tatu-galinha é um dos animais mais populosos da ordem Xenarthra com distribuição do sul dos Estados Unidos até a América do Sul. São animais frequentemente caçados e, em muitos casos, são vítimas de atropelamentos rodoviários. Existem diversos estudos descritivos sobre a fisiologia, a genética e o comportamento, porém a anatomia óssea e articular destes animais ainda é restrita. Este estudo tem por objetivo, descrever a anatomia das estruturas osteoarticulares do esqueleto axial em 20 tatus-galinhas, vivos e carcaças, por meio da radiografia digital e da tomografia computadorizada propiciando informações mais detalhadas da anatomia esquelética desta espécie. Os resultados obtidos são descritivos e detalhados de cada estrutura; sendo observado processos complementares xenartros nas vértebras torácicas caudais até a última vértebra lombar, com proeminentes processos mamilares no segmento toracolombar, vértebras cervicais fusionadas da segunda à quarta vértebras e a presença de sinsacro correspondendo as vértebras sacrais e caudais fusionadas à pelve. A fórmula vertebral obtida nessa amostra de espécimes foi de sete cervicais, dez torácicas, cinco lombares, nove vértebras representando o sinsacro e de 20 a 27 vértebras caudais livres. São animais homodontes apresentando somente dentes molariformes com oito em cada lado do ramo mandibular/maxilar, totalizando 32 dentes. Tais características peculiares do tatu-galinha em relação à coluna vertebral e à dentição foram acreditadas a adaptações de hábitos de escavar e de rolar, e de sua alimentação onívora, respectivamente.
Nine-banded armadillo is the most populous of the Xenarthra order with its distribution from southern United States to the South America. The main causes of death for the nine-banded armadillo are hunting and being run over by vehicles. There are several descriptive studies with its physiology, genetic and behavior, but about osseous and joint anatomy of these animals still limited. The aim of this study is to describe the osteoarticular structures anatomy of the axial skeleton in 20 nine-banded armadillos in vivo and carcasses by means of digital radiography and computed tomography providing more detailed information of the skeletal anatomy of this species. Results are descriptive and detailed for each structure, observing xenarthrous complementary processes in the caudal thoracic vertebra to the last lumbar vertebra, with prominent mamillary processes in the thoracolumbar segment, fused cervical vertebra from the second to fourth vertebra, and the presence of synsacrum related to sacral and caudal vertebra fused to the pelvis. Vertebral formula obtained in this sample specimens was 7 cervical, 10 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 9 vertebrae related to the synsacrum, and 20-27 free caudal vertebrae. They are homodont animals presenting only molariform teeth with formula of 8/8, totaling 32 teeth. Such peculiar features of the nine-banded armadillo regarding to the vertebral column and teeth were wondering to be habits adaptations to digging and rolling, and the omnivorous diet, respectively.
CNPq: 133373/2015-0

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Cornwall, Jonathan Edgar, and n/a. "The functional morphology of the human thoracolumbar transversospinal muscles." University of Otago. Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090615.144650.

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The thoracolumbar transversospinal muscles are vital in normal function and are implicated in the pathogenesis of different forms of spinal pathology and pain. They are the target for specific forms of clinical intervention such as exercise regimens and the release of �trigger points�, and are often analysed through imaging studies and electromyographic recordings. Despite the importance of these muscles, there is a paucity of knowledge in regard to aspects of their functional morphology. The aim of this thesis was to examine the thoracolumbar transversospinal muscles between the mid-thoracic spine and sacrum, examining their gross morphology, fibre arrangement, fibre types, and an animal model in order to provide a better understanding of their functional morphology. The gross morphology of these muscles was studied by micro-dissection of cadaveric material. Their form was found to differ from that published in either text book or peer reviewed articles, clearly indicating the existence of a �semispinalis� muscle in the lumbar spine. In addition, the arrangement of these muscles was found to be homologous between the thoracic and lumbar regions, which is contrary to published descriptions. Arrangement of the muscle fibres was examined by identifying motor endplates with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry in all muscles throughout the area of interest. Only one endplate per fibre was observed, and no in-series fibres were found. All muscles showed a complex multipinnate form with large areas of muscle tendon intruding into each muscle. Fibre type proportions in each muscle were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results indicate the percentage of total muscle area occupied by type I fibres decreased the more caudad the vertebral level of origin, for all muscles. There were significant differences in the area percentage of type I fibres between many different vertebral levels. These differences were mostly found between the most cranial and most caudal levels examined. The percentage of type I fibres recorded suggest all muscles are likely postural in function, and the gradual decrease in type I fibres and the lack of a distinct thoracic / lumbar boundary in the data suggests the thoracic and lumbar transversospinal muscles are homologous. The thoracolumbar transversospinal muscles of the MLC3F nlacZ transgenic mouse were micro-dissected to determine their morphology, and their fibre arrangement subsequently determined using acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. These muscles showed a homogeneous form throughout the thoracolumbar spine, and no in-series muscle fibres were observed with all muscles having one motor endplate per fibre. Results indicated similarities between the morphology of mouse and human transversospinal muscles, perhaps indicative of an adaptation to an upright posture. This thesis provides information that facilitates a more complete understanding of the morphology and function of the thoracolumbar transversospinal muscles. In addition, results indicate that these muscles are homologous through the thoracic and lumbar spine, and therefore the classification and nomenclature used to describe these muscles should be re-examined. Furthermore, the morphological evidence, combined with recent embryological studies, supports the use of the term �spinotransverse� to more accurately describe this muscle group.

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Pinto, Deborrah C. "Variability in the Spine: A Histomorphometric Analysis of Spinous Processes from the Posterior Vertebral Arch." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1238092506.

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Books on the topic "Spine - Anatomy"

1

Jean, Oliver. Functional anatomy of the spine. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.

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Jean, Oliver, ed. Functional anatomy of the spine. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005.

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Bogduk, Nikolai. Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine. Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone, 1987.

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Clinical anatomy of the cervical spine. Stuttgart: G. Thieme Verlag, 1993.

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T, Twomey Lance, ed. Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone, 1991.

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A, Balderston Richard, and Northrup Bruce, eds. Surgical approaches to the spine. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1997.

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McKenzie, R. Tait. The accurate measurement of spinal curvatures with the description of a new instrument for the purpose. [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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Shi, Jian-gang, Wen Yuan, and Jing-chuan Sun, eds. Anatomy Atlas and Interpretation of Spine Surgery. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5906-3.

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Clinical and radiological anatomy of the lumbar spine. 5th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2012.

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Minimally invasive spine surgery: A practical guide to anatomy and techniques. New York: Springer, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spine - Anatomy"

1

Mathis, John M., Ali Shaibani, and Ajay K. Wakhloo. "Spine Anatomy." In Image-Guided Spine Interventions, 1–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0352-5_1.

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Ortiz, A. Orlando, and Hervé Deramond. "Spine Anatomy." In Percutaneous Vertebroplasty, 7–23. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3694-6_2.

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Cain, Christopher M. J. "Anatomy." In Spine Surgery Basics, 3–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34126-7_1.

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Crispino, Mario, and Emanuela Crispino. "Spine." In Atlas of Imaging Anatomy, 29–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10750-9_2.

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Dimeglio, A., F. Bonnel, and F. Canavese. "The Growing Spine." In Spinal Anatomy, 25–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20925-4_3.

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Zadnik, Patricia L., and Daniel M. Sciubba. "Anatomy, Cervical Spine." In Encyclopedia of Trauma Care, 137–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29613-0_577.

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Yow, Bobby G., Andres S. Piscoya, and Scott C. Wagner. "Cervical Spine Anatomy." In Handbook of Spine Technology, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33037-2_2-1.

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Yow, Bobby G., Andres S. Piscoya, and Scott C. Wagner. "Cervical Spine Anatomy." In Handbook of Spine Technology, 717–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44424-6_2.

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Vital, Jean Marc, J. Sénégas, C. Garnier, and H. Bouloussa. "Kinematics of the Spine." In Spinal Anatomy, 457–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20925-4_30.

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Donell, S. T., and A. W. F. Lettin. "Spine." In Fundamental Anatomy for Operative Orthopaedic Surgery, 73–89. London: Springer London, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1850-3_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spine - Anatomy"

1

Pfeiffer, Ferris M. "Improving Pre-Operative Evaluation and Surgical Planning of Spine Deformity Surgeries Using 3D Printing." In ASME 2009 4th Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2009-83014.

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Visualization of spinal pathologies such as scoliosis is imperative to proper surgical treatment. Current visualization techniques use 2D representations of the anatomy in the form of radiographs, CT, or MRI. The ability to view patient anatomy in three dimensions prior to surgical intervention allows for a more thorough evaluation and planning of the surgical requirements. Manufacturing methods such as three dimensional printing can be employed to rapidly generate a physical 3D representation of patient anatomy which can be used for visualization and/or surgical planning.

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Reutlinger, Christoph, Philippe Gédet, Jens Kowal, Tobias Rudolph, Jürgen Burger, Carol Hasler, and Philippe Büchler. "Validation of Intra-Operative Measurement Apparatus to Determine the Stiffness Properties of Spinal Motion Segments." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206714.

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The load-displacement behavior of spinal motion segments is commonly determined from in-vitro experiments on cadaveric spines. However, clinically, it is often desirable to quantify the patient specific biomechanical properties of the spine in-vivo. Load-displacement measurement requires direct access to the appropriate anatomy, which is typically available in spinal surgeries that aim to correct lumbar spinal instability or scoliosis. We propose an approach to measure the spinal load-displacement behavior for use during these surgeries.

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Pfeiffer, Ferris M., Carol V. Ward, and Dennis L. Abernathie. "Dynamic Imaging of the Lumbar Spine." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176585.

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Low back pain afflicts roughly two thirds of all adults at some time, making it second only to upper respiratory problems as the leading health care complaint in America [1]. Often low back pain goes undiagnosed. Association of symptoms with imaging results is weak [2]. Thus, “If...an anatomical diagnosis for low back conditions is impossible 80%–90% of the time, being able to differentiate normal spinal function from what is abnormal may be fundamental in creating a diagnosis based on spinal function rather than aberrant anatomy” (page 57) [3].

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Naserkhaki, Sadegh, Jacob L. Jaremko, Greg Kawchuk, Samer Adeeb, and Marwan El-Rich. "Investigation of Lumbosacral Spine Anatomical Variation Effect on Load-Partitioning Under Follower Load Using Geometrically Personalized Finite Element Model." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40231.

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The spinal load sharing and mechanical stresses developed in the spine segments due to mechanical loads are dependent on the unique spinal anatomy (geometry and posture). Variation in spinal curvature alters the load sharing of the lumbar spine as well as the stiffness and stability of the passive tissues. In this paper, effects of lumbar spine curvature variation on spinal load sharing under compressive Follower Load (FL) are investigated numerically. 3D nonlinear Finite Element (FE) models of three ligamentous lumbosacral spines are developed based on personalized geometries; hypo-lordotic (Hypo-L), normal (Normal-L) and hyper-lordotic (Hyper-L) cases. Analysis of each model is performed under Follower Load and developed stress in the discs and forces in the collagen fibers are investigated. Stresses on the discs vary in magnitude and distribution depending on the degree of lordosis. A straight hypo-lordotic spine shows stresses more equally distributed among discs while a highly curved hyper-lordotic spine has stresses concentrated at lower discs. Stresses are uniformly distributed in each disc for Hypo-L case while they are concentrated posteriorly for Hyper-L case. Also, the maximum force in collagen fibers is developed in the Hyper-L case. These differences might be clinically significant related to back pain.

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Kallemeyn, Nicole A., Srinivas C. Tadepalli, Kiran H. Shivanna, and Nicole M. Grosland. "Toward Patient-Specific Cervical Spine Functional Spinal Unit FE Modeling and Validation." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192550.

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Preventive measures and treatment modalities for correcting spinal disorders benefit significantly from advancements aimed at understanding the biomechanics of the human spine in the normal as well as altered states [1]. Finite element (FE) modeling is a useful tool to understand the behavior of the cervical spine under such conditions. In order for an FE model to yield clinically relevant results, the geometry must be as realistic as possible [2], in addition to incorporating accurate material properties and boundary conditions. The spine’s anatomy is very complex, rendering it difficult to acquire accurate geometrical representations for FE analysis. Many meshes in the literature are based on simplified or idealized geometries, or are assumed to be symmetric about the sagittal plane [3]. Traditional meshing techniques are time consuming and tedious, and lack remeshing capabilities [2]. The ability to create hexahedral cervical spine FE models on a patient-specific basis is a desirable task because it can account for variations in anatomy, as well as provide insight for surgical planning/treatment. Our mesh development methods improve on existing multi-block meshing methods to make this possible. We have created a C45 functional spinal unit (FSU) using these techniques, and to date have validated it by comparison to data presented in the literature.

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Litrico, Stephane. "Applied Surgical Anatomy of the Cervical Spinal Column, Spinal Cord, Nerve Roots and Vertebral Arteries." In eccElearning Postgraduate Diploma in Spine Surgery. eccElearning, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28962/01.3.022.

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Ivanov, A., A. Kiapour, N. Ebraheim, and V. K. Goel. "Simulation of the Transverse Fractures of the Sacrum Using a Finite Element Model of Lumbar Spine-Pelvis Segment." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-193290.

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The sacrum fractures are very severe trauma which frequently accompanied with lumbar spine fractures. The surgical procedures often require primary stabilization of both lumbar spine and sacrum. To understand the rationale of the instrumentation numerous cadaveric studies were conducted to elucidate the anatomy of fractures and treatment options [1,2,3]. The modern computer technology allowed simulating the fractures and repairing using the Finite Element Analysis, also [4,5]. The last method has a raw of advantages versus cadaveric method such as higher reliability, accuracy, and safety. Finite element investigations of the pelvic fractures allowed comparing the influence of implants on pelvis stability. However, the extensive search of the literature failed to find a finite element model which includes the pelvis and lumbar spine together. Current study is the first step to accomplish this goal. An experimentally validated model of ligamentous lumbar spine was combined with the FE model of pelvis [7], and simulation of the sacrum fractures was conducted.

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Little, J. P., M. J. Pearcy, and C. J. Adam. "Coupled rotations in the lumbar spine—are these a consequence of passive spinal anatomy?" In BIOMED 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/bio070091.

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Chwialkowski, Michael P., Sourabh Basak, Dennis P. Pfeifer, Robert W. Parkey, and Ronald M. Peshock. "Anatomy-sensitive optimization of edge-detection algorithms for MR images of the lower spine." In San Diego '90, 8-13 July, edited by Andrew G. Tescher. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.23559.

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Huls, Kelli S., and Anthony J. Petrella. "Automatic Generation of Virtual Lumbar Motion Segments for Population-Based Simulation of Lumbar Spine Biomechanics." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19632.

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Computational modeling of the spine has become a viable option for evaluating new implants and procedures. Most models described in the literature, however, represent only a single subject and neglect the normal variation that exists among specimens. A probabilistic simulation comprised of virtual specimens representing a broad population of subjects can address this limitation and be used to evaluate implants or procedures pre-clinically. Challenges exist to applying probabilistic modeling techniques to biologic systems, and perhaps the greatest is parameterization of the anatomy to capture normal variation in shape from specimen to specimen. It’s also critical to implement soft tissues in a robust, automated manner that produces representative biomechanics. The purpose of our research is to overcome these challenges and develop a probabilistic framework to perform population-based studies of lumbar spine biomechanics. This paper describes our results to date for the automated generation of virtual lumbar motion segments.

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