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Journal articles on the topic 'Spinosyn A'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Zhao, Chen, Ying Huang, Chao Guo, et al. "Heterologous Expression of Spinosyn Biosynthetic Gene Cluster in Streptomyces Species Is Dependent on the Expression of Rhamnose Biosynthesis Genes." Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 27, no. 3 (2017): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000477543.

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Spinosyns are a group of macrolide insecticides produced by <i>Saccharopolyspora spinosa</i>. Although <i>S. spinosa</i> can be used for industrial-scale production of spinosyns, this might suffer from several limitations, mainly related to its long growth cycle, low fermentation biomass, and inefficient utilization of starch. It is crucial to generate a robust strain for further spinosyn production and the development of spinosyn derivatives. A BAC vector, containing the whole biosynthetic gene cluster for spinosyn (74 kb) and the elements required for conjugal transfe

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2

Cottrell, Ted E., Benjamin L. Reeves, and Dan L. Horton. "Spinosyns Cause Aedeagus Eversion in Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 4 (2019): 1658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz055.

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Abstract During an assessment of various insecticides against sap beetles, Carpophilus sp., it was noted that at least some males everted their reproductive structures (referred to as aedeagus from here forward) when treated with a spinosyn insecticide, spinetoram. This response to spinosyns or other insecticides is not documented in the literature even though sap beetles have been included in numerous insecticide assays and spinosyn insecticides have been in widespread commercial use for >20 yr. Additionally, other insect species have not been documented to show a similar aedeagus eversion

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3

Madduri, Krishnamurthy, Clive Waldron, and Donald J. Merlo. "Rhamnose Biosynthesis Pathway Supplies Precursors for Primary and Secondary Metabolism in Saccharopolyspora spinosa." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 19 (2001): 5632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.19.5632-5638.2001.

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ABSTRACT Rhamnose is an essential component of the insect control agent spinosad. However, the genes coding for the four enzymes involved in rhamnose biosynthesis in Saccharopolyspora spinosa are located in three different regions of the genome, all unlinked to the cluster of other genes that are required for spinosyn biosynthesis. Disruption of any of the rhamnose genes resulted in mutants with highly fragmented mycelia that could survive only in media supplemented with an osmotic stabilizer. It appears that this single set of genes provides rhamnose for cell wall synthesis as well as for sec

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4

Amaral, TS, TF Carvalho, MC Silva, et al. "Short-term effects of a spinosyn's family insecticide on energy metabolism and liver morphology in frugivorous bats Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 72, no. 2 (2012): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842012000200010.

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A new class of insecticide derived from fermentation of Sacharopolyspora spinosa - spinosad, has been indicated as being of low toxicity and a natural alternative to classical pesticides. In order to elucidate several aspects related to the morphophysiological changes induced by spinosad in Artibeus lituratus, the effects of a seven-day administration on plasma glucose, glycogen, protein and lipid concentrations were evaluated, and possible changes in liver cells were examined by histological analysis. Animals were fed with spinosyn-contaminated fruit through immersion in a solution. Data repo

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5

Dai, Mingji, Xinpei Cai, and Yu Bai. "Total Syntheses of Spinosyn A." Synlett 29, no. 20 (2018): 2623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610249.

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Spinosyn A is an important polycyclic natural product with impressive insecticidal activity and has been used worldwide in agriculture as the major component of Spinosad. Herein, four chemical total syntheses of spinosyn A are summarized. Its biosynthesis and a chemoenzymatic total synthesis are discussed as well.1 Biosynthesis2 The Evans Synthesis3 The Paquette Synthesis4 The Roush Synthesis5 The Liu Synthesis6 The Dai Synthesis7 Conclusions

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6

Tang, Ying, Liqiu Xia, Xuezhi Ding, Yushuang Luo, Fan Huang, and Yuanwei Jiang. "Duplication of partial spinosyn biosynthetic gene cluster in Saccharopolyspora spinosa enhances spinosyn production." FEMS Microbiology Letters 325, no. 1 (2011): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02405.x.

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7

McIntyre, Julie A., Douglas A. Hopper, and W. S. Cranshaw. "Comparisons of Chemical Controls for Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on Greenhouse-grown Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.)." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 677a—677. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.677a.

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Chemical and physical methods were tested to determine their effectiveness in controlling Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in greenhouses. Comparisons were made between abamectin (Avid); Spinosyn A and D, formulated from the soil Actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa (Spinosad); azadirachtin (Margosan-O); and diatomaceous earth, a physical control aimed at deterring pupation. Results based on the number of thrips counted in gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) flowers indicate that the chemical treatments were significantly more effective in reducing populations than t

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8

Loughner, Rebecca L., Daniel F. Warnock, and Raymond A. Cloyd. "Resistance of Greenhouse, Laboratory, and Native Populations of Western Flower Thrips to Spinosad." HortScience 40, no. 1 (2005): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.1.146.

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Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] collected from greenhouse, laboratory, and native populations were evaluated for resistance to the insecticide spinosad. Individual cut stems of transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f.) were inoculated with 25 adults from 1 of 9 thrips populations and maintained in isolation chambers. Treatments of no spray, water spray, spinosad at one-half label rate (0.41 mL·L-1) and spinosad at the recommended label rate (0.81 mL·L-1) were applied to the flowers. Three days after treatment, the number of

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9

DeAmicis, Carl, Qiang Yang, Colin Bright, et al. "Development of a Scalable and Sustainable High Performance CounterCurrent Chromatography (HPCCC) Purification for Spinosyn A and Spinosyn D from Spinosad." Organic Process Research & Development 21, no. 10 (2017): 1638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00249.

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10

Chai, Hongxin, Mingxing Liu, Qi Zhang, Daxin Shi, and Jiarong Li. "Pseudoaglycone of Spinosyn A." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68, no. 8 (2012): o2488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536812028851.

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The title compound [systematic name: 9-ethyl-13-hydroxy-14-methyl-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)-3,3a,5b,6,9,10,11,12,13,14,16a,16b-dodecahydro-1H-as-indaceno[3,2-d][1]oxacyclododecine-7,15(2H,5aH)-dione], C33H50O9, was obtained by hydrolysis of Spinosyn A. The fused cyclopentene ring adopts a twisted conformation, while the fused cyclohexene and cyclopentane rings are in envelope conformations with the same C atom at the flaps. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds into a layer parallel to theabplane.

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11

Mergott, D. J., S. A. Frank, and W. R. Roush. "Total synthesis of (-)-spinosyn A." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 33 (2004): 11955–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0401247101.

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12

Kim, Hak Joong, Sei-hyun Choi, Byung-sun Jeon, et al. "Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Spinosyn A." Angewandte Chemie 126, no. 49 (2014): 13771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201407806.

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13

Kim, Hak Joong, Sei-hyun Choi, Byung-sun Jeon, et al. "Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Spinosyn A." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53, no. 49 (2014): 13553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201407806.

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14

Chen, Yi-Lin, Yi-Hsine Chen, Yu-Chin Lin, Kuo-Chung Tsai, and Hsien-Tai Chiu. "Functional Characterization and Substrate Specificity of Spinosyn Rhamnosyltransferase byin VitroReconstitution of Spinosyn Biosynthetic Enzymes." Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, no. 11 (2009): 7352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m808441200.

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15

Hopper, Douglas A., and Julie A. McIntyre. "Alternative Methods to Control Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) in Greenhouse Crops." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 435D—435. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.435d.

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Research focused on alternative methods to control Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande), encompassing chemicals from varying classes, parasitic nematodes, microbial insecticides, and physical/mechanical deterrents. Chemical spray applications were applied weekly for 4 to 6 weeks. Experiment 1 made comparisons between fenoxycarb (Precision), bifenthrin (Talstar), and entomopathogenic nematodes (Biosafe). Experiment 2 compared abamectin (Avid), spinosyn A and D (Spinosad), azadirachtin (neem extract: Margosan-O), and diatomaceous earth (a physical control aimed at deterrin

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16

Caixeta, Vanessa Meireles, Adriano De Souza Pereira Da Mata, Carmen Rosa da Silva Curvêlo, Wagner De Souza Tavares, Luiz Leonardo Ferreira, and Alexandre Igor Azevedo Pereira. "Hydrogen Peroxide for Insect and Algae Control in a Lettuce Hydroponic Environment." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 8 (2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n8p221.

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Insects and algae demonstrate adaptability in hydroponic environments. Algae attract flies, Bradysia spp. (Diptera: Sciaridae) and Scatella stagnalis (Diptera: Ephydridae), called fungus gnats and shore fly, respectively. Flies feed on algae, damaging seedlings radicellae, and may transmit pathogens to lettuce plants. Little information on the management of flies and algae is known. A paradox in the face of the expansion of hydroponics. The objective was to evaluate the potential of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an insecticide and algaecide agent. Entomopathogenic fungi were also evaluated as an

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17

CREEMER, LAWRENCE C., HERBERT A. KIRST, and JONATHAN W. PASCHAL. "Conversion of Spinosyn A and Spinosyn D to Their Respective 9- and 17-Pseudoaglycones and Their Aglycones." Journal of Antibiotics 51, no. 8 (1998): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.51.795.

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18

Isiorho, Eta A., Hung-wen Liu, and Adrian T. Keatinge-Clay. "Structural Studies of the Spinosyn Rhamnosyltransferase, SpnG." Biochemistry 51, no. 6 (2012): 1213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi201860q.

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19

Isiorho, Eta A., Byung-Sun Jeon, Nam Ho Kim, Hung-wen Liu, and Adrian T. Keatinge-Clay. "Structural Studies of the Spinosyn Forosaminyltransferase, SpnP." Biochemistry 53, no. 26 (2014): 4292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi5003629.

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20

Graupner, Paul R., Jacek Martynow, and Peter B. Anzeveno. "Spinosyn G: Proof of Structure by Semisynthesis." Journal of Organic Chemistry 70, no. 6 (2005): 2154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo048173k.

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21

Zhang, Kai, Shenglan Liu, Anjun Liu, Hongxin Chai, Jiarong Li, and Lamusi A. "A semisynthesis of 3'-O-ethyl-5,6-dihydrospinosyn J based on the spinosyn A aglycone." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (December 6, 2017): 2603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.257.

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Spinetoram, a mixture of 3'-O-ethyl-5,6-dihydrospinosyn J (XDE-175-J, major component) and 3'-O-ethylspinosyn L (XDE-175-L, minor component), is a novel kind of green and efficient insecticide with a broad range of action against various insects. Nowadays, spinetoram is widely used in agriculture and food storage. This work reports a 7-step semisynthesis of 3'-O-ethyl-5,6-dihydrospinosyn J from spinosyn A aglycone. The C9–OH and C17–OH of the aglycone are successively connected to 3-O-ethyl-2,4-di-O-methylrhamnose and D-forosamine after selective protection and deprotection steps. Then, with 1

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22

Bai, Yu, Xingyu Shen, Yong Li, and Mingji Dai. "Total Synthesis of (−)-Spinosyn A via Carbonylative Macrolactonization." Journal of the American Chemical Society 138, no. 34 (2016): 10838–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b07585.

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23

Tietze, Lutz F., Nina Schützenmeister, Alexander Grube, et al. "Synthesis of Spinosyn Analogues for Modern Crop Protection." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2012, no. 29 (2012): 5748–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201200600.

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24

Anzeveno, P. B., and F. R. Green III. "ChemInform Abstract: Rhamnose Replacement Analogues of Spinosyn A." ChemInform 33, no. 19 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200219291.

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25

Sheehan, Lesley S., Rachel E. Lill, Barrie Wilkinson, et al. "Engineering of the Spinosyn PKS: Directing Starter Unit Incorporation." Journal of Natural Products 69, no. 12 (2006): 1702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np0602517.

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26

Huang, Ke-xue, James Zahn, and Lei Han. "SpnH from Saccharopolyspora spinosa encodes a rhamnosyl 4′-O-methyltransferase for biosynthesis of the insecticidal macrolide, spinosyn A." Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 35, no. 12 (2008): 1669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-008-0431-9.

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27

Tietze, Lutz F., Gordon Brasche, Alexander Grube, Niels Böhnke, and Christian Stadler. "Synthesis of Novel Spinosyn A Analogues by Pd-Mediated Transformations." Chemistry - A European Journal 13, no. 30 (2007): 8543–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.200700464.

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28

Gaisser, Sabine, Isabelle Carletti, Ursula Schell, et al. "Glycosylation engineering of spinosyn analogues containing an l-olivose moiety." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 7, no. 8 (2009): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b900233b.

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29

Ma, Da-You, Long-Long Wang, Qin Lai, et al. "Synthesis and antiproliferative activities of novel quartenary ammonium spinosyn derivatives." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 28, no. 20 (2018): 3346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.09.005.

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30

Kim, Hak Joong, Jess A. White-Phillip, Yasushi Ogasawara, Nara Shin, Eta A. Isiorho, and Hung-wen Liu. "Biosynthesis of Spinosyn inSaccharopolyspora spinosa: Synthesis of Permethylated Rhamnose and Characterization of the Functions of SpnH, SpnI, and SpnK." Journal of the American Chemical Society 132, no. 9 (2010): 2901–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja910223x.

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31

Zhang, Kai, Jiarong Li, Dusu Wen, Honglin Liu, Haiyou Wang, and Lamusi A. "Study on the Synthesis and Insecticidal Activity of Spinosyn A Derivatives." Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 38, no. 12 (2018): 3363. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/cjoc201807001.

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32

Van Steenwyk, R. A., and J. E. Dunley. "SPINETORAM â A SECOND GENERATION SPINOSYN INSECTICIDE FOR PEAR PEST MANAGEMENT." Acta Horticulturae, no. 800 (October 2008): 867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.800.117.

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33

Chen, Nanhao, Fan Zhang, Ruibo Wu, and B. Andes Hess. "Biosynthesis of Spinosyn A: A [4 + 2] or [6 + 4] Cycloaddition?" ACS Catalysis 8, no. 3 (2018): 2353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b03908.

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34

Roe, R. M., H. P. Young, T. Iwasa, et al. "Mechanism of resistance to spinosyn in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 96, no. 1 (2010): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.08.009.

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35

Ma, Da-You, Qin Lai, Kun-Jian Peng, et al. "Synthesis and anti-OXPHOS, antitumor activities of DLC modified spinosyn derivatives." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 30, no. 9 (2020): 127047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127047.

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36

Campos, Mateus R., Tadeu B. M. Silva, Wellington M. Silva, Jefferson E. Silva, and Herbert A. A. Siqueira. "Spinosyn resistance in the tomato borer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)." Journal of Pest Science 88, no. 2 (2014): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-014-0618-y.

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37

Chen, Jian, Haiyang Xia, Fujun Dang, Qingyu Xu, Wenjun Li, and Zhongjun Qin. "Characterization of the chromosomal integration of Saccharopolyspora plasmid pCM32 and its application to improve production of spinosyn in Saccharopolyspora spinosa." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 99, no. 23 (2015): 10141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6871-z.

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38

Jeon, Byung-sun, Mark W. Ruszczycky, William K. Russell, et al. "Investigation of the mechanism of the SpnF-catalyzed [4+2]-cycloaddition reaction in the biosynthesis of spinosyn A." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 39 (2017): 10408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710496114.

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The Diels–Alder reaction is one of the most common methods to chemically synthesize a six-membered carbocycle. While it has long been speculated that the cyclohexene moiety found in many secondary metabolites is also introduced via similar chemistry, the enzyme SpnF involved in the biosynthesis of the insecticide spinosyn A in Saccharopolyspora spinosa is the first enzyme for which catalysis of an intramolecular [4+2]-cycloaddition has been experimentally verified as its only known function. Since its discovery, a number of additional standalone [4+2]-cyclases have been reported as potential D

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39

Frank, Scott A., Andrea B. Works, and William R. Roush. "Studies on the synthesis of the decahydro-as-indacene ring system of (-)-spinosyn A via transannular Diels-Alder reactions of substituted (E,E,E)-cyclododeca-1,6,8-trienes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 78, no. 6 (2000): 757–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v00-045.

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Stereoselective syntheses of decahydro-as-indacenes 31 and 54 are reported. The key features of our syntheses of 31 and 54 are the tandem Ireland-Claisen ring contraction of lactones 29 and 38 followed by the transannular Diels-Alder cyclization of cyclododecatrienes 30 and 35. Transition state modeling of both the transannular Diels-Alder reaction and the Ireland-Claisen ring contraction using PCModel is also described.Key words: transannular Diels-Alder reactions, tandem reactions, Claisen ring contraction, Spinosyn A, synthetic study.

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40

Hong, Lin, Zongbao Zhao, and Hung-wen Liu. "Characterization of SpnQ from the Spinosyn Biosynthetic Pathway ofSaccharopolyspora spinosa: Mechanistic and Evolutionary Implications for C-3 Deoxygenation in Deoxysugar Biosynthesis." Journal of the American Chemical Society 128, no. 44 (2006): 14262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0649670.

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41

Thakur, Himanshu, and R. P. Srivastava. "Toxicity of diamide and spinosyn insecticides against tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (F.)." Indian Journal of Entomology 81, no. 4 (2019): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2019.00156.1.

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42

Lee, Myoyong, David R. Walt, and Patricia Nugent. "Fluorescent Excitation Transfer Immunoassay for the Determination of Spinosyn A in Water." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, no. 7 (1999): 2766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf981294z.

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43

Kirst, Herbert A. "The spinosyn family of insecticides: realizing the potential of natural products research." Journal of Antibiotics 63, no. 3 (2010): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ja.2010.5.

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44

Dong, Bao Juan, Zhong Gen Zhan, Rong Quan Zheng, Wen Chen, and Jin Jin Min. "cDNA cloning and functional characterisation of four antimicrobial peptides from Paa spinosa." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 70, no. 9-10 (2015): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2015-4220.

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Abstract Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides found in many organisms defending themselves against pathogens. AMPs form the first line of host defence against pathogenic infections and are key components of the innate immune system of amphibians. In the current study, cDNAs of precursors of four novel antimicrobial peptides in the skin of Paa spinosa were cloned and sequenced using the 3′-RACE technique. Mature peptides, named spinosan A–D, encoded by the cDNAs were chemically synthesized and their chemical properties were predicted. The antimicrobial, antioxidative, cyotoxic and h

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45

Perini, Clerison R., Jonas A. Arnemann, Lucas de A. Cavallin, et al. "Challenges in chemical management of soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includes) using several insecticides." Australian Journal of Crop Science, no. 13(10):2019 (October 20, 2019): 1723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.10.p2052.

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Soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is the most important caterpillar pest in Brazil due to its high tolerance to insecticides and control failures that have been reported in fields. Based on this, we assessed the performance of several insecticides against C. includens on soybean over three seasons (2014, 2015, and 2016), performing four experiments in southern Brazil. Experiments I / 2014, II / 2015, III / 2016 were carried in completely randomized block designs with eight insecticides. Experiment IV / 2016 was arranged in completely randomized b

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46

Lan, Zhou, Chen Zhao, Weiqun Guo, Xiong Guan, and Xiaolin Zhang. "Optimization of Culture Medium for Maximal Production of Spinosad Using an Artificial Neural Network - Genetic Algorithm Modeling." Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 25, no. 4 (2015): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381312.

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<b><i>Background:</i></b> Spinosyns, products of secondary metabolic pathway of <i>Saccharopolyspora spinosa</i>, show high insecticidal activity, but difficulty in enhancing the spinosad yield affects wide application. The fermentation process is a key factor in this case. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The response surface methodology (RMS) and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling were applied to optimize medium components for spinosad production using <i>S. spinosa </i>strain CGMCC4.1365. Experiments were performed using a

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47

Tietze, Lutz F., Gordon Brasche, Christian Stadler, Alexander Grube, and Niels Böhnke. "Multiple Pd-katalysierte Reaktionen zur Synthese von Analoga des hochpotenten Insektizids Spinosyn A." Angewandte Chemie 118, no. 30 (2006): 5137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200601003.

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48

Bashyal, Puspalata, Prakash Parajuli, Ramesh Pandey, and Jae Sohng. "Microbial Biosynthesis of Antibacterial Chrysoeriol in Recombinant Escherichia coli and Bioactivity Assessment." Catalysts 9, no. 2 (2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9020112.

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Various flavonoid derivatives including methoxylated flavones display remarkable biological activities. Chrysoeriol is a methoxylated flavone of great scientific interest because of its promising anti-microbial activities against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Sustainable production of such compounds is therefore of pronounced interest to biotechnologists in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Here, we used a sugar O-methyltransferase enzyme from a spinosyn biosynthesis gene cluster of Saccharopolyspora spinosa to regioselectively produce chrysoeriol (15% conver

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49

Tietze, Lutz F., and Tom Kinzel. "Synthesis of natural products and analogs using multiple Pd-catalyzed transformations." Pure and Applied Chemistry 79, no. 4 (2007): 629–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200779040629.

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Abstract:

Palladium-catalyzed transformations are of great importance in modern synthetic organic chemistry. The vast number of reactions that can be catalyzed by Pd0- as well as Pd2+-complexes in combination with the relative stability of the intermediates offers the intriguing opportunity of carrying out multiple consecutive bond-forming processes. They can be even performed in a domino fashion and in the presence of chiral ligands to allow the efficient preparation of almost enantiopure compounds. In this article, the use of double Heck, Tsuji-Trost-Heck, and Wacker-Heck reactions for the total synth

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Thakur, Himanshu, and R. P. Srivastava. "Persistent toxicity of spinosyn and diamide against Spodoptera litura (F.) on cowpea and soybean." Indian Journal of Entomology 82, no. 1 (2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2020.00042.5.

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