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Journal articles on the topic 'Spiriferinida'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 25 June 2025

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1

MACFARLAN, DONALD ALEXANDER BANKIER. "Latest Triassic and Early Jurassic Spiriferinida (Brachiopoda) of Zealandia(New Zealand and New Caledonia)." Zootaxa 5277, no. 1 (2023): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.1.1.

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The Late Triassic spiriferinides of Zealandia include the endemic or Austral genera Rastelligera, Psioidea and Psioidiella, and the cosmopolitan Zugmayerella. Mentzelia kawhiana is revised and placed in Callospiriferina. It appears in the late Rhaetian and is found in the Téremba Terrane in New Caledonia and throughout the Murihiku Terrane in New Zealand. The spiriferinides were severely affected at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in Zealandia as elsewhere, but a moderately diverse fauna developed in the Early Jurassic. This has strong links to South America, and affinities with southern Europe and North Africa. In this study, a total of six species of Jurassic spiriferinides are recognised. Callospiriferina ongley is present in middle and late Hettangian and Sinemurian faunas. It is succeeded in the Pliensbachian and early Toarcian by Callospiriferina radiata. Two species of Spiriferina are recognised. S. sophiaealbae n. sp. first appears in the Middle Hettangian and is present in the Southland and Kawhia Synclines until the early Toarcian. S. arakiwa n. sp. is found mainly on the southwest limb of the Southland Syncline in the Pliensbachian and early Toarcian. The non-costate European genus Cisnerospira is represented in Zealandia by the small C. antipoda n. sp. This species ranges from Hettangian to early Toarcian. Two specimens of a spiriferinide with a costate sulcus are tentatively identified as Dispiriferina sp. cf. D. chilensis. The highest stratigraphic level at which Zealandian spiriferinides have been found is that of the Dactylioceras band at Kawhia, which is correlated with the Crassum Subzone of the Bifrons Zone (highest Early Toarcian) and includes three species of spiriferinide. This suggests that the Zealandian spiriferinides survived the Toarcian Event, only to meet their demise slightly later.

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2

Guo, Zhen, Zhong-Qiang Chen, and David A. T. Harper. "Phylogenetic and ecomorphologic diversifications of spiriferinid brachiopods after the end-Permian extinction." Paleobiology 46, no. 4 (2020): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.34.

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AbstractThe Order Spiriferinida spanning the latest Ordovician to Early Jurassic is a small group of brachiopods overshadowed by other taxon-rich clades during the Paleozoic. It diversified significantly after the end-Permian extinction and became one of the four major clades of Triassic brachiopods. However, the phylogeny and recovery dynamics of this clade during the Triassic still remain unknown. Here, we present a higher-level parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis of Mesozoic spiriferinids to reveal their evolutionary relationships. Ecologically related characters are analyzed to indicate the variances in ecomorphospace occupation and disparity of spiriferinids through the Permian–Triassic (P-Tr) transition. For comparison with potential competitors of the spiriferinids, the pre-extinction spiriferids are also included in the analysis. Phylogenetic trees demonstrate that about half of the Mesozoic families appeared during the Anisian, indicating the greatest phylogenetic diversification at that time. Triassic spiriferinids reoccupied a large part of the ecomorphospace released by its competitor spiriferids during the end-Permian extinction; they also fully exploited the cyrtiniform region and developed novel lifestyles. Ecomorphologic disparity of the spiriferinids dropped greatly in the Early Triassic, but it rebounded rapidly and reached the level attained by the pre-extinction spiriferids in the Late Triassic. The replacement in ecomorphospace occupation between spiriferids and spiriferinids during the P-Tr transition clearly indicates that the empty ecomorphospace released by the extinction of Permian spiriferids was one of the important drivers for the diversification of the Triassic spiriferinids. The Spiriferinida took over the empty ecomorphospace and had the opportunity to flourish.

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3

Macfarlan, Donald Alexander Bankier. "Latest Triassic and Early Jurassic Spiriferinida (Brachiopoda) of Zealandia (New Zealand and New Caledonia)." Zootaxa 5277, no. 1 (2023): 1–58. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.1.1.

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Macfarlan, Donald Alexander Bankier (2023): Latest Triassic and Early Jurassic Spiriferinida (Brachiopoda) of Zealandia (New Zealand and New Caledonia). Zootaxa 5277 (1): 1-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.1.1

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4

García Joral, Fernando, José Francisco Baeza-Carratalá, María José Comas-Rengifo, and Antonio Goy. "Disparity, diversity and body size changes of the Toarcian Spiriferinides (Brachiopoda, Lower Jurassic) in the westernmost Tethys." Földtani Közlöny 154, no. 2 (2024): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23928/foldt.kozl.2024.154.2.133.

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The fossil record of the Order Spiriferinida in the Toarcian basins surrounding the Iberian Massif (Spain and Portugal) is exposed as one of the most well-known, complete, and continuous worldwide. Despite the low specific diversity intrinsic to this group, the peri-Iberian basins include representatives of the main different morphological types recognized throughout the post-Paleozoic history of the group, representing the ultimate “Lost Eden” for this clade before its definitive demise in the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event (ETMEE). The changes in morphology and body size observed during the latest Pliensbachian–earliest Toarcian, corresponding to the Extinction interval of the ETMEE, are analyzed in specimens of the genus Liospiriferina carefully recorded bed by bed in two stratigraphical sections of the Iberian Range, in order to stablish their detailed relationship with the evolution of the seawater temperature during this hyperthermal event. This analysis has revealed an initial decrease in diversity and size coinciding with the first important warming episode at the beginning of the Toarcian, while the big sizes observed in the last representatives of this genus probably correspond with a short but intense event of seawater cooling, intercalated in the severe warming episode that most probably was the main triggering factor of the spiriferinide clade extinction.

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5

Baeza-Carratalá, José Francisco, Miguel Oscar Manceñido, and Fernando García Joral. "Cisnerospira(Brachiopoda, Spiriferinida), an atypical Early Jurassic spire bearer from the Subbetic Zone (SE Spain) and its significance." Journal of Paleontology 90, no. 6 (2016): 1081–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.109.

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AbstractThe order Spiriferinida represented a significant group whose extinction is linked to the early Toarcian mass extinction event. The genusCisnerospiraManceñido, 2004, conspicuous representative of this group in the Early Jurassic of the western Tethys, is analyzed from a systematic standpoint, grounded mainly on evidence from the Subbetic domain, and its initial diagnosis is revised accordingly. A definitive suprageneric position within the subfamily Paralaballinae is formally proposed in the light of new data herein provided. Both external and internal diagnostic features and the generic and intraspecific variability are described through the analysis of theCisnerospiraspecies recorded in the easternmost Subbetic area, i.e.,Cisnerospira adscendens(Deslongchamps, 1858), C. aff.adscendens, C. angulata(Oppel, 1861), andC.?sylvia(Gemmellaro,1882). In addition, their interrelation with other records from several Tethyan basins is addressed, and the generic spectrum has been extended to include several species with high morphological affinity. This characterization thus contributes to clarify certain ambiguities in the systematics of the spiriferinids, which entails a complex taxonomy mainly based on the external features, where the ribbing pattern was given foremost classificatory value due to the lack of more reliable generic diagnostic criteria. Furthemore, a morphofunctional analysis performed inCisnerospirareveals a presumable epibenthonic libero-sessile way of life, and two alternative adaptive strategies are discussed: resting on and/or sticking in substrates with different degree of consolidation, providing a significant hydrodynamic stability to the shell.

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6

Gourvennec, Rémy. "Silurian-Devonian Spiriferida and Spiriferinida (Brachiopods) from the Tindouf Basin (Algeria)." Palaeontographica Abteilung A 313, no. 4-6 (2019): 81–149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/2019/0083.

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7

Nicollin, Jean-Pierre, and Denise Brice. "Biostratigraphical value of some Strunian (Devonian, uppermost Famennian) Productidina, Rhynchonellida, Spiriferida, Spiriferinida brachiopods." Geobios 37, no. 4 (2004): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2003.10.002.

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8

Heredia-Jiménez, Daniela P., Alberto Alanís-Pavón, Jesús Quiroz-Barragán, Ángel G. Becerra-Rodríguez, and Miguel A. Torres-Martínez. "Braquiópodos del Pérmico medio (Wordiano) de las Delicias, Coahuila, México." Revista Paleontología Mexicana 8, no. 2 (2019): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/igl.05437652e.2019.8.2.229.

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Se describen cinco especies de braquiópodos pertenecientes a los órdenes Productida, Athyridida, Rhynchonellida y Spiriferinida del Wordiano (Guadalupiano medio) de la Formación Las Delicias, suroeste de Coahuila, México. Los especímenes estaban depositados en areniscas calcáreas y calcarenitas de una localidad perteneciente a la unidad Difunta (Wordiano–Capitaniano). Se revisó y reclasificó a Neochonetes (Neochonetes) foshagi, además de hacer más completa su descripción original. La ocurrencia de N. (N.) foshagi y Liosotella rugosa corroboró la edad Wordiana de las rocas portadoras. La conservación de los especímenes, las características sedimentarias y la asociación fósil permitieron establecer que los braquiópodos se depositaron en un paleoambiente de tipo periarrecifal. Se confirma la pertenencia de estas especies a la Provincia Biótica Grandiana durante el Pérmico medio, siendo este su primer reporte para el estado de Coahuila, México.

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9

MOTTEQUIN, BERNARD, DENISE BRICE, and MARIE LEGRAND-BLAIN. "Biostratigraphic significance of brachiopods near the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary." Geological Magazine 151, no. 2 (2013): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756813000368.

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AbstractThe biostratigraphic significance of selected uppermost Famennian (Upper Devonian) and lower Tournaisian (Mississippian) brachiopod genera, belonging to the orders Rhynchonellida (e.g.Araratella), Spiriferida (e.g.Sphenospira,Prospira), Spiriferinida (Syringothyris) and Productida (except Chonetidina), is discussed. Owing to the difficulties of identifying productidine and strophalosiidine genera, in contrast to rhynchonellides and spiriferides, the biostratigraphic potential of the former has generally been overlooked. Brachiopods flourished in neritic environments that were unfavourable for conodonts and ammonoids. In the absence of the latter traditional marker fossils, they are potentially important for locating the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary in shallow water depositional settings in conjunction with rugose corals and foraminifers. On a worldwide scale, further work is required to reach a better assessment of the aftermath of the Hangenberg biological Crisis on brachiopods, notably in revising the faunas from the classical areas of the Famennian and Tournaisian stages in Western Europe.

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10

Sun, Zuoyu, Weicheng Hao, Yuanlin Sun, and Dayong Jiang. "Silicified Anisian (Middle Triassic) spiriferinid brachiopods from Guizhou, South China." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54, no. 1 (2009): 61–68. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2009.0107.

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Sun, Zuoyu, Hao, Weicheng, Sun, Yuanlin, Jiang, Dayong (2009): Silicified Anisian (Middle Triassic) spiriferinid brachiopods from Guizhou, South China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54 (1): 61-68, DOI: 10.4202/app.2009.0107, URL: http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app54-061.html

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11

Oleneva, N. V. "Devonian brachiopods of the orders Spiriferida and Spiriferinida of the European Russia and Transcaucasia: Systematics, shell microstructure, and microornament." Paleontological Journal 50, no. 11 (2016): 1207–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031030116110010.

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12

Vörös, Attila, Ádám T. Kocsis, and József Pálfy. "Demise of the last two spire-bearing brachiopod orders (Spiriferinida and Athyridida) at the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction event." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 457 (September 2016): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.06.022.

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13

Halamski, Adam T., Maria Aleksandra Bitner, Andrzej Kaim, Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek, and Bogdan Jurkovšek. "Unusual brachiopod fauna from the Middle Triassic algal meadows of Mt. Svilaja (Outer Dinarides, Croatia)." Journal of Paleontology 89, no. 4 (2015): 553–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2015.34.

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AbstractLadinian deposits at Mt. Svilaja in Dalmatia (Outer Dinarides, Croatia) yielded an abundant brachiopod fauna of low diversity interpreted as a parautochthonous assemblage representing an ecosystem of dasycladacean submarine meadow. The fauna consists of four named species and one left in open nomenclature. The most common is the spiriferinideFlabellocyrtia flabellulumChorowicz and Termier, 1975 (Spiriferinida) accounting for more than 70% of the material. The athyridideCassianospira humboldtii(von Klipstein, 1845) is the only species known from elsewhere (Anisian of Southern Alps). The new species of SpiriferinidaThecocyrtella dagysiiHalamski, Bitner, Kaim, Kolar-Jurkovšek, and Jurkovšek n. sp. differs from other representatives of the genus in having a deep ventral sulcus.Albasphe albertimagniHalamski, Bitner, Kaim, Kolar-Jurkovšek, and Jurkovšek n. gen. n. sp. is a new brachiopod that possesses a dorsal septum with an intra-septal cavity and dorsal submarginal ridges, both features in common with AalenianZellaniaMoore, 1855 from which it differs in lack of the ventral septum and of ventral submarginal ridges. They are interpreted as members of a sparsely recorded paedomorphic evolutionary line of terebratulides with secondarily lost loop, described formally herein as Gwyniidina Halamski and Bitner n. subordo and subdivided into newly emended Dispheniidae Grant, 1988 (Dispheniinae Grant, 1988 with the only genusDispheniaand Albasphinae Halamski and Bitner n. subfam. withAlbaspheandZellania) and Gwyniidae MacKinnon, 2006 (including RecentGwyniaandSimpliciforma). In contrast to previous interpretations, the trocholophe lophophore ofGwyniais interpreted herein as secondarily simplified.

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14

Chen, Z. Q., and G. R. Shi. "Artinskian-Kungurian (Early Permian) brachiopod faunas from the Tarim Basin, Northwest China Part 2: Paleobiogeography, and systematics of Orthotetida, Orthida, Spiriferida, Spiriferinida, Rhynchonellida, Athyridida and Terebratulida." Palaeontographica Abteilung A 275, no. 1-3 (2006): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/275/2006/1.

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15

Sun, Yuanlin, and Andrzej Baliński. "Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56, no. 4 (2011): 793–842. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2010.0106.

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Sun, Yuanlin, Baliński, Andrzej (2011): Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (4): 793-842, DOI: 10.4202/app.2010.0106, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2010.0106

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Baliński, Andrzej, Grzegorz Racki, and Adam T. Halamski. "Brachiopods and stratigraphy of the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) succession of the Radlin Syncline (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)." Acta Geologica Polonica 66, no. 2 (2016): 125–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agp-2016-0007.

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AbstractThe lower part of the Frasnian succession in the Radlin Syncline (Kielce–Łagów Synclinorium, southern region of the Holy Cross Mountains), in the two studied successions: Józefka at Górno and (for the first time) Radlin, consists of the rhythmic marly Szydłówek Beds, the fossil-rich limestones of the Wietrznia Beds (locally) and the atypically developed, calcareous Kostomłoty Beds. The carbon isotope chemostratigraphic pattern overall corresponds well to the global Early–Middle Frasnian biogeochemical perturbation, even if the majorpunctatapositive excursion is only fragmentarily recorded in the Kostomłoty intrashelf basin.Two brachiopod assemblages are abundantly represented in both sections: thePhlogoiderhynchus polonicusAssemblage, typical of the Szydłówek Beds, and theBiernatella lentiformisAssemblage, limited to the middle part of the Wietrznia Beds. Both are highly dominated by the index species. Twenty nine lower Frasnian brachiopod species (Craniida – 1 species, Strophomenida – 1, Productida – 2, Protorthida – 1, Orthida – 5, Pentamerida – 1, Rhynchonellida – 4, Atrypida – 4, Athyridida – 3, Spiriferida – 4, Spiriferinida – 3) are described from the Szydłówek and Wietrznia Beds. Seven new species are introduced:Skenidioides cretusHalamski sp. nov.,Biernatium minusBaliński sp. nov.,Monelasmina montisjosephiBaliński sp. nov.,Atryparia(Costatrypa)agricolaeHalamski and Baliński sp. nov.,Davidsonia enmerkarisHalamski sp. nov.,Leptathyris gornensisBaliński sp. nov., andEchinocoelia parvaBaliński sp. nov.Davidsonia enmerkarisHalamski sp. nov. is intermediate betweenDavidsoniaBouchard-Chantereaux, 1849 andRugodavidsoniaCopper, 1996 and is the youngest known representative of the suborder Davidsonioidea Copper, 1996.Skenidioides cretusHalamski sp. nov. is the last representative of the genus. Statistical investigation of a large sample ofSpinatrypina(Exatrypa)explanatadid not confirm the existence of two dimorphic forms, coarse- and fine-ribbed.The high-diversityBiernatella lentiformisAssemblage is quite dissimilar to coeval brachiopod assemblages described heretofore from the Holy Cross Mountains region. It is interpreted as consisting of mostly parautochthonous dwellers of deep-slope muddy habitats and a local, occasionally storm-agitated, intra-basin brachiopod-crinoid-coral shoal. The fauna was adapted probably to cooler and nutrient-poor waters during an initial phase of the severe carbon cycle perturbation.

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Sun, Zuoyu, Weicheng Hao, Yuanlin Sun, and Dayong Jiang. "Silicified Anisian (Middle Triassic) Spiriferinid Brachiopods from Guizhou, South China." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54, no. 1 (2009): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2009.0107.

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He, Weihong, Kexin Zhang, Zhong-Qiang Chen, et al. "A new genusLiaousof early Anisian Stage (Middle Triassic) brachiopods from southwestern China: systematics, reassessment of classification of the Spiriferinioidea, community paleoecology, and paleoenvironmental implications." Journal of Paleontology 89, no. 6 (2015): 966–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.6.

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AbstractThis paper describes a new genusLiaous, withL. shaiwensisHe and Chen n. gen. n. sp. as the type species, from the Xinyuan Formation of Anisian age in Ziyun, southern Guizhou, China. The phylogenetic tree revealed by the parsimony analysis shows thatLiaousis closely allied to bothMentzeliaQuenstedt, 1871 andParamentzeliaXu, 1978 of the subfamily Mentzeliinae. A new classification scheme for the Spiriferinoidea is also proposed based on a phylogenetic tree of the superfamily indicated by parsimony analysis. The Spiriferinoidea includes three families and nine subfamilies. Three new subfamilies—Madoinae He and Chen, new subfam., Qinghaispiriferininae He and Chen, new subfam., and Triadispirinae He and Chen, new subfam. are proposed.Liaous shaiwensisHe and Chen n. gen. n. sp. is found in thePosidonia wengensis-Liaous shaiwensis(P-L) paleocommunity, which is dominated by r-strategists (i.e., organisms defined by a fauna with a high dominance and small body sizes) and has a low diversity and high dominance. The P-L paleocommunity therefore has little similarity to its coeval communities from the Anisian Stage of South China and instead it appears more similar to the Lower Triassic shelly faunas in community structures. This paleocommunity is interpreted to have inhabited a relatively deep, low-energy, dysaerobic offshore basin/slope setting with the influence of episodic storms.

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Smirnova, T. N., and D. I. Mackinnon. "Apodosia, an enigmatic new genus of micromorphic brachiopod from the Cretaceous of Crimea, Ukraine, and the Jurassic of England." Journal of Paleontology 69, no. 4 (1995): 686–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000035204.

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The morphology of Argyrotheca lorioli Smirnova, 1972, from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of Crimea, Ukraine, was reinvestigated using SEM, found to be impunctate, and reassigned as the type species of a new genus Apodosia, new family Apodosiidae, order ?Rhynchonellida. Another micromorphic brachiopod, Spiriferina? oolitica (Moore, 1855) from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) Inferior Oolite of Somerset, England, is also reassigned to the new genus.

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Sun, Yuanlin, and Andrzej Baliński. "Silicified Mississippian Brachiopods from Muhua, Southern China: Rhynchonellides, Athyridides, Spiriferides, Spiriferinides, and Terebratulides." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56, no. 4 (2011): 793–842. http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2010.0106.

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Shiino, Yuta, and Lucia Angiolini. "Hydrodynamic advantages in the free-living spiriferinide brachiopodPachycyrtella omanensis: functional insight into adaptation to high-energy flow environments." Lethaia 47, no. 2 (2013): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/let.12052.

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22

Mottequin, Bernard, and Eric Simon. "Revision of some spiriferide and spiriferinide brachiopods from the historical type area of the Tournaisian stage (Carboniferous, southern Belgium)." PalZ 91, no. 4 (2017): 473–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12542-017-0359-3.

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23

Angiolini, L., D. P. F. Darbyshire, M. H. Stephenson, et al. "Lower Permian brachiopods from Oman: their potential as climatic proxies." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 98, no. 3-4 (2007): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691008075634.

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ABSTRACTThe Lower Permian of the Haushi basin, Interior Oman (Al Khlata Formation to Saiwan Formation/lower Gharif member) records climate change from glaciation, through marine sedimentation in the Haushi sea, to subtropical desert. To investigate the palaeoclimatic evolution of the Haushi Sea we used O, C, and Sr isotopes from 31 brachiopod shells of eight species collected bed by bed within the type-section of the Saiwan Formation. We assessed diagenesis by scanning electron microscopy of ultrastructure, cathodoluminescence, and geochemistry, and rejected fifteen shells not meeting specific preservation criteria. Spiriferids and spiriferinids show better preservation of the fibrous secondary layer than do orthotetids and productids and are therefore more suitable for isotopic analysis. δ18O of −3·7 to −3·1℅ from brachiopods at the base of the Saiwan Formation are probably related to glacial meltwater. Above this, an increase in δ18O may indicate ice accumulation elsewhere in Gondwana or more probably that the Haushi sea was an evaporating embayment of the Neotethys Ocean. δ13C varies little and is within the range of published data: its trend towards heavier values is consistent with increasing aridity and oligotrophy. Saiwan Sr isotope signatures are less radiogenic than those of the Sakmarian LOWESS seawater curve, which is based on extrapolation between few data points. In the scenario of evaporation in a restricted Haushi basin, the variation in Sr isotope composition may reflect a fluvial component.

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Chrząstek, Alina. "Trace fossils from the Lower Muschelkalk of Raciborowice Górne (North Sudetic Synclinorium, SW Poland) and their palaeoenvironmental interpretation." Acta Geologica Polonica 63, no. 3 (2013): 315–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agp-2013-0015.

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Abstract The following trace fossils have been recognised in the Lower Muschelkalk of Raciborowice Gorne (North Sudetic Synclinorium, SW Poland): Archaeonassa fossulata, Balanoglossites triadicus, ?Gastrochaenolites isp., Lockeia isp., Palaeophycus tubularis, Palaeophycus isp., ?Planolites beverleyensis, P. montanus, Planolites isp., ?Protovirgularia isp., Rhizocorallium commune var. auriforme, R. commune var. irregulare, R. jenense, Skolithos linearis, Thalassinoides suevicus and Trypanites weisei. Coprolites and an unidentified trace fossil A are also described. The trace fossils allow the discrimination of five ichnoassociations in the Raciborowice Gorne section: (IA 1) Rhizocorallium- Pholeus, (IA 2) Rhizocorallium-Palaeophycus, (IA 3) Thalassinoides, (IA 4) Trypanites-Balanoglossites and (IA 5) Planolites-Palaeophycus. The Lower Muschelkalk succession was deposited on a shallow carbonate ramp affected by frequent storms. Deposition commenced with sedimentation in a restricted lagoon on the inner ramp with a short episode of sabkha formation. It continued on the middle and outer ramp and then on a skeletal shoal of the outer ramp and in an open basin. Ichnoassociation IA 5 is related to a maximum transgression that commenced with the deposition of the Spiriferina Bed and which probably marked the opening of the Silesian-Moravian Gate. The basin underwent two shallowing episodes, as evidenced by ichnoassociations IA 3-IA 4, resulting in the formation of hardgrounds. Bathymetric changes in the Raciborowice Gorne section correspond well with a general transgressive trend in the Germanic Basin.

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Wang, Yi-Ning, Xue-Ping Ma, Volker Ebbighausen, and R. Thomas Becker. "Spiriferide and spiriferinide brachiopods from the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of the Bergisches Land, Germany." PalZ, October 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12542-022-00635-5.

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Mottequin, Bernard, and Ulrich Jansen. "Revisiting the Silurian–Lower Devonian spiriferide and spiriferinide brachiopods from the Condroz Inlier and Ardenne Allochthon (Belgium): current data and perspectives." Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, March 15, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-025-00645-6.

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